H.

J.THI
M TRUST’
S
Theem Col
legeofEngi
neeri
ng
Boisar,
Chi
ll
arRoad,
Boisar
(E)
,Tal
&Di
st.
Pal
ghar
,Pi
n-
401501

Academi
cYear2019-
2020

Cer
ti
fi
cat
e
Thi
sistocerti
fyt
hatt
hemi
cropr
ojectr
epor
thasbeensubmi
tt
edby
fol
l
owingstudent
(
Last (
Fir
stName) (
Middl
e (
Enr
oll
ment
Name) Name) No.)

1.Mr
. Shai
kh Faheem RI
YAZ 1716350061

Thisproj
ectwor khasbeencompl et
edbyThirdYear
st
udent
sofprogram Mechani calEngineer
ing,ofI
ndustri
alHy
drauli
csand
Pneumati
cs(22655)asapar tofterm workprescr
ibedbyMaharashtr
a
Stat
eBoardofTechnicalEducati
on,Mumbai .
Wehaveguidedandassi
stedthest
udentsfort
heabov
e
wor
k,whi
chhasbeenfoundSati
sfact
ory/
Good/VeryGood.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___ _
___
___
___
___
___
___ _
___
___
___
___
___
___
NameandSi
gnat
ure NameandSi
gnat
ure NameandSi
gnat
ure
Of Of Of
Teacher
/Gui
de H.
O.D Pr
inci
pal

MI
CROPROJECTREPORTON

agr
icul
tur
eequi
pmentwor
kingonhy
draul
icandpneumat
ic.

SUBMI
TTEDBY:
Mr
.Shai
khFaheem Ri
yaz

PROJECTGUI
DE

Pr
of.Ni
ti
nGal
wade

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG

H.
J.THI
M TRUST’
S
 THEEM COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
Boi
sar
,Chi
ll
arRoad,
Boi
sar(
E),
Tal
.Pal
ghar
Di
st.
Pal
ghar
,Pi
n-401501
2020-
2021

Decl
arat
ion
Ideclaret hatt hi
swr i
ttensubmi ssi
onr epresentsmyi deasi nmyown
words and wher e ot hersi deas orwor ds av e been i ncluded;Ihav e
adequatelyci t
edandr eferencedtheorigi
nalsour ces.Ialsodecl arethatI
haveadher edt oal lprincipalsofacademicshonest l
yandi ntegri
tyhav e
notmi srepresentedorf abri
catedorfalsi
fi
edanyi dea/dat a/
fact/sources
i
nmysubmi ssion.
Iunder standthatanyv iolat
ionoft heabov ewi l
lbe
causef ordi sci
pli
naryact i
onbyt heinstit
uteandcanal soev okepenal
acti
onf rom t hesour cewhi chhast husnotbeenpr operlycitedorf rom
whom pr operper missionhasnotbeent akenwhenneeded.

Mr
.Shai
khFaheem Ri
yaz

Dat
e:
 Acknowl
edgement
It
’smypl easuretotaket hisopportuni
tytothankwi tdeepsenseof
grat
it
udet oourgui de,
staffmenbersof- MECHANI CAL-Depar t
mentand
every
onewhohav edir
ect l
yorindir
ectlycontr
ibutedtoourprojectasa
success.Withimmensepl easureweexpr essourdeepsenseofgr at
it
ude
andv oteofthankst oourpr oj
ectguideProf.Niti
nGal wadeforhis
constantint
erest,
mot i
vationandv aluabl
eguidancedur i
ngwor kand
compl et
ionofthisprojectreport.
WeareverythankfultoLectr
.Prof.Ni ti
nGalwadeandt he
whol estaff-MECHANI CAL-Depar tmentforgivingust heopport
unityto
wor kont hisproj
ectandforhisextensiveco-oper ati
onandguidance.We
offersincerethankstoPri
ncipleSay y
adLay akandHODPr of
.Niti
n
Galwade( HeadofDepartment)fortheiri
nspirationandprovidi
ngfull
admi ni
strativ
esupportanddepar tmentinfr
astruct ur
efaci
li
ti
esforthis
report.
Wearealsov
eryt
hankfult
oallt
hosewhosupport
eduswi
thout
whi
chpr
ojectwoul
dnothavebeencomplet
edsuccessf
ull
y.

