STUDENT’

SINDUSTRI
ALWORKEXPERI
ENCESCHEME[
SIWES]

CARRI
ED OUTAT

GECHAANHOSPI
TALGEMBU,
SARDAUNALOCALGOVERNMENT

AREATARABASTATE.

FROM 09TH SEPTEMBER,

2019TO21TH DECEMBER2019

BY

MUHAMMADKAMALUDUTSE

ST/
PT/
DP/
18/
006

SUBMI
TTEDTOTHEDEPARTMENTOFBI
OMEDI
CALANDPHARMACEUTI
CAL

TECHNOLOGYI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LMENTOFTHEREQUI
REMENTFORTHEAWARD

OFNATI
ONALDI
PLOMAI
NPHARMACEUTI
CALTECHNOLOGYFEDERAL

POLYTECHNI
CMUBI
,ADAMAWASTATE

JANUARY2020
 DEDI
CATI
ON

Idedi
cat
ethi
sSI
WESt
otheAl
might
yAl
l
ah,
whogav
emet
hewi
sdom,
str
engt
h,kept
meAl
i
veandgui
dedmet
hroughoutt
hecour
seofmyI
ndust
ri
alt
rai
ningat
tachment
andal
sot
omybel
ovedf
ather
,mot
her
,br
other
s,si
ster
sandal
sot
omyf
ri
endsf
or
t
hei
rlov
e,car
e,suppor
tandadv
icedur
ingt
hisgr
eatper
iodofSI
WES.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It
hankt
heAl
might
yALLAHf
orhi
sbl
essi
ng,
prot
ect
ion,
cour
ageandt
heoppor
tuni
ty
f
orcompl
eti
onofmy{
SIWES}pr
ogr
am andTechni
cal
Repor
t,mayhi
spr
otect
ionand
bl
essi
ngcont
inuet
obewi
thus{
AMI
N}.

Iwi
l
lli
ket
oacknowl
edgewi
tht
heappr
eci
ati
onandgr
ati
tudet
otheHeadof
Depar
tmentofBi
o-Medi
cal
andPhar
maceut
ical
Technol
ogy
,ALH.ALI
YU
MUHAMMAD,
andt
omySI
WEScoor
dinat
orMALL.AHMADMUSAKOCHI
FA.

Myl
astacknowl
edgementwi
thappr
eci
ati
ont
omyf
atherALH.MUHAMMADDUTSE
andt
omymot
herHAJJ.FADI
MATUMUHAMMAD,
whocont
ri
but
ethei
rweal
tht
o
seemeont
hisst
ageal
sot
omyBr
other
s,Si
ster
'sandFr
iends.
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

Cov
erPage–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––¡

Ti
tt
lePage––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––¡ ¡

Dedi
cat
ion––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––– ¡¡¡

Acknowl
edgement––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––¡ v

Li
stofTabl
es–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––––––v

CHAPTERONE

1.
0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––1

1.
1 DEFI
NITI
ONOFSI
WES––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––1

1.
2 PURPOSEOFSI
WES–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––1

1.
3 AIMSANDOBJECTI
VEOFSI
WES––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––2

CHAPTERTWO

2.
0 BRIEFHI
STORYOFTHEI
NDUSTRYATTENDED–––––––––––––––––
–––––––––3

2.
1 ORGANIZATI
ONCHARTOFTHEI
NDUSTRY––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––4

2.
2 DEFI
NITI
ONOFPHARMACY–––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––5

2.
3 TERMSUSEI
NPHARMACY–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––5

2.
4 DOSAGEFORMS–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––5
2.
5 ROUTEOFDRUGADMI
NISTRATI
ON––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––5

2.
6.0 I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFPRESCRI
PTI
ON–––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––6

2.
6.1 I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFDURATI
ON––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––6

2.
6.2 I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFFREQUENCY–––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––6

2.
6.3 TI
MEI
NTERPRETATI
ON––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––6

2.
6.4 POSOLOGY[
Measur
ement
s]USEDI
NPRESCRI
PTI
ON––––––––––––
–––––––7

2.
7 INFUSI
ONS––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––7

2.
8 ANALGESI
CS–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––––––9

2.
9 ANTIMALARI
ALS–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––– 12

3.
0 A.R.
Ds[
ANTIRETROVI
RALDRUGS]––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––– 13

3.
1 ANTIBI
OTI
CS––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––– 17

CHAPTERTHREE

3.
0 SUMMARY,RECOMMENDATI
ON,
ANDCONCLUSI
ON––––––––––––
–––––––––19

3.
1 SUMMARY–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––19

3.
2 RECOMMENDATI
ON–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––19

3.
3 CONCLUSI
ON––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––––19

REFERENCES
 CHAPTERONE
1.
0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

St
udent
sIndust
ri
alWor
kEx
per
ienceScheme[
SIWES]wasest
abl
i
shedbyI
.T.
F
i
n1973t
osol
vet
hepr
obl
em ofl
ackofadequat
epr
act
icalski
l
lspr
epar
ator
y
f
orempl
oymenti
nindust
ri
esbyNi
ger
iangr
aduat
eoft
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
ons.

