2020 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Applications (ACOMP)

5HDO7LPH)DFH0DVN'HWHFWRU8VLQJ<2/2Y
$OJRULWKPDQG+DDU&DVFDGH&ODVVLILHU

7UXRQJ4XDQJ9LQK 1JX\HQ7UDQ1JRF$QK
+R&KL0LQK&LW\8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\+&087 +R&KL0LQK&LW\8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\+&087
9LHWQDP1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\± +R&KL0LQK918+&0 9LHWQDP1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\± +R&KL0LQK918+&0
+R&KL0LQK9LHWQDP +R&KL0LQK9LHWQDP
WTYLQK#KFPXWHGXYQ DQKQJX\HQN#KFPXWHGXYQ
2020 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Applications (ACOMP) | 978-1-7281-8167-7/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ACOMP50827.2020.00029

$EVWUDFW²'XULQJ WKH SDQGHPLF RI &RYLG ZHDULQJ IDFH QHWZRUNV6HFWLRQ,,, SUHVHQWVWKHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPIRUIDFH

PDVN LQ VRPH IDFWRULHV GHSDUWPHQWV RU ZRUNLQJ RIILFHV LV PDVN GHWHFWLRQ 6HFWLRQ ,9 GHVFULEHV H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV
UHTXLUHG 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV D UHDOWLPH IDFH PDVN GHWHFWRU )LQDOO\6HFWLRQ9JLYHVDFRQFOXVLRQRIWKHSDSHU
ZKLFKFDQDODUPZKHQGHWHFWLQJDSHUVRQZLWKRXWZHDULQJDIDFH
PDVN0RUHRYHUWKHV\VWHPFDQUHFRJQL]HWKHSHUVRQZKRZHDUV ,, %$&+*5281'
DIDFH PDVNLQFRUUHFWO\RUZHDURWKHUWKLQJVH[FHSWDIDFHPDVN
<2/2 LV D VWDWHRIDUW DOJRULWKP IRU UHDOWLPH REMHFW
7KHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPIRUIDFHPDVN GHWHFWLRQLQWKLVV\VWHP
XWLOL]HV+DDUFDVFDGHFODVVLILHUWRGHWHFWWKHIDFHDQG<2/2Y GHWHFWLRQ E\-RVHSK5HGPRQHWDO 7KH DXWKRUVUHOHDVHGWKUHH
DOJRULWKPWRGHWHFWWKHPDVN7KHZKROHV\VWHPKDVEHHQEXLOW YHUVLRQV <2/2Y LQ  >@ <2/2Y LQ  >@ DQG
DQGGHPRQVWUDWHGLQDSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQIRUFKHFNLQJSHRSOH <2/2YLQ>@ <2/2DOJRULWKPKDVEHHQSURYHGWR
ZHDULQJIDFHPDVN DWWKHRIILFHHQWUDQFH7KHH[SHULPHQWUHVXOW EH HIIHFWLYH LQ PDQ\ REMHFW GHWHFWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV
VKRZVWKDWWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHV\VWHPFDQDFKLHYHXSWR YHKLFOHGHWHFWLRQ>@DHULDOWDUJHWGHWHFWLRQ>@SHGHVWULDQ
GHWHFWLRQ >@ HWF 7KH IHDWXUH H[WUDFWRU RI WKH <2/2Y
.H\ZRUGV²IDFHPDVN <2/2Y +DDUFDVFDGHFODVVLILHUGHHS FRQWDLQV  FRQYROXWLRQDO OD\HUV DQG WKXV LW LV QDPHG
OHDUQLQJFRPSXWHUYLVLRQ 'DUNQHW7KLVLVDK\EULGDSSURDFKEHWZHHQWKHSUHYLRXV
, ,1752'8&7,21 QHWZRUN Y DQGY 7KHGHWDLO GHVFULSWLRQ RI 'DUNQHW LV
VKRZQLQ7DEOH,
7KH XVH RI IDFH PDVNV LV YHU\ QHFHVVDU\WR SUHYHQWDQG
OLPLWWKHVSUHDGRIFHUWDLQUHVSLUDWRU\YLUDOGLVHDVHVLQFOXGLQJ 7$%/(, 7+('$5.1(7 02'(/
&29,' >@ )DFH PDVN FDQ EH XVHG WR SURWHFW HLWKHU
