Masterson, James Robert - Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe To India, (1615-1619)

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TABLE OF C0HT3MT3
Chapter
I Anglo-Indian Eolations Priox* To
Roe *3 Embassy
II The lead Fo p to Ambassador to India;

Ro© Is Chosen .* .. .. .. 16
III Problems sHilch Confronted Roe As

Ambassador, I6l5‘-l6l9 .. 32
IV Achievements Effected lining Roe*s

•« *• •• «t 62
** •• *« *m •» 95
Appendix .. .• .. .• .♦ .. 100
B2faou hast began well, Roe, which
stand well to,
fsxi I knew nothing raore
thou hast to do. **
-Ben Jonson, Epigna22m.es, XCVIII (l6 l6 )
1
Chapter X
.Anglo-Indian Relations Prior Jo Roc»a M m m t r -
1# attgtlah arrival in India. fh@ London East

India Company was formed ia order that Boland sight partake
in tii© spic© trad® of the Islay Archipelago. At its Incept
ion in 1600 th® Portuguese had already "been a eontury in
India. Xh© Bop® hat granted then the sovereignty of the
Bast* Ibis sovereignty was maintained by the Portuguese
until their power at sea began to decline in the latter part
of the sixteenth century. Portugal had been, united with.
Spain ia lf>30, and this Involved the former in the defeat of
the Armada. Repercussions from this defeat were clearly
noticeable in the Eastern waters and made the Portuguese
vulnerable to attack by the Dutch and English in the last
docado of the sixteenth century. Ba© Butch wore the earli
est Invaders* iShoy mad© conquests, in this last decade, of
several Portuguese settlementa in the Bast Indies*- first
becoming rivals and ultimately the subvortora of Portuguese
sovereignty in Asia. la the early years of the seventeenth
century the Hollanders expelled the Portuguese from th©
Islands of Arafcoyna, fldore, the Moluccas* and, little by
littie, engrossed tlx© whole trad© of th© Spice Islands.
After they had overwhelmed th© Portuguese, th® Bitch claimed
th© right to keep ©very other power out of the Spic® Islands.
Bxua, th© Bitch were to become th© forbidding monopolizers in
2
the East Indies, their position assured when the atgllsh

dared to Impinge into the Eastern waters*^
Despite th© strong rivalry of th© Dutch, th© English
established a factory at Bantam la lava in l602, lb© following
decade was filled with struggle between these two north-
European powers la th* last Indies, Sa.® Dutch whole-heartedly
supported their spokesman, Grotiua, in his argument for
freedom of the seas to all nations, but applied it only to
themselves. By 1613 the English were .losing grotsad and
the Hollanders were gaining a mastery in the Archipelago,
With their greater fora# they threatened to punish way
islanders v/ho dared to trade wife the Qngllsh.2 St© inglish
factor, John Jourdaln, wrote to the Bast India Company in
1613 declaring that the Dutch "in their trade are our mortal
1 John Bruce, (ed.), Annals of Si© Honorable Bast India

V l h s fcgr rm i : r g g a w r e i w 1-
isri . m , , f, I, 3, 28; MwerdOrey, led*),
fravols of * “*■ M i M r ' " ' — " “
m>* xoyZ}t A|
Khan, 3h* Seat ladle Sra#©. In,th# XVT^B* r, (London,
1923), xft' w X ' Ilfsiorv of '1. ,____
(London, 1899), I, Ch.'ll bisapE 17 W f e ' i ■Britain
In Sto Txôui&s. (London, Iplfl/ 285# Jolm falboys^êeler,
(London, 1678 ), l3j
ifr^7 feaw£idsorC^&,l f & h jmst In.Western India.
i$79~im., ( o x f o H T W o T T '
2 R»diHa i r Mukerjee, ft* B History ©f l6oo-
1800,
loop, (mabsfead, 191*87?
CAllithâd, lylp li| Khan, 2i*.,W50 . All rates,"""
j* fli
uhTdss otherwise indicated, have been modernised#
y&ion the London Bast India Company ventured its
first floots into the Eastern seas England was formally at
war with Spain and Portugal. However certain nay have been
the fact that, the Portuguese at that tim© were already shew
ing signs of weakness, it was not manifested on the coasts
of India in l600. For those reasons* then, the English chose
to go Into th© Archipelago region* where the Dutch had supp
lanted the Portuguese, to seek a share In the rich trade of
the East Indies. is a result of their unfavorable reception
by toe Dutch in too East Indies and. toe fact that to© state of
war between England and Spain was terminated by the freaty of'
London, I60I4., toe last India Company merchants considered
it propitious to make an attempt at breaking the monopoly
held by toe Portuguese in I n d i a . ‘
Biore was ranch less
danger of Dutch rivalry in India as too Dutch considered th©
Indian trade purely subsidiary to that of to® East Indies.5
3 John Jourdaia tp toe Bast India y, January 31,

1613, .cited in Williap Foster, , Letters Received
By Hie Bast India Company. l6Q2-i6l7, frssstss. 2}1,9
9 *wy 1 ,47ut
isreafier "cried ™ a « i f # fîlers^îeived)II, 1$
I4. Charles drey, fh© Merchant Venturers of London. (London,
1932}, (cited 105-06;
Rule in ITTSRHJ#
5 W.II. Moreland, iron iUcbar ©b, (London, 1923)
(cited hereafter as ST), 2©| H.B. Bars®, The
Chronicles of toe a"2fompsny trading to China.
2ho port t o m of Sweat, cm th® west coast of India
m m hundred and eighty miles north of Bombay, was- th© most
impoi'tant center of export 'trade in Western India in the
first half of the seventeenth century. It was towards
this port that the English turned from their reluctance to
challenge the Dutch in th© Archipelago* But th© Portuguese,
of course, denied the English access to Surat} they hated
th® English as heretics as well as competitors and urged
th© Indian Governor of Surat to believe that th© English
were pirates.^ In 16gS, th® Portuguese were possessed of
adequate strength in th© Indian water® to b® able to command
as prize all ship® which sailed therein without their pass*
In 1609, th© Portuguese wielded sufficient strength on th©
west coast of India to make trad© for the English practically
Impossible* She English were- not permitted to enter Surat *3
port w h m the Portuguese were- in it, and when th© Portuguese
were absent from port, th© Jesuits on land instilled fear into
th® mind®- of th® natives **threatening fire, faggot* and utter
desolation, if they received any more aiglish thither”*?
6 feeler, 18* Makerjee contends that the English entry

Into th© Indian trad© has been considerably white-washed *
"ilk© their compeers, the Portuguese and the Butch, the
English cam© to the. East Indies not as mere merchants, as
is so often believed, but also as pirates, buccaneer® and
conquorors”. linkerjee, xii •
7 William Pinch, Journal, {I608-09 ), in Samuel Purchaa,
{©d,}, His Pilgrim©®, (Glasgow, 1905), IV, 2k, 26.
‘
Bio Indians were quite willing fee trade with the Ehgllsh
merchants, hut because of Portuguese strength and desire
to monopolise th® Indian trad©, th® Bagiiah trade had to bm
carried out with th© utmost caution# Ire l609, the (knromer
of Surat mot a party of laaglfsh .merchanta outside th® wails
of Surat and Informed them that he feared having them near
the town* 1# pleaded .that th© Fortugues© in Surat had
threatened to talc© Surat Alps coming out of th® led Sea if
th© English were allow©! in Sur&t*^
Although the number of attempts by th# aotglish to
establish trad© In India had mounted by l6ll, th© Portuguese
still controlled Surat* Sir Henry Middleton, of th© last
India Company, recorded ia Ills Journal in September, l6ll,
that his A l p was headed for Surat but. that **tho Portugalls
long before our commlng thither, had intelligence that w©
.war© in th© Red Sea* and bound for this place, /Sura^ so
that those Frigate were purposely 3®nt to hoop® us from Trade
.at Surat, or else-where, upon that Coast. ” At th® btem, any
A l p which did not hay© a Portuguese pass was liable to
selsure and confisoatlon*^
In.
of
as
#■ III•*
His plan to trade .at Surat having 'boon frustrated by the
Poi’tuguese fleet which barred his entrance, -Sir Henry
Middleton, on this occasion., was forced to seek smrketa
furthcr soutli.^ Eh© aagllsh merchants persisted la the
attempt to land on th© Indian ©oast long enough, at least,
to exchange their cargoes * Earlier, in January, 162.1, they
had tried to got permission to establish & factory at Surat,
but their request had met with absolute refusal. ffe®
reason then glvon had been intimidation by the Portuguese,
for the- Jesuits in. Surat had warned .that If ‘
tea.#. Haglish wore
permitted privileges, th* Portuguese would m m m in force and
b u m Indian coastal toms and confiscate all Indian ships
richly laden with Bod Sea. ecBasaodities ,d~
Hi© domineering manner of Mi© Portuguese in India
was sufficient reason for their dislike by th© Indians, 'Hie
liiglish were welcomed by the Indians as a counter-poise to
th© Portuguese in India, The Portuguese had corns.to India
as crusaders as well m traders, arid their religious seal
often wade them prone to commit acts of. cruelty on Infidels,
10 Middleton,
I, 2??*
11 Hieholast » Journal, (X6 ll), Purchaa, III,
270-71. throat -could have easily b a m carried'
out, observed in his- Journal the proximity
of a fleet containing "neer© five hundred
sail©*'
B ig 2at.gllsli can© to Bad! a seeking neither colonies non con
verts » "but. simply as merchants.*^ Until th© Indians had
©loan evidence that Hxglieh strength was comparable, iff not

superior, to the Portuguese, they w m unwilling to risk
suffering at the hands off th© Portuguese for having comoittod
thanselves too far to 4Si® aiglish*-^ Bio Indians did con

sent to hrado with th® HigHcIi at sea, One off the favorite
places where this barter took place was in the- Hod Sea port
off Moha* Captain John Saris off th® Bast India Company
.reported, in his Journal .a receipt h© -had received In Jurist,
1612, for the purehaa© off sundry Indian coasodi ties from the
Captain off a Surat shlp*^% Btough early In 1612 the Baglish
found It "impossible to have any trad©' at Surat* hy reason off
Portugal! Prlgais in the Rivers mouth’1, they were successful
in landing north off Surat' at Ssally ‘'without danger0. ^
In November, l6ll, th© Portugese Viceroy off Goa, in a letter
12 W«fi« Moreland and Atul .Chandra Chatter j©a, A Short Illsto;

off M i a , (London, 1936), 237? Rmwlinson, 13irT7T“ n SFT"
77a* o io»«*
13 David H a m ay. Bie Groat Chartered GcmiDani.es. {London* -
1929), 128* "".......
li|. John Saris* Journal, (1612}, Purchas, III, 39^-» 399»
t o *
1$ Nicholas withington, Practate, {l6l2)- Purchas, IV, 163 .
aralty©, in nott ^nsonfeingo trad© and eorgineree with those
Htgiisla ahipps that are there

It was Sir Henry Middleton *s hope in l6l2 that
th© Ihigllsh would h mm- a bettor* opportunity to- subs tmt Ially
rival, the Portuguese If they could somehow secure an Sactlaa
alliance, 3s Mag' of that year, Sir Usury wrote to th© Groat
Moghul la India hoping to gals assurance of trad© privileges
for the Sagliali. 1# erap-haslsod to th© Moghul that It was
”a disgrace to th®, grcatnes of your monarchic* to ponit the
Portuguese to nonopolls© the In&lan trade*3-7 11s reijuesb
seeming to bo of no avail, Middleton, while ia the Had S©%-
deezded to fore© the Indians to respect the .English by making
a forced levy on all Indian vessels he found in the Tied Sea*^
2* Bnpillsh victories of l6l2 and X6l5* In X6l2,
nearly &*•« years before Sir Hioaias- Roe*s. arrival in India,
Captain 'Biomas Best led 'fee London E m t India Company’s .fleet
16- -Huy Lorenea do favary, letter to Stirat, ifev* 28, I&ll,

copy in Jourdaln, Journal . 225.
17 Sir Henry Middleton, Letter to fee Great Moghul, May 13,
XoX2, copy in Jourdain, Journal, 223*
18 Lfeoaae ICerrldge to fee Hast India Company, September 20fe,
l6ll.t, Calendar of gfete Pcpors, Colonial, M m % Ladies,
l4l-3"LS ^ r ifafe
.LagI m h 321 f Wllliaia Poster, ^ ^ a n ^ a * '
1'
& a » f o f (London, 1933)* (eIt-ecfhercaffer
as fMi.^35.
9
to Surat. 'Bxe arrival of that small fleet effected the
beginning of the English challenge of the Portuguese S»
Bx&Ia* Shi© Portstgaes:© ©kalleriprd .th® float when it neseped

Surat In Ifovssaher, 16X2 * Gaptala. Best was. not only able to
survive th® attack, bat. 0Y@ntji.all7 routed th® larger Portuguese
force. Much of the battle was near tlie -shores and Captain
Best’s superior naval tactics war® observed In wonder fey
Mthousands of country people,M 33a© English victory was
related to tha Indian. Segbnlî© his adairation, Jfifelcb thought
none Ilk® th® Portugal!® &t sea®* Biglish prestige was-
imedlately enhanced by th© victory; th© long-held Portuguese
domination had been challenged in her last strong-bold of
Misti© empire* Best’s victory destroyed forever th©
Indian legend of Portuguese supremacy over other Bfcropeans*^
In l6ll, James I of England had given Captain Best
a letter' of authorization to negotiate- a treaty with th©

Indian Moghul*2® ©i® English were now in a position to
mak® requests of th® Indians, and since the English bad
shattered Portuguese domination of th© port of .Surat, the
19 flxorn&s Best, Journal, (1612), in Purchas, IV, 128-30.

See also, Robert Boner, Journal, 1X6X2) in Purchas, .
IV, 156-58 , l6ij.. Ala©-, Moreland, From Akbar, 36;
Ifunfeer, 1, 300-05; JftttoarJ®®, 101*
20 Sir George Birds?©©d and Willi cn Foster, (eds.), |h®
First better .look of the East India Company, I606-T619 ,
T O 5 3 o S f W 3 T T T b ^ e i r e © f % t a n a s 1^7CT. FirsT^Lolltr
Book), qipL
IB
Indians had the opportunity to manifest their avowed prefer

ment for the Shglish* Within' a month after M s victory, Best
obtained from the Governor of Surat a set of articles,, short
ly afterwards eohflrjaed by the Great lloghnl, i#ileh provided
that the Ehgllsh could settle -factories in the toms of Surat,
Cagbaya, Jmadavall, mid (Jogs, in Jhdia#^ She .TSagllsfc were
formally pcrMtted to trad© in ôtfcuer placesw within th®
Bonsai*3 dkaadteica*^2 Boyish, iaiaediately5""landed so®®
broad-oloths, load, iron, and qultfksilver, end in exchange
for them procured Surat cloths and goods suitable for the
purchase of popper and spices at Aohe©nH.23
Captain Best loft behind a handful of man under
th# direction of Be# ’Sfecsaas Aldwsrthe* Aldwarihe seemed
satisfied with their recaption at Surat, ©id nearly two
years after Best’s victory be reported to the East India
Company that he and his men had “.as much liberty as our
selves can with reason desire, and all these people here
generally much jaere affecting us than the Portlngalla» -and
showing its kindness in what they mayn*2^ But only three
.21. Mesons .Best, Journal» hoe.elt., If, 125-32.

22 Bari of Morthaspton to Labs, D m , 8 , l6l3, Calendar of
3.tate Papers, Domestic, l6 ll-l6 l8 , James _I,"lLondtoa,
23 1.1.0. t e a U , I, 163 .
2i\. Sharaas Aldworth© & William Biddulph, better to the Bast
India Company, temst 19. iSllj., E.I.C. Letters Heceived,
XI, 97» state PSESEE, S22l M ;£•&• ISfffefe' P K ---
thesas Eerridg© at Surat wrote to- Captain Downton, eoBaasador
of th© newly-arrivod float, ’’non© hot© ,£fjk&90 will talc©
notice of the articles **.26
Captain Nicholas Downton *s SJiglish. float of four
ships anchored at Swally Hoi© in lias middl© of October, I61I4.,
In Mid-January, l6l5, Downton »a floefc was sought out and
attacked by the Portuguese forces, Hie English were far
out-matched by the Portuguese whose superior forces on that
occasion consisted of six galleons, throe lesser ships,
sixty frigates, and two- galleys, Downton*s position in
Swally Hole, however, gate his fleet natural protection
against the enemy; there were sandbanks between the bay of
Swally Bole sad the open sea which prerented entrance of the
larger Portuguese vessels. the Portuguese, therefore,
failed in their attempt to ward off the ihgllsh merchants.2?
It would appear that Downtonls staying in Swally Hole rather
than meeting the Portuguese in battle on the open sea was a
result of his strict adherence to Hag. James *3 commission
25 E.I.C, First letter Boob. xir„
26 Thomas Serridg® to Downton, Hov. 22. l6 llu I.I.S* letters

Received. II, 180. ~
27 Nicholas Downturn.. Journal, {l6 ll4~l5 }, in Pureh&s, IV, 216,
229, 230, 23k, 241-^6 , See also Thomas ELkington, letter
to John Oxwioke, Jan. 23, l6 lS, 1.I.C, letters Received,
II, 303. Also Hunter, I, 320-27. — — —
against fighting unless first attacked.
She failure of Mi© Portuguese w m received by th©
Indians as a victory for the English, and it gained for them
added confidence and respect of Mae Indians at Surat,
Indian fears of Mi® Portuguese decreased and Mi© Moghul
©^pressed satisfaction toward the English Mien, he learned
that th® English had successfully withstood the P o r t u g u e s e . 2^
Shortly after Downton»s victory Hr. William Edwards, a®'

English factor, was sent over-land to negotiate with Jahangir,
Mi© Groat Moghul. Hi© Moghul had learned of the Ekiglish
victory very shortly before Mwsrds arrived at fee court.
Be informed Biwards feat ho m m indebted to fee English for
defending his port of Surat, and urged fee Baglish to set
down in writing, whatsoever they should require for furthering
•yQ
their businosa in his dominions and he would grant it.-'
Jahangir directed commands to rtall governors /of his
dominion*^ and their successors* to respect the flmaen
which he grants! St*. Edwards • Biwards considered fee
BlehoXas Downton to fee East India Gompany, Hov. 20,

l6 li|.; William Edwards to idem, Dec. 2, 1615 (received),
S.I.C., bettors Booelved. If,li|9» 168.
29 Uichola3 Downton, Journal, (l6l5); Ilcholas W1thington,
fractab©, C1615), Purehas, IV, 1©4, Ip5»
30 Thomas Milford to fee Bast India Company, March 25,
* h 3.I.S, letters Received, III, 85.
13
firmacn to b© ”very effectual to the purpose of our trade

and fair entertainment”,^ Branch factories were soon
established at Cambay, Broach, Baroda, ihmedabad, and Igra.^2
3* Portuguese weakening. Between Best*s victory
over the Portuguese in l6l2, and th© arrival of Captain
Downton in October# l6l4, the Portuguese were far from
ineffective in thwarting English establishment of trad®,
fhe Viceroy of Goa, in a letter written to the Moghul, dis
paraged. th© English nation and merchants, threatening ”an
end of peace” between Portuguese and Indians, and ”all
possible prejudice” if the Moghul received the English.^3
Prior to Captain Downton*® arrival in l6l4# the Portuguese
had been ordered, and war© preparing, to drive th© English
out of India by force
In 1614, before Downton1s arrival, an incident
occurred which bitterly offended the Moghul * The Portuguese
seized and plundered a Surat ship# the Hasganlc, which
carried treasure to th© value of one hundred thousand pounds
31 William Edwards to the Bast India Company, Feb. 26,