Theschemeexposest
udentt
oindust
rybasedski
l
lsnecessar
yforasmoot
h
t
ransi
ti
onf
rom t
hecl
assr
oom t
othewor
ldofwor
k.I
taf
for
dsst
udent
sof
t
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
ont
heoppor
tuni
tyofbei
ngf
ami
l
iar
izedandexposet
othe
neededexper
iencei
nhandl
i
ngmachi
ner
yandequi
pmentwhi
char
eusual
l
y
notav
ail
abl
eint
heeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
on.

Par
ti
cipat
ioni
nSI
WEShasbecomeanecessar
ypr
econdi
ti
onf
ort
heawar
dof
di
plomaanddegr
eecer
ti
fi
cat
einspeci
fi
cdi
sci
pli
nesi
nmosti
nst
it
uti
onsof
hi
gherl
ear
ningi
nthecount
ry,i
naccor
dancewi
tht
heeducat
ionpol
i
cyof
gov
ernment
.
1.
1 DEFI
NITI
ONOFSI
WES

Thi
sisanI
ndust
ri
alski
l
l,t
rai
ningandwor
kexper
iencepr
ogr
am desi
gnedt
o

exposeandpr
epar
est
udentf
orhi
ghereducat
ionall
ear
ningt
opr
act
ical
.The

SI
WESi
sanacr
ony
mfor“
StudentI
ndust
ri
alWor
kExper
ienceScheme”
.

1.
2 PURPOSEOFSI
WES

Thepur
poseofst
udent
sindust
ri
alwor
kexper
iencescheme[
SIWES]i
sto

exposest
udentt
oindust
rybasedski
l
lnecessar
yforasmoot
htr
ansi
ti
onf
rom

t
hecl
assr
oom t
othewor
ldofwor
k.I
taf
front
sst
udentoft
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
on

t
heoppor
tuni
tyofbei
ngf
ami
l
iar
izedandexposet
otheneededexper
iencei
n

handl
i
ngmachi
ner
yandequi
pmentwhi
char
eusual
l
ynotav
ail
abl
eint
he

educat
ional
inst
it
uti
on.

1.
3 AI
M ANDOBJECTI
VEOFSI
WES

Theai
msand obj
ect
ivesofst
udent
sindust
ri
alwor
kexper
iencescheme

[
SIWES]ar
easf
oll
ows;

i
. Pr
ovi
si
on of av
enue f
or st
udent
sin Ni
ger
ian Uni
ver
sit
ies and

Pol
ytechni
cst
ogai
nindust
ri
alski
l
lsandexper
iencei
nthei
rcour
seof

st
udy
.

i
i
. Topr
epar
est
udent
sfort
hewor
ksi
tuat
iont
heyar
eli
kel
ytomeetaf
ter

gr
aduat
ion.

i
i
i. To expose st
udentt
o wor
k met
hods and t
echni
que i
n handl
i
ng
 equi
pmentandmachi
ner
ythatmaynotbeav
ail
abl
eint
hei
nst
it
uti
ons.

i
v. Tomaket
het
ransi
ti
onf
rom t
heuni
ver
sit
yorpol
ytechni
ctowor
ldof

wor
k easi
er and t
hus enhance st
udent
s cont
act
sfor l
ater j
ob

pl
acement
.

v
. Toenl
i
standst
rengt
henempl
oyer
sinv
olv
ementi
nent
ir
eeducat
ional

pr
ocessofpr
epar
inguni
ver
sit
ygr
aduat
esf
orempl
oyment
.

CHAPTERTWO

2.
0ORGANI
ZATI
ONALBACKGROUNDOFGECHAANHOSPI
TALGEMBU

I
n2003Ar
t andDor
othyHel
wigheadedt
oGembu,
Niger
iawher
easur
vey

showedt
hegr
eat
estneedf
orHI
V/AI
DSi
nter
vent
ion.
Theyst
art
edwi
tht
wo

t
rucksandt
hree3di
rect
ors.NowGECHAAN(
theGembuCent
ref
orHI
V/AI
DS

adv
ocacyNi
ger
ia)has
gr
owndr
amat
ical
l
y.Hopi
ngt
oreach100-
200chi
l
dren,t
hei
rreachhasspr
ead

t
opar
tner
ingwi
th 8l
ocalgov
ernment
s,16,
000or
phansand8,
000f
ost
ercar
e

homes.

Thi
scommuni
tybasedor
gani
zat
ioni
sst
oppi
ngt
hespr
eadofAI
DS bygoi
ng

i
nto hi
gh school
stot
each aboutabst
inence,v
isi
ti
ng v
il
lagesand gi
vi
ng

semi
nar
sont
hei
mpor
tanceofst
ayi
ngwi
thonesexualpar
tner
.Mostofal
l

t
heypr
ovi
dehomes,medi
calcar
eandhopef
ort
housandsofAI
DSor
phans

ev
eryy
ear
.Conv
ergeWor
ldwi
demi
ssi
onar
iesAr
tandDor
othyHel
wigf
ounded

GECHAAN i
sconcer
nfort
hei
mpactoft
heHI
V/AI
DSepi
demi
conNi
ger
ian

peopl
e.The NGO was r
egi
ster
ed i
n 2004 wi
tht
he Cor
por
ate Af
fai
rs

Commi
ssi
onofNi
ger
ia.GECHAAN'
sadmi
nist
rat
iveof
fi
cei
slocat
edi
nGembu,

Ni
ger
ia,whi
l
e net
wor
king wi
th a wi
de v
ari
ety of l
ocal
,nat
ionaland

i
nter
nat
ional
organi
zat
ions.
 2.
1GECHAANHOSPI
TALGEMBUORGANI
ZATI
ONALCHART.