KHDOWK\ SHRSOHRU SUHYHQW LQIHFWLRQ E\ LQIHFWHG SHUVRQV >@ 5HSHDW 7\SH )LOWHUV 6L]H 2XWSXW
+RZHYHU ZHDULQJ IDFH PDVN FRUUHFWO\ LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR &RQYROXWLRQDO  î î
UHGXFH ULVNV RI FRQWDPLQDWLRQ 7KH :RUOG +HDOWK &RQYROXWLRQDO  î î
2UJDQL]DWLRQUHFRPPHQGVWRXVHIDFHPDVN DWFURZGHGVSDFHV &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
VXFKDVVWDWLRQRIILFHVFKRROHWF,QRUGHUWR FKHFNZKHWKHU î &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
DSHUVRQZHDUVDIDFHPDVNRUQRWZHQHHGDFRPSXWHU YLVLRQ 5HVLGXDO î
V\VWHPWKDWLVDEOHWRSHUIRUPWKLVW\SHRIGHWHFWLRQ &RQYROXWLRQDO  î î
)DFH PDVN GHWHFWLRQ LV D SDUWLFXODU SUREOHP RI JHQHUDO &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
REMHFW GHWHFWLRQ LQ WKH UHVHDUFK ILHOG RI FRPSXWHU YLVLRQ î &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
$SSOLFDWLRQV RI REMHFW GHWHFWLRQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ PDQ\ DUHDV 5HVLGXDO î
VXFKDVLQWHOOLJHQWFRQWUROV\VWHPVXUYHLOODQFHVPDUWKRPH &RQYROXWLRQDO  î î
DXWRQRPRXV GULYLQJ HWF 7UDGLWLRQDO REMHFW GHWHFWRUV DUH &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
EDVHGRQ+DDUIHDWXUHH[WUDFWRUV>@VXSSRUWYHFWRUPDFKLQH î &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
690 >@ RU %D\HVLDQ QHWZRUN >@ HWF 5HFHQWO\ REMHFW 5HVLGXDO î
GHWHFWLRQ XVLQJGHHSOHDUQLQJ DUH ZLGHO\ XVHGWKDQNV WR WKH
&RQYROXWLRQDO  î î
H[FHOOHQW SHUIRUPDQFH <2/2Y LV FXUUHQWO\ LV RQH RI
HPHUJLQJ DOJRULWKPV ZKLFK SURYLGH KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH LQ &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
GHWHFWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQSUREOHPV>@ î &RQYROXWLRQDO  î
5HVLGXDO î
,QWKLVSDSHUZHSURSRVHGDUHDOWLPHIDFHPDVNGHWHFWLRQ &RQYROXWLRQDO 
V\VWHP XVLQJ <2/2Y DOJRULWKP ,Q RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH WKH
&RQYROXWLRQDO 
SURFHVVLQJWLPHDQGDFFXUDF\RIWKHGHWHFWRUZHHPSOR\ +DDU
FDVFDGHGHWHFWRU WRGHWHFWWKHIDFHUHJLRQLQWKHLQSXWLPDJHV î &RQYROXWLRQDO 
DQGWKHQSXWWKHUHJLRQRILQWHUHVW52,LQWRWKH<2/2YWR 5HVLGXDO î
GHWHFW WKH IDFH PDVN 7KH GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHO KDV EHHQ &RQYROXWLRQDO  î [
WUDLQHGZLWK GDWDVHWRI VDPSOHV )LQDOO\ZHEXLOGXSD $YJSRRO *OREDO
ZKROHV\VWHP WRGHPRQVWUDWHDQDSSOLFDWLRQLQZKLFKSHRSOH &RQQHFWHG 
DUHFKHFNHGZKHWKHUWKH\DUHZHDULQJIDFHPDVN RUQRWDWWKH 6RIWPD[
HQWUDQFHGRRU FRQYROXWLRQDOOD\HUV
7KHUHPDLQSDUWRIWKLVSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV7KH
6HFWLRQ ,, JLYH WKH UHYLHZ RI WKH EDFNJURXQG RQ <2/2

© IEEE 2021. This article is free to access and download, along with 146
rights for full text and data mining, re-use and analysis.

