STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) REPORT

PERFORMED AT

SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, ENUGU (SEDI-E)

BY

IJAKEYI SAMSON JOSEPH

2017030182189

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF APPLIED

NATURAL SCIENCES, ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
(B.Sc) IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.

MAY, 2021.
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to my late father Mr. Ijakeyi Otene Joseph,

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In preparing this paper, I received valuable assistance and support from several persons to

whom I hereby express my sincere gratitude. First, I owe a great deal of Glory to Almighty

God, my creator and the giver of wisdom and sincere gratitude to my parents late Mr. Ijakeyi

Otene Joseph and Mrs. Ijakeyi Ajima Joseph for their unending love and support, and to my

spiritual fathers and role models, Bishop David O. Oyedepo and Bishop T.D Jakes. I would

like to pay special tribute to my I. T Supervisors at Scientific Equipment Development

Institute, Enugu (SEDI-E), Dr. Ephraim .M. Ozoihu and Mr. Nwoye Ben C. for their tireless

effort and tutelage during the period of my training, from whose pool of knowledge and vast

wealth of experience I have benefitted immensely.

I salute the academic prowess of my Head of Department, Dr. (Mrs) I. P. Udeozo. I am also

grateful to other distinguished academics in the Department of Industrial Chemistry, I am

indeed grateful to them all; and to my colleagues for their diverse contributions and critical

comments.

I am sincerely grateful to my brothers and sisters who although far away were yet so near to

listen to my frustrations via phone calls and text messages, and provided moral cum

emotional support all the way. I am eternally grateful to you all.

 ABSTRACT

Several difficulties had been encountered as a student of Industrial chemistry during the
lecturing process. A lot theories were taught without proper practical orientation. This made
the learning a bit difficult. But my coming to Scientific Equipment Development Institute,
Enugu (SEDI-E) as an IT student had the learning concrete, enabling more knowledge
transfer in practical terms. There have been more practical demonstrations that cut across all
the course works. The result of these practical indicated that I can now stand to defend myself
as a student of Industrial Chemistry. This report contains all history, organizational structure
and knowledge gained during my attachment period. Diagrams were used in certain places to
illustrate unclear and unfamiliar terms or apparatus. Student projects during the training were
summarized.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Preface

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

1.2 A Brief History of SIWES

1.3 Scope of SIWES

1.4 Aims and Objectives

1.5 Information about the Organization

1.6 Organizational Structure

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER FOUR

CHAPTER FIVE

Observation

Recommendations

Conclusion

References
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is an exercise carried out within a

period of three to six months in the third year of an Undergraduate Programme. The exercise

was established to bridge the gap between the industrial world and the academic world.

1.2 A Brief History of SIWES

SIWES is an acronym for Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme. The scheme

started in 1974 with the establishment of Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F) in 1978 due to

financial challenges; SIWES was handed over to National Universities Commission (N.U.C)

and National Board for Technical Education (N.B.T.E) in 1979.

In November 1984, the Federal Government reversed the management and

implementation of SIWES to I.T.F, which completely took over the funding of the

programme. A legal backing was given to SIWES, the Decree 16 of 1984. Provisions made in

the decree include all students of specialized discipline such as Engineering, Technology,

Business, Applied Science and Applied Art programme in higher institutions shall be

required to have a compulsory supervised industrial attachment as part of their regular studies

in such manner as may be prescribed by their boards or commission.

Basically, Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is aimed at

bridging the gap between the theoretical aspect of learning and the actual practical acquisition

of this knowledge which further exposes the students to the practical aspect of their course

study (Akpan, Gregory: 2015). More so, it was constructed to educate and expose students to

various instruments/equipment, standard operating procedures, skills and techniques relevant

to their course of study.

1.3 Scope of SIWES

1.4 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

a. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge to real

life situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical.

b. To expose students to work methods and techniques for handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions.

c. To provide an avenue for students in Nigerian tertiary institutions to acquire industrial

skills and experience in the course of study.

d. To enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of

preparing graduates for employment in industries.

e. To ensure easy transition from the institution of learning to the labour market.