Medi
cal
Dir
ect
or

Di
rect
orAdmi
n

Di
rect
or Dir
. Di
r. Di
r. Chi
efAudi
tor
Fi
nance Nursi
ng Pharmacy Labor
ator
y

Hospital Chief Nurse Pharmaci Lab Seni

orAudi
tor
Secr
etary Accnt
. st Sci
enti
st
s

Secr
et/Open St
ore Pharm. Lab
Reg. Tech Techni
cians

Medi
cal
Recor
d

Comput
er

Mai
ntenance Revenue W.Or
der
ly Phar
m. Lab
Col
l
ector Assi
stant Assi
stant

Cl
eri
cal
Assist
ant
Audi
t

Pharmacist Lab.Assi
stant
Assi
stant

Caf
eter
ia Secur
it
y Laundr
y
2.
2 DEFI
NITI
ONOFPHARMACY

Thi
scanbedef
inedasapl
acewher
edr
ugsar
est
ored,di
spensedandwher
e
dr
ugsr
elat
edact
ivi
ti
est
akepl
aceundert
hef
ullsuper
visi
onofqual
i
fiedand
r
egi
ster
edphar
maci
st.

2.
3 TERMSUSEDI
NPHARMACY

 DI
SPENSI
NG:i
tisani
mpor
tantpar
toft
hepr
act
iceofphar
macyi
nwhi
ch
t
he phar
maci
st,phar
maceut
icalt
echnol
ogi
storphar
macy t
echni
cian
I
nter
prett
hephy
sici
ansr
equi
rementont
hePr
escr
ipt
ionandaccor
dingl
y
suppl
i
esmedi
cinesf
ort
het
reat
mentofhi
spat
ient
[s]
.

 PRESCRI
PTI
ON:Thi
sist
he l
egaldi
rect
ion f
rom a qual
i
fied medi
cal
Pr
act
it
ioner
,toaphar
maci
stf
ori
ssui
ngordi
spensi
ngorcompoundi
ngof
medi
cat
ionusebyapat
ient
.

 PHARMACI
ST:Thi
sissi
mpl
ydef
inedasadr
ugexper
t.Aphar
maci
sti
sa
per
sont
hati
str
ainedi
nar
tandsci
encesofmaki
ngdr
ugs.Phar
maci
stcan
al
sobedef
inedasaper
sont
hati
saut
hor
izedt
odi
spense,manuf
act
ure,
compound,
expor
t,i
mpor
t,di
str
ibut
eandsal
edr
ugpoi
sons.

2.
4 DOSAGEFORMS

Thesear
efor
msi
nwhi
chdr
ugs/medi
cat
ionsar
epr
epar
ed.

Exampl
esar
e;

1.Tabl
ets 2.Capsul
es 3.Sy
rups 4.Suspensi
ons 5.I
nject
abl
e 6.
Cr
eams
7.Oi
ntment
s 8.I
nfusi
ons

2.
5 ROUTEOFDRUGADMI
NISTRATI
ON

 ORALROUTE:Thi
sisar
out
einwhi
chdr
ugsar
eadmi
nist
eredor
all
y,[
that
i
sthr
ought
hemout
h].Exampl
e;t
abs,
syr
p,caps,
suspensi
on.

 PARENTERAL ROUTE:Thi
sisar
out
e ofdr
ug admi
nist
rat
ion t
hati
s
admi
nist
ereddi
rect
lyt
othebl
ood.E.
ginj
ect
abl
eAmpoul
es;
IV,
IM,
SC.
 5

 TOPI
CAL ROUTE:Thi
sisar
out
e of dr
ug admi
nist
rat
ion t
hat i
s
admi
nist
eredont
hesur
faceoft
heski
n.Exampl
e;cr
eam,
oint
ment
,lot
ion.

 I
NTRADERMALROUTE:Thi
sisar
out
einwhi
chdr
ugsar
eadmi
nist
ered
i
ntot
heski
n.

 I
NHALATI
ONALROUTE:Thesear
edr
ugsadmi
nist
eredt
hrought
henasal
cav
ity
.

 SUBLI
NGUALROUTE:Thesear
edr
ugsadmi
nist
eredundert
het
ongue.
Exampl
e;ni
tr
ogl
ycer
in.

2.
6.0I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFPRESCRI
PTI
ON

At
ypi
cal
prescr
ipt
ionshoul
dcont
aint
hepat
ientname,
dat
e,si
gnat
ure,
wei
ght
,
sex,
age,
signat
ureandnameoft
hepr
escr
iberandmedi
cat
ions.

2.
6.1I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFDURATI
ON

I
. 5/
7 Meani
ngf
or5day
soutof7day
s

I
I. 3/
7 Meani
ngf
or3day
soutof7day
s

I
II
. 1/
12 Meani
ngf
or1mont
houtof12mont
hs

I
V. 7/
7 Meani
ngf
or1week

V. 2/
52 Meani
ngf
or2weeksoutof52weeks.

2.
6.2 I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFFREQUENCY

i
. O.
D OnceDai
l
y

i
i. B.
D Twi
ceDai
l
y

i
ii
. T.
D.S Thr
eet
imesDai
l
y

i
v. Q.
D.S Fourt
imesDai
l
y.