1&I5. E. I.C. hotter a©C&lV*&* III# 20.
32 Rawlinson, 73 ,
33 Siomas Kerridge to the Bast India Company, Jan, 20,
l6l4, E.I.C. Betters.Received,. II, 295,
34 Moreland, From Akbar, 22.
14
sterling. Oh© Moghul discarded his religious fcolcrane©

m d retaliated by closing down the Portuguese Catholic
church at Agra* fho most influential Jesuit at the Moghul *2
court, Father Xavier, lost his favor* During l6l4 fee
Portuguese further antagonised the Social by carrying on.mar
auding attacks do?m the west coast of !India* Phase offsides
forced the Moghul to. unit© his forces for war, and th©
struggle was in progress when Captain Downton arrived ia th®
same year.35 the opening of this-, mmr between tlie logbul1a
forces and the Portuguese afforded the ihglish an opportunity
to ingratiate themselves still more firmly with the Indians,
if they were willing to ally themselves v/Ithtbe Sogbul
against their rival, th© Portuguese^ In August, I61I4., two
months before Captain, Downton*s float .arrived* th© Bast India
Company’s factors, Aldt/orth© and Blddulph, wrote, ”Th©y /Sae
Indians/7 all here much wish for th© coming of our English
ships, not only for trad© but to help them, for as they say
th© ooraing of our ships will much daunt th© Fortingallsn.
Phos© factors emphasized that th© Portuguese were weakening
because at that time they had many enemies to encounter in
35 B w m m Aldworthe 85 Jllliam Biddulph to th© Bast Sadia

f
Company, August 19, l6l4» B.I.C, Bettera Received * II,
9*** State Papers. Bagt Indies, la3~loi&» Jtoi Kerridg©
to idjSr W * 1614,"^ x A , 3§i, le© also, Hioholas
Dovm^Sn, Journal* (1614},' Purchas, Vft 2l5”l6| Rawlinson,
56-9; Mieeler, 4 *
36 Moreland, From Akbar, 36-?*
16
Chapter II
Ih# Meed Por An Ambassador To India; Roc Ia Choscn.
1. Inadequacy of prcvtm m ambassadors, Prior

to Sir fhomas Roe’s going to India in ■2.615, the Hast India
Company had delegated merchants to ant as ambassadors at the
court of th® Indian Moghul, Because the strength of th®
Portuguese resistance to the Saglish at the Moghul’s court
continued up to the ©ve of 'Hoe’s embassy,non© of th© early
ambassadors met with success in realizing the aspirations of
the Company to secure a permanent trad® treaty.
In 1609* Captain William Hawkins of th® East India
Company went to th# Moghul’s court at Agra to most Jahangir.
He carried a letter for th© Moghul ”from His Majesty of
England..,#i© is desirous to have league and amitl®. ..that
his subjects might freely goo and come, sell and buy, as
the custom® of all Rations is”. Hawkins claimed to have
been sent to th© Moghul *s court by th® ling of England ”as
his Sabassadour”. He was well received In India, being
offered a pension and any concessions h© liked to ask re
lating to th© establishment cf an English factory. His
favorable reception by the Moghul was ephemeral. fh©
jealous Portuguese reported the English presumption to
1 Supra, Ch. I, passim.
thoir viceroy, too* in tom* dispatched a lettap to Jahangir
warning that if to® 'Qaglish ware granted a footing in toe
country, h© would be liable to retaliatory measures from
to© Portuguese fleets* thereafter* Jahangir took no notice
of Hawkins in his capacity as ambassador. In 1609* toe
Portuguese were simply too well established in to® Moghul *a
court and on toe Indian coast to. pmm&t toe English any
bargaining power wito toe i*k>gbul.2
In 1611* James I gar© Captain Beat a letter grant
ing him authority to negotiate a treaty wito to© Indian
lloghul.3 in 1613 , after toe Iliglish victory over to©
Portuguese at Surat* Captain Best delegated his Purser, Mr.
Canning, to carry toe letter Issued by James I to to© Moghul*
Jahangir, wito the same amieablonass with which he had
initially accepted Hawkins, greeted to© arrival of Hr*
Canning. It was not long, however* before toe Jesuits
at court, knowing the Moghul *s general dislike of merchants*
informed Jahangir that Canning was merely a merchant too was
not sent immediately from the King of England. By means of
sueh intrigue the Portuguese managed to turn to© Moghul *3
2 William Hawkins, Journal* In Purchaa, III, 1, 2;

Hunter, I, 296, 299s MakerJo®, 100; Hugh 1* Egerton,
®fh© fraosferenc© of Colonial Bower to tho United
Provinces and England**, in A.W. Ward, Gf.ff. Brothers,
Stanley Loathes, {©ds.}, r2h& Cambridge Modem History,
(!iew iork, 1911), IV, HlSnsSgg" U 7 3 5 . -----
3 l.I.C,, First Letter Book* I4I4I.
amicableness into contempt***-
In Movember, l6 ll|., a council of last India Company
merchants decided to send on® of theix* men to th® court of
tho Moghul under th© title of "a messenger sent by our king
to th© Great Mogore ”, and ©boa© Hr. William Edwards to rep
resent thcta at tho -court in that capacity.^ fh® merchants
expected success froE Edwards* mission to the Moghul insofar
m fee carried with him % letter with other great- presents
from our Klngts Majesty*® -own hand for the Moghul** Ihey
expected, therefore, to he “respected t h e r e a f t e r I n
March, l6l5, Edwards was successful in, obtaining general
privileges for th® English to trade in the Moghul*s dominions.?
At the sani® time, however,, it appears that Edwards1 m m
position had alienated hi® froa the other English merchants
at Surat end Agra*. H© not only conducted himself arrogant
ly towards tho other'factors, gaining their ©malty, but was
also accused of profiting privately at the court. He was
ip- Rawlinson, £6 ; Bioapson. and Garratt, 10,

$ Council of Merchants at Surat, Minutes, Hov, 28, 161I4.,
B.I.C*, letters Received, II, 136-3?.
6 Aldworth® to Karridg®, Oct. 22, l6 ll** E.I.C, betters
Received, II, 138.
? S.I.e. Annalg, I, 1?2. Awards arrived at an opportune
time, sEorlly after Downton*a victory over the Portuguese.
Cf. Supra.. <3** I, p. -11*
by the chief
reputation of so Hleholas
Downton, * to Mwards in March, l6l5,
for abuses general and partic-
ulsr*. and that ho should "take measure of himself
In letters to Sir
emor of the London
feat he could so© e&us© to like neither his £ld»srdsjy
nor M s nt and that since his going to th©
l*s court his bearing towards th© other merchants .had.
On© year later, in March,
l6l6 , after Roe* a arrival at court, Downton consulted with
the council of w at Surat and concluded to order
r» court, fhey decided feat he was to
answer to the him by th© gp*©&t-
©31 part of fete I factors in th© Ho#mlfs dominions,
or b© suspended from service and returned to England.
was judged by joint consent suspended
0 Eerrldg© to 1#®, Oct, 10, l6l5 (o*s.}, British

’ Additional Manuscript 93o6, f,13; Hoe to fee
Company, Jan, 25, 1616, E.I.C., Letters Received. IV, l?j
| S ^ *S!2S|. J|2* m - E S ^ 5| ^ T U o h n Btoto
**© B* I»c •, Feb * 10, 1017, State fs.p©rs, S&st Indlcti, IQu
iSj. R&wlinson, ?4« Sc© also Apponllx^ff,
9 Downton to Mwards, March, 16I5j Idem to Smythe, Fob.
28, 1615, E.I.C., Letters H@ceived.Tiy. l85i III, lit.
27, 72, 8p.
to
th© savvies of the

to talc© M s passage for Qagland”.^®
Sir Bietaas Ho© pointed out to the B&gsi India
court, that
Roe
outright, he stressed that % e in
one year I shall do in my
whole time, and it were as If all others should
maliciously Join to accuse 11
However, when guilty of profiting from

trading at court, factors saw fit to confis-
this profit before he sent back to England#-^
10 Factors at Surat to the- East Ihdia Company, larch 10,

1616, E.I.C., J&j&mm Received. If, 2p5l Meat to Hoe,
Feb, 23, l6l3 ToTiTTT lOfTF’ &ddiilonal Manuscript,
9366 , f.56.
11 Hoe to- the- East India Company, dan, 25, 1616, E.I.C.
r, iff. State Waamm*
m >-'Jw Seat
atotwcMfawMi^ agSfiMMtaw* Indies.
well to point out
Salbank, in a letter to th® East
of the factors
. He believed that Of the
that the Company officials would
t, If, 231| ,j|
12 Factors at Surat to She East India

l63^» betters Received. If, 2$>5.
21
2« %*»■ a formal ambassador. % b©

l6l$, tli© English r©pres entatlves at th© Soghul *a coart
had failed b© obtain for the Bast India Company a mute
waited permanent treaty. Again, briefly, th® reasons- for
their failure included: first, the strength of Portuguese
opposition at the Moghul’s court; second, the fact that
th# English r©present®!ires at court had not identified
te@taselves as- being solely sidbssaadora from king to king;
and, third, the fact teat they had also been merchants (a
class despised by tee Moghul), and as. such had also gained
tee enmity of their colleagues for trading privately at
court*
There were periods of time, after Captain Best's
victory over the Portuguese at Surat, whan tee Portuguese
retained their dominance over tee English at the Soghul*a
court* These periods, occurred whenever the teglish fleet
was: trading ia another area, or ©a route to England with
Indian commodities * Dur ing those periods of supremacy
they made tec most of Canaiag,s dismissal as a merchant-
reprosemtatlv© to the M o g u l ’s court. The lack of a formal
BogLlch saab&asador, tecy emphasized to the Moghul, meant
teat th© English were trading in India without th© dele
gated authority of their sovereign#-*-3
13 William Foster, *W*c last India Company”, la H,H* Dodwell,

(ed.), 'tec Cambridge History of India, (Cambridge, 1929)
If, 80*
22
By it was becoming obvious to fee London

last India Company officials that no formal settlement of
trad© privileges with India could be reached through the
negotiations of the merchant- ambas3ador typo of represent
ative previously delegated to th© Soghul *s court. Hx©
factors at Surat had clearly perceived the m o d for a non-
merchant ambassador if any progress was to b© mad© in dot-
©rjrdning a treaty with the Moghul. la late l6ll|* fe©»
IMwards was ehoson to represent the Ihiglish at the court,
the factors named him ’’messenger to the Mogore”, knowing
that ”anyone who should go up to the Moduli under the title
of merchant should not be respected, for merchants generally
are not regarded by the Moghul**,*^ fhe East India Company
was informed of fee situation by Ihomas Aldworth© of Surat
who wrote, in l6l3, feat it was necessary ”that a sufficient
man be seat in your first ships, feat may be resident in
Agra with fee Xing, and such a on© whose person may breed
regard, for they here look m e t after great laea**.^ 'fixis
letter was written in Hovcmber, 1613, and was probably
Xlp Council of factors at Surat, Minutes, Oct* 18, l63J|.,

1.1.0., Letters Received. II, 133j w. Foster, BEydaad’s
Qaest. 28i-?iff '~ IbeSpiS and Garratt, 10,
15? Uxomas Aldworfe© to fee last India Company, Hov. 1/613,
12.1.C. Letters Received. I, 30?. Hone of fee ambass
adors prior to Roe were able to ’breed regard’.
ISgertoa in Cambridge Modern History, IV, ?ljl.
23
received in London prior to Ida© ■East India

ialon to sand Sir- fhem&s Roe to as
Perhaps an even sser© influential

by the Sast Sadia Company from
that Îndian goods sold raoro inland
but, that is order to establish a tra d © ,
fW w x3A*/-§t
, and it would
at the Magfs Court at
to. the last

> ra g th© need and
of a now ambassador. Ha the need
ambassador i£io would be tt
will eatis® his ©steem the better her®*1, and who would % @
17 In
M ae of f asters at Surat was
|Sajiden.i
2k
that ther® should b© a formal aiabassador pc«*man©ntly resident

at th© Moghul*s court* Shay declared that ho should b© a
man ”of good respect for preventing and righting of any
wrongs that may b© offered”, in Uor&nSa&r, l6 llj., they went
on record as agreeing that if the m m ambassador '‘should
proceed .*♦ a resident with the king, under the title 'and
profession of a merchant, It wore bettor that ho wont not
at all***® At that asm© time, tit© Hast India Company
officials la London had com© to the conclusion that they
should delegate an ambassador to India * o would serve as a
personal representative of the King of England* Shis would
provide royal- sanction to- their Indian trade, and thus elre-
imjvent the Portuguese and Indian opposition to Merchants at
court. In their selecbl&n of a formal ambassador the
Company officials hoped for the fulfillment of a trad©
agreement with Xn&ia*-^
3, So, Chosen sabMBadflr;
Ihomaa Aldworthe *s revests for a formal ambassador to bo
18 Council of factors at Surat, Minutes, Oct* I? and Bov*

2$, i&tk, S.I.e. bettor©,ieceiyed* II, 132, 136.
19 loyal Commission to Sir ftesas B e © from James I, Jan* 8 ,
1615, in Foster, Ba&aasy, II, 5)#<*5l; J* Allen, Sir f.
Wolselsy Haig, H.STlEawall, Ihe Ca^rlda© Shorter
* o£ M i a * -£CaadH?ldge, 193^1, >15; Marguerite
* it Indlm Company* ©few York, ■I9l|5t
62 j Stanley 'India under
©dan Buie, (Hew York, i p o l / .
'M i a ), $0$.
mmat to India induced the last India Company officials in
London to apply to the King to grant his royal sanction
that an ambassador should proceed, in his asm®, to the
Great Moghul*20 It is probable that Sir 'B&mm loo mm-
nominated for the position by too- Governor of too East India
Gorspany, sir T&oaas 3-syto®* ifeough too Company officials
considered others for to® position, in to® end ’’none war®
esteemed so© fitting© for that ssrvleo m Sir tooraas Bo®*
If ho© may bo® hmd”.2^ Sing Jassos I readily acquloseed
in to®- project of sliding- Sir Roe m his rofresoni*-
afciv® to toe Moghul Court,22 Si® new ambassador, though
sont by to® authority of the king* and to serve in his naa®,
was eoapletoly financed by toe last- India Company,2^
Sir Thomas Roe w m born in lp80 or 1581, to© son
of a merchant, and grand-son of a Lord Mayor of London.
3® was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and in 1$97
entered as a student of law in toe Middle Temple, He took
20 E.I.C.
rinutos of toe Bast India Oet
7 'e ’
3 2 -6 | I tor.. I* I , i t
22 C o u rt llmrtos of toe last India Company, S o t , 2, i6ll|.,

In S t rs, Bast Indies, ,c"
R aw l t-* (V*
23
an Inter®at In theology and. traveled to the continent to
debate with Dutch divine3 .In Latin... 3© w m made m. Esquire
of the Body to Quoon Elisabeth shortly before the end of her
reign, and in l6cij. was hnighted* In his relationship with
ths Ikjgl-ish court Ho© gained close friendship vrlth prince
Henry and Ms. sister
ta l6op, Roe w m sent under tho patronage of
Prince Henry to lead an expedition to. South America. Ho
explored the entire ©oast fro® tho- Orinoco- to th© Mxmzon
and established & small settlement near tho latter river.
Exploiting tho Amazon as wall as tho coast, Hoe spent a year
in South America.2-* Ho returned to Ehglasd either .in l6ll
or 16X2 without finding m y trace of gold* which was reput
edly found in ©10 region.2^ Ho was informed, however,, in
1617 , that some of the men ho had loft- in the Amazon
of
25 Stanley Lane-Poole, n3ir 'Hhom&s Roe*, Loo.elt., XVII,

89-901 George L* Beer, Sfaf-(telgto»- qtf C o l "
onial System, {Sew Xork,i^C^)7£5j osrew fioloe# Mareh,
X6T?,’ in ’J o m Maoism, C©d*}, Lefcterfl from George Lord
Garow to Sir t & mmma._Roo, uaja^m i&cle£y, First
s»fSs*^c7 1S60 ),'felted hereafter as Gjrew
letters)., 9§i. Commons Debate (Anonymous}, April 13 ,
162!,"'IfaXlae® Bofceafceln, Francos H. Rolf, Hartley Simpson,
(eds, }, Cpsgaons Debates, 1621, (Sew Haven, 1935), (here
after e l m i m 1621)« IV, 22lp,
26 Godfrey Davies. The Harly Stuarts. (Oxford, 1937), 323*
It appears that Sir Thomas Roo’fc next important
occupation m s to servo his friend Princess lUisaboth, now
ELecferess Pal.afe.iii®> and her hush and, Fraderiek, tho Elector
Palatine, in Heidelberg* In. 1.613, Roc v tm resident in fee
"hall -off fee Prince Palatine at Heidelberg".^ Ho had

gained the fullest trust of Hllaabofch, m hor in August, X6l3#
wrote fron .Heidelberg to Sir .Ralph Wlnwood, English acibass-
ador in fee He fear lands, feat she had.' "fully instructed Tom
Hoc wife it £ p , letter concerning fee Eleofereaa * business,
.about which she sought winwood’s counsel^, from feorn I pray
receive ft fco your ©aro"*^ In September, 1613, Hoe was in

Holland .and cotammieated "her Highness *a lob tor" to tlnwood
along wife "some particulars of He&loborgh"* ^0
la December, l6l3, he was still, in Holland and
29 Hlisabofe /Sioctrees Palafeinc^, letter fco -Sir Ralph

rnmm&&, M g * 2%, bSaj, m@mrngM-. W m * * I, 2tj&,
30 Sir 'FnoEms Ic©> fetter to 'Ifinwood, Sepfc. 22, 1613,
Bueoleuch 1SS,V I, 34?* -
28
it appears that h© was planning t© go on another expedition

with a Captain Floods* Company which seen© to haw© be®n
abortive.^1 Returning to England from the continent*
probably in th© winter of 1613-161I4., Sir- Ihoaas was elected
Member of Farliaaant for famworfch in.. I63J4.* As a member of
th© *Addled Parliament*, to® earn© into intimate association
with such Last India Company officials as Sir Ihomas Smyth®
and Sir Dudley Diggas who were also sombers .^2
W m n the parliament was sttddenly dissolved by
James I, Bo© felt that his hopes for usefulness at hone
were finished* His financial position was not at all
secure, and th© offer fx-oa the East India Company to scrv©
as an ambassador in India* he reported * was what he needed
*'to sett a© right8.33 in 161J4.* whs® ashed to serve as
ambassador*, Roms was still a young man. At thirty-five he
was a true Elisab®than gentleman, with all of the capacities*
tampered with a broad experionee* to fill th© highest kind
31 'xnrogmox^ton fco Robert lord Viseounfc Lisle, 0@e. 3, 1613,

cited in Arthur Collins, Ced*), Letters gad Memorials
of State, (London, 171*6)., II* 32?. ' '
32 Journal of th© House of Commons* (London, .so: date,*).* I,
hr£-506; Stanley Lane-Fool©, 8Sir Thomas Roe8, Loc.cit*,
XVII, 8<?~oq; Rawlinson, ??.
33 British Museum, H&rl. IS-., 1573, f.5llj-, cited in Foster,
SatoWT. I, vi| Samuel R. Gardiner, History of Ihgland.
Tr^jxidon, 1S8 3), II, 311* .According fccTt&VCourt Rinutes
of the East India Coapisry, lov* ..11* l6 ltf.,- Roe borrowed
on his salary in order to pay debts before leaving for
India. State Papers, last Indies. 1513-1616, 335.
of office, ”H© combined to© business capacity of th© great
merchant with the urbanity and address of th# courtier8.3^-
Probably Sir ihomas Sayth©1s personal acquaintance with Roe,
gained to toe l6ll|, parliament, w m an instrumental factor
behind Smyth© fs nomination of Roc for toe ambas3adorship,85
It also appears toat perhaps Roc was supported by toe influ
ential wife of toe fifto 2arl of Huntingdon.8^ llcvcrtoclesa,
it cannot be denied that Roe was deserving' of ail toe support
he had won. He is described to toe Court Minutes of toe
Bast India Company as being ”a gentleman of pregnant under
standing, well spoken, learned* industrious, of a comely
personage, and one of shorn there are great hopes that he may
work much good for toe CoEQ>any”.87
b* Mm*s Mia aion. ion November 16* l6llj., articles
of agreement between to® Company and Roe wore concluded.
Roe was to receive a salary of six hundred pounds per year,
3k toe-fool©, Mediaeval India. 306-0?; Gardiner, II, 311.