1.5 Information about the Organization (SEDI)

1.6 Organizational Chart of SEDI

 CHAPTER TWO

I was exposed to various equipment in the chemistry laboratory and performed some

practical/experiment, and also I was able to handle and operate some machines in plastic

recycling department during the interval of 6 months spent at the Scientific Equipment

Development Institute, Enugu. My areas of assignments were divided into two which is the

material and equipment Laboratory and the plastic recycling t and the production unit. Below

are the activities carried out in these departments.

2.1 Chemistry Department and Production

This section provided a practical learning opportunities that included;

 Instrumentation

 Energy

 Biodiesel

 Fermentation and of D-glucose

 Food test

 Preparation of Iodine and Sublimation

 Expansion of Gases

 Carbonization of Biomaterials

 Soxhlet Extractor

 Air freshener

 Insecticide (Borax)

 Soap

 Lip balm

 Bleach (JIK)

 Qualitative and Qualitative analysis

 Water Plant Culture

  Reaction of Sodium Metal

 Extraction of Pigment

 Production of Ammonia gas

2.1.1 Instrumentation

Some of the equipment in the laboratory/accessories are:

1. Cabinet standing oven

2. Microwave

3. Wax dispenser

4. Heating mantle

5. Set of sieve

6. Cabinet autoclave

7. Water distiller

8. Grinder polishing

9. Electrophoresis machine

10. Digital rotary viscometer

11. Centrifuge

12. Analytical weighing balance

13. Microscope

14. Colour chromatography

15. Universal pH meter

16. Spectrometer

17. Stirrer

18. Autoclave

19. Wet autoclave and pressure cooker

20. Soxhlet extractor

 21. Water bath

22. Mortar and pistol

23. Constant airflow thermometer

24. Fume chamber

25. Water through and bell jar

26. Desiccator

27. Top load balance

28. Chemical balance

29. Muffle furnace

30. Incubators

31. Hardness testing

32. Universal testing machine

2.1.2 Energy

Energy in physics is the capacity or doing work, it may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,

electric, chemical, nuclear or other various forms. Energy is the qualitative property that must

be transferred to an object in order to perform work on or to heat the object. There are

moreover heat and work i.e energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After

it has been transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat

transferred may be become thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form

of mechanical energy.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only change from one form to

another. This can be done in various ways. Usable mechanical or electrical energy is for

instance, produced my many kinds of devices including fuel burning and magneto

hydrodynamic system. In chemistry energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of

it’s atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied

by a change in one or more of these kind of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an

increase or decrease in transfer between the surrounding and the reactants of the reactions in

the form of heat or light; thus the product of a reaction may have more or less energy than the

reactants.

2.1.3 Renewable Energy

There are useful energy that are collected from renewable resources, which are naturally

replenished on a human timescale, including carbon neutral sources like sunlight, wind, rain,

tides, waves and geothermal heat. The term often also encompasses biomass as well, this type

of energy sources stands in contrast to fossil fuel, which are being used far more quickly than

they are being replenished. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas;

electricity generation, air and water heating/cooking, transportation and rural (off-grid)

energy services.

Examples

1. Wind power

2. Hydro power

3. Solar energy

4. Geothermal energy

5. Bioenergy

2.1.4 Bioenergy

Bioenergy which is also known as biodiesel fuels are mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty

acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oil or animal fat. Biodiesel

fuel consists of the simple alkyl esters of fatty acids, it is obtained from both vegetable oils

such as sunflower oil, canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, cotton seed

oil and animal fats such as beef tallow, and lard. Biodiesel can be obtained also from other

sources such as waste cooking oil, algae, and greases.

Aim: Production of Biodiesel

Biodiesel can be produced by several methods such as direct use or blending, micro-

emulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis), and trans-esterification. In this study eggshell are

used as heterogeneous catalyst study, as it is cheaper and more efficient. Trans-esterification

is the most common method for producing biodiesel which includes acid catalyzed processes,

base catalyzed processes, lipase-catalyzed processes, non-ionic base-catalyzed processes, and

heterogeneously catalyzed processes.