2.
6.3 TI
MEI
NTERPRETATI
ON

i
. O.
D Meani
ng24hour
ly
 i
i
. B.
D Meani
ng12hour
ly

i
i
i. T.
D.S Meani
ng8hour
ly

i
v. Q.
D.S Meani
ng4hour
ly

v
. P.
R.N WhenNecessar
y

v
i. NOCTE AtNi
ght

2.
6.4 POSOLOGY[
Measur
ement
s]USEDI
NPRESCRI
PTI
ON

i
. 1Teaspoonf
ul Meani
ng5ml

i
i. 1Tabl
espoon Meani
ng10ml

i
ii
. 1Deser
tTeaspoonf
ul Meani
ng15ml

EXAMPLESOFWRI
TTENPRESCRI
PTI
ON

 TabP.
C.M 1000

 t
.d.
s×3/
7

 CapsAmoxi
cil
l
in500mgb.
d×7/
7

 Sy
rp.Cet
ri
zi
ne10ml
o.d×3/
7

 Susp.Emt
ri
si
l10ml
p.r
.n

 TabDi
azepam 5mgnoct
e×3/
7

 I
.VAmoxi
ci
ll
i
n1g12hr
ly×7/
7

 TabsAmoxi
ci
ll
i
n250mgq.
d.s×5/
7

 TabsAml
odi
pine10mgo.
d×1/
12

 Cal
ami
neLot
ionappl
yo.
d×3/
7

2.
7 I
NFUSI
ONS

Thesear
elar
gev
olumepr
epar
ati
onst
hatar
eadmi
nist
eredt
hroughI
.V[
Int
ra-
v
enous]
.Exampl
esar
e;

1. 9% Nor
malSal
ine[
AlsoknownasNS,0.
9NACL]
:Nor
malSal
i
nei
sa
mi
xtur
eofsodi
um chl
ori
dei
nwat
er.

USES

 Cor
rect El
ect
rol
yte Bal
ance;That i
s,i
tis used t
o mai
ntai
n t
he
concent
rat
ionofsodi
um andchl
ori
dei
onsi
nthebody
.

 I
tisusedt
orepl
eni
shel
ect
rol
ytebal
ancei
nemesi
sanddi
arr
hea.

 Di
l
uti
ngordi
ssol
vi
ngdr
ugs.
 EFFECTS

1.Lar
geAmount
smayr
esul
tinf
lui
dov
erl
oad,
swel
l
ingandhi
ghbl
oodsodi
um

2.Dext
roseandSodi
um Chl
ori
de[
dext
rose5%i
n0.
9%NACL]
:Thi
sisast
eri
l
e,
non-
pyr
ogeni
csol
uti
onf
orf
lui
dandel
ect
rol
yter
epl
eni
shment
.

3.Dar
row’
s Sol
uti
on [
ful
lst
rengt
h and hal
fst
rengt
h]:Thi
sis a pl
easant
ly
f
lav
oredor
alel
ect
rol
yte,
ener
gyandf
lui
drepl
acement
.

COMPOSI
TION:I
tcont
ains0.
15%pot
assi
um chl
ori
de,0.
2%sodi
um chl
ori
de,
0.
25%sodi
um ci
tr
ateand2.
5%gl
ucose.

USES

 I
tisusedf
orbl
oodandf
lui
dloss,
lowPot
assi
um l
evel
s,hy
per
tensi
on.

4. Dext
rose5% i
nwat
er[
D5W]
:Dext
rosei
saf
orm ofgl
ucose[
Sugar
].I
tis
i
nject
edi
ntoav
eint
hroughanI
.Vt
orepl
acel
ostf
lui
dsandpr
ovi
decar
bohy
drat
es
t
othebody
.

USES

 I
tisusedt
otr
eatl
ow bl
oodsugar[
Hypogl
ycemi
a],ordehy
drat
ion[
fl
uid
l
oss]
.

 I
tisal
sogi
venf
ornut
ri
ti
onalsuppor
ttopat
ient
swhoar
eunabl
etoeat
becauseofi
l
lness,
inj
ury
,orot
hermedi
cal
condi
ti
ons.

 I
tisusedwhenapat
ienthasemesi
s,weakandl
ossofener
gyi
ncaseof
di
arr
hea.

EFFECTS

 I
rr
it
ati
onoft
hev
eini
nwhi
chi
tisgi
ven

 Hi
ghbl
oodsugar

 Swel
l
ingandsev
erebur
ning,
pai
nar
oundt
heI
.Vneedl
e.

5. Ri
nger
’sLact
ateSol
uti
on[
R.L]
:Al
soknownassodi
um l
act
atesol
uti
on
 andHar
tmann’
ssol
uti
on,i
sami
xtur
eofsodi
um chl
ori
de,sodi
um l
act
ate,
pot
assi
um chl
ori
deandcal
cium chl
ori
dei
nwat
er.

USES

 I
tisusedf
orr
epl
aci
ngf
lui
dsandel
ect
rol
ytei
nthosewhohav
elowbl
ood
v
olumeorl
owbl
oodpr
essur
e.