35> Journal of toe House of Commons. I, 1*57: Court Minutes
otf 'tbo l a s 7* l6l4, in State Papers,
Sast todtos, l3l3-i6lB, 318.
36 Roe to Elisabeth, Countess of Huntingdon, Oct. 30, 1616,
Historical Manuscripts Co®issiaa* Report opt, the Manu
scripts of the late Reginald aamtgn^fas'tings,”*TTion($on,
iPwivitrisr
37 Court Minutes of tho ’S&at India Company, Oct. 4 , Sept. 7*
161k, State Papers, S m b .Indies. lSl3-i6l6. 318, 3%;
See al'so ^thilr&oll^sr (M*T» ItVpldOEu
employed for M s benefitt proportional)iy with all ©thar
18 w- was also granted a bonus of five hundred
la- the agreement Hoe *3 mission was
declared to be “for th© better establishing and aetllng® an
absolute trade in ©jay partes within the Dominions of the
greate Mogor©8, See was ins truetod to- forbear from
trading' privately himself and, to discourage such practices
by the merchants in India, atm practieal matters of trade
were to- be under the control of the factors,;and Hoe was
forbidden “to have to doe with any parte of there merch
andise8* ^ By royal commission, Sir Ihomas was given, full
authority to stake treaties with the Moghul or his deputies.
If he should be prevented from landing la tho logbul’s
country, or, once leaded, suddenly discharged, he was in
structed by Eing 2m m and th# CJovenvjr of Hie Bast India
”f©r farther Discovery
38 !Eh# v, l6,
* t¥, la State tapers
.it, 338 * 3ft the King*C ’
Instruefe~
tons to Roe, ,
6lh, Ho# waa instructed to “use
all the means# eon to advance the Irad# of the
to procure the® all Comraodities
•u Bsay8* .Foster* aabassv.
11, 552;
31
fet©- the Redd Sea or any

I enjah&eised to Ro® the
dignity and honor, and Instated that the Great IfcghnJt, shotiM
be kept const,antly asrar© of ttour power and strength at Sea*
ehich glvoth. us not- onelie roputacton and antorlty .amongst
the Greatest Primes of Chris bendoiat©* but Eafeotli xm. oven a
borrow bo all other Hationsj *** that fee bo not omit©
absolntli© obeyed twit vmivorsally .beloved, and adryred of
aar
39 Royal Coaaalsalon to Sir » 2m.0 3,

?* & * & * & * t u $ m *
bettor #f Instructions to Ho© frmx King Janes I, Deo*
, f
».¥* II*
j£*V
552-5>3* «w#www»
State Papers«
1rm r ,J'
Problems fetch Confronted Roe As A m b a s s a d o r , l 6 l p - l 6 l9
%* Portugese wmWLim* As noted above, the Port

uguese bad been fee chief rivals of fee English In India
prior fco l6l5, obstructing i3agllsh success In establishing
firm trade relations wife the Indians. However, by fee
tlm® of Sir feomas Hoe *s arrival in India In September,
l6l5* fee Portuguese had met English opposition at sea and
in trade, and had felt fee full strength of fee English
challenge for trade wife India* the Indian traders, too,
and fee Moghul Massif hoi eoaa© to witness and duly respect
English power at sea,, hi a letter to fee Bast India
Company dated lovombor 2l\.t l6lS, Roe reported! 11An Armenian
Christian Merchant fcould me feat fee Moghul had answered
^cogarding a question as to feat conditions concerning fe©
Boglish were contained in a reconfcly-mad© truce between the
Moghul and fee Portuguese^ he could not put out fee English,
baaing powerful at soa, but h© left© it to fe©' Porfcugalls to
doe what they pleased and to endure likewise feeyr fortuneM.
1 Supra, Ch. I, passim. Roe arrived In India Sept*. 26 ,

ISl5T sic ’Zhoiaasôe, Journal, Sept* 26, 1615 , Poster,
m > m m * 1 , 1^,
2 Sc© to fe© East India Company, Bov* 2l|*, l6 lp, Foster,
Embassy. X, 9£>f Kerrldg® to Edwards, Oct. 26, 1615 (0 ,3 .},
j: '
Additional Manuscript 93&>* f ,21.
At th© sam© time, in this letfee** to th© Company
Litton just t » months after M s arrival,in India, Ro®
pointed out tho need for ponce with the Portuguese-; %©-
sides, unless th© peas© may he made with the Portugal!
(which I have endeavored), fee load© is unsafe at Swally,
and you must -alway mtaynfeya® a fleet© four month.®© for fee
safety of one s M p 8*3 la January, l6l6, ho Informed King
Janos feat fee- Portuguese were still acting insolently to
wards fee Ihglish on fee- west coast of fee Indian peninsula.
•Bieir itsmado had twice assaulted fe® English hut- had been
successfully r e p u l s e d S i r Siomas repeatedly offered
them peace, but eontinned to b© met wife evasion. fhe
Portuguese were still able to bribe important officials
serving fee Moghul, and so per® favored wife trading privi
leged for fetich feey wore mteh envied by fee English
ambassador*^ In a letter to Sultan Coronne, on® of the
Moghul*s most important officials, Ho© sought to persu&d©
him of fee gre&fer benefit to be derived fro® exclusive
trad* wife fee English;
3 Ro© to the East India Company, few* 2i|^ 161$, Posta®*,

Bobaasy* I, §%♦
% Ideal, fe Sins James, Jan* 29, l6l6, 3bid, I, 120.
5 Ro« fe the Viceroy of .ôa, Oct* 20, l6l5,
m t Indfe®. ^ 6 -3 7 * .«.!#* 1 © ^
jjBBiaÊat tap C©I*QI2ie. MOV i* iuiu,
<*. *dfl Letters Receive!. IV, 101-03i
if your higtaos suppose that th© Portugall
or
h a t h <3®* w o u l d b r i n g ©yitoor s u r # r a t o t y o s
n o r o p r o f f t t t o ya«s?' .port,. I :<$mm-
your Mi' .. " w h.
First, for curious sad. rare toyos, if®’
’--
for th© Moghul and M s subordinate^T we
hotter seams to. furnish your hlghnes then
any
of arraos- ©loth* and m nmes-a*

*
w® oaiy earry
* to tho enriching of y
of th© fact that it was

strength constituted
for th© Se upon Ro© *8 arrival.*
e&ias India in l6l6 m d o r its®
eora&and of Captain
was , where her ©row sot

her afire* 2h© R ferry, ©n route to India
won. the victory over th©

stressed ship wanting her wings, was forced by the
wind and waves upon the adjacent Hand Hasidla, where she
6 Hoe to Sultan Coronas, Hay 1, 1616 , Foster* Btefeaasy, I,

tl©i e«!,s> pmrnm. iv, 101-03 ;
|t ■»
s Of' QMft Ian, as they were not able at first to
eoxanefe© with .the richer Portuguese, Cf, Ro© to Keeling,
Jan* 13, l6 l6 , Foster, Babaasy* I,
the- Rial of Eight was '' r'». D-d,, '<?*
25
stuck fast between two Rocks ? those that wore left alive
in her by their Boats gat upon the sheare.,, which when they
had -all recovered» willing fit should soeit©) to consume
what they could not keeps, they sot her on fir© to make a
coal©, rather than we whould make her a fris©*#^ Hhe
English ambassador. In a letter shortly -after the incident,
©s bimated th© English victory over -fee Portuguese carrack to.
be ”one of fee greatest disgraces and losses feat ever happ
ened to fee Portugall in fees© Parts— the reward of their
own© Insoleney”. Ba®. victory not only damaged Portuguese
prestige, bat pit Goa— Perfeguss©. headquarters in western
Sadia— in jeopardy*®
Ro© *s eonfidence of English success in es tabllsh-
ing trad# in India over fee waning competition of fee Port
uguese counted after fee defeat of th© carrack* Immediately
after fee incident Ron wrote feat -fee Portuguese had boen
bought m low in. valew, feat it is grown© into -a proverb©
Con© ^rfeaall fe fence Moores, on© .fegllshnan jg fey®©
Portugalls), so feat fee beat foundation of their greafees
7 Mwsrd ferry, A Relation of a Voyage to fe© ihgtem

Sadia, l6l6 , Alexander Child, Journal, 1616, Purckas,
IV, 5Q2-Gij., IX, 91 Captain Henry Powell, fe fee ©sat
India Company, March 7, 1617 , .State .Papers* Bast Indies,
I6l7-l6ai! 20-21; a 1,0. VTBiS-W
HaJmayjT1jl35-'-9I See also AppesmZ' ’IV*
6 Roc to fe© Archbishop of Canterbury, Oct* 30, l6l6 ,
Foster, Bfecaav, II, 3111 Rawlins on, 63 .
36
is sbsolutly mined and blown upn*^ M another letter, to

Sir Ralph V*inwood, Secretary of State in Hngiaiid, ho rep
orted on iii© porfaigo*## defeat at Ccaaora in toms which
reflected M s confidence in ulhimab© Bsgllab dominance in
tho India, trade* Hoo .stated that th© great oarrack liilcto
had '©son scuttled on th# Goaora Isles nm s th© succor of .
India this ye©re;f *-**■ Siis Is M m greatest disaster- and
disgrace ever befell them, for they never mist their floats
in September* .nor lost any such vososll as this, tdilch was
os teemed invincible! and without supplyes £Zo have boon
brought to 30&T* they porish utterly”. However, lie was
perceptive enough to realise that tho English could not
merely rest upon their laurels and expect dominion over the
©rafty Portuguese, Rfor our recepticai hers stands on tho
same ground from which wee Mar# Cast thorn downs, which Is
Fear©, an Honorable bait uneertaya© base of so great Charge”.10
h m sfflBSfeiady teAs-lhase really was beceajaft
eXesd? when It is r m & lX©4;^b^'tbe;Irtish iRm-fisrtfiddkNA
by their king to wage ©ffoaaiv© war against their avowed,
though net declared, en®sal»3 in Mm- East India trade.11
9 Ho© to the Archbishop of. Canterbury, Oct, 30, l6l6 »

Inc .bit., 309j Surat Factors to the Bast Inala Company,
¥®?f*SSr, 1617, 3.I.C. M t l ^ Beesived, V, Xl3.
10 Hoc to Winwood, IloV, 30, l6x6 i Idem,to the Archbishop
of Canterbury, Oct, 30, I616 , Foster, Btefoasgy, II, 399, 309.
11 Royal Cor-sission to sir 9«eauw Roe from dames I, (l6l9),
Foster, arieaftgr* II, 5*?0-£l.
'Bowemfr groat Bos judged the dsoliue of Fortufpies© strongth
to ho, tm was quite awar© that tho a^Llsli eould not vrin out
in the India trade unless they worn given permission to snv®
aggresslvelg and vigorously agaisht th® enemy. In analysing
"Sbte aigXiati position .in India sue- year- after M s arrival.
Hoc 3bated tSiat In W&11 thass, ©onsId^^Ki JTl% fortunes of
th® Portuguese^ ms& Idilxdcos tho Hoawaos Conspire tho fall
of the Portugall in this quarter, if his Si.c.i©stie would ho
r*7
P so Bo# «ss
iM&d to the 3ast India th# to press #f I***
>4
sh a secure
basis for in*®!# In India. 12
Portuguese was withhold, the

on during all of itoo’s Hover really
, its. Importance stilly '4* M s ® wont on. In
* 1617, Sir foom&a still .m
Ua advisod. th© nowly-
fleoi
any way
12 Boo to Hov, 30, 16161

IdSRt to the- last India.
« u » i* *.*{.„ lu iv ,• **
On® year ©arllor,' So# had advised tlmt *on©
•» th® Porbugaes®^
mora dlshartte them, bring Sis* fe© better toms#
(wh«n they saw your rosolution to prosequate them;, give
you Bsoro reputation end prod booty, then twenty repulses
©ver in. your own© defene®1*. Ids© to idem, Bor. 2iu l6l3.
“ ‘ > M m s m * - t, # . “ ‘
38
CossBt&ssicm ttf.ll guide yon”, ^8 He- realised that in. spit©

of his efforts,, tho King had hot withdrawn his refusal to
permit any bat defoasive fighting against, too Portuguese*
Sis own s&aplG solution to fontughos-o arrogsnce— to drive
the mamag from the s©te~-*-E©e was not free to. urge upon
Captain B?Ing, He -could only hope that tbs Efcglish would
11in. tira® teach them to know their* superiors* and if they
«tfll not give as trade, wee o m jet eteese toltoer they
shall eaajoy it or no”* E© considered that the best adv-lee
he could give toe fleet compandor was sorely to Intimidate
the Portuguese, and endeavor to fore© respect bteon#t lear.^-
As late as February* l6l8, Sir ftem&s reported to
King (Tastes that "to® Portagall la not yet wise enough to
kxmt his &mm weakenes, who rather enviously hinder' us- then
like noble ornmi&a hurt# us*# He w m still confident to&t
the Portuguese could readily be brought to terms of peace,
13 M e m to Prlag, Aug* 30, l6lf, Foster, m & m m r , II, l|10-lli

oaTHanke to the 3aat India Company, IfcvomSer, l6l6, 3,J,£.
jitters Received, IF, 2 3 6 . Ih© Portuguese Interfered
wlto to® "WgSl'iW. tocn too latter traded between Surat
and Persia Ci. ....u.. Ch.
. , I?, p* „ T, Eif.jev
_ _ igoflJ*, I,
1985 Comxoel: to Tthe Saab India Company, SmgTly l8l7<
S rt.C, patters FI, 38-37i Roe to Factors
in PerslaT^W,"irr^H1H» w. Poster, Cod.)» U m E n g l i s h
■ ■ * • „ (Oxford, 1 9 2 b T f H S r ~
1& M a m to Prlng, tog, 30 , l6 l?, heo,clt.. 1*10-11* Hoe

pointed ©ut to to® new ©esasander m a f he considered to
have beoa toe poor naval t&ctles of Captain Domfcon, too
fought the Portuguese in ”the tele at Sw&lly” (Surra,
Ch. I, 11). Ro® suggested a mere aggressive and open
•defense*, I.®,, meeting to® Portuguese on toe open sea*
and ima' assure a mono mxcoess.fiil trade, if only lm could
:gsin the King*? consent to strife© .an ©ffbimiv© blow. H©
subtly made another btd for this power when ho wrote, ’ttptb
your stalest!© bo® pleased fe giro taae leave to ©sierra© i*ant
of psad©..with them portaagiios^ (which by your ro?/all
author!tie wiq*© easyly osrsnandod} rjalsbs all.fees o trades of
Indya and. hopes of Persia heavy and dangerous to the ^Sider-
tofe©rsa.2-^
■ foyfeaga#©©-- riyislffy aft ccsnd;*. *&& fact that
English fiesta in last Indian waters had been ordered by
tho King not fe fight except la defense had afforded the
Portuguese officials at. fe© Moghul *s court an opportunity
to ridicule tho English. fhey boasted, according fe Roe,
**feai the King of England la so afrayd of fee ling of
Portugal!, feat ha dare© not warrant an assault, but only
fe d#f-&sa&9^ Indeed, fee Portuguese problem confronted
lioe on land m well m ..on sea*.- fh© Portuguese Jesuit
Mission in India was headed by Father Jbro&i© Xavier who
was an implacable caaeay of fee English. Father Xavier
was held in good stead by Jahangir and continuously strove to
fern fee Moghul*© favoi* agafest fe© feglish merchants.
It was indeed fortunate for fee English feat Father
15 Idea fe KSixg Jcancs* Fob* 1 5 , l6 l3 # Foster., afesssy,

tTn!?Tl • 3fefe Papers. East 3hdi©b, I6l?-ig2i;'l2u.
16 M em to th© A r c h b ls h o p ^ o f C a n te rb u ry , Ia n . 29, l6 l6 .
father Corai headed -th.-® desuifc Mission at Xeh«a|gir*:3
eonrfc during the resmteder of Eos*a esabasay* K® prered fee- be
considerably acre telaraiife and ©ooperstive in M s ecmeecm tAtfr
the- Ilsglieii than his. predecessor bad osrer beaii,^® 'In "Ms
for ^Ytesgfear 18w 1.617, Hoe noted that h©
given to CorsI a p: *3- a te&on of gyatitede some-
courtesy rdnd«ped to him fey the Jesuit*-^ Father Coral
isorkad .hardy though ina^cees.sfdlXy,.. t&P a peace feo;two«n th®
fortejpote ©nd "3*0 asgdiat**. Roe -related early in- X6lS,
that “the tesalfe here, £& q t 3£/' who much affectes an easement,
wisely foreseeing they ^5he Pozteguese^ ouzynotoyiie it oar® fey
3 tubfeernes then reason, 'hath often moored lately to moe a
Peace, and to that and hath written to M s superlora in Goa,
but received no direct answer©**^ father CarsI was not
able fee-arrange -a formal- yeas© feoteom his country and the
newly-asbaoliahed and laore powerful English, feut it appears
that his endeavor to cooperate with tee Hhglish at "the
17 diehard Ba&ar to Roe, Dee* 2$, l6l£, 8.1*0*

IX,
18 'Sferard ferry, Journal, sited in Foster, janb&ssy, II,

31te l Razt'liiison, >6 *
19 Hoe, journal, Sov* 18, l6 l?» .tefe«*£t,» II, Ii7Q~71n,
20 Roe to th© Hast India, tesgpmy, Pcfe. lip-, l6l8 , Poster,
U M it -
Moghul*# court was sine©re*
3* Patch rivalry. Although th© English found
thoir chief rival in India to bo th© Portuguese, they did

not escape comp©tition from th© Dutch. the Dutch recog
nised th© value of th© cottons of Gujarat (north of Surat
on th© west ©oast in thsir own trad© with Molucca. About
a year after Boo*® arrival la India the Buteh won permiss

ion from the Moghul to establish a temporary factory at
Surat,As soon as Bo© learned that th© Dutch had arr
ived in Surat, h® wont directly to th© Moghul to endeavor
to arouse "doubts and suspicions'* conconaing them* The
English ffihassador and th# factors at Surat feared the

rivalry of the Dutch in th© Indian trad© %her® they would
both cut-present, ©ui-feribe, and out-buy us in all things,
ether of which would be very praiudieiall to our proceed

ings**.^ 1© th© M o g u l ’s questions regarding the Dutch
traders. Ho© answered "that for their trad© they Could

bring m t h t a g but Eastern© Cotaodlfcyea, from China or the
own# land yielded nothing
21 Bee, Journal, Bov* 8 , l6l7, lpc*clt** II, IfTD-Tlzu

So© also Terry, Journal, eit'ed in Ifcater, JMbaaay. II,
22 Factors at Surat- to Ho©, .July 23- & 26, l6l6, B.I.C. letters
Hoeeived. IV, 332-33| to P © » s ideai to Biddnlî, Aug
I V T O {o.s*)i idea -to 1##, Sent* 7, 1616 (o.s*), B*M*I
Additional Manuscript ?366, ff, 95, pfb, 96, 112b } Popwell
to the East India Company, March 7, X017, State Papers. I
21. 20-21j P. Qeyl, *fh# Dutch" "in"
of India. % 39,
23 Roe, Journal, Aug* 10, »eit.. I, 228-29.
these parts”. ^ Kerridg©, head of fee English factory st
Surat, eoiammleated fe Ho© his anxiety oyer fee Dutch riv
alry in feat port* as expressed fe© strong hope feat fee
expected fleet fro® England would take fee offensive against
fe© encroaching Hollanders , Roe *3 reply fe this m m re
fee Hollander I have received
horn fe deal©— not by force, ays
yon intended”.^
®ems English ambassador worked through fee Moghnl’s
court fe secure fee expuls lorn of fee Dutch from India, but
he was careful fe avoid overt hostility. He well realised
how distasteful fe fe© Moghul was fee idea of m y European
power* s obtaining a permanent foothold in India. Conse
quently, he Informed fe© Moghul of fe© Dutch
building forts for ^defense** whereby, little by little,
became masters of fe© port wherein they were established.*5
Roe was by n© means completely aneeesaful in tuning fee
ilogbnl end,., in oonsequQae®, fee. Governor of Surat against
fe© Dutch traders. It '
2I4. Ibid.. I, 229. Hoe, of sours©:,,, was not felling fee

iojpml all feat h© knew about fee Butch, 1 .©., they
had traded commodities from fee southern TaSTands of fee
Indies for ©aid at Moha in fee Red Sea, and were pre
pared fe trad© this geld: for fee much-wanted Gujarat
cottons. Ibid.. I, 228-29.
2$ Ibid.. I,
26 Ibid., I, -23-
1 01 See.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Cross© him, tout they cam® In upon th© wm
began* a M toy iih&eh wa® .fsnbsist* /t»© ”♦ Sir
pointed out to th© East India Coispany th© Dutch
beeota© a greater nen&e® to la- tli© Indian
insolenclas. M
the frulc^^r ©nr
toy
/James I*s ••« You w t
look© to this ws© t
©at© a woorm© in
out of th©
th® pi ©as for th® Rowing might and

Of th© Dntooh to Shgland in l6 l6 had
son© *
been th® Bast

yeares
out return®, a m ® in all that tin©; th©
rest have kspt there to oppose th© furi© of th® Dutch
lj-. Heed
had as a to th©
29 Ro® to the Best ihdia Company, P@b# l%f I6 1 8 , Poster

>aasy,.II. .. to l&ilis*
>118 *“211 Khan* k* ->~0 uue rot
_ . eolors, I#®*, under th® claim of toeing. Mulish,,
see E.B« tea®,
30 Sfun, A Dlseours© of «fe** and unto the
l«apiiMM©I^MMMMM<a^ >fii©»]Hin»
ser as Jy PtiFSms
frm
^31 ©5,©
190 for
to be only
the cloth, however, m there exists no real need for it
in India. Si®
bullion in ©xehang© for Indian
to taste for bullion
to bo one of tho
Uioaas Roe during M e
was denounced in for exporting bullion to
, was not published

oan fee that it refloats the trade
Hoe* s In spits of .ten;*© argu-
not waste money, and that
aiglsnd in
than the amounts fed, many economists of the tiê:j
fco Biddulph, •lug** -ill

rossee f, Oet* 1&* 1616 |o*s*}, ,a*Mf
y'JT*95l>» 126j Francis Fefctiplaoe fe fee
»* 1 * and Sov • 26 , Xol6 , B« 1.0 •»
ytmrfL? IV, 21|2-ig}.5 B..I*C.
itferje©, 23?! fepalariir
II, T H U
Il5
treasure Into fe© Best as a serious ©vil to- the stats.33

If th# East India Company was to suceoed in. est
ablishing trade in India it had to have hand monay* At
the same time, its policy of trading hull ion for Indian.:
eoscaodities was being opposed in Sigland on the ground that
It was detrimental to the welfare of the Ha,ti©xw3k Ihis
was fe© paradoxical problem which confronted Roe during' his
embassy. fe© measure of success achieved 'by Roe In. solving
fee problem would determine fee success achieved by fe© last
India Company in establishing trade relations wife India,
feere were two possible solutions to fee dlff ieulty ? to
continue the existing practice of trading European bullion
for Indian commodities in spite of fe© opposition to fee
practice, or to secure bullion by selling English commodities
Bullion so obtained could be used to buy Indian commodities
quit# legitimately without opposition. Since Bee belong®!
to fee group which opposed fe® exportation of bullion from
Europe, it was natural for him to ©hooca fee letter solution.
33 >, Loc+cit.. T, 2Tii, 2T8-?9f Factors at