Materials/Apparatus

1. Oil

2. Methanol

3. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)/Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

4. Measuring cylinder

5. Catalyst cup and Gram scale

6. Funnel

7. Thermometer

8. Pan/pot

9. Bunsen Burner

10. Jar

11. Safety gloves

Methods

150cm3 of oil was heated with a thermometer inside, 30cm 3 of methanol and 3.5g of KOH or

2.8g of NaOH were also added as catalyst and slowly stirred and allowed to dissolve for

about 10-15 minutes, with the temperature of the oil to be about 54 0c. The heated oil,
methanol and catalyst were poured into a mixing jar and shake for 5minutes. This was

allowed to sit for about 24 hours for it to settle, and glycerin was separated from the biofuel.

Confirmation Test of Biodiesel

This was done by lighting the biodiesel which ignited to show it’s a fuel.

Determination of Density and Viscosity of Biodiesel

Procedure

This was done using a digital viscometer, the following reading shows the viscosity of the

biodiesel using Rotor 2.

Speed Data Percentage

12RPM 85.0mpa.s 3.4%
30RPM 100.0mpa.s 10.0
60RPM 83.0mpa.s 16.6%

Density of Biodiesel

Calculation

Density = mass
Volume
i.e : Mass of the biodiesel
Volume of the biodiesel

121.962g
200ml = 0.60981

Determination of Acid Value/Free Fatty Acid (FFA) of Biodiesel

Procedure

0.5mls of the sample was measured, also 3 drops of phenolphthalein and 20cm 3 of complete

ethanol were added and titrated with 0.1N KOH (Normality) in which a pink colouration was

confirmed.

Calculation:

(TV x N x 56.1)/weight of sample used

Where TV = Titre value

 N = Normality of titrant

56.1= Acid constant

Weight of sample used = 0.5 x SG of oil used.

2.1.10 Acid Value

The same procedure is followed as in the case of free fatty acid (FFA).

Formular for FFA

(TV x 0.0282 x 100)/weight of sample used.

NB: A high acid value is indicative of state of oil/fat stored under improper conditions.

Determination of the Saponification Value of Biodiesel

Procedure

0.5ml of the oil sample was put into a conical flask, and 50mls of 0.5N ethanoic KOH and

reflux (heat in a round bottom flask and allow to stand for 5-30minutes).

NB: Ethanoic KOH means KOH dissolved in ethanol instead of distilled water.

The essence of refluxing is to get a perfect dissolution of the oil in the ethanoic KOH.

Mixture was allowed to cool for 30minutes after refluxing and 3drops of phenolphthalein

indicator was added and titrated with 0.5N HCl.

Observation/Result

Color changes from pink to colorless.

Titrate for blank (blank is addition of everything, i.e ethanoic KOH + Indicator – oil sample).

NB: The saponification value gives an idea about the molecule’s weight of fats and oil.

Calculation

(56.1 x 0.5 x (V2 – V1))/Weight of sample used

 NB: The value for blank should be higher than that of sample.

Where

V1 = Titre of sample

V2 = Titre of blank

56.1 = molecular weight of KOH

0.5N = Normality of KOH

2.1.5 Environmental Impact

1. The ability of biomass and biofuel to contribute to a reduction in Co 2 emissions is

limited because both biomass and biofuel emit large amounts of air pollution when

burned and in some cases compete with food supply.

2. Biomass and biofuel consume large amount of water, other renewable sources such as

wind, photovoltaics and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve

water, lower pollution and reduce Co2 emissions.

3. The installations used to produce (the above) are an increasing threat to key

conservation areas with facilities built in areas set aside for nature conservation.

Advantages of Biodiesel

Some of the advantages of using biodiesel as a replacement for diesel fuel are:

1. Renewable fuel, obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats.

2. Low toxicity, in comparison with diesel fuel.

3. Degrades more rapidly than diesel fuel, minimizing the environmental consequences

of biofuel spills.

4. Lower emissions of contaminants: carbon monoxide, particulate matter, polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes.