DOI 10.1109/ACOMP50827.2020.00029
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on May 03,2021 at 12:52:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 )LJ <2/2YQHWZRUNDUFKLWHFWXUH
7KH<2/2YDOJRULWKPXVHVD'DUNQHWDVDEDFNERQH
IRU IHDWXUH GHWHFWLRQ 7KH IXOO <2/2Y FRQVLVWV RI 
OD\HUV LQFOXGLQJ FRQYROXWLRQDO UHVLGXDO DQG XSVDPSOLQJ
OD\HUV7KHDUFKLWHFWXUHRI<2/2YQHWZRUNLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KH<2/2DOJRULWKPXVHVRQO\RQHIRUZDUGSURSDJDWLRQ
SDVV WKURXJK WR GHWHFW REMHFWV RQ D VLQJOH LQSXW LPDJH
<2/2YLVEHWWHULQGHWHFWLQJVPDOOREMHFWVWKDQNVWRWKHXS
VDPSOHGOD\HUVZKLFKFDQSUHVHUYHWKHILQHJUDLQHG IHDWXUHV
RIWKHVPDOOREMHFWV
,QWKLVSDSHUZHHPSOR\<2/2YWRWDNHLWVDGYDQWDJHV
IRUKLJKDFFXUDF\DQGUHDOWLPHSURFHVVLQJ
,,, 352326('$/*25,7+0
7KHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPIRUIDFHPDVN GHWHFWLRQFRQVLVWV
RIWKUHHVWHSVSUHSURFHVVLQJIDFHGHWHFWLRQPDVNGHWHFWLRQ
DVVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KH SUHSURFHVVLQJ VWHS LV WR HQKDQFH WKH LQSXW LPDJH
TXDOLW\E\XVLQJDXWRZKLWHEDODQFHDQGHGJHHQKDQFHPHQW
XVLQJXQVKDUS ILOWHU7KHDXWRZKLWHEDODQFH>@LVWRHQVXUH
WKHFRORUFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHLQSXWLPDJHIUDPHVLQDYDULRXV
UDQJH RI FRORU WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH XQVKDUS ILOWHU >@ LV WKHQ
DSSOLHG WR HQKDQFH WKH HGJHV LQ WKH LQSXW LPDJHV 6RPH
UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH SURYHG WKDW LPDJH HQKDQFHPHQW FDQ
LPSURYHWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHREMHFWGHWHFWLRQDERXW >
@
7KHIDFHGHWHFWLRQ VWHS LVWRGHWHFWWKHIDFHUHJLRQ:H
XWLOL]H WKH +DDU FDVFDGH FODVVLILHU SURSRVHG E\ 9LROD-RQHV
>@WRGHWHFWWKHIDFHUHJLRQ7KLVFODVVLILHUSHUIRUPVIHDWXUH
H[WUDFWLRQ E\ +DDU :DYHOHW WHFKQLTXH ZLWK [ ZLQGRZ
VL]H XVHV $GD%RRVW WR UHPRYH UHGXQGDQW IHDWXUHV DQG
DSSOLHVFDVFDGHFODVVLILHUVWRGHWHFWREMHFWV7KHGHWHFWHGIDFH
UHJLRQVE\+DDUFDVFDGHFODVVLILHULVWKHQSXWLQWRWKHLQSXW
GDWDRI WKH<2/2YDOJRULWKPWRGHWHFWWKHUHJLRQVRIIDFH
PDVNV
7KH ODVW VWHS LV WR UHFRJQL]H ZKHWKHU WKH SHUVRQ LV
ZHDULQJ WKH PDVN RU QRW E\XVLQJ <2/2Y DOJRULWKP :H
FRQILJXUH WKH SUHGLFWLQJ SURFHVV DW WKUHH VFDOHV [
[ DQG[ 7KHILUVWGHWHFWLRQLVPDGHE\OD\HUQG
7KHRXWSXWLVDIHDWXUHPDSZKLFKKDVWKH VL]H[[7KH
VHFRQG GHWHFWLRQ LV PDGH E\ OD\HU WK ZLWK WKH VL]H LV
[[ 7KH ODVWGHWHFWLRQLVPDGHE\OD\HUWKZLWKWKH
VL]HLV[[ :HDSSO\WKHORVVIXQFWLRQ JLYHQE\
)LJ7KHIORZFKDUWRIWKHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKP

147

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on May 03,2021 at 12:52:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ௌమ ஻ EDWFK VL]H LV  OHDUQLQJ UDWH LV  DQG OHDUQLQJ UDWH
௢௕௝
ߣ௖௢௢௥ௗ ෍ ෍ ͳ௜௝ ሾሺ‫ݔ‬௜ െ ‫ݔ‬ෝప ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ݕ‬௜ െ ‫ݕ‬ෝప ሻଶ ሿ VFKHGXOHIDFWRULV  $IWHUHSRFKVZLWKQRLPSURYHPHQWV
௜ୀ଴ ௝ୀ଴ WKLVSKDVHZLOOVWRS
ௌమ ஻
௢௕௝ ଶ 7KHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVKDVEHHQGRQHLQ HSRFKV7KHORVV
ෞ൯
൅ߣ௖௢௢௥ௗ ෍ ෍ ͳ௜௝ ቂ൫ξ‫ ݓ‬௜ െ ඥ‫ݓ‬ప YDOXHLQGLFDWHVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHPRGHO)LJVKRZVWKH
௜ୀ଴ ௝ୀ଴ WUDLQLQJ DQG YDOLGDWLRQ ORVV 7KH ORZHU LV EHWWHU UHVXOW
ଶ
൅ ൫ξ݄௜ െ ඥ݄௜ ൯ ቃ $FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHVXOWVWKHWUDLQLQJORVVDQGYDOLGDWLRQFDQ
ௌమ ஻ DFKLHYHGRZQWRDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\
௡௢௢௕௝ ଶ
൅ ෍ ෍ ͳ௜௝ ൫‫ܥ‬௜ െ ‫ܥ‬෡ప ൯
௜ୀ଴ ௝ୀ଴ 
ௌమ
௢௕௝
൅ ෍ ͳ௜௝ ෍ ሺ‫݌‬௜ െ ‫݌‬ෝప ሻଶ
௜ୀ଴ ௖ఢ௖௟௔௦௦௘௦

,9 (;3(5,0(17$/5(68/76
$ 'DWDVHW
)RUWKHH[SHULPHQWZHXVHWKHGDWDVHW0$)$>@ZKLFK
FRQVLVWV RI  PDVNHG IDFHV ZLWK D PLQLPXP VL]H RI
[ 7KHIDFHLQWKLVGDWDVHWKDYHGLIIHUHQWRULHQWDWLRQDQG
RFFOXVLRQ GHJUHH :H VHOHFW  LPDJHV ZKLFK FRQWDLQ
IURQWDOIDFHV IURP0$)$7KHGDWDVHW LVGLYLGHG LQWR SDUWV
IRUWUDLQLQJDQGYDOLGDWLRQ DQGWHVWVHWZLWKDQG
LPDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJDQG)LJVKRZH[DPSOH
LPDJHVLQWKH0$)$GDWDVHW )LJ 7KHWUDLQLQJDQGYDOLGDWLRQORVV

& 3HUIRUPDQFH
:HHYDOXDWH WKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPE\
WZR PHWULFV SUHFLVLRQ DQG UHFDOO JLYHQ E\  3UHFLVLRQ
PHWULF LQGLFDWHV WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH DOJRULWKP EDVHG RQ
FODVVLILFDWLRQUHVXOW7KHUHFDOOPHWULFSUHVHQWVWKHDELOLW\WR
ILQGDOOUHOHYDQWREMHFWV LQDGDWDVHW

ܶ‫݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݑݎ‬
ܲ‫ ݊݋݅ݏ݅ܿ݁ݎ‬ൌ 
ܶ‫ ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݑݎ‬൅ ‫݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݏ݈ܽܨ‬ 
)LJ )DFHVZLWKPDVNVLQ0$)$GDWDVHW ܶ‫݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݑݎ‬
ܴ݈݈݁ܿܽ ൌ 
ܶ‫ ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݑݎ‬൅ ‫݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁ܰ݁ݏ݈ܽܨ‬

7DEOH ,, VKRZV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH PHWULFV RI WKH SURSRVHG