EFFECTS

 Hi
ghbl
oodpot
assi
um

 Hi
ghbl
oodcal
cium

 Vol
umeov
erl
oad

2.
8 ANALGESI
CS

AnAnal
gesi
corpai
nki
l
leri
sanymemberoft
hegr
oupofdr
ugsusedt
o
achi
eveanal
gesi
a,r
eli
eff
rom pai
n.Anal
gesi
cdr
ugsacti
nvar
iousway
sont
he
per
ipher
alandner
voussy
stem [
CNS]
.Anal
gesi
cdr
ugsar
ecommonl
yusedf
or
t
reat
ingpai
nduet
oar
thr
it
is,
sur
ger
y,i
njur
y…

ANALGESI
CSI
NCLUDE;

1.NON-
STERI
ODALANTI
-I
NFLAMMATORYDRUGS[
NSAI
Ds]
;

Thesear
ety
peofpai
nrel
i
ever
.NSAI
Dsar
eal
soknownasnon-
nar
cot
icdr
ugs
whi
char
eef
fect
iveagai
nstmi
l
d-moder
atepai
n.Theyr
educepai
n,decr
ease
f
ever
,pr
eventbl
oodcl
ots,
andi
nhi
gherdoses,
decr
easei
nfl
ammat
ion.

Themostpr
omi
nentNSAI
Dsar
easpi
ri
n,i
bupr
ofen,
napr
oxen,
acet
ami
nophen.

THESYMPTOMATI
CRELI
EFOFTHEFOLLOWI
NGCONDI
TIONSGENERALLY
USEBYNSAI
Ds:

 Lowbackpai
n

 Headache

 Mi
grai
ne
  Acut
egout

 Dy
smenor
rhea

 Mi
l
d-moder
atepai
nduet
oinf
lammat
ionandt
issuei
njur
y

 Muscl
est
if
fnessandmet
ast
ati
cbonepai
n

ADVERSE/
SIDEEFFECTS;

 G.
IBl
eedi
ng

 Car
diov
ascul
arev
ent
s

 Ki
dneydi
sease

 Hi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e

 Headachesanddi
zzi
ness

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFNSAI
Ds;

i
. SALI
CYLATES

 Aspi
ri
n[acet
ylsal
i
cyl
i
caci
d]

 Di
fl
uni
sal
[dol
obi
d]

i
i. PROPI
ONI
CACI
DDERI
VIATI
VES

 I
bupr
ofen

 Napr
oxen

 Ket
opr
ofen

i
ii
. ACETI
CACI
DDERI
AVATI
VES

 I
ndomet
haci
n

 Di
cl
ofenac

 Acecl
ofenac

i
v. ENOLI
CACI
D[Oxi
cam]DERI
VATI
VES
  Pi
roxi
cam

 Mel
oxi
cam

v. SELECTI
VECOX-
2INHI
BITORS[
COXI
BS]

 Cel
ecoxi
b

2.OPI
OID[
NARCOTI
C]DRUGS;

Opi
oids[
alsocal
l
ednar
cot
icanal
gesi
cs]r
emai
nthemostpot
entandef
fect
ive
pai
nrel
i
ever
s,av
ail
abl
etodayar
ecal
l pai
ed“ nki
l
ler
s”.Theypr
ovi
depower
ful
dose-dependentr
eli
efofmoder
atet
osev
erepai
n.
 MECHANI
SM OFACTI
ONOFOPI
OID

Opi
oid anal
gesi
cs wor
k by at
tachi
ng t
o speci
fi
c pr
otei
ns cal
l
ed opi
oid
r
ecept
ors,whi
char
efoundi
nthebr
ain,spi
nalcor
d,andG.
I.
Ttr
act
.They
i
nhi
bitpai
ntr
ansmi
tt
ingneur
onsandst
imul
atepai
ninhi
bit
oryneur
ons,t
hus
changi
ng t
he br
ain’
sint
erpr
etat
ion ofpai
n.Long t
erm use ofnar
cot
ic
anal
gesi
cscanl
eadt
ophy
sical
dependence,
tol
eranceandaddi
cti
on.

OPI
OIDCLASSI
FICATI
ON;

I
. OPI
ATES

 Mor
phi
ne

 Codei
ne

I
I. SEMI–SYNTHETI
CS

 Hy
dromophone

 Hy
drocodone

 Pent
azoci
ne

 Nal
buphi
ne

 Oxy
codone

 Lev
orphanol

 Oxy
mor
phone

I
II
. SYNTHETI
CS

 Fent
any
l

 Tr
amadol

 Pr
opoxy
phene

 Tapent
adol

 Met
hadone

ADVANTAGESOFOPI
OIDS;
  Hi
ghl
yef
fect
iveandr
api
dpai
nrel
i
eff
ormoder
atesev
ereandsev
erepai
n.

 Reduct
ioni
npai
nsuf
fer
ing,
mini
mal
eff
ect
sonpai
nlocal
i
zat
ion.

DI
SADVANTAGES;

 Annoyi
ngsi
deef
fect
s:nausea,
sedat
ion,
const
ipat
ion,
itchi
ng.

 Ser
ioussi
deef
fect
s:r
espi
rat
orydepr
essi
on,
air
wayobst
ruct
ion.

 Pot
ent
ial
forabuse,
addi
cti
on.

2.
9 ANTIMALARI
AL

Ant
i-
mal
ari
almedi
cat
ions,al
so known as ant
i-
mal
ari
al,ar
e desi
gned t
o
pr
eventorcur
emal
ari
a.