Mr
.KHANADNANNURKALI
M
INTRODUCTI ON : -Pneumat i
cand hy draul i
csy stemsar ebased ont he
behav iorofaf lowingl iqui d.Thepr i
mar ydi fferenceist hathy draulicoi li
s
consi derednon- compr essi bleandai risnot .Hy drauli
csy stemsar eusedon
mor e agr iculturalequi pmentt han pneumat i
c.Ther ef
ore,t he remai ning
discussion wi llconcent rate on hy draulic sy stems.Al lpneumat ic and
hydr auli
c sy stems hav ef iver equired component s.The hear tofbot h
systemsi sapump.Manydi fferenttypesofpumpsar eused, butt heyhav e
acommonj ob—ener gizet hesy stem.Thesy stem alsor equi
r esar eservoi
r
tost oret heoi l,controlv alvest ocont r
olt heamountanddi recti
onoff low,
somet ypeofact uatort oper formt hewor kandhosesandpi pest oconnect
alloft hecomponent s.Ot hercomponent sar ei ncl
udedasnecessar yt o
achiev ethedesi redper formanceoft hesy stem.Hy drauli
csy stemsoper ate
ont wopr i
nciples,pr essur eandf low.Pr essur ei susedt ocausef or
ceor
torque,andf l
owi susedt ocausemov ement .Thepr essurei nasy stem is
gov ernedbyPascal 'sLaw, whi chstatesthatt hepr essureonaconf ined

Hosesorpi
pes

Reser
voi
rPumpCont
rol
sAct
uat
or

Fi
ver
equi
redcomponent
sofahy
draul
i
csy
stem.

Reser
voi
rPumpCont
rol
sAct
uat
or

Fi
ver
equi
redcomponent
sofahy
draul
i
csy
stem.
t
hef
ir
stpr
inci
pleofhy
draul
i
cs.
l
i
quidistransmi
tt
edequal l
yinalldi
rect
ionsandr
esul
tsi
nequalf
orceat
r
ightangl
etothecont
ainerwal
ls,
.
InIncreasi
ngforceusinghy drauli
cs.,for
ceisusedt opressur
izet
hel i
quid
andpr essureisusedtot ransmi tandchanget heint
ensi
tyoftheresul
tant
for
ce.Changi ngthei ntensityoft heresul
tantf or
ceisaccomplishedby
changing the pr
essureort hear ea.The amountoff orceproduced is
determinedbymul t
ipl
yingt hepr essureti
mest hearea.

wher
eP=Pr
essur
e,psi
orl
b/i
n2;
F=For
ce,
lb;
A=Ar
ea,
in2.
 I
ncr
easi
ngf
orceusi
nghy
draul
i
cs.

Probl
em:How muchfor
cei sproducedonthesecondpist
oni
nSol
uti
on:
Thefi
rstst
epi
stodet
erminethepressur
eint
hesystem.

ButP1=P2Thepr
essur
eist
hesameatal
ll
ocat
ions.Ther
efor
e:

=200—2x4i
n2i
n2

Thisexampl eshowst hatwhena100. 0lbweighappli

esforcetoanar eaof
2.0squar einchesapr essureof200lbpersquareinchisproduced.When
thi
spr essureiscontactwithanareaof4.0squarei
nches,aforceof400l b
wil
lbepr oduced.Theincreaseorreduct
ionoftheforceisproport
ionalto
thearea.

Thesecondpr inci
pleofhy draul
i
csy st
emsi sflow.Thef l
ow oft hefluid
determinesthespeedandamountofmov ementf ort heact uatorsinthe
system.Inat wopi stonsystem asillust
ratedi nt het otalfl
ow (in3)fr
om
thef i
rstpi
stont othesecondcanbedet ermi nedbymul ti
plyi
ngt hear ea
(i
n2)oft hepistonti
mest helength(in)oft hest roke( S).Whent hesecond
pistonhasal argerarea,thedistancemov edwi llbel essbecauset he
volumemov edi sthesamef orbothandal argerar ear equi
reslessstroke
l
engt htoproducet hesamev ol
ume.Thi sr elat
ionshipcanbeexpr essed
mat hemati
cally
:

A1xS1=A2xS2Pr
obl
em:Howf
arwi
l
lthesecondpi
stoni
nFi
gur
e6.
13
mov
e?
 .Det
ermi
ningf
low.