5. Lower health risk, due to reduced emissions of carcinogenic substances

 6. No sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions.

7. Higher flash point (100C minimum).

Disadvantages of Biodiesel

There are certain disadvantages of using biodiesel as a replacement for diesel fuel that must

be taken into consideration:

1. Slightly higher fuel consumption due to the lower calorific value of biodiesel.

2. Slightly higher nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions than diesel fuel.

3. Higher freezing point than diesel fuel. This may be inconvenient in cold climates.

4. It is less stable than diesel fuel, and therefore long-term storage (more than six

months) of biodiesel is not recommended.

5. May degrade plastic and natural rubber gaskets and hoses when used in pure form, in

which case replacement with Teflon® components is recommended.

6. It dissolves the deposits of sediments and other contaminants from diesel fuel in

storage tanks and fuel lines, which then are flushed away by the biofuel into the

engine, where they can cause problems in the valves and injection systems. In

consequence, the cleaning of tanks prior to filling with biodiesel is recommended. It

must be noted that these disadvantages are significantly reduced when biodiesel is

used in blends with diesel fuel.

2.1.6 Fermentation and Distillation D-glucose using Yeast as a catalyst

Aim: Showing the effect of the concentration of yeast in D-glucose.

Materials/Apparatus

1. Conical flask

2. Wool
 3. Petri dish

4. Spatula

5. Weighing balance

6. Beaker

7. Water bath

8. Glucose

9. Yeast

10. Water

Measurements

Measurement for Yeast

Petri Dish = 6.464g and 6.376g

Yeast = 6.00g and 8.00g

Petri Dish + Yeast = 12.464g and 12.376g

Measurement for D-Glucose

Petri Dish = 6.330g

D-Glucose = 3.00

Petri Dish + Yeast = 9.330g

Measurement for D-Glucose

Petri Dish = 6.468g

D-Glucose = 3.00g

Petri Dish + Glucose = 9.468g

Method/Procedure

Analytical weighing balance was warmed for 30 minutes, and water bath as well till the water

becomes warm. Petri dish was put into the analytical weighing balance to weigh same with

D-glucose and yeast respectively. The weighed substances were put into a conical flask. 50ml

of warm water was measured and poured into the conical flask. The conical flasks were the n

covered with cotton wool and kept at room temperature for 24 hours.

The fermented yeast were tested for the presence of ethanoic acid using blue litmus paper

which turned red.

Distillation Process

Apparatus

1. Distillation flask

2. Clamp

3. Bunsen burner

4. Clamp stand

5. Thermometer

6. Cooling water

7. Liebg condenser

8. Conical flask

9. Graduated flask

10. Cotton wool

11. Recovery flask

Method/Procedure
The substance was put into a distillation flask and heated to almost dryness and at 78 0c which

is the boiling point of ethanol, the distillate started coming out. The distillation flask was

made air tight by covering it completely with cotton wool.

The vapour goes into the inner condenser while the water was stored in the graduated flask

was connected into the condenser. The water fills the outer condenser thoroughly cooling the

inside vapour and turning it liquid. The distillate (ethanol) was s collected in the conical flask

the experiment was repeated for the 3kg of glucose and 6kg of yeast mixture and 3kg of

glucose and 8kg of yeast.

2.1.7 Food Test

Test for D-Glucose (Simple Sugar)

Apparatus

1. Test tube

2. Benedict’s solution

3. Felehing’s solution

4. Test tube holder

5. Bunsen burner

6. D-Glucose

7. Spatula

A small amount of D-Glucose was put into two different test tube respectively been labelled

A and B and mixed with water, Felehing’s solution A and B was poured into test tube A in

the same proportion which gave a blue colour and precipitate. Benedict’s solution only was

poured into test tube B which also gave a blue colour solution and precipitate. Both test tube

were heated with a Bunsen burner and their content changed to brick red showing the

presence of simple sugar.

Test for Protein

Apparatus

1. Test tube

2. Wash bottle

3. Copper II sulphate (Cu2SO4)

4. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

5. Millions reagent

6. Test tube holder

 7. Bunsen burner

Method/Procedure

A small portion of egg white was put into a test tube and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) +

Copper II sulphate (Cu2SO4) which turned purple precipitate. Another small portion of egg

white was put into a test tube and millions reagent and was heated which turned brick red

precipitate.