‘ W'fllsglbl©), oct.18, 1 61 6 (o.s.), B.
Additional Manuscript £366, f*126f w. Foster, 3ngl-and13
est. 288y8S?| Sir Dudley Blggea, in fee Befenae of Wade.
** /* *|*t—*|gr, feat BagSSd"p^fili^rTOre by
ng bullion than
It' Is interesting to note feet both e and M m were
, end feet they were
a policy opposed by fe© English ambassador in
Irxdia. BIT fee attitude of fee factors bn fe© bullion
III.
3k Cosaaong Debates. 1621, II, 30, 138; 17, 19, 113; B.F,
HecSeEcr, terganiil.ism, {London, 1933)* II* 253.
At the time of M s arrival la India, to# was
of the exclusion of S cloth, on© of England*3
exports, and a at o u t to securo permission
■to India.^5 In a latter to the
the problem ®ad
a
our own
I Say© no sekill in particular
sooner and faster weaken us here then the want
©a, for I so© no Comodi tye that
to refeurne a ship yeayely# Our Cloth will .not
off. in many year©#} how© .I am perswaded twenl
will not selij Ha# ling. Is Glutted with the
last, and no man reguardes it* Swoordes & m
wooraej lead end teeth, i f t h e y will vent,
will they lad© fas ter &m% then, tmmm* For on#
years gould .or silvered velvettes, Grogr&ses,
Chanletba and silk stuffes may serve us, hut
aoethlag* ■ 3© that my opinion is.,
seeing our .state cannot bears the ear*
f many, except some new:-
trots th® East to serve
dome, it must fall^Jo ground by the
of its owns legga.r
*»* a 2 $ H $ # ri 6 i 5 > r ^ s ^ | 5 S » 79* 8fc*86|

jrrldge to Edwards, Oet* 23, l6l& (oTa*T7^.1| Additional
museript 9366, f ,20; She cloth market in Sadia was
glutted bef#r# Eos* s arrival* Xhomas Aldwortin and William
‘ *' io'^m ewpfcigr* lilti' r ' " ‘
February 26, l6l?, S.l.C,, liters
36 Roe to the Factors at Surat, April 26, 1616, Foster,

f». X* "
could not find- markets for their d o t h in India,
_ _.. ... was further depressed because of a
plague in western India during 1617 and l6 l8 j Factors
at Surat to Roe, July 23} Idem to idem, Sov. 29} idea
_Dec, 12 , l6 l6 (o*s*], B.ls A>Jditional Manuseripl
» * ** 'i, ikSt 155? Joseph Salbanke to the East India
Roe*© of how to s©cm*© th© Indian trad©
in faee of Indian desire fee? bullion instead of English
cloth, and th© ShgXIsh opposition to the export of bullion,
was thus given a plan, for solution when ho suggested the
now trial# which would serve India, However, this plan
Itself was-, to give rise to & xtmr and broader aspect of the
probleia, for Bo# w m then confronted 'with the- task of dot-
5 whare the new trade was to he found, and "wtsen found
it to fruition*
I21 .Jane, I6 l6 , Roe noted & suggestion given to
him respecting th© sort of ecjstaodltlss that would sell ia©re
than English sloth In India, Hi# suggestion was
than Gould*** fho silk , were

vary imich in the factors in th© Far
last were finding It difficult ©wen to supply the hoiaa
rmrket*^ During:- th®
erabaasy to India, the :
had been active in s th#‘potentialities of the Bast
for trade with,. Bagi-and Reporting on his visit with th©
-„j , «ovmnovr, ♦surat* rieai?s to 1

26| Salbsnk© to idem. lev* 22, 1617, E*X,
Eecelved, W 9 2 3 1 7 ^7 1<»U U 7 , VI* 201;
1617-1621 , 1T-10I Khan* 3*
3? So©, Journal, > :• t 1 * s* I.e.
Annals, I, Fester, gfT^sat. 289.
k9
^bass&dor of Slam in l6 o8 , Captain William lie

oat that that country whs a good market few?- Shglish cloth,
and that it could b© exchanged for gold, vrhleh was abundant
there* In l6 lip, He** Richard Cocks, Gapo-Morchant, expressed
th© hop© of procuring trad© with ehina*^® l6 ll, Captain
U l U i m Adams reported from Japan that the Hollanders war©
obtaining Japanese gold and silver for feolr coianodities;39
two years later Captain John Saris ©onfirmed fee report of
Dutch success in trading wife Japan mad urged feat English
coBtaodifcies ml^ht also be sold for Japanese silver* Saris
observed feat fee Dutch were soiling ISsglish broadcloths to
tlm Japanese for handsora© profits*. Later in fee sane year
Captain Saris m m fee right to trad® in Japan**!® fee hast
India Cospany, established in Japan shortly before Ho® want
to India, could not compete wife the overwhelming strength
of fee 'Dutch' and soon was forced to close its factory* Con
sequently, Ro©*s need for bullion could not be gratified from
feat quarter*^-
In Hovciabcr, l6 l5 » scarcely two months after his
■38 William Keeling, Journal, 160S 5 Richard Cocks, Journal,

15l4, Purchaa, II, 522, III, $§2$ E.I,C. Annals, I, 189 .
39 William Mams, Journal, 1611, Purchas, XI,
John Saris, Jouanal, I613 , purchas, 111, 1*65-68.
la s.x«c» X, 180; Warned..My feonqmon, (ad*), Diary
■mu*. II His
of •- brs, Capp-Merehmt in fe© Factory
In don, lEmr%~23.
another mans by which they could
products for 1 # and in turn make a strongor
tho Indian mmi m which could bo obtained
change fof bullion:
there is no such place for tho
fitt of our nation to settle a "
.saaa good
justice toward all what you vent
b® could for silkes (which are very vond-
■bar' ready morny* i t h e s e parts
the exportation of mo&pes
HcMefs was * for Shglish

a number of voyages to Persia in years*
In 1609# Captain Salbank© had voyaged th© Persian
ports and had done trading* He wrote to !

the particular English
which were in Persia* His list ineluded cloth in
the form of the eosaaon people* b
dyed cloth for th© richer people as
swords, shirts ©f stall In January, I61I4.,

factors * Bichard Steel and John
-* wcmtw wiiaaAdsioned by th® chief factor at Swat
nto explore trade potentialities in Persia”. By Hovembsr,
l|2 Ho®- to th® Bast India Company, Bear* 2l*., l6l5, Faster,
Embassy, 1 , 96.
I4.3 Joseph Salbanbe to Smyth©, 1609, Purehaa, III* 86*
of fee Grand Seignfar* fe® ftsrlrlfe leader at war wife Persia*
It w m supposed in fendon, furthermore, feat fee Persians
would trad® only for aonay, sad feat £600,000 a year would
be Beaded to carry on fee proposed trad®*^
A year later, Sy Moweisber, l6 l6 . Hoc bad eoiae to
consider fee propose plan for trade wife Persia m worthless „
He warned Sir HioaEas Snyfee of two things in regard to fee
fersiaatLfeadet feat fee necessary overland trans
portation of goods at fee expense of fee feglish would con
sume fee profits* fed- feat fee port of Omsus, fro© which a
goods vôuld b® secured* would be
Merchants at Surat* Jan* 2,

at- awefe* Ucrr* 28, l6liu E.I.O. letters Reeelvad. II,
208, 266-68, I?, 335n; E.I.C. Igr
l|£ Carew to ice* Jan. 18, l6l?, Carew
Calendar of State Papers. BoiaSstfe, iSST
ettlplaco to fee
S.I.C, letters Received« IV.*
more costly to defend than th® Indian port of Surat At
the same time, So® revealed that he had. given further con
sideration to other opportunities for th® Baglish to elimin
ate the exportation of bullion* In November, l6l6, h©
suggested to th® Bast India Company a seemingly more
practical means by which th# Indian trad® might b® sustained*
MXt J % m traffic Into th# Rod Sea^ is- more Important then all
other projects. My couneell .is- that one of your smallest
ship#®, with Mt® fittest Ehglish goodes and such other as
this Country yeildes , yearly goe in Company of the Guzeratbe#
./Sadian
mm traders north
. . . of Surat/
-mmc and trade for them selves for
raony, which. is taken in abundance, and return® la September

with them, to supply this Fla## * fh© Profifct exceedes
all the trades of Indya and will drive this alone”. Captain
Henry Pepwell reported t© the Sast India Company that the
Dutch had been trading in th# Red Sea under th© pretence
J46 Roe to Sraytli©, Hov* 27, l6 l6 , Foster, Embassy, II, 3531

hl.O, Letters Received, I?, . ifcaia Papers,
■ ‘ 'h&iiVg, T5Ii-i5mT k82-93i g « x * c T f *
fj to the Bast TndiiitrHra^ n m r,
oc?, X6l5j . Btddulphe to idem. 0##.* 1 6 1 6 , E.I.C.
\f 111, Bh> I1/, i'Sy-89 * Later events
wrong, as th© Persian trade did
prove profitable and subsequently saved the Surat
* •* — “ * -* - *.** Infra, Ch, IV, 67*, '
5%
fco seciff© such a treaty was that

ors considered such a treaty
thought that ites© should h© with
hi# control
and sut>jeefc to .♦ - Bo#*b 1
position, in l6lj? was for too weak fco permit him to negotiate
a
that ha was a formal
®80 the time of
acted the pas
of th©
it so<aa fco any that shall hoar©
that I was t# ©r to
Prodigall, lefcfc them Consider I was fco repayr© a ruynd.
and to make
his srrffsi in. India* Ho© eea»~
plained fco the Governor
fco Best in l6l2 ware not hy th©
k9 Faster, 1 * £fc'i
STJI*.
^0 Hoe, dournal, 3©pfc, 2f>, lÛ?, _X©^^*jCl,fc♦, 1,

®rds* '■* S*S* »
GrmiUi&r fco Hi© -gasfc India (HanMMar* Bee
Br* X » d * II, 2ty0 *
Indian officials. Ho requested speedy amends , inforsiing
th® Ctovernor that fcbe ISigllsh king ®is aide fee- reveng® what
soever is dared to be den© against M s 3^15®©!®“* Seeing
that the abuses were act readily halted, Bee decided to
present the problem directly to th# Moghul at their first
meeting,^
In March, 1616 , Sir ISiom&s presented to the Moghul
M s proposals for a treaty, fho Moghul received them and
informed Ho® that he should receive M s answer from Asaph
Charx, th® brother of th# Moghul fs favorite wife and on© of
his most eminent administrators In April Roe received
from A3 aph Chan the answer that his demands ware unreason
able and could not be accepted,^3 Four months later Roe
was still hoping that the Moghul might agree to th© terms.
Ihen he inspired of Asaph Chan what th# prospects might be,
he was answered "with many Complements of frendship and love,
but JTl*/ delayed mss with sentences and morality 1 that kings
were to be attended, and that things must come of them of
51 Hoe to the Governor of Surat, Oct, 12 and Oct* 19# l6l5f

Bo#*s list of Abuses to: the B'lgliah at Surat, April, 16l6
Joseph Salbsnfee to the Bast' India CoiEpany, Boveiabcr, 1616
3*1,C. Letters Received, III, 182-84/196*97, I?, 83-85,
d r n t «bssK:
* H & & ladies* 1513-1q16, h32, Rj8 j
i 7 ^ c T ^ T i 6 i 5 / I | H 7 , lj5i~52;
Factors at Surat ta idam, Got-*' 10; -KeerMg® to idem.
Oct. 27, 1615 (o#s.}
f,12, 12b, 22. So© also Appendix I*
52 Ho©, Journal, Mareh 26 , 1616, loo, olt*. I,
53 Roe, Journal, April 3, l6 l6 , hoc, cit., I, 156 *
their m r m mynde, without importunity©: that patience would
bring all to Finally, in September, l6l6 , th©
English ambassador received from Asaph Chan further critic-'
ism of his proposals. Boo was told that he should not seek
such a treaty, but- rather bo content to receive a flmaen,
Roe*a disappointment crept into his Journals *7 months I
had promise from weeks to week®, from day to day, Mid no
exception*,^ But his patience was not yet exhausted*
H® managed to discover that his proposal had been criticised
because of its length and great detail. Hopefully he re
drafted it. The abbreviated proposal, containing th© ess
entials of the former, provided that th© Baglish should b©
permitted to land their goods is peace and to sell them
free of duty other than the port customs which they expected
and agreed to pay. ih© English, also, were to be ipcmted
freedom to buy any goods in India.
She short version of Bo©** proposition to the Moghul
received no more sympathy than had M s earlier offer. Very
shortly after it was presented to Asaph Chan, Bo© was noti
fied that the most that -could, b© .given to him, was a fimaen.
He road th® flm m m » dedidcd thit it'eiwxiainwd clauses
required3 ©van. though ft was 'not guaranteed to- b© permanent;
$l\. Roe, Journal, July 28, l6l6 , loc.cit., 1, 219.

Bo©, Journal, Sept. !>., l6 l6 , loc.dit.» I, 260.
$6 Ibid.. 1 * 26^ 2.
his relationship with th© Moghul and his court was. the
of his stock of presents. Harly in l6l6 he wrote!

For presents, 1 have none, or so. m & mm that
they, ar® wears® then none? so that I have
resolved to give non©, for the last years
liberality© and provision of the Company
was m o b ••• as 1 earn no way equal* /ffeforr-
ing, no doubt, to, presents brought out by
Sbttrds in i6l5j7 Iherefor® I answer all
the Great ones: I com© from Eyng to Kyng,
not to prosit ©very man, but to
Justice for th® Injuries end ing£
offered his. Majesties Subjects,
M spit© of his inability to compote with the Portuguese in
either amount or quality of presents, Hoe sosmod to be able
to gain th© Moghul*© attention and favor* H© no.tod the
weakness for rod win© and advised -the last India
to send several cases Mthat will bo nor® welcome
than h© richest Jewell in Choapsyde”. Amongst the larger
gifts provided by th®' Bast India Company at I!oe*s request
was an
Roe to th© Ehglish Ambassador at Consiantinopl®, Aug. 21,

I6lf, E*I*C. better® Rooelved. IV, 281, VI, 298.
58 Roe to Keeling, Jan* 13, 1616, Foster, iMfasay, I, xvii.
59 Roe to the India Company, Jan* 25, I616 , Foster,
t H.I.C* .l&frtwawi Received. IV, p~2tj State
li55*“W j Ro®, Journal, April
I Court Minutes of the last
, State Panors. last Indies*
1617^1621 , 62-631 Wolseley Hal§, B^ e
Pecean*r,’',|3he CaSrldge History of India. IV, 260*
flie Moghul*s court was a nest of vanity and hyp©**
onlay, to which Boo refused to conform. Perhaps it was
because of M s self-respect that ho won the regard of the
Moghul, M though h® rocaivod fewer privileges than other
envoys at court.# At times, however, 1m m m unable to stand
aloof from the Venality which surrounded hlra. In l6l7, he
found it necessary to bribe Asaph Cfnen wife a very valuable
pearl in order to gain M s cooperation in securing a new
fimacm applicable to the next fleet to arrive froia E n g l a n d .^0
Unlicensed trading by Shall sh merchants in India
was forbidden by tit© East India Company, but was practiced
on a seal® sufficient to constitute a. lasting problem for
Bo©« In 1617 he fisted out that he could instance sorie
English merchants that only employed their own stock, and
did no other business, who had return©! to Shgland nand live
now at home in pleasure1*. Bichard -Steel w m on© of those
guilty of the practice,, and Ice did not. hesitate to condersn
the Company fco* sending that trader to India,^ *H# £&%©el/
60 Hoc, Journal, -Oct* 6 , 1617j idem to Wirmood, lev# 30,

I616 , Poster, 13obassy. II, 3£B7h26-28$ l&gy to the
English t e b a s s S ^ a t Cons tantinople, AugTfT, 1617,
l.X.C. Letters Received, VI, 296*'
61 Roe,' Joitmsl, Mov. t, 1 6 1 7 , Loe,cit,, II, i|ipa-ip3t Sc® -
Ibid., II, l|39a* for a brief account -of Richard Steel
onOiis plans; S.I.C. Annals, I, 131$ Salbanko to lit®
last India Company, Ifoveaber l6lo* John Brown® to idem,
P®b. 10, 1617$ Surat Factors to idea,- F@b* 26, l6lT|
Fopwoll to idem, -torch 7, 1617; "ice' to Rerridg©, toe-* 6,
l61?* B*I.C’l ^ c r s Received, If, 228, y*. 118, 160-8I,
VI, 216.*- It ’should also b© notsd that condoled criminals
earn© hither exposting to command us all, ever mentioning
his desarts and creditt with you; hut I have a little
humbled him. Tao great images you gave him made all your
f ac tors eager to return | who say they tr&vcll her© and a
llghfc-braya©& aaa that goes home and fills- your SiS*3 with
fables shall re turn© In better ©state then they for payn-
full serviceR. hoe, distrustful of Steel, sited an
oec&sion when Stool acted us an interpreter between the
Moghul and the ambassador and took the opportunity to inter
polate and twist th® words to M s own selfish advantage.^
throughout his embassy, the ambassador's 'effectiveness at
Mi© Moghul's eourfe was reduced by the rivalry of this
private trader. Steal had the capacity to attach himself
to th© Moghul, gaining his support by suggestions of various
high-sounding but impractical plans, such m that to provide
60
& wafcer>~works was ra&sch s

for his unworthie carriage abroad, Maying parfowaied nothing
'that was intended and resolved of at Mis departure, tot hath
brought toe® a groat private trade .«« and wronged ray Lord
linbassador a falsa and surmisod contestation and
arrogating a hinder title and plat© to- himself then ©Ter was
intended*^- . Ho© bitterly complained of St©el in a letter
to Sir Itoms Ssytto: he stressed that Steel had so firmly

established himself with, the ffegtol that it'would impair
Ho© *s cordial relations with the m l or* if ho complained

about Steel. Bo-© further surmised that "he surely either
topes to mippI«at ae©# -and to aueeeed {for so some tya© his

»
Si© state of Roefs health during M s stay in India
was not the least of his difficulties. His illness gar©
him some concern, ©specially when to was forced to travel
over-land in India well over l£0O Miles while following the
Ifonhul court. s i t i n g to Sir ftoows Smyths only a
63 John Brown to idem, Feb. 10. 16X8. ■Sfe’

tft Paeers* .last.
mi* m m k M m *
Ll _Kerridg@ to idem.. Feb. $?> l&ly*
6||. Court limbos of the S&at India
6$ Roe to Siayfeto, Feb. 16, 1618 , Foster, IM?asay, II, 501j

i« East i61?~l62I> '$3PSC
few months after his aih'ival in India, Roe complained of ill
health in the. now mvfSxosmmit* Ho continued to stiffon from
the strain of taoving -about India, often tolerating the most
primitive living conditions His .personal difficulties
and sufferings were bremg&fe to th® attontloii of the Company*
*1 was not bom® to a Ilf® smooth, and ©asyj all ray action,®
have boene singled with crosses and rubbes, that I might
rather say I wrestled then walked toward aay Grave*
66 Hoe to Sisythe, l6 l6 , Foster, liabyay. I, 119a*, feeler,

10, For a m&p of S&o*-m traveXs'In India, see ibid., I,
272. For various references to Roe*a illnesses, see
|b|i!.,yE, m , 99, 106, 105, 119n, 134, 16&S IX, 319n,
67 Hoc to th® Bast India Goapany, Mov, 24, l6l6, Foster,

gtebaaay;, II, 343*
62
CSsapb©r J¥
Achievements Eff@e feed During; Hoe *s Embassy.
1« Extension of trade. & February, l6 l6 , John

Crouther returned to India from his Mission to Persia.
He delivered to Sir Hjoaas Roe copies of letters of in
struction from the King of Persia to M s viceroy and gov
ernors of ports which directed tham to extend privileges of
trade to the Shgllsh that they might freely enter any ports
of hia dominions .*• Roe promptly despatched a letter to th©
King of Persia in which he expressed his gratitude for the
invitation to “entertayne fee traflqu© of our nation with
fr@nd.ship and amity©0. He went on, however, to assert that
he had information that the King of Persia had sent to Spain
an ambassador instructed to contract to sell all Persian
silks to that country, and insisted that Persia’s invitation
to the English merchants would be meaningless if the Spanish
secured a monopoly of th© silk trade. Roe argued that Persia
would be more able to profit in trade if she refrained from
granting monopoly contracts and opened her ports to all
1 Roe to the King of Persia, Feb. ill, l6 l6 , Foster, Embassy,

I, 1321 Factors at Surat to the last India Company, Hov.
* Crouther to idea, March 1, 1617, E.I.C. letters
IF, 33lf5 ¥, ,:nfjl'j State Papers. Bast Ihlfes. '.
63
nations. lie concluded the letter by threatening to estab

lish trad© with Persia by fere© against the Spanish, if
their eontract to Monopolise the trade was approved#** Sir
Thomas apparently hoped that th© English factors would stand
by on th© Persia venture until he had determined the final
outcome of th© Ferslan-Spsnish trad© proposal, for when h®
learned that the Surat factors had resolved to send a ship
to Persia, independent of his eounsel, he was incensed.^
®he factors at Surat, trader the direction of
Thomas Kerridge, realizing that So® would not give auth
orization to open trade with Persia until he was Informed
of the outcome of the Peralan-Spanish negotiations, believed
that such a postponement was senseless, They were confident,
in view of recent defeats of the Portuguese, that the risk of
attack by them was small. The factors, also, were quite
aware of th© lagging market for English conEaodities in India,
and were anxious to move the surpluses that were not saleable
there The factors had selected Edward Connoek to act as
2 Ho© to the King of Persia, Feb, lij., l6 l6 , Foster, .