Acent uryago,av astmaj orityoft heUSpopul ati

onl i
vedandwor kedon
farmst or aisecr opsorcat t
lef orper sonaluseandpr ofit.Initi
al l
y,al l
agriculturaloper ationswer eper formedmanual lyandr equiredsi gni f
icant
manpower .Howev er,the introduction and use ofmoder n agr i
cul tural
machi nery ,including hy draulic dev i
ces and equi pment,al lowed f arm
wor kerst o compl etet asksf aster,r educi ng the numberoff ar mhands
requiredf orday -to-dayoper ations.Thi sdecr easi
ngdemandt ranslat edt o
ani ncreasingnumberofpeopl emi gratingf r
om agr icul
turetoot hersect or s.
Asi tst andst oday ,onlyaboutoneper centoft heUSpopul ati
onwor ksi n
agriculture. Hy draulic power was one of t he key f actors i n t he
transformat i
on oft he agricult
urei ndust ry
.I n addi t
ion toi ncreasi ng
effi
ciencyandpr oduct i
vityinagr icul
tur aloper ati
ons,hy dr
aulicequi pment
offersahostofot herbenef i
ts.
THEI
MPACTOFHYDRAULI
CPOWER

Theint
roductionofhydr
auli
cssignif
icant
lychangedtheagri
culturei
ndust
ry,
especi
all
y r egardi
ng the met hod and manner of pr oducti
on. By
adopti
ng 
hy draul
i
cequipment,i
ndust r
yprofessi
onal
s:Reducedt heamount
ofmanual powerneeded(bothi
nt er
msofwor ker
sandwor kanimals)

Lower
edt her
iskofi
njur
y(duet
othel
owernumberofhour
sspentwor
king
i
nthefi
eld)

Li
mit
edt
heamountofdownt
imebet
weenagr
icul
tur
aloper
ati
ons

I
ncr
easedi
ndi
vi
dual
andov
eral
lef
fi
ciencyandpr
oduct
ivi
ty

Thei mpactofhy drauli

cpoweri sst i
llvisi
bleint heagr i
cult
urei ndustry
today,especial
lyi n domest i
cand i nternati
onalcommer cialagricul
tural
systems.From croppl anti
ngtohar vesti
ngandcat t
lebr eedi
ngt oslaughter,
awi der angeofagr i
cult
uraloper ati
onsr eli
esonhy draul
icsy st
ems.As
farming and liv
est ock oper at
ions ar er el
iant on smal lwi ndows of
opportunit
y dict
at ed by t he seasons and mar ket conditi
ons,wor k
disr
uptionsaredet ri
ment altoaf armer’
spr ofit
s.Hy draul
i
cequi pmenti s
especiall
ybenefi
cialinli
mitingdownt i
meandmai nt
ai ninghighproductivi
ty.
CRI
TICALAPPLI
CATIONSOFHYDRAULICS
Someofthet
ypi
cal
agri
cul
tur
almachi
nest
hatut
il
izehy
draul
i
cpowerar
e:

Tractor
s,thewor khor
sesoft hemoder nf
arm,ini
ti
all
yusedhydr
ostati
c
tr
ansmissions.However,today
,hydr
auli
cdri
vesarecommon.Depending
ont hetypeemployed,theymayfeatur
eahy dr
aul
icwheelmot
orortrack
dri
vemot or.

Sprayers ar
eusedf oruni
form distr
ibuti
onoff ert
il
izer
s,pesti
cides,and
otheragricul
turalchemical
s.Alt
hought heycanbet owedandmount edon
tr
ail
ersandt ractors,somesprayersaredesi gnedforself-
propul
sion.Many
oft he self-
propelled spr
ayers empl oy hy dr
ostat
icall
y powered wheel
mot or
st oachieveindependentmov ement .

Combi neharv est

ersandforagehar vesters,astheirnamessuggest ,are
usedf orharvesti
ng.For
agehar vest
ersar eusedf orgatheri
ngf odderfor
cattl
e,whilecombi neharvester
ssimul taneousl
yr eap and thresh whil
e
harvesti
ng crops.Both ofthesehar vesterscan besel f-
propell
ed.Like
sprayers,
theyalsousehydrost
ati
call
ypower edwheelmotors.

Trackloader
s areusedont hef ar
mf orloadi
ngoper at
ions.Thesesl
ow-
mov i
ngmachi nesusehy dr
auli
ct r
ackdrivemot or
stopr oducetheslow
speedsandhightorquenecessar
ytodriv
et het
racks.

