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Solutions to Pell’s Equation
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Pell’s Equation (Table of contents)
Solutions to Pell’s Equation
A Pell’s equation has one trivial solution, (x, y) = (1, 0) , corresponding to solution z = 1 of
equation N (z) = 1 . But if we know the smallest nontrivial solution, then we can derive all the
solutions. This is what the following statement claims.
Theorem 2
If z0 is the minimal element of Z[√d] with z0 > 1 and N (z0 ) = 1 , then all the elements
z ∈ Z[√d ] with N z = 1 are given by z = ±z , n ∈ Z .
n
0
Hide proof
and hence z = z
0
k
.
Corollary
If (x0 , y0 ) is the smallest solution of the Pell’s equation with d given, then all natural
solutions (x, y) of the equation are given by x + y√d = ±(x0 + y0 √d) n , n ∈ N .
¯
¯ ¯
¯
z+z̄
Note that z determines x and y by the formulas x and y . Thus
z−z̄
= x + y√d = =
2 2√ d
all the solutions of the Pell’s equation are given by the formulas
n n n n
z +¯
z¯¯
¯¯
0
z −¯
z¯¯
¯¯
0
0 0
x = i y = .
2 2√d
Example
2 2
http://imomath.com/index.php?options=616&lmm=0 − 2 = 1 ( , ) = (3, 2) 1/3
7/16/2016 IMOmath: Solutions to Pell’s Equation
n n n n
(3 + 2√2) + (3 − 2√2) (3 + 2√2) − (3 − 2√2)
x = , y = .
2 2√2
Now we will show that every Pell’s equation indeed has a nontrivial solution.
Lemma 1 (Dirichlet’s theorem)
Let α be an irrational number and n be a positive integer. There exist p ∈ Z and
p
such that .
1
q ∈ {1, 2, … , n} ∣α − ∣ <
∣ q ∣ (n+1)q
Hide proof
The stated inequality is equivalent to |qα − p| <
1
.
n+1
Lemma 2
If α is an arbitrary real number, then there exist infinitely many pairs of positive integers
p
(p, q) satisfying ∣ .
1
∣
∣α − q ∣ < q
2
Hide proof
This lemma immediately follows from Dirichlet’s theorem.
Theorem 3
A Pell’s equation has a solution in the set of positive integers.
Hide proof
http://imomath.com/index.php?options=616&lmm=0 = + √ 2/3
7/16/2016 IMOmath: Solutions to Pell’s Equation
Pell’s Equation (Table of contents)
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