DOJRULWKPDQGDQRWKHUPHWKRG XVLQJORFDOO\OLQHDUHPEHGGLQJ
FRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN //(&11 >@ 7KH
DFFXUDF\RIWKHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPFDQDFKLHYHXSWR
VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU WKH RWKHU PHWKRG 0RUHRYHU WKH SURSRVHG
DOJRULWKP XWLOL]HV WKH DGYDQWDJH RI <2/2Y PRGHO ZKLFK
FDQUXQIDVWHUDQGGHWHFWREMHFWVDWVPDOOHUVFDOHV
)LJ )DFHVZLWKRXWPDVNRUZHDULQJPDVNV LQFRUUHFWO\
% 7UDLQLQJ 7$%/(,, &203$5,621%(7:((17+(352326('$/*25,7+0$1'
27+(56
7KHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVLVGLYLGHGLQWRSKDVHV$WWKHILUVW
SKDVHZHXVHEDWFKVL]HOHDUQLQJUDWHDQGOHDUQLQJ //(&11>@ 3URSRVHG
UDWH VFKHGXOH IDFWRU  DIWHU  HSRFKV ZLWK LPSURYHPHQW 3UHFLVLRQ  
QHZBOHDUQLQJUDWH  ROGBOHDUQLQJUDWHWKHEDWFKVL]HLV
VHWWR7KLVVWDJHKHOSVFRQYHUJHWRVWDEOHORVVILHOG $IWHU 5HFDOO  
HSRFKVLIYDOLGDWLRQORVVFDQQRWEHLPSURYHGWKLVSKDVH
ZLOOVWRSDQGWKHVHFRQGSKDVHZLOOVWDUW$WWKHVHFRQGSKDVH