In additi
on tot he ones list
ed abov e,ther
e are manyot hert y
pes of
agri
culturalequipmentt hatuse hy draul
ic dri
ves and t
ransmissi
ons to
poweranddr ivetheiroperati
ons,suchasmuckspr eader
s,feedermixer
s,
i
rri
gationsy st
ems, andforestr
ymachi nes.
WORKI
NGPRI
NCI
PAL
Designers ofhy drauli
c systems foragr icul
tur almachines f
ace some
di
fficul
tchall
enges.Thi sisespeci all
ytruef orhi ghhorsepowertract
ors
withnotonl ysteeringandbr akefuncti
ons,butwher eagr eatvari
etyof
hydraul
icimplement swil
lbeconnect edandt owed.Wi t
ht heoperati
ng
parametersofaf armer’scoll
ectionofcross-branded,speci
alt
yimplements
unknown t oat ractordesigner ,the hydrauli
c system may be ei t
her
i
neffi
cientduetoov er-
sizi
ngandov
er-
desi
gn—ori
tmi
ghtf
ailt
oper
for
m
adequatel
yifunder
-desi
gned.

Self
-propell
ed r ow crop har vest
ers,as wel las f ruit and v eget abl
e
harvestersnow approacht hesi zeofmanypul li
ngt ractorswi thengi nes
l
argert han500hp.Somef or agecor nhar vest
ershav eengi neswi t
hmor e
than1, 000hp.Forsomeoft hesemachi nes,theonl yr easont ost artthe
enginei stopowerhy drauli
cpumps.Ot herssplitthemechani calfunct i
ons
betweenadi rectdri
vegear boxandahy drauli
csy stem.Sy stem desi gn
mustbal ancethechallengeofev enlydistr
ibuti
nghy draulicfl
owt oal
l ofthe
subcircuit
s,whileret
ai ni
ngt hecapabi l
ityofbr i
ngingal lofthehy drauli
c
powert obearonmot orf unctionsf orquicktravelbetweengr owi ngar eas.

The common chal l

enge across the ent ir
e spectrum of agri
cult
ural
machi ner
yistocreat
eahy drauli
csy stem thatisenergyef
fi
cient
,easyto
operateand maintai
n,and ofcour ser eli
able.Part
ialaut
omat i
oni san
absolutemini
mum necessi
tyforlarge-scal
emachi neswheretheoperat
or’
s
att
entioncanbedrawninsomanydi recti
ons.

Fi
rstup:ener
gyef
fi
ciency

Assumi ngt hathy drauli

cmot ort orquer equirement sanddi splacement s
havebeencal culatedandt hatcy li
ndershav ebeensi zedt oproducet he
requir
edl i
ft
ingf orces( withi
nanor malr angeofhy draulicpr essures),the
choiceofpumpsi zeandst yl
ewi l
lbet henextmaj ordeci sion.Forasmal l
scalefarm,aut il
itytypeofmachi nemayi ncor porateaf ixeddi splacement
gearpumpwi t
hanopencent erv al
v ebankf orthesakeofsi mplici
tyand
l
ow cost .Ev ent hought hepump maybepr essure-unloaded wi thf l
ow
dir
ectedbackt ot ankwhennohy draul
icf unct i
oni si nuse,hi gher-
than-
neededf uelconsumpt ionst i
lloccursduet ot hef ul
lfl
owr ate.
Useofagearpumpt ypicallymeanst hatsy stem pr essur eisatmaxi mum
(reli
efv alveset ti
ng)whenusi ngonl yapor ti
onoft ot alav ail
ablef low t o
cont rol cyli
nderspeed.
Whenonl ypar toft het otalf l
ow av ail
ablefrom t hepumpi sneededf ora
cy l
inder —del iberat el
yext endedatsl owspeedbyj udicioususeoft hev alve
l
ev er—t heexcessf l
owi sf orcedov eraspr i
ng-loadedpr essur ereli
efv alve.
Thepar ti
allyshi ftedv alvespoolcl osest hepumpunl oadpat htot ank,and
placesapar t
iall
yopenv alvei nt hef low pathasamaj orr estr
icti
onand
pressur eload.Thepumpi sf orcedt owor katf ullflow andatmaxi mum
pressur e,ev eni fthecy l
inderi sonl yl i
fti
ngal ightl oad.I notherwor ds,t he
fl
owr equi rementf orcy l
i
nderspeedmayonl ybeaf ract ionoft het otalf l
ow
av ail
abl e,y ett hepumpcanonl ypumpatt hef ullr ate.I naddi ti
on,t he
cy l
indermayonl yneedt ol i
ftal ightl oad( r
equi r
ingmi ni malpr essure) ,yet
thesy stem ov erallwillbeatmaxi mum pr essureduet ot her estri
ctionoft he
par ti
ally opened di recti
onalv alve.Fuelconsumpt ion i s highestwhen
pumpi ngatf ullflow andf ullpressur e,butt hismaybeaccept ablef ora
simpl et r
actorwi thmanualst eering, andwher ehy drauliccy li
ndermot ioni s
occasi onal whi l
ewor kingwi tht hemachi ne.
Forl ar ge,producti
on-scalemachi nerywi thcont inuouslyrunninghy dr
aul i
c
functionssuchaspl anti
ngorhar vestingci rcui
ts,andwi ththeneedf or
forcef ulst eeri
ngact i
onsatanyt i
me,t hev ari
abledi splacementpiston
pumpr emainst hest andardchoi ce.A pr essure-compensat edandl oad-
sensi ngpi stonpumpav oidst hei neffi
cienci esofasi mplegearpump.I t
providesaf l
ow ratet hataut omat icall
ymat chescy l
inderandhy dr
aul i
c
mot orf l
owdemand, acrossmul t
iplepar allelcircuitpaths,andalsosetst he
maxi mum sy stem pressur e onlysl ightl
yhi ghert han whati s curr
ent l
y
neededf orthehighestoper at
ingload.