I, 132-33.
3 Roe, Journal, lev* 6 , I6 l6 , Loe.clt., II, 330-311 He© to
Smyth®,
} ft i
A^
Hov.
__ .
27, l6 lo,X '» Stat©
. ' _ —.emeniiuiOiUB
faper3 ,,1East 11Indies,
*|iP»mjffmnmmf’ I
I5l3-l6l6.
002-83s Ideia to Kerridge* Jan, 5. 1617, S.x.C. Letters
Received ,"1fr*22g- “*
1}. Consultation of last India Company Factors, Oct# 2, 1616;
Ro® to the Siglish Ambassador at Constantinople, Aug,21,
1617, B.l.C* hetters Received. IV, 189-£3| VI. JOOj Factors
at Surat to (aMress®© iilogible), Oct.18, l6lo (o*s.}, B.l
Additional Manuscript 9366, f . 126b, 127* See also Append
ices V, VI, VII, VIII.
James embarked from Surat for Jasqu.es to to© Persian Gulf
Mi©n Roe learned that toe cargo of to© James was composed
of toe surpluses of merchandise not wanted to India* h©
criticized to© fetors for sending such a ©ergo of goods
which he considered strictly second-rat©. He claimed that
such a class of goods would prejudice toe Ring of ...Persia
against to© English and “fore© him to favor to© Spaniard
and Fortng&Xl* with their better el&Sc of merchandise. ' - -
Reporting to toe Governor of toe East India Company* ■to
London* Roe remarked skeptically that if toe newly inaugur
ated toad© to Persia was successful, *1 shall rejoice against
Four months after its departure from Surat* toe

James returned from Persia* Roe»s pessimism proved to be
unjustified as to© returned ship provided toe factors with
“good hop© of a fair trad®1** In a relatively subdued letter
to to© factors at Surat, shortly after toe return of to© James
to© Factors at Surat,

r., 1615* E.I.C. * IV, 220-214.; See
V.
6 Roe to to© English Jjabassador at Constantinople, Jug. 21*
l6l7, fdesa to Smyth©, Jan. 16* l6l7, E.I.C. Letters Received.
VI* 3(fflT, 3291 Biddulph to-'to© East India rK m » a n y 7 in'i5©c.
31* 1615* State Papera* .Baft M e s, 1513-16x6, J4B7 . John
Croutocr, ^TO^®5TôughTî© loFEers to Roc^roe to© Sing
of Persia in I616 , agreed with Roe about to© rashness of
toe factor© 1 decision.. -Crouton to idea. March 1, l6 lf*
E.I.C. Letters Received. V* 132| Stali© Papers* Bast Indies.
65
In Mareh, 1617, Roe expressed satisfaction at its safe return. ^

Edward Conaock had bean successful Im, securing a firmaea £fsm
the King of Persia. Ft provided that th® aiglish 'would be
charged tm extra eus tons, that they would not be hindered
from buying victuals and munitions in Persia, that they would
be free to buy and sell as they wished, and that they might
live in Persia under theirc m laws and religion* One of
Connoek*s subordinates in Persia reported to Londons • "the
la that we can demand nothing;
in reason that will be denied usff.® Sir Ihoiaas
Ho© was not apparently displeased to l@am of Connoek’s success,
teat when he learned that Connoek had assumed the title of
ambassador he became severely critical, forecasting ill con
sequences of such misrepresentation.^
Possessing a finaaen from the Parsian King, the
East India Company merchants were now prepared to pro ject a
new trade* They proposed to take away from the Turks their
long-establlshcd silk toad© with Persia*. She fact that
Turkey was at war with Persia meant that there was a surplus
larch 1}., 1617; Eo® to the Factors at

Surat, March 10, \ IS,1*0* otters Received. V, 135, 336.
6 Fetttsa to Middleton, June 2, l6l7j King of persla’s
Firmaî granted to Connoek, 1617, E.I.C. betters. Received.
^,
9 Roe to the Fa#tors at Surat, April 7, l6l?f idem to Kerr-
idge, April 25, 1617, E.I.C. -betters Eecelved. 7. 3l*2, 200-
051 m s M Papers* last I n d l e s r ^ ^ Z * ! ^ ! * 2g«
66
of silk awaiting export In Persia, and a co-exiafcing demand

ift Persia ter English cloth said swords Per teeir army.
Connock repox'ted that tee advantages to tee Persian trad#
were unparallelled.. ’
Exar© was a market Per the imedlate
sale of all, tea English cloths and kersles which Might be
sent . He also elaimed a demand Per w100 tons of llxgllsk
tin, and some quicksilverw, to August, 16X7, Connock added
sugar and. spices to- tee l.S#t of marketable comriK>dIties.3:0
Xhc craftyOonmock sax? no reason tey English eoCTaodliles,
supposedly cloth and swords, -could not be sold to ‘
.Turkey
also, ®iii an indirect manner through.Persia®*^ Ho informed
tee Bast India Company teat he reckoned teat Persia would bo
able to- supply Surat with Pour or five hundred bales oP raw
silk yearly.3^
the prospects for trad© in Persia were considered
so good by Connock in tee Spring of 1617 teat ho wrote to tee
10 Cannock to tee Factory -at Surat, May lg, ten© 8 , l6 l?,

cited m E.I.C. Annals, 1, 198| Alsaro lani, Venetian
Ambassador at Canstsaatinople te tec Bo®© and Senate,
April 29, 1617 , Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts,
cited m v.
f \wuuwu,
Company, tea© 2, 16X7;
im m * M m * U» 5, 4617, B.X.0,
'S.I.C. Annals. I, ■533=55 .
11 Connock to -te«East India Coiap&rxy,Aug*Ip,16-17, in
^ster, Ibtelted, VI, f#.
12 Connock to teeBast India Company,ten©2, 1617 ,in
Y^ter,-tetter. Rteciircd, V, 28$.
6?
to send all of the nest

to Persia for the purpose of contributing to
and pro tooting the ncwly-os tablishod trad©. I
B » now trade
with Persia seased to b© an- adeqxiate eompousation if .not a
In
t a letter in which
ho expressed approval of the Persian vmture and authorised
him to conclude ®or ©an#© to fee
between the King of Persia and the !3agliah,
still critical of Conaoek*# presumption in- taking th®
title of ambassador, Ho# had- begun to support th# trad© with
Persia* In October, l6l7 , Roe received a commission from
the last India {ksm&BXij granting, hi®:authority over all th©
factors is th© India region* Ihough ho th<m had th# author
ity to recall Connoek from Persia, he did not do so.^
Instead, ho authorized Gonmck to negotiate a permanent
treaty which would lord stability to the intercourso betaken
”th# Bagltsh and th© subjects of the Shabms of Persia*-. 1®
13 Roe to Factors at Surat, April 7,. l6l7| Patters in

Persia to Factors Surat,- May 15» 1617, 1*1,C,
V,
* ** '
'
James to ft#©, F#b* It. 1617. Foster, arifeessy, II,
, a».t Btdha. i6 i7-x5 grrrf.
15 Phis eoBsalsslon is not ©octant, but is referral to ins
A consultation aboard the James Royal, 0et. 2, 3,617*
betters Received, Papers* last
‘ E.I.C. Asmals. l5 ”l 9 M 0 s
ii?, 7p*
specifically instructed Oonnock that fete© goods Imported
part In English and southern spices and of one-third

'tslC
part in money. 16
In- l6 l8 , a treaty was concluded between the English
factors In Para la and fete© Persist court* It incorporated
th© provisions of fete© i6 l? firmaens and ©sfcabliateed those
provisions on a mna*& permanent basis* In London fete© agree
ment was welcomed as. a mesas of seeuring fete# rich' silk trade
"which. will ruin fete© Barks and much enrich England*. tinder
fcho provisions of th© treaty, it was agreed that fete© English
would exchange spices, English goods,, and money in equal
quantities of value for fete© Persian silks,x7 fbnugh Roe
did not go fco Persia to conclude the treaty with that country,
he sent a list of requests fco th© H a g of Pars ia and issued
very detailed instruction# fco fete© factors there, ©a- fete© basis
16 Commission from Roe to fete© Factors ia Persia, Get* 6 , 16IT1

Ho ©»3 Insfcmetioaa fco Gonaoek, October, l 6 l 7 t E.I.C. Letters
^ | © i ^ * VI, W l * 1 S ^ State m m m , * East Indies.
17 Pory fco Carl©ton. Oct* 31, .3618, €■

’ ~ y T M f r m M * $&91 iWr '
1, «n© ReJstiona of'fete© Crosote

. x”» W S & S S & A teiofcy.
Series 2, (London, 1899)* Will, 223*
18 Ro® fco Robbins. Jan* 17. 1617. State Peaces * -.®asfc Indies.
„ XOi S. I.e. £»ttwa S ^ T S t ~ ^ ’C T t . l~,^ ' d r.
-
IX. ld«& *le 'lyliiag

.__________ .3, I 6l7l ‘ idea fco
, Feb. k -t 1618, Foster, Embassy, ft. lj22,
M February, l6 lO, Hoe reported to the Bast India
Company that th® conclusion of the trade agreeraent with
Persia offered fee *be&t. trade of all India and will yield
you m a t certoya© Profifcfc*. siting to King Jsae.s at fee
seme tlrae, ha declared that the treaty wife Persia contained
sgf*l# Priveledges granted unto your
1
for feair acceptance sad qulett Ooimerce.
By October, l6l9, loo was back in London and fee Persian
trad# m m thriving. Eerridge.reported feat, insofar ms fee
Company had sent out a largo supply of money .and. .goods in the
1619 fleet, «i* has been resolved to order fee whole fleet
thither ^pg Persij^.20 1619 , after Roe *3 departure

from India, fee main occupation of fee Company* s servants on
the west coast of India was to improve fee trad© wife Persia
year 21
!|62 -66 . a©# sent instructions for th© conclusion of fe©

treaty to fees# factors* 1 Conmeek died during fee
of 1017-18 , hence his work In concluding fe# treaty
bo carried on by those other factors, sot to Koe*s
Bom appointed IHomm Barker ®ehief Manager of the East
India Company*s affairs in Persia8, to succeed Cannock.
Minutes of- Consultations'hold, at Shlras.and Ispahan, Feb.
2 , 1618 , state B m m m * Hast M b , 1617-1621 , 159-60 .
Ho© to fe® m m India Company, -Feb.. Ik, 1618 . idem to

James, Fob* 15, l6 l8 , Fester, Sabassy . II, '
State Papers, .last Indies, 110-1211 12
20 Kerridg® to the Bantam Council, Oct. 9, 1019, Foster,
Factories, 120 f Mar ion! to fee Bogs, Sept* 20, 1019,
Calendar of .Stmt© Papers, Venetian, .101^-1021, 1I4.-1 5 .
21 S.1.C, Annals. I, Slip. According to fee Cot*q>any*3 records.,
fee atferaei^s #f fee Doispsmy1© factors was drawn even more
to fee trad© wife Persia, during fee years 1020, 1021 and
~ ~~ I ,220*
70
In EovGhb@r, 1617, Hoo consulted with Fleet 0obi»~

sndoi* Bartln Pring about Inaugurating trad® with tho Rod
Sea ports* fhsy believed that the Portuguese iiemM not
prove to bo an Insurnsountablo throat In the Rad Sea waters*
toe planned to -enter the Red Sea trad® by either establishing
a direct- trade from Ilngland, or by carrying into the led 3 m
goods- of the CMserattoo of India, who were incapable of
clefending themselves against the Portuguese.22 In February,.
I0 I8 , Roe issued instructions that a ship be sent into the Red
Sea, and a wenth later, the inn®. Roysll embarked from Swally
for the Red 3mm. port of Meba, Captain Andrew Shilling was
“begin a trade ” and to
authorised by Roe to ' m m k a fimaen
for ihe %sfe conduct© for a Herchsurifc to come ashoar© ...
for tho fro© sale of en? goodes“*23 Captain Shilling was
successful in obtaining .a flrgx&en front the Governor of Mobs
by which the English. .ware allowed “freedom of trade, and pro
tection to their persons and'property*. Hi® flrmaen was
not issued barely for the.benefit of that particular voyage,
as it- was applicable “to any© of ther n&ti-ma hereafter to
come and 30® to this port® ^Sbh*£f or any other portes within
22 -Roe to Korridgc, Oct, 21, l6l7j Idea to Fring, lev, 8 ,

1617j Pring to the M m t Sadia Company, lev* 12, l£>17j
Roe to Eerrl&M©, S n * 2, l6l?j .2,1,0* Letters..Received*
VI, X29#.l£33&» 176, 210|
m i -vm.* 5ft, 73 , 81-82 *
23 Roe *s InstimetIons for the Slip Intended for the Rod Sea,
Feb, l4» 1618, Foster, Ijftaesy, II, I#2-93; Bdwerd
Hoyncs, Journal, March, lol8 , Furchas» 17, 5l|.?*
n
our governmentM. la the English request to establish a

factory In, Moha, the Governor replied that they should be as
welcome Has to m y place In our own© Oouatrey** and vowed that
they should b© as secure ”as In our own© land** Ha® flm&en
signed by the Governor of Koha also provided that the English
might bring goods In and out free of customs duties*2^
Siough th© profits from th© sal® of Ssgliah commod
ities In Moha was not as high as had been hoped for, th©
spices and Indian commodities found a ready and profitable
market. Ha© English ©loth found Its best market in the city
of Sinan rad its adjoining country where the colder ©liaat©
stimulated a demand for woollens. Sinan was about a five-
days journey from Moha.2^ la 1619, th® factors at Moha
calculated, that they had profited nearly "a hundred per coat®.
On til© success of the led Sea venture f Kerridge expressed the
belief that Mf2his trad® Is too good to b© lost, and they will
further consider th© means of persecuting prosecuting lttt.2?
E.I.C. tenals, I, 205; Fimaea from Pasha of Sana, July 1,

1018, in Wster. Factories, 30-30J Hoe to Governor of
Moha, Feb. 16, 161^,ôsfer, &ban*r. II, 5l5j State
immm* SmM mmrn*
2$ Copy of th© Governor of Moha* a Plrmaen, 1618, in Edward
Hsyrtes, Journal, 1018, Purehas, IV, 55E» 558j Hal#! Baga,
Governor of Moha, to Hoe, teg* IT* 1018* State Papers,
gust Sadies,, .1011-1021* 183*
26 Haynes, Journal, Soe.eit., IV, 560-001 Kerridg© to the
Bast India Company, March 12, 1619, in Poster, Factories.
78.
27 idem to John Brown, Oct. 19, 1019* Ibid..
72
Upon his r*tea to Xxradon in 1619 , Sis* fhomas Son reported

to the last India Company Court upon the status of th© Hod
Sea trade;
And this trad® in tym© say b© enlarged by th®
English m other eorasaodltyos may be gotten
from sundry other places of th© Indies, and
wilb© th© life of th© Surat and Persia frad©
to supply both those places with ssony®.
Prior to Ho© *3 i tli© wealth of
relatively unknown to th© In l6 l6 the
English ambassador reported to th© *s factors at
Surat that he had been promised a firman entitling th©
fihgllah to trade with Bengal* !Hiere was a good deal of
discussion between Ho© and the factors regarding the poss
ibilities of that trad©* fh© fetors wer© not anxious to
undertake it, thinking that there would be little demand
there for Bigllsh products* Both Ho© end th© factors were
aware that th© Dutch and Portuguese controlled th© coastal
region and ports of Bengal, and that if the trade was to be.
developed, it would be necessary to approach the peninsula
by land, which they considered would be ttraore hazardous and
chargabl© then the bennefitt by th# sal© of a smale quant©ty
w answer . fit© fact that the Portuguese 1 were
28 Court Minutes of th# Bast India Company, Oct* 6 , 1619,

- -1# East ladles» 16X7-1621, 300-01f Foster,
m m * 11* 5^*^
29 Ho© to the Factors at Surat, May 26, l6 l6 * idem to the
last India Company, Bov* 2I4., l6l5, Foster, kubaasy. I, •,
99J Ho©, Journal, March 26 , 1616 , Loc.elt**""I. 152i Ho© to
«■— Dec. 6 , 1617 , Fceter, iâggy. II, 1}1$9; State
»t ladles,* 1p 1?-i 621 » 1^2-<%j Factors at'lhtrat to
», Jay 23 & July""23," '16l671t.I.C . letters Received * IV,
315* 3 ^ “27| Wilbur, 2t$2-l0
73
so dominant on th© coast ©f Bengal— th© only place la fee

conn try Mwhere feer© Is any hop© of to«8M£ltt*-*-wa& no doubt
the principal deterrent to th© opening of trad© relations
with Bengal.3° toother factor which caused th© English to
hesitate in opening trade there was the objection raised by
the Governor of Surat that the English would send their better
goods to Bengal to the neglect of Surat.33,
fhongh the projects for trade wife Bengal were not
carried, into realisation during Ro© *s embassy in India, "a
foundation had been laid* upon which trade was begun after
Roe*s departure. In 1620, an Baalish ag©»t m m seat to
Patna, a market town,, on the outskirts of Bengal away from
fee Portuguese dominated coast. By 1621 fee fegllsh had
established a factory there and had begun a trade for Bengal
silk.32
?iiil© Roe opposed fee export of bullion from
Europe into tola# and declared it his policy to keep such
30 Roe to fee Factors at Surat, May 26, Bov* 12, l6 l6 ,

April 7 and June 6 , 1617, Foster, Babaasy. X, 2l8nf II
IqPn-fjOn.; idem to the Bast India "6Sp«ay>, Fe
Feb. l4; 1618,
State Papers . Bast Indies* 1617-1621 , 118-21; Foster,
O T s ifukerjee, 136 .
31 Roe fe Esrridge, Bee* 6 , l6l7| fe fe© Bast India
Company, Feb. 2l\.t 1 6 1 8 , Foster, awaoaij
assy. II, l#f, 458;
J.4., i
§ M & L m m . > Jagl .Jill- IggU 182-84.
32 M m fe Kerridgo, Oct.. 21, l6l?, E.I.C. Letters
WTi ■State. Papers. Bast Indies B.I.O.
Wilbur,
tain that policy. though the Ionslan trade proved to be a
thriving market fen Shglish cocaaodlties, It soon became
obvious to th© factors participating that the trade, If it
were to continue, required bullion as well m- Shglish goods,
lha Governor and officials of Hie East 'India Company In..
London expressed their satisfaction If the Pens Ians would
accept at least one-half of the total English export tp that
country in Ehgllah eoimodltlos • Hoe m m informed by th®
■Persian ambassador in India that the angllsh could not .hop©
for success In establishing trade with Persia ’’unless© w®e
resolved to bring two thlrdes fiionyn,33 Sir ihomas had
hoped to reduce such of the movement of bullion into India
from Europe* However, this proved t© b# Impossible, for
He® need for bullion from !3urope increased during Roe*s
r, aid the confirmed movement of bullion into Hte iSast
la l600, the East India Company was
permittod, under It* original charter, to. carry out of
>,000 of foreign bullion *i» any on® voyage8*
year- ©f Roe* a eashassy the sum was changed to
&6<>»QG0 per annua, and in l6l8, th® Bast India Company
reeeived aroyal grant which empowered them to
33 lee to Pring, teg* 3®, Sept * 29

of the East
I*Cv First
1931 }* II
7S
fealltofi to fee value of HOQ,G00 yearly.

Xn I6 l9 , tossa© 1 was persuaded by the Bast India
CosgHgagr that im would not %©vols® ox* diafearg© any liberty
which Si© .last todto Company bad,, or ©u#it to. bar® by fe©
lawful U 3© and exorcise of feexr ©barter”. la fee years
to lolp, Inclusive, the period in which Ho© was in India*
fe© Bast India Company exported I»376,7li7 -in bullion. .Prom
1600 to 16XI4, Inclusive, fe© Company exported fel?0,879 In.
A toe last India Company*s Patent, December, 1600, is in

Purohas, II, 382-83, 3a© ©Is© LIpson, II, 277-78, and
B.I.C. tonal©, I, 137i Letters Patent to the Bast India
CoiapanyT M y 11 , l6l5 & t o . l6 . 3.6*6* S»XJC.» giyat
^ ^ ■ -aodjt.:1*6 ?, 500s j b & U , 163 et.s©Q, for $Se"& 0 t
India Company Charter j Lleenoe fe fee Bast India Company
fe export bullion, July 5, l6 l6 , Calendar of Stat© Papers,
1611 -1618 , 375?.
35 il, 216, cited la Xhan,

rexai iiaiafclous Bet®©on India and
xSS^ r W m t :
man. to 1021,. a ^Comifct©© of Grlev-
m m & m was appointed fe fe© House of CosaBons fe Investigate
fee reasons for fe© ssfsyeily of m m w to. fegland, It to
interesting fe. not® feat thsr© was much condeimation of
fe# torf'toito Ceopsay** polley of exporting bullion to
fe# I k m m m * dobafes of feat year, but feat fe# aforesaid
committee ©©welded feat fear© was a fetal, of twenty-four
causes for fe# *d©©spe of monay" of which fe© 'tot India
Oompenyto policy was only one, Qemgnaig Debafea, 1621, II,
212-131 F7, lii-9-SO; 7. tol-93i " t t ^ T t W ' f e tLSBar
(London, 1606), 1, 1187-89, 1191).-
did not take t""fee Oomli"too bi
Grievances dotomtosd feat there wore other reasons for
fe©: shortage of ® s » y .to fegland. Ho refers fe fee Como-
Itfee's conclusion, but cites fe® Bast India Companyto
policy as th* only reason for ..fee shortage, neglecting
to mention feat there wore many other reasons. Khan, p2.
76
■toother factor mint be examined In determining

the offsets of Roe *s embassy. Doubtless the fact that
the East India Company was increasing the sis# and number
of its ships during Tioofe embassy contributed to the success
of its venture in India* Sir Dudley Digges noted that in
l6l5 the Bast India Company was building larger ships, such
as "one of 1100 tonne, the other of 900 t o n n e " . t o
October,. l6l£, the fleet sailing fmm London fe India was
said to be "three large ships"* to February, 1616, fee
number of the fleet for India from London was "six large
ships, excellently provided with everything necessary",
to July, 1616, Sir Thomas Smyth©, in behalf of tho Bast India
Company, received a bounty for building "three large ships".
to 1617, th® last India Company christened "seven ships, all
new", for the Bast India trade* They were judged "tho
finest that have ever been scon at sea".37
to January, l6lS, the last todla Company sent out
"nine strong vessels" for India, Six months later, fee
Company m m paid a bounty "for building two ships, fe©
and tho Slitsabefe of London".^ Lafe to feat year
36 Dudley Defence of Trade, (London, l6l5 ), 22.