MALARI
A:Thi
sis a par
asi
ti
c di
sease char
act
eri
zed byf
ever
,chi
l
ls,and
anemi
a.

Mal
ari
aiscausedby5speci
esofpr
otozoa:

1.P.mal
ari
ae

2.P.f
alci
par
um

3.P.v
ivax

4.P.ov
ale.

5.P.Knowl
esi

Thepl
asmodi
um t
ransmi
tt
edt
ohumanbyt
hebi
teofani
nfect
edf
emal
e
anophel
esmosqui
to.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFANTIMALARI
ALDRUGS;

 4-
Ami
noqui
nol
i Chl
nes: oroqui
ne,
Amodi
aqui
ne,

 Qui
nol
i
ne-
Met
hanol
:Mef
loqui
ne

 Ci
nchonaal
kal
oi Qui
d: nine,
Qui
nidi
ne

 Bi
guani Pr
de: oguani
l

 8-
Ami
noqui
nol
i Pr
ne: i
maqui
ne,
Taf
enoqui
ne
  Sul
fonami
desandSul
f Sul
one: fadoxi
ne

 Ant
ibi
oti Er
cs: yt
hromyci
n,t
etr
acycl
i
ne,
doxycycl
i
ne

 Ar
temi
sini
nDer
iav
ati
v Ar
es: t
esunat
e,Ar
temet
her
,Ar
teet
her

 Phenant
hrene/Ami
noal
cohol
s:Hal
ofant
her
ine,
Lumef
ant
ri
ne

THEMEANI
NGOFACTs;

ACT,whi
chmeansar
temi
sini
n-basedcombi
nat
iont
her
apyi
sdef
inedast
he
si
mul
taneoususeoft
woormor
ebl
oodschi
zont
ici
daldr
ugswi
thi
ndependent
modesofact
ionanddi
ff
erentbi
ochemi
cal
tar
get
sint
hepar
asi
te.

Exampl
esofRecommendedACTsar
e;

 Ar
temet
her+Lumef
ant
ri
ne[
AL]

 Ar
tesunat
e+Amodi
aqui
ne[
AS+AQ]

 Ar
tesunat
e+Mef
loqui
ne[
AS+MQ]

 Ar
tesunat
e+Sul
fadoxi
ne-
Pyr
imet
hami
ne[
AS+SP]

ARTEMI
SINI
N: These ar
e gr
oup of dr
ugs used agai
nst pl
asmodi
um
f
alci
par
um mal
ari
a.Tr
eat
ment
scont
aini
nganar
temi
sini
nder
iav
ati
vear
enow
st
andar
dtr
eat
mentwor
ld-
wide f
orP.
fal
cipar
um mal
ari
a.Ar
temi
sini
nis
i
sol
atedf
rom t
hepl
antAr
temi
siaannua.

2.
10 A.
R.Ds[
ANTI
RETROVI
RALDRUGS]

Thesear
emedi
cat
ionst
hathel
ptol
owert
hev
irall
oad,f
ighti
nfect
ions,and
i
mpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofl
i
fe.Butev
eni
tist
aken,t
heHI
Vvi
ruscanbegi
vent
o
ot
her
s.Theyar
enotcur
eforHI
V.

TheGoal
sfort
heseMedi
cinesar
eto;

 Cont
rol
thegr
owt
hoft
hev
irus

 I
mpr
ovehowwel
lyouri
mmunesy
stem wor
ks

 Sl
oworst
opsy
mpt
oms

TheHI
Vvi
ruspr
oduces4enzy
mesi
nthebodywheni
tget
sint
othebody
.
Her
ear
ethel
i
stofdr
ugst
hatwor
ksundereachenzy
me;

 NUCLEOSI
DEREVERSETRANSCRI
PTASEENZYME[
NRTI
s];

NRTI
sfor
cet
heHI
Vvi
rust
ousef
aul
tyv
ersi
onsofbui
l
dingbl
ockssot
hat
i
nfect
edcel
l
scan’
tmakemor
eHI
V.

 Abacav
irorABC

 Lami
vudi
neorZTC

 Tenof
ovi
rorTDF

 Zi
dov
udi
neorAZT
 NON-
NUCLEOSI
DEREVERSETRANSCRI
PTASEENZYME[NNRTI
s];

NNRTI
sbi
ndt
oaspeci
fi
cpr
otei
nsot
hatHI
Vvi
ruscan’
tmakecopi
esofi
tsel
f.

 Ef
avi
renzorEFV

 Nev
irapi
neorNVP

 PROTEASEENZYME;

TheseDr
ugsbl
ockapr
otei
nthati
nfect
edcel
l
sneedt
oputt
oget
hernewHI
V
v
iruspar
ti
cl
es.

 Ri
tonav
irorRTV

 Lopi
nav
irorLPV

 I
ndi
nav
irorI
DV

 Nel
fi
nav
irorNFV

 I
NTEGRASEENZYME;

Thesest
opHI
Vfr
om maki
ngcopi
esofi
tsel
fbybl
ocki
ngakeypr
otei
nthat
al
l
owst
hev
irust
oputi
tsDNAi
ntoheal
thycel
l
’sDNA.