Pressurefeedbacki sdel i
veredtot heloadsensecompensat oront he
pumpf r
om thehighestpr essur
ecircui
twithi
nthesy stem.Thisf eedback
adjust
st hepumpont hef l
y.Withthemaximum pumpdi spl
acementsi zed
j
ustsl i
ghtl
ylargerthant heantici
patedmaximum flow,f uelef
ficiencyis
deli
veredbyapumpt hatcancont i
nuouslyadj
ustpr essur
eandf low as
needed.
Schemat icoft ypicall oadsensi ng(flow compensating)hydrauli
csy stem.
Brake-shoe,brickst acksonlyf oreasei nunderst
andingloadpr essur
es.
Thel oad sensi ng f eatur
eal so of f
ersgr eat
erf l
ow accuracywi t
hint he
system ov eral
l.Mi norchangesi nengi nespeeddonotshow upasf low
vari
ances because t he l
oad sense compensat orcan adj ustt he pump
automat ical
l
y .Ift he hy draulic system is operati
ng mot ors on t i
med
productionfunct i
onsonahar vester,thenthi
sf l
ow accuracyhasadi r ect
i
mpactonpr oductionandqual it
y.

Thepr essurecompensat orisacont rolmechani sm ont hepump t hat

reactswhenapr esetmaxi mum pr essurelev elisreached.I nsteadofusi ng
a system r el
iefv al
ve as the pr i
mar ymeans ofpr essur el i
mi ti
ng,t he
compensat orr educest hepumpdi splacementandkeepsi tnearzer ount il
theexcessi v epr essurecondi t
ion( e.g.anov erloadatcy l
inderormot or )
diesdown.Whenpr essuredropsdown,t hecompensat oral l
owst hepump
toincreasedi splacementonceagai n.Thepr essurecompensat orissimi l
ar
toast andar dr eliefvalveinthatitkeepst hesy stem pr essuref rom rising
aboveasaf el evel.Butthepressur ecompensat ordoest hi
sbyr educingt he
pumpout put ,ratherthanineffi
cientl
ydiv er
tingext raflowbackt ot ank.The
pressurecompensat orprovi
desasi mi l
arsaf etyf eatureasar el
iefvalv e,
butwi t
ht headdedbonusofener gysav ings.

Thef l
owanddirecti
onalcontr
olv al
vebanksonmostmoder ntr
actorsand
har
vester
sf eat
ureelect
roniccont r
ol.Wit
hv ar
iabl
ecurrentsol
enoids,the
val
vesarecapabl eofpr opor
tionalf l
ow t
osetcy li
ndersandmot or
si n
motionatthedesi
redspeed.

Theval
vescanhol
dacyl
inderi
nalockedposi
ti
on(e.
g.cr
opcutt
inghei
ght
orpl
owdepth)
,oral
lowacyli
nderr
odtomov efr
eel
yinandoutsothatan
i
mpl ementcan f l
oatup and down wi th gr
ound contours.Forsmal ler
,
directl
yattachedimpl ements,t
hisr ai
se-
and-l
owercy l
i
nderisfoundont he
tractor’
sthree-pointhit
ch.Forl argertowedi mplementswi t
hthei rown
cy l
inder
sandhy draul
icmotors,pairsofquickcoupler
sf r
om tr
actorvalves
commonl yreferr
edt oas“remot es”arefoundatther earofthetractorto
receivehydrauli
choseconnect i
ons.