37 Fosesrinl_ to^ th© Cogs, Oct. 9, l6l5; Barbarigo fe idem.
36 Chjamberlaln fe Carlefen, Jan. 31| Warrant fe the East

Calendar of State Papers.
India Company % a v a forty-five fin© galloons, of more than
2,000 butts each, built for war , and so well constructed
.and armed as to cause amassmentH,39 'Hi© total tonnage of
ships that sailed into Indian waters from England between

l6 lj> and 1 6 1 9 , I n du s ire, was 2 3 ,009 tons, 'Bmt five-year
period showed an increase of 3 , 8 1 9 tons over fe®. total
tonnage of ships feat sailed to fee Bast Indies fro® fegland,

l6 0 I to I6 1 I4., inclusive,^
*Smmas- Muxs clalxaed feat fe® S&st India Company had

seat nmoro WaresTt to India la fe© years 1617-1619, inclusive,
"then in the sixteen® yeeres before”. In. February, 1617,
fe® trade of fe© East India Company was considered to be
flourishing and its prospects sound; fcl,1|DQ,000 was "advent
ured for fee next four yearsR. In September, I617 , two
lightly over 1000 fens.

I4O Ibid*, 323, 33l|-“37* Krishna based his account on facts
derived, fro®, offfetal records in.fe® .British Museum,
India Office,, and fee- Public Record Office*
t|l sum* Bfeccaaroe. Pur#has, V 27*:>; fee also John
Fy», Diary, iSrO l6 , l6.21,. CfeBgons Dcfayfeg, l6gl» IV,
229.1 Chamberlain, to Carlefen, Feb, <3, 1517, Qaloodar
78
and lSl9, Inclusive, the East India

exported from England goods to th® value of £152,000
During that three-year period the value ©I' goods
was nearly 112,000 |p*©»tor than th© value of goo
M i l6l6, Inclusive.*^-2
2* Portogues©. Dutch, and Inter.lopora. Si©
viewed with Intense hostility the arrival of- the
tho Persian Gulf in l6l6, tout failed* !£&& Ce&p&ry factors

to- Persia felt ©ospolled to inform the factors at- Surat
to 1617 that %©¥©r wot® those our adversaries /£Eh©
Portugu®s©7 ®Q ©agerly bent against your trade at Sur-att as
now they are against our plantation here”. to© factors to
Surat wore requested to provide protection in Persia 'toy
sending to the English fleet.^3
Though So© was not granted M s request for permiss
ion to use offensive tactlss against th© Portugese, th©
ih. did net remain on the defensive during all of Roe *s
1617, Captain .Martin Prlng Issued a
Boge^'Sept, 25,
. Venetian» 1617-16X9 , 10*
l\2 Krishna, 282
Cmmeek and Factors In Persia to th.© Factors at Surat,
Juno 8, 1617; Fas tors- to Persia to th© Factory at Surat,
Say 16, l6l7, B.l.C * Letters Received, If, 302, 23gMy0j
Arthur 0. pops and Sir’reaSsy M n S S s r t o . *»««<»*
s7)’» 30/il, 57 9 -8 0 *
eosaalssi©n to W m skip bound for Persia from Surat, lax which
the principle of fighting only 2a defence seams to have Boon

■itsgioctod*. She® stated that if this English ship
net with any Portuguese ships* tho HagXlsh captain was to
ttus© /yourT host endeavour to t&fe® and surprise

Portuguese/, for the cn
i@a Eo© dispatched a ship to trade In th#
Rod S©m in February, l6 l8 , his instructions to Its captain
reflected rattier a lack ©f literal obedience of the Singhs

regulations against offensive fluting.*. Roe declared that
ttif you meet© any ahlppe or Juncfe© freiîted by the PortIng
alls or the goodos of any Moore or Banian* *.. of all /iuch7
ships and goods# you shall make prise, slgnifising to all.
persons that you proceed la this Course with the Portingalls
and theyr Subjechos only to Cowell, theja to suffer the Seas
to be free and Corner©'© open” This ©hang© in policy was
reflecfcod also, ia So#-*# :strict control of trade in tho Rod Sea
ports * Ho issuei a statement to all ship commanders In
i|ip Pring, Commission to: dote. Hatch, Faster of the Boo* Hor*
8 , 161?, S.l.c. te&msm B©©©ived, VI, 1581 ats
Bast Jhdleg, ' l6l6, Isaacs T s d i l K S
m Hast .India
©rs against flatting, except in defence j So© ******».-,.
*b©dera,
'«»'"»|grr '(■*«* i-'wwy -'Convention©®
«M ***1- ijjLiterae,
wr'Wij tr iOTm %Jthl«l|MS*- eh ©uiuseunctue
wUm# ' ^
, w i«;^ i«m»jfci mu generis
fc* -'lL.*—.l- y *
acta publics, (London, 17X7), (honsaftor cited as Feeders),
XTO,'^“^ — ■■ - .
k$ Ho®, Instrust ions for th© Slip Intended for th® E©d Sea.,
Feb.,. 1I4., 16I8, Foster* .Hjfeysg* II, k93i Prtag to th©
Company, Ilov* ^2, Td17* §i
7-1&J '
00
danuary, l6l8, Inftorjalng t$MB that he had issued a pass bo

m Sadian ship Which giiareaiteed it s.af® aonduet into a Rod
Sea part, lie informed K&rrldgp that he a aw no reason why
the BigXivSh. should not fcstle© s&mey for paaaa-s issued to ships
traveling into the Hod Sea, "for we© are lords of Idle portsj
th© Eortiigalls dare not appear in thera*. Sir lliomas claimed
that in entering the Red Sea trad© the Biîah aim©! to
"open tho vmyosn for free ©xohanga of commodities, He

warned the Shgllsh emmmi to h a w *eap@ci«llr'regard© that
you eeaso no idling into your full possession hut only such
Ixodes as you are assured belong© properly- to the Partin-

galls or thsyr Subjeotes" Captain .Shilling, master of
the j m s going Into the Sod Saa, wrote- that if the- goods
he earriGd % e nott vendable. and that mi honest trade upon
appall toanaes Cannot be procured, ^Fith the Portugese/,
bhon I hoop- Powder .and shoet, Sir Hosiery MitMelXtoas Como-
dittio, will passe toother moasur© taken by Hoe in
opposing tiie reaatniyig- vestiges of Portugese rivalry wms ®%
I# Hoe to Eerrldge, February, 3J5l&,. Poster, Fanteriesf .61

Edward lonnox to th® Bast ladla, Company, 0* 0 , W , i S l ? 1
Hoe 'to a n Commanders of East India. -Oompaay -Slips, Jan...
20, 1618, Stats t e n , Bast M i s s , 1617-1621, 93. UOj
Hoe, Ir.o tru e t. Ion a ,o r t-v* 3 iip In te n d .: fo r Bie fts-i S ea,
Feb. lk, l6 l8 | 1 d m b> the Bast India Company, Feb. Ik,
1618, Foster, II, kfk, t o l ffsMW, lest
Indies, 1617-1021, iio-»21.
h? SliillinK to SsxFtb©* Kar-eh 12, X6l6 , Foster*. Bfesbassy*
IT, kl5n.
alliance with Sultan Cororme, a deputy of th© Moghul, which
provided that th© Bnglish might us* Indian ships to protect
Indian ports from tho Portuguese while th© English fleet was
away*^® Hi© Portuguese rivalry was nearly eliminated by th©
end of So©*a embassy in India. By fee time he left India
Ms© Anglo-Indian port of Surat displayed prosperity fell# Ms#
Portoguese-Indian port of Goa declined,^
airing th® early part of Roe's ©Ehaasy Ms# Dutch
assisted Ms® English in opposing th© Portuguese in Indian

water®* Between l6l0 and 1610, fee Butch persisted In
-ssking for a union of th© English Bast India Company with the
Butch East India Company. Hi© Dutch apparently believed
that if their proposal was approved they would ultimately
bold complete monopoly of the Eastern trad#. ’Hi© plan

appealed to dames I as a peaceful means of settling Mi©
Anglo-Butch conflict in Ml# last*- Bio Bast India Company
officials realised, however, that th# plan would ultimately
vmtm suicide to the English profits from th# Eastern trad®.
Hi© Company was. in fee unenviable position of being ashed to
choose between refusing, th® king*® request and incurring his
displeasure;, or accepting hi# request and chancing ultimate
absorption by fe# Dutch. Sir ihomas Roe sent fe© officials
!|B Roe to Corona®, Aug. IS, l6l8 , Foster, ilabaasy. 11, 5G9;
b.i.c. * m & m + 1 , 205 . ' ^
1# Roe to- fee Enjillah Ambassador at Constanfclnople, Aug. 21,
l6lT, B»I.e. Letters Received. VI, 299; Moriand, From
Akbar, Si, oif1*1'"
82
tam Bast India Company a well-reasonod argument against

tli© proposal to unite with th© Dutch company. 1© claixaed
that "their /ffc® I>utch7 garrisons, Ohardges, losses by
Hegllgene© will engage you to bear© fart of their follyes
for so Profifet", Bo® west os to say that h© 'had sent his.
recommendation against th® proposal to Castor Secretary
/finwood^ and soa© of fee lords Jot the Privy Cornell/ that
they say have feeling of the Injuries and bee assistant to
you.** R®.®*® opinions, had long sin#® won th® respect of the
king, and the project was soon dropped*^0 fe® competition
of th® Dutch in India grew into a vigorous opposition by the
latter part of Bo©*® embassy, W m n both companies realised
feat they were suffering losses because of fe© intense rivalry,,
they expressed hopes feat their leaders might negotiate a
treaty* feorily before his departure from India, Sir
•Thomas Bo® visited wife Van Ravesteyn, fe© Dutch leader at
Surat. He asked Van Ravestoyn be write home requesting fee
settlement of fee troubles between fe® Dutch and feglish in
India* Van Ravesteyn judged Bo© to be a "âce-loving. man"
who would "gladly see an agreement arrived at*. In .July,
l6 lp, fee disputes between fe# Dutch and fe© Baglish were
composed. fee general provisions of the treaty provided for
fee mutual restitution of ships and goods and freedom of trad©
$0 Roe to fe® last India Company, Peh* ll}., 1618, Poster,

XX, l<Blj State Papep, 3&st M i e s , 1611-1621,
115-21; Durham* Loe.clt*. 223; E55E, 03-04 .
% garrisons were
he shared fe© makers of the treaty felt sure that th©
unified defence of Dutch and feg
waters would ©hole® th© last breath
siiich, of ©ours© , It dld.^
M October, l6 l?, Roe mm- Informed feat two xm-
licensed JMglish. ships had been
ships as fe© interlopers were an Indian
vessel. So# strongly advise
intraders. He reckoned that if
Letters Patent prohibited such pra
givefe poms? to execute such Upon Roe’s
rocaaraendailon, Captain Pring both fe© ships
and their feough Roe
51 Tan Raveateyn , .
w ■««*» »**«•*** *mm»v v w y w ^ i *•*.«», ***,
1619, 1.0. Records! Hague Iranseripts, Series I, vol.
ill, So ♦ CXP, cited in Poster, S^baasv. II, Sl&sj
Privy Council Register, dtm© 30. 1&19. ilota of ”
Council. l6l?~lygii$-« {London, 1929),
fPoia th© Cast imdla Conway to fee Els®*:
of State Pagers. Ponestlc. 16IX-1618 , 6 G?j id
Ted. 3» m e Travel ** <5#>
i'fa^‘¥ a lle , 1 , x x v li
Durhaia,"^ct#rCrr f Lipson, II,- 2751 A.B. Innes,
fee llaril& and Colonial of axgland Under fee
m r r r n
$2 U© Confirmation® feaetafcus, July l6 , 1619, Rymer,

XVII, 170->f^.|
IH-» Marioni to
MS# fe© Doge, July 19 t'7/
of State Pipers, Venetian, 16x7-1619 . 5?of 8 *I.e.
traRro t,
* ?rom 8l~8i,
was away© that th© ships war© th© property of the
Sir Robert Rich, a personal friend of his, h© asserfed
*Z wm now a Publlqu© ministar, and cannot m m anything with
fees© eyes ôf a friend^, **^3 in his next letter to Hi© East
India OeppiEfly,- loo warned that 8thoso Seas boginn t© hoe full
of lowers,, for whoso faults woo may boo. engaged8. He
intorloping were suppressed th# Bast
and B©wr persona” would have had to
answer to th©. damage, and advised that .if tho East India
Company did not take as felon against th© guilty **you will have
tiie seas full and your trade in India utterly lost*’. ^

3. frtvllo^s won hr Boo* ahough Sir Sfioms Roe
was not able to eomelu&e a permanent treaty with th© Indian
Moghul, it- cannot he judged feat his mission fe India was- &
failure*' Bo- aifeassador e o u M hav© boon more highly esteemed
by th e Moghul, - '3h.en he was at th© court h@ was honored, with
Hoe to Pring, ©#fe* 5* l6l?, Poster, f£ * ***

Job® H&feli, Journal, l6l?, Purchas, 'If, 55?I Soimox
the- East -India: Company, D©e* 28, lolf| Bring fe Idas*,
Kos*h 18, l6lB, State Erasr*. 10l?-l^XT 5
Roe fe the Bast India CoEspany, Feb. llf., l6l8, Poster,

Habaaay, II,
lagl," 118-21 ;
, Si" gfefe &ft©rs
t vwifeurers
vi “U S ror an account
recognise equality, and th© English. were in no position to
argue. Hoe had to be satisfied with the MoshuXf3 firmaens,
'Hi® privileges granted by the- firmaens beta® revocable at th©
Moghul1s will, Roe wan -forded to keep him contented with Hi©
English by Hie judicious use of presents and the force of his
own personality*-^ At M s first meeting with Jahangir, Bee
was promised that all abuses eoEBaitbed upon the English by the
Governor of Surat would be redressed* She Moghul panted two
firaaems which provided for Hie restitution of sundry sums of
money “fraudulently purloined and violently extorted from the
factors®* Zulfilar Khan, Governor of Surat, was recalled in
disgrace from Surat after Hoe recovered from him the greater
part of what he owed th© factors. In llovomber, l6l6 , Bo©
reported to the East India Cosâny that he had “recovered M l
bribes, extortions, debt® mad© and taken before my tyra© till
55 Bieholas Bangham to the Bast India- Company, Jan. l8|

Bo© to the English iahassador at Consfcantinople, Aug.
21, 1617, E.2 .C letters Reeeiyed. Tt■5 5 l fii-.298-99;
State Pacers. I0l7-l621. 12$ The Great
Moghul ^ 26,161$, Poster, Babassy.
a » S 57- 56| w M m * i * M . j e t © atotiSErwr*t.
m
this da.y***'^
W m m the Bagliili floet ressa»d tbit 3h$&m ship

from th© aigilsh interlopers In October, l6l?, Hoe wrote
t®- the commander of the Bagllsh fleet that never w m any
thing mere kindly taken «b court than 't2i» kOoole&gt -of the
Company*© j^stt© of that ship* At that time M m was con-
- ;% o reasonable thing will be denied wm fey th© .
King1*, Roe*© hopes proved 'fed fe© to® high beoans© ©von with
th® possession of fimaens, the- Jiigllsh often found their
provisions neglected,. .She fact tteb Jahangir was such &
dissipate nurtured th© rumor that h© would tssfe live- longj
consequently, the Moghul*® deputies reload discipline.
Having long since given up hop© for a treaty, many of the
factors war® losing hope .in th© effectiveness of diplomatic
processes. Joseph Salfeaak Prised tho East India Coiaspsny
that they should break off diplomatic relations with India,
wand jaalc© ourselves a way.for traffic by mere force, m others
do”. Another factor informed tho Company that he believed
that Ro»*s energy and effort war© being wasted at the Moghul’a
Opttrfe, fisrard Monaox wrote ;that %ls. ,
Jfes^lfr v/orth desarvefeh
more- honourable employmentH and advised th© Company to %#Is»
0 Factors at. Surat fe© tho asst India Company, larch 10,
~' ' idem to. Jg«B» Bov. ?, 1616, i®~
jr;a K H S t Idem fee Sultan C o m S © t n ^ y rT,
- ** to th© Bast '"S2ia Company, Bov, 24,1016,
F e s t e r I , II,;3 0 i Purchas, I?.,. I|6?j
I. Postar,"’fe(l,), Baoeiyed. If, 3cxix» xxxii.
Of. Appendices ■II
87
their /the Indisgj'f' junks” believing that it “would breed

better blood in them towards us than ever my Lord /Rck^7
shall do by bellowing th© court”. ^
In October, l6l?, Hoe obtained a renewal of th©
firraaen granted a year earlier*^® He advised the last
India Company in February, l6 l8 , that they could not expect
to trade in India under a permanent treaty. fh© fimaens,
he pointed out, depend upon the “present will® of the Moghul,
which he considered to be “just and gracious”. ^ It appears
that the final firmaens secured by Hoe were issued in Febru
ary, and in August,, 1618 , Tho finaaen ©ranted in February
was from the lo^ml. It ordered “all the kyngdomes sod
ports ... to receive all the merchantes of the English nation!
... that in what place soever they choose to live they may
have reception and residence to their o m © content and safety,
and what goods soever they desire to sell or buy, they may
have free libertie without any rostraynt; ... and in what
Si Ho© to Kerridge, Oct. 11| Pring to th© East India

Company, Hov. 12! Salbanck© to Idem. Nov. 22; SOnmox
to idem, Dec. 28. 1617. 2.1 M * X S R & m -.tom*.I
116=177 175, 192-93, 276-773 8l i g & g
1617-1621, 63 , 9k} B.I.C. 3 u S S S :Y.-WiJ 203, Cl.
Appendix III.
58 Ho© to Kerridge, Cot. 21, 1617, B.I.C. ..Letters ____
Z1-* J33| East Indie© , l6$ F H E » ”^ "
For the provisions of this firmaen. see Supra. So,
$9 Ho© to the last India Company, Feb. Xip; idsia to Sing
lamas, Feb. IS, 1618, Foster, Embassy, IlTT09, k91;
State Papers, last Indlea,. 1617-1621. 118-21, 12%,
88
Cytty soever fesy shall have residenceB.