 Dol
utegr
avi
rorDTG

 Ral
tegr
avi
rorRAL

 El
vi
tegr
avi
rorEVG

 FUSI
ONI
NHI
BITORS;

Unl
i
keNRTI
s,NNRTI
s,whi
chwor
koni
nfect
edcel
l
s.TheseDr
ugshel
pbl
ock
HI
Vfr
om get
ti
ngi
nsi
decel
l
si he1stpl
nt ace.

 Mar
avi
rocorMVC

FI
XEDDOSECOMBI
NATI
ONSOFARDs;

SomeDr
ugmanuf
act
urer
sputt
oget
herspeci
fi
cmedi
cinesi
ntoasi
ngl
epi
l
l,
sot
omaket
hem easi
ert
otake.

Lami
vudi
ne/Nev
irapi
ne/Zi
dov
udi
ne-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--1stl
i
neA.
R.Ds[
type1]
Ef
avi
renz/Lami
vudi
ne/Tenof
ovi
r--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--1stl
i
neA.
R.Ds[
type2]

Lopi
nav
ir/Ri
tonav
ir-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--2ndl
- i
neA.
R.Ds

At
azanav
ir/Ri
tonav
ir-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--2ndl
i
ne

Lami
vudi
neandTenof
ovi
r--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-Tocombi
newi
thoneoft
he
2ndl
i
neA.
R.Dswhent
aki
ng OR

Abacav
ir/Lami
vudi
ne

MEANI
NGOFVI
RALLOAD[
VL]
;

Wheny
oudoav
irall
oadt
est
,thet
otalnumberofv
iralcopi
esf
oundi
nyour
bl
oodi
scal
l
edy
ourv
irall
oad.Yourv
irall
oadcanbegr
eat
ert
han1000,l
ess
t
han 1000 orUndet
ect
abl
e.I
fyourv
irall
oad i
sgr
eat
ert
han 1000,i
tis
unsuppr
essed,
ifi
tisl
esst
han1000,
yourv
iral
loadi
ssuppr
essed.

NEEDTODOAVI
RALLOADTEST;

 TheHI
Vmedi
cinesy
out
akedai
l
yhel
pyourbodyt
ofi
ghtandsuppr
esst
he
v
irus.

 Youneedt
odoav
irall
oadt
estt
oknow whet
hery
ourmedi
cinesar
e
wor
kingornot
.

WHOSHOULDDOAVI
RALLOADTEST

 Ev
eryHI
Vposi
ti
ve[
Incl
udi
ngchi
l
dren]whohasbeent
aki
ngHI
Vmedi
cines
f
orupt
o6mont
hsshoul
ddoav
iral
loadt
est
.

WHENTOHAVEAVI
RALLOADTEST?

 Your1stV.
Ltestshoul
dbedoneatl
east6mont
hsaf
tery
oust
artt
aki
ng
HI
Vmedi
ci
nes.YournextV.
Lwi
l
lbedone6mont
hsaf
t he1stt
ert est
.Af
ter
t
hat
,youwi
l
ldoav
iral
loadt
estatl
eastonceev
eryy
ear
.

 Any
timey
ourV.
Lisgr
eat
ert
han1000,
yourdoct
or/
nur
sewi
l
ldi
scusshow
y
out
akey
ourmedi
cinesandasky
out
orepeatt
het
estaf
ter3mont
hs.

WHATTODOAFTERAVI
RALLOADTEST?
  Al
way
sasky
ourdoct
or/
nur
set
oexpl
aint
her
esul
tofy
ourv
irall
oadt
estt
o
y
ou

 I
fyouhav
eal
ow [
lesst
han1000]orundet
ect
abl
eV.
L,t
hatmeansy
our
HI
Vmedi
ci
nesar
ewor
kingandy
ouar
econt
rol
l
ingt
hev
irus.Youshoul
d
cont
inuet
aki
ngy
ourmedi
cinesev
eryday
.

 I
fyourv
irall
oadi
shi
gh[
great
ert
han1000]y
ourdoct
or/nur
sewi
l
lgui
de
y
ouonwhatt
odonext
.

BENEFI
TSOFKNOWI
NGYOURVI
RALLOAD

 I
fyouknow y
ourv
irall
oad,y
oucanpl
any
ourt
reat
mentbet
terandt
ake
cont
rol
ofy
ourheal
th.

2.
11 ANTIBI
OTI
CS

AnAnt
ibi
oti
cal
socal
l
edanAnt
i-
bact
eri
al,
isat
ypeofant
i-
micr
obi
aldr
ugused
i
nthet
reat
mentandpr
event
ionofbact
eri
ali
nfect
ions.Theymayei
therki
l
lor
i
nhi
bitt
hegr
owt
hofbact
eri
a.Al
i
mit
ednumberofant
i-
biot
ical
sopossess
ant
i-
prot
ozoal
act
ivi
ty.

Ant
i-
biot
icar
enotef
fect
iveagai
nstv
irusessuchast
hecommoncol
dor
i
nfl
uenza.

Medi
caluses;

Ant
i-
biot
icar
eusedt
otr
eatorpr
eventbact
eri
ali
nfect
ions,andsomet
imes
pr
otozoani
nfect
ions[
Met
roni
dazol
eisef
fect
iveagai
nstanumberofpar
asi
ti
c
di
seases]
.