Whilet heselookl ikebasicconnect i

onst oasour ceoff l
ow,t heser emot e
valve connections bring a l ev elofsophi sticati
on t o si mple hydraul i
c
functi
onsont owedi mpl ement s.Thev alvebankl urkingbehi ndmoder n
remot ecouplerscanbecapabl eofhi ghl evel
sofaut omat ion.
Apr essurecompensat orist ypicall
yf oundwi thineachsect i
onoft hev alve
bank.Mostof t
ent hi
sext rav alvecomponenti sfoundont heinletsideof
themai nspool.Thecompensat orsensest hel oadpr essur eoft hecy l
inder
ormot ori nmot i
on,andadj ustst hepr essureatt hei nletoft hemai nv alve
spoolt o ensur e a steadypr essure di ff
erentialacr oss t he spool,t hus
maintainingast eadyflowr ateev enwhensy stem pr essur eorcy li
nderl oad
pressurechanges.Thi smeanst hatt heoper atordoesnothav et oquickly
mov eav al
velev erinr eactiont oahy drauli
cf unct i
ont hatischangi ng
speeddur i
ngmot ion.Thepr essur ecompensat orel i
mi natest heproblem.
Thev al
vebankcont ainsanetwor kofshuttl
ev al
veswi t
htinyst eelball
sor
poppetsi nside.Theseshuttl
ev al
ves(akaballresolver
s)all
owf ortheload
pressuref r
om onl ythehighestloadedvalvesect i
ont obet r
ansmittedto
theloadsensecompensat oront hepump,v iaaspeci alsignalhose.The
useoft hel oadsensecompensat oronthepumpandt hev alvebankwi t
h
shuttl
ev alvesasdescr i
bedcompl etesaclosedl oopcont r
olschemewi t
h
theuseofaf lui
dicpressur
el i
net odel
iverfeedbackf r
om t heloadt othe
pump.

Load-sensingsy stemsar econsider

edt obeamongt hemostf uelef
fici
ent
forcont i
nuouslyr unni
nghy draul
icsyst
ems.Theycanal sobechal l
enging
sy st
ems t o correctl
yadjustf ortract
ors pul
l
ing i
mplementsofi nf i
nit
e
designv ari
ation.Therear elotsofcomponent sinv
olved,makingsystem
troubleshoot
ingacompl exprocess.

Recenti nnov ationssuchasPar kerHanni fi

n’sSpl i
tPumpI ntelli
gentFl ow
Archit
ect ureuseonepi stonpumpf oreachmaj orfuncti
onont hemachi ne,
all
owingf orev engr eaterenergysav ings.Theset ypesofsy stems,al ready
provenf orl oader sandsomeexcav ators,willslowlymaket heirwayont o
agri
culturalmachi nes.The pump f l
ow r ate and t he propor ti
onalv alve
spoolsar eel ect r
oni call
ycontroll
ed.Thi sof fersopt i
onsar oundcombi ni ng
pumps f or use wi t
h one i mpl ement cy linder during f ast mot ion
requir
ement s,orf orsepar atefunct ionswhenoper ati
ngsev eraldiff
er ent
cyli
ndermot ionsatt hesamet ime.Thei nternalpar t
soft hev al vebankar e
simpler and t he use of a l oad-sense si gnalhose bet ween pump
compensat orandt hev alvebankisel i
mi nat
edi nfavoroff ast erelect
roni c
pumpcont r
ol.

Energysav ingdesi
gnsf orhydr
aul
icsyst
emsonl argeagri
cul
tur
almachi
nes
al
sot ranslatetoloweroi lt
emperat
ures,whichl owerorevenremovethe
needf orl
ar gecooler
sandf ans.Asizereduct
ionf orf
lui
dreser
voi
rsi
salso
possibleforthesesystems.

Easeofoper
ati
on
Touchscr eenpr ogrammi ngoft imedhy draul
icf unctionsandf inger-touch
valveswi tchespr ovideconvenientautomat ionopt i
ons.
Hy draulicf unct
ionsonanagr icul
turalmachi near econsi deredeasyt o
oper atewhent heoper atordoesnothav et omakecont inuouscor rect i
ons
tocy l
inderposi tions(e.
g.cropcut t
inghei ght,steering)oradj ustflowr ates
to hy draulic mot ors.Qualit
y and pr oduct i
on f orpl owi ng,pl anti
ng or
harv estingar ethet oppr i
ori
ti
esonl ar ge-scalemachi nes.Theoper ator’
s
brainpoweri sbestusedt omoni t
orthebi gfarmi ngpi cture.Witht hehi gh
tr
av elspeeds and t he wide cr op rows possi ble on hi gh hor sepower
machi nes,t he oper at
or stil
lhas l otst o do.Oper at
or-pr
ogr ammed
cont roll
ersar eextremelycommon.Thesecont rollerscanbepr ogr ammed
tor ememberhow mucht i
mei ttakesf orhy drauliccy l
inderst ounf oldan
i
mpl ement .This“ t
imeddetent”f eat
urecant henbeusedl aterwitht hepush
ofabut tont oaccompl i
shthesameoper ati
on.