Hi© fSjemaatt ipânfed. 2m tegas-t ..from-
of' Surat, Sul tail Corona©, provided qxrivSlegges* requ.es1
by Roe, tasinly applicable fe the ^glish at Surat-. ‘

lliough
sot: so ©©niplete as drafted requests, It gave x*easo.n~
for trade-. It provided protection fe ieh©
defence against fee- ferfeg«#Si©, and assured gcod tr« .

and 'lousing facilities .for the iisglisti aifeassador. Company
jasrohaais were fe have the freedom fe land any sort of goods
aid buy and soil according fe their will-, as well as fee
freedom fe live among themselves according fe their own reli
gion m£k 1sws# &X. Saglish dispafes, amongst thwgselves,
■m m m fe.- bo settled wholly by their own President (fee chief
factor at Surat); other disputes were to bo settled by the
fevemor of Sarat-.# FfeaXXy, tho feferppofers end brokers

serving fe© Bkiglish w m m fe- have complete liberty fe speak
eat Moghul to King Jwms, Feb. 20, l6l8 , Footer,

£, II, 558; idem fe- idem, Aug. 8, 1618, Siftfe
>era, Bast I m l l Q s T W l ? - l M T 7 119*
6% Roe fe Sultan Corom©, -teg# 15, l6l0, Poster.
XI, 5’06-liq| .Sfefe. Babers, Bast Indies, 1617-1'
Sir Richard ,
India, IV, 163. Raymond P. -Steams
lamne, (Row York, 19I4B ) has presented this fInsa Tinmen
rbo’
oived by Roe in l6l8, and has included on© provision
in fee whl#h was not approved, vis*, H!hat it
should b© lawful for the feglish fe buy or .hire any house
in his porfe* where they might -quietly dwell said no man
At his 4 «^tta?tur© fro® Jaila la l6 l9 , So# had loft
tt» factors -la Xsdia,. with th©#© two fljmaens* o m & fro® the
ISogjhtCL and the ofeor from t!i# £&|$gS4|~ . . $ f T h o s r n a s
Kbrrldg# considered th® first ’’generally for ©ur .r^wpbioR
and Continuation in lilts -saa^L. th©
.#«o®t *parfci«^#r for tails forte of ;Sar^^tt,,.*.
!<.* loovfa ;advic© 1|g th© .

tSogîiaay* So# was anxious
to learn from tt» errors of .Hi©. earlier-arrived
pom&sm .la tho last* He believed that ©ise of the main errors
#©E83d>tfe«d by botli th© Butch and forfeagaoae was- the building
of fort# and gsîoofto, and Insisted that If th© Social.
'’would offor rae# ton jTopbm/1' ha would not accept one. Ho
advised against the iioJjitooojio# of garrisons because of the
exorbitant costa involved, which would %at» th# Profltt®
derived fro® th# India brads. Sir Eiomao saw also that if
the ih^tish. built,forts It would Incro&s-e th# enmity and
rivalry between thoinaeXvas asad tho Portuguese and cause land
fitting. Ho advised that %arr and trafique or©- Ineo-iapal
ibi# H, and that th# Saat India Company should profit w s t ”in
quiefet trad© .,, ’
without controversy,!• la# was probably
to- disturb or displace them} and therein house thoir

goods”. (Stearns, 3X8). Of* Bo© t& Ooronno, lug* 15,
I618, Foe tor...a^>asay. II.“1>Q9. 5l3n, «h#r# So# admits
th# refusal o r m a t r e q u e s fc.
62 Korrldg© to th# East India Company, Feb. 9, 15, l6l9,
P03 fcer, Factori®#, 59 f Factors at Surat to Ideas, Mm&k
12, 1619'.;W s ^ r T mabaaay. IX, 5x6-17* ~ ~
aware, in offering that advice, that- it would bo tt» better
way to gain the Moghul 13 favor inastaucli as th® Indians had
become clisre ap eo iful of th© Porttagusa® because of their
tdliteaai domination of India, *S» adhered to Ho«»a
advice, and nearly forty years of their oxistooco as -a Company
ptasssd before f§i©y omiwl any land in India, ^
0.€8^1.ainlng of M i lack of' .authority to direct tho
aotivitias of tho factors la. Eo« wrote to Secretary
KSnwood late In l6 l6 that his osplcsyiasat In India seemed worth
less sad ‘‘if I. were at hos® tesm dayes, I © o u M do© them
batter service than, here now ia ten years In October,
1 6 1 7 , So© r«©eivod from th© Company m commission authorising
him “to instruct, direct an dnrdsr all. the factors in the
Mogull 13 country in all the affairs and business of tho said
Honourable Company”, Hiat ©omission. added to his duties as
ambassador those .of trad©; advisor, Kerridge, the chief
factor at Surat, hearing of !loo»s new powers, expressed his
■resentment by arrnoxmelng his intention to r®al|p and return
63 So®- to the l a s t .India. Company, Mo t , 23, l6l6, Purchas, IV,

ItSlpj idem to idem, lev, 2%,.' 1616, Fab, II4,, l6l3, tester,
l.u Ti68: Stai®Faocrs. Sast Indies, l6l7-
5-21; C a r d l n i r , i S r 3W ^ L O T " S ^ f c d , ---
neers of the East’*, Hugh Cuna, («&*}, Makers of the ..
(Hew York, 2&2k>, VIII, 183 1 Sir <a>ari(wlSw»."TS©*
British Bgbiss©, Clamstem-, 1^173, -2X3|. P.,S. Soborts, “1®!!©**.,
Cfi^rIstos ~^SSrn History, V, 6 9 8 , MukerJ»©, incidentally,
" fs l,rf&sg®r<ms to. argu© from Roe *3
“peaceful begiimlngsH, M»® fortification1’, etc, that India
was ‘U nintentionally* conquered by Mis Shglish later,
l&ilssrfe®, xv,.
Ho© to Winwood®, Sov. 3®, 1616, Foster, Eafraaaar. II, 358.
value to th# Company, and when fe# learned of bb« factor*#
intentions fe© serot® wtfeab if llm&tar Sorridg# fcbliicJ: feia
author!ti© Is any wey lessened, that la© fe#® psrsaadfed to
tb# Contra^©,, for that both M s dosoahrfeigos and ©jpsrieii#©
will- pi’otoet h & fro® apy such iaatfe#;rw* Kaferring to the
n#My-gp?ant#d Bo© si?©t# to E«prM|g#t ^yosr i m E
see I Mill us# ^3^® aatfeoa?!^^' with all BSKloati© im rather
navsp lett you see but in ©as# of SscosMfci#), feeing you.
will .miffed' .a#© to advis®, and either folios? it cm afeoa 1® #
a. goo! reason whorin I sit , ffer moo Is -vwy oasieH.

II# assured Mi# factors at Agra that tixey wses to look to him
to oomssA’V 5h
*as' a counsellor to Mlp* smt ’ Boosas® of M s
oxceptioaally sensible attitude in managing M s new authority,
doe was abl© to eoaivinc# Ecrridip not to leav© th© Ctompany1s
service. Although Mi# 4#I©satioa of th© added authority to
Ro# was criticised by many oMiox' factors in India, it caras to
no consequence. Ho doubt such of their criticism grew from
their fear of feMag curtail#d in
65 Ibe latter of authorI&atiem Is not extant; it i3 quoted

A Consultation, aboard th© James Royal, October 2;
at Agra, OeCTo; 'lorrldg© to- tha
East India •, Bov* W * I&I7, S.I.C. labors..S#~
ceivod.
v^ . v u , 71,
. 95, 10>, ~v~«
161 fifesfet fjffiajrs*..Itsgv
ibif-iâi, 59 » 6 0 ; .Boo to. "Saeâclors1’at^Mirat, 6ct, 8; ■
13SS foTIbrridge, Bov, 8, l6r?, Foster, Brassy, II, h
I|28n; Kerri&ge to Mi# Sast India , 1517,
3tat© fsa
92
m a m i were.so proriamh.w or
had gross* to such proportions hgr 1628, fcimt-fe®
not psrtihljpate.* Many of. the IhigllsL Taerohsnfs:* after five
01? .six years 1b India, .carried h ® » estates to tho value of
one thousand pounds without having carried may st#ok:©lit of
the least in laporf&nce of the advioo h© gave the Coispany was

that concerning the types of in
also- soon rseogn:’
In feho handling of the CoEtpany‘s In
providing such a system, he uas- ahl© to
ussitye te deceive tho Coaipaay of great
Roo to th© Factors at Surat, Hov* 8 , l6l7, Pester,

r, II# l^fOn; State Panera,
* -UfcT*
Surat he the 1 1 17 » 12.1.C • Letters
L, VI, F5-981 .Court Eirmtos of the .
25, 1619. State fapers. ga»ifr
I&&., 298 f. *# *i»
to the , Lee* » a«j.?»
Court Minutes of the Snot

a*«it8 Pas«ra, ^ Bt In41ef, l6A7-l6ei. &?8j Stostw,
II* 522-23; 'lri3hna, Bl. .....
300 to L30,000 per in
to the M , 00G per man estJ ad .in- the Court
68 Roe to
II, !.i,85-87; Court Minutes of the last India Oo'dmmj,
Oct. lo, i6l9, State âo©rs,
Before 1m left London for 1hdia. Boo. apparently
promised fee iafe® a map of the Hoghul’s territory. By
ymuary* X8 l6 , he- had already mad.® sufficient obacwailoo#
to correct the existing maps of India*, and wsg thgaiked
"for M s description of the iegnl ©%ir#* in which cosmo-
gr sphere m@- much j^talera**. Bo# soot to niglajid a Brief
but Important geographical account of -the Soghul*s terri
tories, as it. was Imcsm. to th# S&gllah ia l6l7. iiiile La
succeeded in making several corrections of existing imps of
India* loo* s. failing health deterred. Ids fren .mailing mi
entirely now aap.^
5* $&#. end of the mission* Hoc left India, for
IMgland on February 17 * 16x9 * and arrived in acglend early
in September the sans year.**?®' During, his stay in India Roe
had many opportunities to enrich. blaaolf either at the Moghul *s
court or in private trade* . It is noteworthy ttmt ho. did not*
In llovoKtber, 1616 , he reported to Winwood that he would "not
return® a rich men ... I will, trust to the Company, and to ay
jasritt". Bpon hi# re turn to ling!and it -was discovered that
69 Caro?; to Hoe, Jan.* 28*. 1017» Calendar of State j am *

gaaytl#* 1611*1618. k-2k* Hoc to- Caraw, J a n * 17* 1516*
Wsrllr'r'^ Mi S f e r 'X* 112-131 Carew to Roe* Ccpt* I617,
Carcw 123* . For Roe’s geograjhical account of
theso‘5 m T fa terri tor ies, so# Foster, Embassy, II* 531-1*6,
70 .Facers at Surat to the Best India Comp any, larch 12,

I6I9 * Foster*. asha»y* II, ^l6| Court 'Minutes of the
Bast M i a IS* 1&19* Facers, g&at
jMlf#* I6l7~l6: 2 1, 2961 Sarioni to 'Si# liege* Bepfc* §6.
f S j f T J a X j j l y M State. Papers* Venetian* l6ig»1621, lly
Rawlinson, 89*
1m had ‘‘little for himself”, having relied upon the Corspijny
for any* reward.?! 2h© .East India Gespany Court, decided to
r««ard Bo© for ©©nrloos rendered with a bcmixby of 13500*

Ho remained In th© employ of th© Company la ©a adviooi’y
eapaclby during l62G, for vhleh ho received h2GQ.?2 In
his appearance before tho ’
Bast .India Company Court* Bo© re
viewed th© acbivitles of his ©Mb asay. ■ II© Informed the court
of the estab11abmamt of trad© at Surat, Persia sSli Lleha, 'and
that 210 had recovered all the extortions -and debts sad© by
Governors of Surat prior to his arrival* She court, ‘having
duello neighed his een?rl&go and behaviour fi’oia th© baglimi»g,,#.

Judged Bo© as being a roan that “hath husbanded things oxcood-
ingly© well end very moderate in iris: expanses and one that by
his modostl©,. boaosiie and integpltd© hath given good satis-
faction*
71 Bo© 4© Slnwood*. lev* 30* l6l£, Pastor* sâayr* II* 353.1

Chasibêrlain to’Carle ton, Dot* 2, iSip» d“ênaar of Stats
Fgpeg&* Domootio. 1619-1623 , 82 .
72 Court Minutes of tho Bast India Company, Ssv*. 12, 15,
1619; ks&«&l 3* l6S0,. State Papers. Bast Indies, 1617-
1621,. 322, 3£5l FbstorTlSbassy, IlTTôTTWT
73 Court Mimtss of ib© last India Company, Sept.. 2, Oct. 6 ,
ttpwr* 12, 1619, hof.cit., 29li, 300-01, 3201 Poster, dmbas
a , 519-20 , 52ii7^27î8.
9£
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Khan, Shafaat Ahmad, Soyces for the History of
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The Flrst^Letter Book of the Hast India Company, l600-l6l£,
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of Ehgland,
London, 18g6, I,
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IHHoHriH97rl^,"ôT3T*TirTffrfv7"v7*Vl':
Poster, William, (ed,), The Stabassy of Sir Thomas
Roe To The Court of The Great
Society, les, los, I, II,, London, lo99> 2
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India, I618-I62I, Oxford, 1926,
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on th© Mamaerlpta ©f âyl Qmtm®?* JSG*» London,
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of State Papers, Venetian, l6lS-l6lf, London, 1968;
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x a c i p r
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iir 'Bioams .Roo b e t w e e n Ib'ltT and
?st Series,^ W , ”"f6 , ’ SchSon,
lotostoiii, tf&llac®, S e l f , I%*ano.eo H e l m , Sixipson,
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7 V0l3.
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, voI s . I, II, III, IV, V, TlCr"*
Rysier, feos&s and William Sanderson, Focdera,
I* literae, et conlusctmque
pubfioa. "l^don« ftXf.,- w i ’
feompson, B&ward II., (ed.), Diary of Richard
Cooks. Cape-Hercbant in the English Factory in Japan,
K W r f c w t ,
fon, Xo83 # 2 vols.
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Beer, George L,, feeOrigins of the British
Colonial System, Hew- York, 1908. : ,"r'T,r"rm
Davies, Godfrey, feeBarIt Stuarts, Oxford, 193? *
Dietz, Frederick C,, Economic History of BagLand.
lew York, 19^-2•
C.,
IggS~l61iI, lew York, 1932,
Dodwell, II.H., fee Cambridge Shorter History of
Xnaia, Hew York, 19ii-.
Durham, F. Henaia, Hfe© Relations of the Crown to
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Society. London, 1899,”SerIeir^rTlTl.
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London, 1933 •
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, VII3U
Hannay, David, Use Great Chartered Companies.
London, 192?*
Heksehor, Kli P., Mereaatlllaa. authorized trans
lation by Mendel Shapiro,
ifiinter, fee Historyof British India,
, 1899-1900, I.
lanes, A.D., fee Maritime and Colonial Expansion
of îsland under fee Stuarts*, Lon&n. i931«
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.Trade in
the XVIIth Century, London, 192%""'
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and England. iSm^lfST. London, ' : — — - ■•
Lane-Foole, Stand ©y, Mediaeval India, Under Moha-
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Llpson, 1., The Economic His tory of Bn&land,
t 1920-1931# .3 voXs*
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» 4U P.,
a • 9 The
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r e a y iij London
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History of India,"London, 1936. ' ■~
Moreland* W.H., Prom. Akbar to Aurangzeb, London,
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India Company Trading to China, Oxford.. 192&. IT*vols.
Makerjos, Radhakazaal, San Economic History of
Mia, Allahabad, 1 9 W ^
1 6 0 0 -1 8 0 0 , '
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Ord, 1 9 2 C.
Smith, V ,A ., Afford History Of India, Oxford,
1919.
Steams, Raymond Pageant of Europe, ;New York,

19 i|B.
Ihe Caid^ridgo Bistory of the British Empire,

Cambridge ‘— ^ --
The Cambridge History of India, Cambridge. 1937.
IV, V. ‘ - 1 -
***<▼ **■■■ Hie CambridgeIII wModern

*•*•«<•*»IIIW
fcufcMWi■fc,iw , II History,
iLiHia Iiln^mwnimWrti^ low. York,
iWw>'.*»f>HH.. .L ■*-
IV, v*
Thompson, Edward and Geoffrey T. Garrat, Biss
and Fulfilment of British. Rule in India, .London, '
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XVII#
Bncyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ©dition, Chicago,

, XYII#
6
K e r r i d g © t o H o e , D e c e m b e r 3 1 , l lfl* B r i t i s h
Museum: Additional M a n u s c r i p t 9366, Letter B o o k of fee
E n g l i s h F a c t o r y a t S u r a t , F o l s , -Ij3b~3k0t.
^folls o f .an incident in vfaich the factors at

Surat contracted for several parcels of indigo of a certain
grade. Warnx it w m delivered it was found to be of inferior
quality. fh© factors sent it back and refused to pay for
it. fh© Indian Merchant attacked the factors1 broker, and
sent for Kerridg©, whom he attacked with blows and violent
speech. Kerridge petitioned the Governor of Surat for
redress, but the Governor answered with charges that the
English set their own price for goods, turned back what
they did set- want (all of which was true but according to
agreement) and that they drank wine in- their house, etc.,
%ith divers other f©laities”♦ Hie Governor then referred
Kerridge t©7 the Moll (or his Justice), who upon hearing
of the business told us he ©ould do us no good, for that the
Governor was our enemy and our opposite’s favorer /I.e. fav*
orer of the Indian merchant^, and so In conclusion our
remedy was to pay the money or leave our broker still
prisoner, gad for k fine t© pay 5,000 rupees to the Governor,
which in the end fell to $00 and must be paid, or I remain
their prisoner, notwttkstanding my resolution (for divers
respects) was thought unfit and so w© were robbed of so much
money besides the bargain forced upon us, 3 or I4.OO rupees
too dear, which on purpose to deceive us was brought to the
house of the said Larsen and the fine raised for the delud
ing their hopes in Mr. Aldworth* s death, of whose ©state- -
(for m they conceived the Company* s goods to be) they thought
to have made purchase, Of these things the 6 th of this
present (knowing your lordship to be in Epampore?5 I certified
Mr. Bdwards, mowing his opinion.' (our residency here .consider
ed) whether fit that your Lordship make ample complaint or no,
as fearing the Governor’s future enmity.vtierein 1 refer mo
to your approved judgment. fh© copy of my petition unto him
I have here enclosed. bpon the dlspesdlag of these and
other goods to the number of 273 Charles we wore molested by
the Governor ’s deputy of -Camb&ya by means of a firm&en granted
unto his liastor from the ling (whose intent therein was to
prevent a transportation of Roods to /Illepi.ble7» a port in
the government of Jama Saja bordering on .-the King *3 'territor
ies) •feat all -goods from this t o m shall pay custom fed be
shipped from Cambaya whereupon they would force our goods to
throughout these Appendiess, spelling has largely been mod

ernized, for reasons of clarity} all dates are old style.
pass that way, which to avoid. I promised such satisfaction
m. should by their Master b© required, and wrote unto him
about It and thereunto received a favorable answer, with
order enclosed forbidding M s said deputy our future molest
ation, and for excuse of the past, alleged the King’s fir-
m&erts, which notwithstending few days after cam© mother
order countermanding the former, and demanded for all our
goods l|. per cent, whereof X again wrote unto him who in. M s
answer required the performance which for that present, being
t h © /rileglble7 current, our goods from Agra by them stayed,
X promised satisfaction. Tot after I purposing farther trial,
they fell to 2 per cent, Including therein a duty of Baroeh
of l| per cent,, making that their color and demand contrary
to our /Illegible - should be agreement?/. ihen In the
Interim' wo b.ad made In readiness 373 churles of indigo^, which
being laden in carts they 3 days detained, and for their dis-
peed the 27th ditto, forced me to account and to bribe them
underhand with 100 rupees, in consideration whereof they have
concluded at 1§ per cent. l&lch aaounteth to 7i|f rupees,
which m m 2 have deposited, pretending the customers of
Baroch will net condescend to ..this: agreement, or repay moneys
by them already received for ’fee passed goods, 2b® differ
ence In conclusion Is not so groat or prejudicial as their
abuses, hindering our proceedings and detaining our goods hath
been. Of these things, so Mich as till then was passed, the
ikth preset, I certified Mr* Sdwards, retiring his speediest
means for relief in the premises, advising withall that our
ads were not permitted transportation with ©special licence
f without ©special licence^, nor ourselves passage to
and from the city without m ©scribe-from the Cotwall, both
which {in regard Serquese, the cM e f place for our indigo
investments, is throe courses distant, from the City, are very
inconvenient to our affairs and therefor© desired M m {In
your Lordship*s absence) to procure the King’s flra&en directed
unto this Governor in our behalf,
Vlzt,, for free liberty t© buy and sell without
.interruption In the cities of Amadabad, Berquase, Cambaya and
all other places ccnvcnient, Xhat we may hate free egress
and regress for our goods and persons to and from Amadabad,
Serques®, etc., without stay or hindrance and that w® may be
free from aXX demands, customs and impositions of Amadabad,
Cambaya, Baroch, etc*, save only the port where the goods
shall be landed or laden; for the better procuring whereof,
the 22nd ditto I scat a copy of the Governor’s (demanding)
answer with the Casslo, his form for testimony (tsblch if not
already effected) I refer to your lordship’s more serious con
sideration.
... She consideration of the unfit payment of custom
here ûrat 7 (for the many respects by you alleged) hath not
a little hindered our proceedings, as in a former I partly
suggested to you, and sin©# by daily sending for the broker
from our business for delivery of the moneys in deposit which
(being now an exigent) they will fore© us to effect, or
permit no further goods to be laden, this Instant denying
license to lad# ©arts ready at Serques, so I am compelled to
effect their wills (for the customer of Baroeh) and their
opinions will be swayed by command of this other who hath
now sent his letter t© that effect.
3,03
APPBKDIX II
- F a c t o r s a t S u r a t t o R o e , M a y 3, 1616 , British
Museum: Additional Manuscript 9306 , l e t t e r B o o k o f the
E n g l i s h Factory- a t S u r a t , P o l s . 68 , 60b, 69 :
... Since our last we have often retired of the

customer /T.e., officer of the customs^ to audit our account,
who notwit&Tsndlng he hath received egress order (as we
are eredtoly/.informsd} from the Prince his Master to that
end, yet he give to little respect either to that or our
importunities, daily delaying us with premises of perform
ance each succeeding, yet hitherto hath effect nothing,
except the delivery of some of those goods out of the cus tom
house (not- so usual or beneficial for himself} as were spec
ified In the particulars sent unto your lordship, vizt:
eurrall, .knives, looking glasses and hot waters, all which
in the abstract now seat are not inserted, besides we- fear
lie purposeto to return the greatest part of the cloth, so
long detained by him, and will require the payment of our
customs la ready money, itfesreim he shall offer us double
injury, both In demanding the payment of such a sum of money
as at present we aro not furnished withall, and yet hath
kept our goods in the customs house the space of eight months,
•hereby both hindering the sale thereof, as also by making
them the less salable, being through want of care in the
storage made ill conditioned, but we shall not be induced
easily to condescend unto- such his unreasonable requests,
howsoever we have to make some -speedy and fair end with him
by the procurement of Ibram Chan, the new established govern-
or, #10 hath not only promised to assist us but hath coun
selled us how to proceed to whose promise we are the more
prone to give credence for that we have had a late experience
of his @eod affection to our nation in the transport of our
lead and other goods for Brampore, by whose sole authority we
purchased our license for- dispeed thereof* though the customer
mainly opposod that, alleging-that the transportation of load
so near the confines of the enemy* s country was prohibited*
We beseech your lordship to', consider what great
quantity of English cloth remainsth unsold, as in all toe
particular factories in this kingdom, so especially at court,
ana tout little expectance there is of toe-font© of to© said
cloth, except by your lodshlp *s soliciting of the King, in
the behalf of to© merchants, h@ might be procured to take
some quantity at reasonable prices,, the performance of which,
as we are assured would prov® exceeding beneficial, so we
doubt not it would be very acceptable to to© honorable
company that toe effecting thereof might not be disparageable
oi*7 prejudicial to your lordship *a so.ro noble
Wo say ■not but approve of your purpose for the
sending of cloth to Agra, In. regard of the great quantity
with you, though wo greatly doubt, the muster specified
hardly vent, at prices requisite, wher© Mr, Edwards hath
left .a very'bad precedent by permitting Hobt. Xotmg© to s®13
at very low price# the last year, to the great ©abasing of
that commodity, as we fear la future sales, for- the re-
advancing hereof we depend upon- the qareful endeavours of
those appointed to that employment; whose diligence
applied, we refer the success to God, who mate© it pros-'
porous•
We perceive the H a g hath not taken any of your
©loth as yet « » words illegible/, but a very little,
whereby if seems Mr. Edwards had buhweak ground to advise
for the quantity sent, performing s@ slenderly for the sale
of it
... ’
#» are sorry Mr. Edwards
the Company*# affairs as to leave- their credits in. question
toy the several engagements specified, though the general
want of moneys this year hath brought ms all behind hand and
keepeth our business very backwards,- whieh mtst b© a spur to
your endeavours for the vent of those commodities (as'we
our parts are not wanting.) that with the proceeds w© may
make all possible provisions, for the expected fleet whose
lading we fear will be in slender forwardness before th©
66
F a c t o r s a t S u r a t t o l o o , J u l y 23, l l , B r i t i s h
Museum: Additional Manuscript 93o6, Bettor Book of the
English F a c t o r y at Surat, Pols* 83 83
,' b* 8
!jb, 8 5 , 9 5 *
... Soon after the dispeed of our last* ibraham