Test for Starch

A small amount of starch soluble was put into a wash dish and a drop of iodine into it which

turned blue black indicating the presence of starch.

2.1.8 Preparation of Iodine Solution and Sublimation

Method/Procedure

3g of iodine crystals and 6g of potassium iodide were weighed and added to 1 liter of distilled

water which was dissolve for 24hours and after 24hours iodine solution has been produced.

NB: You are to keep massaging the iodine crystals for that 24 hours.

Sublimation

Take iodine crystals with spatula and placed on heat, sublimation of iodine begins to take

place.

2.1.19 Expansion of Gases

Aim:

This was demonstrated using a test tube and a balloon, the balloon was worn around the test

tube and then heated by the side which made the balloon to expand showing the expansion of

gases.

2.1.9 Carbonization of Biomaterials

Aim: Water Purification

Activated carbon is a form of carbon with small or low volume pores that increase surface

area available for adsorption or chemical reaction. It can be produced from burning the

following; wood, bamboo, coconut husk etc.

Uses

1. Methane and hydrogen storage

2. Air purification

3. Solvent recovery

4. Decaffeination

5. Gold purification

6. Air in respirators

7. Water purification

8. Sewage treatment

9. Teeth whitening

10. Production of HCL

11. Metal extraction

12. Medicine

Methods

The methods include both physical and chemical methods, Physical method involves subject

to high temperature at a given time, while chemical method involves introducing certain

chemicals, strong acid, strong base or a salt.

Types

1. Powered activated carbon (PAC)

2. Granular activated carbon (GAC)

3. Extruded activated carbon (EAC)

 4. Bead activated carbon (BAC)

Experiment

30g of sol dust was placed into a clay pot and then sealed with clay around it. This was put

into a muffle furnace and allowed to heat at 3000c for 45minutes in the absence of oxygen.

The substance turned black completely.

2.1.10 Soxhlet Extractor

Aim: Extraction of Essential Oils

A soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus originally designed for the extraction of

a lipid from a solid material. Typically, it is used when the desired compound has a limited

solubility in a solvent and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. It allows for unmonitored

and unmanaged operation while efficiently recycling a small amount of solvent to dissolve a

larger amount of material. The soxhlet extractor has three main section a percolator (boiler

and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which

retains the solid to be extracted and a siphon mechanism which periodically empties the

thimble.

Method/Procedure

50g of melon seed was placed inside the thimble, the thimble was loaded into the main

chamber of the soxhlet extractor then the extraction solvent to be used was placed in a

distillation flask. The flask was placed on the heating mantle and the soxhlet extractor was

placed atop the flask, a reflux condenser is placed atop.

How it works

The solvent is heated to reflux flux and the solvent vapour travels up a distillation arm and

floods into the chamber housing the thimble of melon seed then the condenser ensures that
any solvent vapour cons and drips back down into the chamber housing the melon seed. The

chamber containing the melon seed slowly fills with warm solvent. Some of the desired

compound dissolves in the warm solvent, when the soxhlet chamber is almost full, the

chamber is emptied by the siphon the solvent is returned to the distillation flask. The thimble

ensures that the rapid motion of the solvent does not transport any solid material to the still

pot. The cycle may be allowed to repeat many times over hours or days, after many cycles the

desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask.

NB: the advantage of this system is that instead of many portions of warm solvent being

passed through the sample just one batch of solvent is recycled.

After extraction the solvent is removed typically by means of a rotary evaporation yielding

the extracted compound. The non-soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the

thimble and is usually discarded or can be used as feed for livestock.

Calculation

Weight of empty beaker = 56.903g

Weight of beaker and oil = 57.391g

Weight of oil = 0.488g

Percent oil and fat = (0.488/5) x 100

= 9.76%

Where 5g is the weight of sample used

0.488g is the weight of the oil in the sample after subtracting the weight of empty beaker

from the weight of oil and beaker.

Characterization of Oil
This was carried out using pH meter or pH paper and also by the determination of the specific

gravity of the oil.

Method/Procedure

Empty specific gravity bottle (SG bottle) was weighed and the bottles filled with distilled

water was weighed again respectively. The bottle was filed with the oil (at the exact point of

the distilled water). This was weighed again and noted.