148

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on May 03,2021 at 12:52:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
' 'HPRQVWUDWLRQ
,Q RUGHU WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP LQ D UHDO
DSSOLFDWLRQZHEXLOGDZKROHV\VWHPIRUUHDOWLPHIDFHPDVN
GHWHFWLRQDWWKHRIILFHHQWUDQFHDVVKRZQLQ)LJLVLQVWDOOHG
DWWKHHQWUDQFHRUJDWHRIRIILFHVEXLOGLQJVRUIDFWRULHV7KH
V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI D FRPSXWHU FDPHUD DQG D VSHDNHU IRU
ZDUQLQJPHVVDJHV,QRUGHUWRGHWHFWSHUVRQDWDIDUGLVWDQFH
ZH XWLOL]H D [ RSWLFDO ]RRP WR PDJQLI\ WKH LQSXW LPDJH
IUDPHV )LJ  VKRZV WKH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WKH IDFH PDVN
FODVVLILHU 7KH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP HPSOR\V LPDJH
HQKDQFHPHQW WHFKQLTXH WR LPSURYH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH
V\VWHP7KDQNVWR WKHDGYDQWDJHV RIWKH <2/2Y QHWZRUN
WKHV\VWHPFDQZRUNLQUHDOWLPHZLWKISV7KLVV\VWHPFDQ
EHDSSOLHGHIIHFWLYHO\ IRUSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVWRUHGXFH WKH
VSUHDGRI LQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVVXFKDV&RYLG
5()(5(1&(6
GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHP 7KH YLGHR GHPR KDV EHHQ UHFRUGHG DQG >@ :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ :+2 ³&RURQDYLUXV GLVHDVH 
XSORDGHG DW <RXWXEH KWWSV\RXWXEH+GK)GV;N)+4 7KH FRYLGVLWXDWLRQUHSRUW´ 
H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVKRZVWKDWWKHV\VWHPFDQGHWHFWPXOWLSOH
IDFHVDQGUHFRJQL]HZKHWKHUSHRSOHZHDUIDFHPDVNVRUQRW
>@ :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ:+2$GYLFHRQWKHXVHRIPDVNVLQWKH
FRQWH[WRI&29,'-XQH
>@ 39LRODDQG0-RQHV³5DSLGREMHFWGHWHFWLRQXVLQJDERRVWHGFDVFDGH
RIVLPSOHIHDWXUHV´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,(((FRPSXWHUVRFLHW\
FRQIHUHQFHRQFRPSXWHUYLVLRQDQGSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQ&935
>@ :HL=KX4LDQ/LDQJ)X-XQ4L%DL³7KHUHDOWLPHREMHFWGHWHFWLRQ
DOJRULWKPEDVHGRQ25%3DQGFDVFDGH690´,((($GYDQFHG
,QIRUPDWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW&RPPXQLFDWHV(OHFWURQLFDQG$XWRPDWLRQ
&RQWURO&RQIHUHQFH,0&(&
>@ +RQJ+XR 7DR)DQJ³,QWHJUDWLRQRIERWWRPXSDQGWRSGRZQFXHVLQ
%D\HVLDQ QHWZRUN IRU REMHFW GHWHFWLRQ´ 3URFHHGLQJV 
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0HFKDWURQLF 6FLHQFHV (OHFWULF
(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RPSXWHU0(&
>@ -5HGPRQ6'LYYDOD5*LUVKLFNDQG$)DUKDGL³<RXRQO\ORRN
RQFH 8QL¿HG UHDOWLPH REMHFW GHWHFWLRQ´ ,((( &RQIHUHQFH RQ
&RPSXWHU9LVLRQDQG3DWWHUQ5HFRJQLWLRQ&935
>@ - 5HGPRQ DQG $OL )DUKDGL <2/2 %HWWHU )DVWHU 6WURQJHU
,((( &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ DQG 3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ
)LJ 7KHV\VWHPRIIDFHPDVNGHWHFWLRQ &935 
>@ - 5HGPRQ $OL )DUKDGL ³<2/2Y $Q ,QFUHPHQWDO ,PSURYHPHQW´
DU;LYSUHSULQWDU;LY
>@ <XQ[LDQJ/LX*XRTLQJ=KDQJ<XDQ\XDQ=KDQJ ³9HKLFOHGHWHFWLRQ
PHWKRGEDVHGRQ$'(<2/29DOJRULWKP´,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH
RQ,QWHOOLJHQW,QIRUPDWLFVDQG%LRPHGLFDO6FLHQFHV,&,,%06
>@ /HFKHQJ2X\DQJ+XDOL:DQJ³$HULDO7DUJHW'HWHFWLRQ%DVHGRQWKH
,PSURYHG<2/2Y$OJRULWKP´WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ
6\VWHPVDQG,QIRUPDWLFV,&6$,
>@ &KDQJKDR3LDR;LDQKDR:DQJ0LQJMLH/LX³3HGHVWULDQ'HWHFWLRQ
8VLQJ 2SWLPL]HG <2/2Y LQ 8$9 6FHQDULR´  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QWHOOLJHQW &RPSXWLQJ $XWRPDWLRQ DQG 6\VWHPV
,&,&$6
>@ -LQWDR-LDQJ0LQJ<DQJ;LQ3R:DQJ=KHQJJXDQ:X³$XWR:KLWH
%DODQFH $OJRULWKP %DVHG RQ 'LJLWDO &DPHUD´  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ,QWHUQHW7HFKQRORJ\DQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
>@ 5 & *RQ]DOH]  5 ( :RRGV ³'LJLWDO ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ´
$GGLVRQ:HVOH\3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\,QF
>@ /LX ; 3HGHUVHQ 0 &KDUULHU & %RXUV 3 ³&DQ LPDJH TXDOLW\
HQKDQFHPHQWPHWKRGVLPSURYHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIELRPHWULFV\VWHPV
IRUGHJUDGHGIDFHLPDJHV"´&RORXUDQG9LVXDO&RPSXWLQJ6\PSRVLXP
)LJ 'HPRQVWUDWLRQRIIDFHPDVNGHWHFWLRQV\VWHP
9 &21&/86,21
7KLV SDSHU KDV SUHVHQWHG D IDFH PDVN GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHP
ZKLFK XVHV WKH <2/2Y DOJRULWKP DQG +DDU FDVFDGH
149
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on May 03,2021 at 12:52:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
&9&6
>@ 0 22OR\HGH * 3+DQFNH DQG +& 0\EXUJK ,PSURYLQJ IDFH
UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHPVXVLQJDQHZLPDJHHQKDQFHPHQWWHFKQLTXHK\EULG
IHDWXUHVDQGWKHFRQYROXWLRQDOQHXUDOQHWZRUN,((($FFHVVYRO
SS
>@ 6KLPLQJ*H-LD/L4LWLQJ<H=KDR/XR³'HWHFWLQJ0DVNHG)DFHV
LQWKH:LOGZLWK//(&11V´,(((&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSXWHU9LVLRQ
DQG3DWWHUQ5HFRJQLWLRQ