Admi
nist
rat
ion;

Ant
i-
biot
icar
eusual
l
ytakenbymout
h.I
nmor
esev
erecases,
par
ti
cul
arl
ydeep
-
seat
edsy
stemat
ici
nfect
ions,ant
i-
biot
iccanbegi
veni
ntr
avenousl
yorby
i
nject
ion.Ant
i-
biot
icmaybegi
vent
opi
cal
l
y,i
nfor
m ofey
edr
opsont
othe
conj
unct
ivaf
orconj
unct
ivi
ti
soreardr
opsf
oreari
nfect
ions.Topi
calusei
s
al
sooneoft
het
reat
mentopt
ionsf
orsomeski
ncondi
ti
onsi
ncl
udi
ngAcne.

HowAnt
i-
Biot
icWor
k
SomeAnt
i-
Biot
icwor
kbyki
l
li
ngger
ms[
bact
eri
aort
hepar
asi
te]
.Thi
sisof
ten
donebyi
nter
fer
ingwi
tht
hest
ruct
ureoft
hecel
lwal
loft
hebact
eri
um or
par
asi
te.Somewor
kbyst
oppi
ngbact
eri
aort
hepar
asi
tef
rom mul
ti
ply
ing.

Li
stofCommonI
nfect
ionsTr
eat
edwi
thAnt
i-
Biot
ic

 Acne

 Br
onchi
ti
s

 Conj
unct
ivi
ti
s

 Ot
it
ismedi
a

 S.
T.Ds

 Ski
norsof
tti
ssuei
nfect
ion

 St
rept
ococcal
phar
yngi
ti
s

 UpperRespi
rat
oryTr
acti
nfect
ion

 Ur
inar
yTr
acti
nfect
ion

LI
STOFANTIBI
OTI
CCLASSES

 Peni
ci
ll
i
n

 Tet
racy
cli
ne

 Cephal
ospor
in

 Qui
nol
one

 Li
ncomy
cin

 Macr
oli
des

 Sul
fonami
des

 Gl
ycopept
ides

 Ami
nogl
ycosi
des

 Car
bapenems
 LI
STOFGENERI
CANTIBI
OTI
CS

 Amoxi
ci
ll
i
n

 Doxy
cycl
i
ne

 Cephal
exi
n

 Ci
prof
loxaci
n

 Cl
i
ndamy
cin

 Met
roni
dazol
e

 Azi
thr
omy
cin

 Sul
famet
hoxazol
e/Tr
imet
hopr
im

 Lev
ofl
oxaci
n

SI
DEEFFECT;
*Di
arr
hea *
Nausea *
Vomi
ti
ng *
Rash *
UpsetSt
omach

CHAPTERTHREE

3.
0 SUMMARY,
RECOMMENDATI
ONANDCONCLUSI
ON

3.
1 SUMMARY

Dur
ingt
hecour
seoft
hePr
act
ical
,wewer
eabl
etoacqui
remor
eknowl
edge
and exper
ience i
nint
erpr
eti
ng a pr
escr
ipt
ion car
d,di
spense accor
dingl
y,
adher
enceandcounsel
l
ingofpat
ient
s,andt
hecl
assesi
nwhi
chdr
ugsar
e
gr
oupedbasedont
hei
rmodeofact
ion.

3.
2 RECOMMENDATI
ON

St
udenton at
tachmentshoul
d bev
eryser
iousi
n or
dert
o acqui
remor
e
knowl
edgeandEx
per
iencesoast
odi
schar
get
hei
rdut
iesef
fect
ivel
y.

TheI
ndust
ri
alsect
orshoul
dpr
ovi
deal
lthenecessar
yequi
pmentanddr
ugsor
aqual
i
tyser
viceandf
orst
udentt
ohav
epr
operKnowl
edge.
 Bot
hthegov
ernmentandpr
ivat
eor
gani
zat
ionshoul
dtr
yandempl
oyt
rai
ned
andqual
i
fiedst
afff
oref
fect
iveser
vice.

3.
3 CONCLUSI
ON

I
nConcl
usi
ont
heI
ndust
ri
alTr
aini
ngi
sav
eryuni
quepar
tofl
ear
ningand
br
oadeni
ngofOne’
sknowl
edgei
nact
ualsense,
andt
hegapbet
weent
heor
ies
and pr
act
ical
’
s was br
idged and soci
alI
nter
act
ion wi
tht
he wor
ker
s of
Or
gani
zat
ionwasal
sov
eryI
mpor
tantandv
eryI
nter
est
ingf
rom t
hest
udy
,we
canconcl
udet
hatt
heI
ntr
oduct
ionofSI
WESwasav
eryandI
ndeedagood
i
deat
obr
oadenOne’
sknowl
edgeandacqui
reski
l
ls,whi
chhel
ponet
otackl
e
andov
ercomeasi
tuat
ioni
nthesoci
ety
.

REFERENCES

1.ht
tp:
//www.
ncb.
nim.
nih.
gov
/pubmed/
24261144

2.ht
tp:
//phar
macy
-school
s.us/
art
icl
es/
types-
of-
phamaci
sts

3.ht
tp:
//www.
rxeconsul
t.
com/
heal
thcar
e-ar
ti
cles/
phar
macy
-car
eer
--
phamaci
st-
pr
act
ice-
set
ti
ng-
227

4.I
.T.
FMat
eri
alsf
rom l
i
brar
y