Chan, being returned, w© prosecuted the effecting of our
business, according to the intent of the Princess firaaen,
wherein <*© found the Governor very ready and willing to further
us, and having proclaimed {according to the country*® custom)
the Prince’s pleasure in the point of the continuance of our
trade, a mooting for .our other- business was- appointed at the
customs house, where the Governor, Sallie Bey, and the
erusbomar being present, divers of our goods was- valued and
some things of small Element returned,, and since at sundry
times, though with much unwillingness, delays and much dis
honesty in the customer, all oar other goodsbothinward and
outward are valued at reasonable rates ...
... We perceive all goods above ^j^llagllgh ©loth,
load, etoi7 sell but slowly, and therefore were glad as by
your lordship’s second advice, of the King’s officers taking
a quantity of our doth, which in regards of their accustomed
delays in all other their actions, we hop© their tardiness
proceeded rather from their unsettled resolution than dislike
of the commodities and consequently that those reserved will
not be returned...
... we profess to b© very confident of your honor
able and careful endeavours in th® procuring of whatsoever
hath been by us desired or by yourself conceived fit for
your employment or the Company’s benefit ...
... ISms (if th© trad® cannot bo continued but with
has© suffer*©®®, we conceive to be the fittest for profit
end safety, for honor wo hold us to our first proposition,
if you receive not content and satisfaction from the Prince,
answerable your worthy employments and expectation, th® stopp
ing of his ship at th© bar, if ours arrive first, will we
doubt not compel him to much more than he will now barken
unto, which after their instance to your lordship, satisfact
ion for wrongs, privileges, etc, confirmed, may be released,
your approbation or contradiction m desire, lest through,
ignorance we persuade the expected commander thereto. ...
♦♦ * ôtdjag the glut of, trad©, the factors mention
that their quicksilver prices are low, becauseit is brought
in fro® Portugal, China and the Red Sea. Lead still sells
106
at a good price.but slowly sad.at a lower price than at

Kerridge*s first coming to India. The glut of fee cloth
market makes all but th# finest and best-colored cloths
ndises .. *
Our being members of Burope as citizens of England
were a very .good reason to consider our proportion of the
general poverty; if th© members of Europe were also citizens
of England, who seeking their own benefit weigh, not our' loss,
as th© Butch transporting a pound to our shilling, the fort- '
Ingalls little loss, besides th© suss conveyed from many -
ports of Christendom into Turkey and more particularly the
moneys, sent this way if th© trad® were not, would, be trans
porting into Turkey in greater sums to procure the commod
ities of this place, besides which w© entreat your consider
ation that all th© silver landed here this year amounteth
not to above lj.000 pounds sterling, whereof th© goods returned
upon the Lion araounteth to four times the sum, the rest is
proceeds of commodities, the custom whereof will bring more
profit to the King»s ©offers than the want of a far greater
quantity' of silver to be coined in M i mint, whereby you may
be pleased to perceive the cry in this respect is without
cause*
10?
AFPEBDXX I?
F a c t o r s at S u r a t t o R o e , S e p t e m b e r 26, l l s66
British Museum: A d d i t i o n a l M a n u s c r i p t 9366, Bet t e r B o o k
o f the E n g l i s h F a c t o r y at Surat, Pols. 113, 113 b i
.., It may please you to understand that the 9 th

March past there departed iron jg&gland 6 ships, vizt,
/naxmn them? under charge of Benjamin Joseph, chief command
er. .Ihe last and least of the aforesaid, ships lost company
of th® rest in foul weather the 20th March near the North
Cape, whoa since they neither hare seen or heard of* By
order from the Company she was to leave this fleet at Cape
and thence to proceed alone for Bantam, but not coming
thither in time of their refreshing, fee consultation for
performance of fee business injoined the former, dispeeded
fee Swan for Bants®* Ihey arrived at Cape the 12th of
June, where they act fee lion attending a fair wind to set
sail, who cam© thither some 20 days before for refreshing
and 2 days after their arrival departed thence in safety.
{She aforesaid ships having very little or no refreshing
there, after 1% days stay departed thence th© 2?th ditto
proceeding on their intents for this place with purpose to
touch at lobelia*
About 30 days short of Mohella they descried a
Portuguese carrack ahead them, to feoa giving chase {or
rather continuing their course) the Globe sailing best of
th© fleet, cam© up with her to windward and inquiring of each
other, according to custom, fee earrack commandod her to lee
ward, which she refused /and/ willed the ©arrack to attend
the coming up of the Admiral, but they expressing their
apprehension and scorn of such at* attlm discharged a piece
of great ordnance for reply, all which {they being wlfein
pistol shot) passed through fee Globe’s sides, who in answer
exchanged them 20 shot and fell astern for further direction
from their admiral, who soon after wife the rest of th© fleet
cam© up and sent his shallop aboard the earrack, requiring
their captain to com© aboard fern, to give reason or satis
faction for fee injury which ho refusing, Capt. Joseph
beginning th® fight, first ended his life by m unfortunate
shot of a great piece in their reply, which being th© 6 th
August, they desisted to confirm some now commander, which by
the Company’s order was conferred on Mr. Henry pepwoll,
captain of the vice admiral, who succeeding in command,
fought with them the 8 th from 9 in the Homing till If. in the
afternoon, and plied them so hard, being then in th© vicinity
Z~*7 fee island Comorro, that they fled to shore find
whefeer by mischance or wilfullness In themselves their ship
108
feat night was fired and consumed about.t leagues distant

from th© shore, their people as is supposed all burnt. Of
ours, besides fee general, were slain 5 men and 12 hurt,
amongst fetch fee .present chief ©ossaandor, wife some splinters
hath a dangerous 'wound in his forehead,- lost- one of his eyes,
hurt on© of his legs, "and can scarcely go or stand, feereby
in regard of th© unfeolesomeness of fees© climates he is
still in danger of 1 ife*
F a c t o r s at S u r a t t o H o c * O c t o b e r 22,.. 16x6, B r i t i s h
Museum: Additional Manuscript 93^6» better Book o f fee
BogpLieh F a c t o r y a t S u r a t , P o l s . 1 2 2 , 12S*bs
.., fee great store, of goods in those ships /fee

recently arrived tleet/ {trebling fee specie to be landed,
here), vist,, 260 broadcloths, extraordinary quantities of
lead, elephants* ^/feeth^, quicksilver, 'etc, caused us to
consider of some course for feelr disposure by transport-*
atIon into Persia, which after much labour {to avoid
inevitable damage of their leading hare) we have determined
shall be sent upon one of these ships for Jayles© /Basques/,
wherein we were much discouraged by fee contradiction in your
letter to fee expected commander, produced by C&pt. Pepwell,
yet having often fed folly debated fee premises, we- could
not desist from fee attempt, except thereby .also we would
consent to fe© loss of so much cloth in Its landing here,
being nowhere else vendable to our knowledge, for which and
many others we have sufficient; causes, it is now fully eon-
eluded feat fee lames of burden £00 fens shall wife all
convenleney bo dispoeded for the port aforesaid with all
fee cloth mentioned, a round quantity of lead, some elephants *
teeth, quicksilver and of all our other commodities, as well
quartered and in her; Bdward Conoek for Cape, merchant of
fee fleet, to be fee. Company* s chief agent for negotiation
therej feoaas Barker, second, and four other .factors of 'fee
fleet to assist and attend direction in th© said business;
fee -ship is only to land fern and their goods at fee said
port, and to return hither (we hope In December} to attend
fee fleet or further direction for her proceeding. fe®
many days spent before our full resolution fe this attempt
h a m been, some hindrance to our other affairs ...
no
APFESDDC VI
F a c t o r s a t S u r a t t o B i d d u l p h , O c t o b e r 3 0, l 6 l 6 ,
B r i t i s h M a s aura: Additional Manuscript 93^6> Lottor B o o k
o f tiio Sigliali F a c t o r y a t Surat,. P o l * , 1 2 0 :
... W© approve of your endeavour for the putting

.e, soiling?'’of your cloth, either- in warter or for time
f .0 . either trading it for Indian coEiaaodities or selling
on tiiaeji only hop® you will not much undervalue it, for
that v/q Intend not to land any this year, /!.©♦ sanding this
yearns supply to Persis^, which will be a » m to advance
the prices of th© last year *3 remaining, and doubt not you
will be careful to procure sufficient securities for those
you sell at time*
Factor 3 66
a t S u r a t to B o © , N o v e m b e r 29* l l *
British Museum; Additional Manuscript 9366 , Letter Book
o f t h e E n g l i s h F a c t o r y a t Surat., P o l s . ll\ $ , .ll|5h» *
•. • For our undertaking' th© P@rs.ian employment

without either advice ©r knowledge of your lordship, we
allege that th© reasons inducing us thereto .as /Beingf
such ’’
and so many as. we. would not -answer the neglect of our
masters* profit by its omission* or discharge the trust
(by God *3 providence} imposed oh us* for- first their orders
or our directions and. their approbation.encouraged this
action; Steele and Crowther13 advice promise good and hope
ful issue, and th® Sophl’s flrmaen a sufficient protection,
th© necessity to this attempt (besides the exceeding hopes
depending thereon) your Lordship knoweth full well* and
never to us contradicted, only yours /T.e. * your lettoj’T
to the General opposed for the preset* yet disallowed
not for the future* which if granted it only remains to give
reason why it was not longer deferred, ihe exceeding
quantity of cloth etc, of former years remains admitted not
the landing of divers commodities now sent* except we should
absolutely consent to pay custom for a greater damage by
their rating hero and hindrance to the sale of the rest,
if not unrecoverable, dlsesteem to that commodity /I.e.*
cloth?/, disgrace to our trade, ®te,
ax© present dispeedlng whereof, £%*§.• > th© ship to
Persia/ as it doth not only advance the sale of that her© and
give us hop© of the vent of that sent thither /to Persia^/,
in regard of the winter season (which Is not the least to b©
considered) so it promiseth a whole year’s advantage to the
Company *s trade in those parts . Hi© monsoon also threaten
ing* the ship’s return before the departure of the rest /of
the recently arrived East India fleet from ihgland/ from hence
may bring us intelligence of that affair and the discovery of
those seas for th© secure proceeding of a greater supply the
ensuing year and happily sav^ a vear’s tim© for that ship’s
doubling the Capo Ooraerin© > which else might b© held
doubtful, besides many other inconveniences and detriments
depending in caso the expedition had been prolonged for your
lordship’s advice and answer.
And lastly if we shall presuppose or doubt of th©
success of this affair by want of fitting ports or peaceable
ontertaimaont there, and thereby our people enforced to
return without the effecting of that design (which God forbid),
yet the loss in conclusion will prove little, since in effect
112
tis. one and the same charge, the ship* s remaining here or
her employment thither,
And for that w® as*® very desirous to clear .all
former doubts, disrespect or want of duty to your .lordship
and. to free ourselves from discontent and distractions, which
meals passions are object unto by sinister surmises and Imp
utations .to the hindrance of our affairs., especially pro
ceeding from .such ©mlneney, we unfeignotily .profess by hia
that knoweth the.secrets,of all hearts /feat7 we are. no way
guilty or ...have willingly incurred your displeasure .or the
least occasions of them© taxations.,.-but that our sincerity.,,
duty and affections arc answerable In every respect to what
in reason may be expected from us, at least our desires -and
true meanings are perfect to that degree of performance,
having thus far these particulars, we come now to answer
such.parts ~&t your lordship *s former letter m ©Sfeer the
brevity of .our reply, by the occasion there, alleged or our ■;
exceeding troubles at. the writing of our last might cause us
to omit,
. Your lordship say further please to trice notice
that at my last being aboard, conferring with the General
concerning these passages, he discoursed unto me of. a ship
-end pinna©® set forth, from .greet in franc®, under the command
of M r John Feme, who accompanied with divers Shgllsh dep
arted from theneo in February last, designed for the Bed Sea
with intent to make a voyage by pilfering, which, voyage 'the
honorable Company endeavoured greatly to cross,, but it being
protected and patronized by fee French Mag, they were pre
vented, for which cause they, have procured unto fee G-ener&l
.a Commission from fee King £$maej/'for their apprehension 'in
ease of their meeting together., -which they fee rather
■expected, in hope those people would have sought their
conduct 7%*e»P-.. convoy/ Cfor fear .of fee Portuguese} into
fees© but it being, frustrate, we have thought it
necessary to refer it to your lordship*s consideration
mefeor requisite to advise fee M a g thereof, feat, hereafter
3f any violence or outrage by -fee.said persons shall b© coma-
itfed on this.people /T.&, Indians^ trading into fees© parts,
neither your lordship, our masters.'*' goods, or- ourselves do
here suffer or be liable' to satisfaction of such damage, and
feus having touched such needful -points and businesses now
thought on, we humbly pray, etc.
mmmn. vin
F ac t i o n s a t S u r a t t o E o © , D e c e m b e r 1 2 , l 6 l 6 ,
British. M u s e u m : A d d i t i o n a l M a n u s c r i p t .9366, B a t t e r B o o k
o f t h e B i g l i a h F a c t o r y a t S u r a t , F o l s . l S S * lS6t>, 1$7*
Reference .to ’’the sickness”, I.e. , plague, at

Ajp*%7 -~
/fhey note Hoe’a criticism of their sending th©
ship to Persia,'and reiterate their reasons for sending itj7
... That you. art not of counsel to this expedition is indeed
our misfortune, since it mokes the grounds weak by your- con
structions* file success w© hop© will warrant the laborers
their hire, and the trade prove better than that of Virginia*
Jaaquesse £~rt J hath been a place of resort for shipping., and
is inhabited. If silk be not wade there, we hope both it
and other commodities of the- country in convenient time may
be provided and brought thither*
iiiat th®1port is .not accessible within, a league is
contradicted by .mariners of this place that have seon it,, and
is manifestly known Gapt. Mewport was never there* We deny
not that cloth is brought through Persia into India, and
think that ours will sell at legs price thore than here,
/which was/ an objection to /T.e* otj your lordship in. some
former* Yet reason tells us. (If we shall not trust advice)
Persia will vend greater quantities than India, which the
Company more- aim- at than the exceeding price* He that
procured the firtaaen was desirous of more strings to his bow
than one, having formerly by experience .much cause to be
doubtful of it, -and knowing .also his master's exceeding
desire to- entertain Christians, happily procured his firmaen,
as well to express his service. 'to M m as his desire to our
acceptance, which If effected, before the conclusion of the
Spanish Embassage (whereof .are manifold uncertainties.) .may
cans© that pro ject to be both less desired and esteemed., we
ever held you worthy and should have been very glad of your
consent, but the. loss of so much tSae would have bred many
unavoidable inconveniences, as In our last advised* By
the same reasons, wo have not injured .John Orowther, who yet
may reap the fruit of his labors, whereto we shall endeavor
to assist him.
That your lordship would have set -down a course
strengthens our hope® you have already undertaken may prove
successful!, -and though we.have proceeded upon mature delib
eration, wo shall bo glad of your treaty with the Persian
111*.
Ambassador, for Its hotter confirmation or direction against

the succeeding year, when -by this first discovery we hope It
may be seconded by the vhole fleet, We acknowledge to have
received th© King of Persia^ command, and Steele and Crow-
therf3 advice, Jointly from yon, yet could not be altogether
ignorant before it was first enquired after in this place,
almost fouryeurs sine© by Mr* Aldworth, seconded, by me in
Agra sad Adgnere, whereto Steele*s Information added some
thing coming thence, amd Sir. Robert Shirley coming thence
gave,.great encouragements; from these informations (hot
without certain notice of the conditions of Port Jasquess),
Oapt, Downton»s consultation determined a farther discovery,
all which and infinite other reasons (by Godis mercy) we
hope sliall warrant the atterapt against all misconstruction*

Masterson, James Robert - Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe To India, (1615-1619)

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II The lead Fo p to Ambassador to India;

III Problems sHilch Confronted Roe As

IV Achievements Effected lining Roe*s

-Ben Jonson, Epigna22m.es, XCVIII (l6 l6 )

.Anglo-Indian Relations Prior Jo Roc»a M m m t r -

1# attgtlah arrival in India. fh@ London East

the East Indies, their position assured when the atgllsh

1 John Bruce, (ed.), Annals of Si© Honorable Bast India

3 John Jourdaia tp toe Bast India y, January 31,

6 feeler, 18* Makerjee contends that the English entry

©loan evidence that Hxglieh strength was comparable, iff not

suffering at the hands off th© Portuguese for having comoittod

thanselves too far to 4Si® aiglish*-^ Bio Indians did con­

12 W«fi« Moreland and Atul .Chandra Chatter j©a, A Short Illsto;

1$ Nicholas withington, Practate, {l6l2)- Purchas, IV, 163 .

Htgiisla ahipps that are there

16- -Huy Lorenea do favary, letter to Stirat, ifev* 28, I&ll,

to Surat. 'Bxe arrival of that small fleet effected the

beginning of the English challenge of the Portuguese S»

Bx&Ia* Shi© Portstgaes:© ©kalleriprd .th® float when it neseped

a letter' of authorization to negotiate- a treaty with th©

shattered Portuguese domination of th© port of .Surat, the

19 flxorn&s Best, Journal, (1612), in Purchas, IV, 128-30.

Indians had the opportunity to manifest their avowed prefer­

.21. Mesons .Best, Journal» hoe.elt., If, 125-32.

25 E.I.C, First letter Boob. xir„

26 Thomas Serridg® to Downton, Hov. 22. l6 llu I.I.S* letters

Shortly after Downton»s victory Hr. William Edwards, a®'

BlehoXas Downton to fee East India Gompany, Hov. 20,

firmacn to b© ”very effectual to the purpose of our trade

31 William Edwards to the Bast India Company, Feb. 26,

sterling. Oh© Moghul discarded his religious fcolcrane©

35 B w m m Aldworthe 85 Jllliam Biddulph to th© Bast Sadia

Ih# Meed Por An Ambassador To India; Roc Ia Choscn.

1. Inadequacy of prcvtm m ambassadors, Prior

1 Supra, Ch. I, passim.

2 William Hawkins, Journal* In Purchaa, III, 1, 2;

ip- Rawlinson, £6 ; Bioapson. and Garratt, 10,

0 Eerrldg© to 1#®, Oct, 10, l6l5 (o*s.}, British

th© savvies of the

However, when guilty of profiting from

10 Factors at Surat to the- East Ihdia Company, larch 10,

12 Factors at Surat to She East India

2« %*»■ a formal ambassador. % b©

13 William Foster, *W*c last India Company”, la H,H* Dodwell,

By it was becoming obvious to fee London

Xlp Council of factors at Surat, Minutes, Oct* 18, l63J|.,

received in London prior to Ida© ■East India

Perhaps an even sser© influential

to. the last

that ther® should b© a formal aiabassador pc«*man©ntly resident

18 Council of factors at Surat, Minutes, Oct* I? and Bov*

22 C o u rt llmrtos of toe last India Company, S o t , 2, i6ll|.,

25 Stanley Lane-Poole, n3ir 'Hhom&s Roe*, Loo.elt., XVII,

thanselves too far to 4Si® aiglish*-^ Bio Indians did con

Indians had the opportunity to manifest their avowed prefer

13 William Foster, Wc last India Company”, la H,H* Dodwell,

%* Portugese wmWLim* As noted above, the Port

1& M a m to Prlng, tog, 30 , l6 l?, heo,clt.. 110-11 Hoe

17 diehard Ba&ar to Roe, Dee* 2$, l6l£, 8.10

a year after Boo*® arrival la India the Buteh won permiss

Surat,As soon as Bo© learned that th© Dutch had arr

ether of which would be very praiudieiall to our proceed

» a 2 $ H $ # ri 6 i 5 > r ^ s ^ | 5 S » 79* 8fc*86|