Themi norpoi
ntsofmachi necontr
olandposi ti
oncor r
ecti
onshoul dbe
automat i
c wit
h an allowance foroper at
orov erri
de.Aut omation and
operati
onaleasei sther esultoftypi
calelectr
oni ccontrol
lerandt ouch
screenusewi t
helect
rohydrauli
cval
ves.Thepossibili
ti
esforamachi nethat
i
nt hepastwashar dphy sicalwor
kt ooper at
e,cont i
nuet oexpandwi th
steeri
ngguidancesy st
emsnow mov i
ngwel lbey ondtheser vo-operated
steeri
ngwheel.Unli
kethewor l
dofconstr
uctionmachi nery
,wher est eer
ing
i
sof t
encont rol
ledbyjoysti
ckonmanymodel s,thefamil
iarst
eeri
ngwheel
connectedtoanor bi
tr
ol val
ve(akahandmeter
ingunit)i
sslowtodisappear
fr
om agr i
cul
turalmachines.Therear
ehowever,ent
ir
elyautomatedsteer
ing
contr
olsandv alv
esconnect edinparal
l
elt
ot hesteeri
ngwheelonsome
machines.

Moder nsensor s,suchast hi

sHal lef fect,cy l
i
nderposi tionsensorshown,
off
ernewaut omat ionpossi bil
iti
es.I magecour t
esyofRot aEngi neer i
ngLt d.
Designersshoul dnow gi vest andar dconsi derati
ont ot hei nstallati
onof
l
inearposi ti
onsensor sinsi det hecy li
nder sont hest eeringaxl eori nt he
cyl
indersused f orar t
icul ated st eering.Non- steeri
ng cy l
i
nder sar eal so
worthconsi der i
ngf ort hei nst allationofl inearposi t
ionsensor s,toenabl e
mor e posi t
ion memor i
zed aut omat ion.Some newersensor st hatar e
suit
ablef ordoubl er odst eer ingcy l
inderscanmountont heout sideoft he
cyl
indert ubewi thonl yt hemagneti nsideont hepi ston.Theel ectronic
controlequi pmentont hemachi nemaynoty etbeconf iguredf orf ull
y
automat ed,robot i
cst eering, butmanysy stemsal r
eadyof feralev elofGPS-
basedgui dancef ort hel ongst raightr unsacr osst hef ield,allowingt he
operatortoav oi
df atigue.

Easeofmai
ntenanceandr
epai
r

I
fyouwer
einchargeofengi
neer
ingt
hishypot
het
icalcr
opharvest
er,wher
e
woul
dyoupl
acethefi
lt
er?Behi
ndthewheelgi
vesacleanerl
ook,butouti
n
theopenmakest hef i
lteraccessi blef orroutinemai nt
enance.Smal ldesign
decisi
onsl i
kethisonecanhav elargeconsequences!
Ease ofmai nt
enance and r epai risav al
ued f eat
uret hatmanyf ar m
operatorslookf or
.Whi leeasy -to-accessf i
llportsand easy -
v i
ew sight
glassesar ewel comed,manyspeakwi thnot ablepraisef ort hemachi ne
designerwhomakesadj ustment sandwr enchwor keasy .Wi t
h45°el bow
fi
tti
ngs,orwi der adiust ubeel bowsatt hecy l
inderports,t heconnect ions
areeasyt owor konwhendamagedhoseshav et ober epl aced.Rowsof
closel
yspacedhosesandf i
tti
ngscl ampedal ongt hemachi nef r
amecan
wor koutsuffi
cientl
yi fthef i
tti
ngsar eof fsetfrom eachot hert oal l
owr oom
forwr enches.Mount ingf il
tersf oreasyr emov alandchange- outisnot
alwayst hemostv isual l
ypl easi
ngl ay out,butmechani csappr eciat
ei t.It
alsohelpstomakesur et hatmai ntenancet asksar enotskipped.

Evensomethingasbasi casfil
terplacementcanhav eabigimpacton
maint
enance;iff
il
ter
sareaccessibl
eandeasyt oremove/
changeout,t
his
si
mplemaintenancetaski
slessl
ikel
yt obeover
looked.

Agr i
cul
tur
almachinerycontinuest obeakeypr oductfortheappli
cationof
hy dr
aul
icsyst
ems.Asi nnovativ
ecomponent sandsy st
em designst hat
makef ormoreeffi
cientoperationar ebeingr el
easedfrom ti
met otime, the
useofautomationisincreasingv er
yr apidl
y.Thisisespecial
lytr
uef orlarge
-scalemachi
nesdesi gnedt ohelpt hef arm operat
orwi t
hpr oduct
iony ield,
timeusageandhumani nputener gy.

Iti
sexci t
ingtoseei nnov ati
onsfrom otherindust
ri
es,suchasmi ningand
construct
ion,cr ossing ov erintot he agri
cult
uralwor ld and maki ng a
dif
ferenceint heav eragef armer’
sday .Asinnovati
onsi nhy drauli
csy st
em
designcont i
nuet of i
lterintoagri
cultur
e,far
mer swillenjoyt herewardsof
even greateref fi
ciency,ease- of
-operati
on,and hopef ull
y,r educti
ons in
maintenancecompl exity.
COMPONENTANDSPECI
FICATI
ON
Trolleyl ifti
ngmechani sm Thet rolleyl if
tingmechani sm i sadopt edt ol i
ft
thet r ol
leyt ot her equi r
edangl eaf tertur ningi t .Thi smechani sm mai nly
consi sts ofa mov abl ef rame and a sci ssorj ack.The t roll
ey l if
ting
mechani sm i sshowni nFi g.2bel ow wi thcomponent sasofwor m and
wor m gear ,DCser i
esmot or,sci ssorj ack,f ixedf rame,mov ingf rameand
trol
ley .Fig.2t rolleysi dev iewThet roll
eyliftingmechani sm i sachi eveddue
tot heoper ationoft hesci ssorj ackbyt hehel poft heDCser iesmot or
connect edt oi t.Thesci ssorj acki smount edont hemov ablef rame.The
mot ori s also st arted byt he use oft he cur r entst ored i nto a 12 V
batter y.
The bat t
er yi s cont i
nuousl y char ging by t he el ect ri
calpower
gener at
edbyt het wost rokeengi ne.Thef abr i
cat ionoft het rolleyt urning
andl ifti
ngmechani sm mai nlyconsi st soft hef ollowi ngmaj orcomponent s,
theyar e:Tr olleyBodyFi xedFr ameMov i
ngFr ameEngi neFr ame
3.2.1Tr oll
eybodyThet r
ol l
eybodyi smadeofst eel .Thet r
ol l
eybodyf orms
thepar tforcar ryingt hemat erials.Thet r
olleybodyi shav i
ngal ength, widt h
andhei ghtof914mm,660mm and254mm r espect i
vely .3.2.2Fi xed
frameThef ixedf ramef ormst hebaseoft het r
olley .Thi sf ramei smadeof
Mi l
dSt eel( MS) .Ithasf ourwheel sat t
achedt oit st wosi des,t hemot orf or
runni ngt hegearar rangementf ort her otationoft het roll
ey .3.2.3Mov abl e
frameThemov abl ef amei smadeofMi l
dSt eel,iti smount edabov etheDC
seriesmot or .Thi sf ramer otatesal ongwi t ht hewar m andwar m wheel
arrangementf ort het ur ningt het rolleybodywhi chi smount edoni t.3.2. 4
Engi ne f rame The engi ne f r
ame i s made ofMS and i ti shav i
ng t he
dimensi onsofl engt h, breadt handhei ghtof450mm, 300mm and450mm
respect ively.
Concl
usi
on

Itf oll
ows f rom t he anal ysis of gr aphical dependences obt ai
ned
experimentallyt hata cent ri
fuge with specifi
ed par ameters( rotorwi th
H=137mm,di amet erofd=148mm,speedof5000±50mi n-1)providest he
necessar yqual i
tyf orcleaningt heworkingfluidfrom mechani calimpur i
ti
es.
Studieshav eal soshownt hatt heuseofamoder ni
zedhy drauli
csy stem
withav egetabl e-mi nerall
ubr i
cantcomposi tionasapowerf luidcanr educe
thewearoft hepar tsofhy draulicsyst
em uni tsby2. 3times.Thus, i
tcanbe
arguedt hatthepr oposedmoder ni
zedhy drauli
csy stem adaptedf orbei ng
usedasapowerf luidofav egetabl
e-minerallubricantcomposi t
ion( 88.
9%
rapeoil,3.7%addi tiv
eDF- 11, 3.2%addi t
iveETF, %PMS- 200Aand4. 197%
coll
oidalgr aphi te),isef fecti
v eand recommended f orbei ng applied in
agri
culturaltract or
s.
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