Calculation

SG = Weight of the oil/weight of distilled water (g)

Weight of the oil = W1

Weight of empty SG bottle = W2

Weight of the oil and SG bottle = W3

W1 = W3 – W2

SG = W1/weight of distilled water

Weight of distilled water = weight of SG bottle and distilled water –weight of empty SG

bottle.

Determination of Acid Value/Free Fatty Acid (FFA)

Method/Procedure

0.5mls of the sample was weighed with 3drops of phenolphthalein indicator and 20mls of

complete ethanol added and was titrated with 0.1N KOH (Normality). A pink coloration was

confirmed.

Calculation:
(TV x N x 56.1)/weight of sample used

Where TV = Titre value

N = Normality of tiltrant

5.61 = Acid constant

5.62

Weight of sample used = 0.5 x SG of oil used.

Acid Value

The same procedure is followed as in the case of free fatty acid (FFA).

Formular for FFA

(TV x 0.0282 x 100)/weight of sample used.

NB: A high acid value is indicative of state of oil/fat stored under improper conditions.

Determination of the Saponification Value

Method/Procedure

0.5ml of the oil sample was put into a conical flask, and 50mls of 0.5N ethanoic KOH and

reflux (heat in a round bottom flask and allow to stand for 5-30minutes).

NB: Ethanoic KOH means KOH dissolved in ethanol instead of distilled water.

The essence of refluxing is to get a perfect dissolution of the oil in the ethanoic KOH.

Mixture was allowed to cool for 30minutes after refluxing and 3drops of phenolphthalein

indicator was added and titrated with 0.5N HCl.

Observation/Result

Color changes from pink to colorless.

Titrate for blank (blank is addition of everything, i.e ethanoic KOH + Indicator – oil sample).

NB: The saponification value gives an idea about the molecule’s weight of fats and oil.

Calculation

(56.1 x 0.5 x (V2 – V1))/Weight of sample used

NB: The value for blank should be higher than that of sample.

Where

V1 = Titre of sample

V2 = Titre of blank

56.1 = molecular weight of KOH

0.5N = Normality of KOH

2.1.11 Air Freshener Production

Materials/Apparatus

a. Perfume/fragrance.

b. Methanol and ethanol (dispersing agents).

c. Fume binder (binds the ingredients together).

d. Colorant.

e. Water.

Method/Procedure

50cm3 of water was poured into a bowl and perfume or fragrance was also added to it and stir

properly, 100mls of methanol and 100mls of ethanol were added and stirred properly. Also

fume binder and colour were also added and left overnight and then filter.

NB: You can as well add preservatives like urea, vitamin A, formalin, and methyl paraben.

2.1.12 Insecticide (Borax)

Borax also called sodium tetraborate is a powdery white mineral that has been used as a

cleaning product for several decades. It has many uses like helping to get stains, mold and

mildew around the house. It can kill insects such as ants. Boric acid is a natural product found

in fruits, vegetables water and soil that can be used to prepare various home made remedies.

It’s mineral base and it’s properties make it an excellent material to use from insecticide to

cleaning products.

Boric acid attracts ants, cockroaches and termites which therefore makes its very effective

insecticide.

Materials/Apparatus

1. Boric acid (20g)

2. Measuring spoon

3. Water (200ml)

4. Spray bottles

5. Bowl

6. Sugar/Starch (15g)

Method/Procedure

A mixture of boric acid was poured into a bowl with some table spoon of sugar and a table

spoon of milk. The solution was stirred well until all three products forms a paste. Once it

turned into a dough, a lid or bottle caps fill these caps half way and you have your borax

insecticide.

2.1.13 Soap Production

2.1.14 Production on Lip Balm

Materials/Apparatus
 1. Wax (bee Wax, candelilla wax, camuba wax)

2. Oil ( mineral, caster, lanolin, vegetable oil)

3. Alcohol

4. Pigment

5. Fragrance

Method/Procedure

Raw materials were melted and mixed separately because of the different types, the solvent

solution and liquid oils are then mixed with the colour pigments and stirred, raw materials

and solvent solutions were added while hot until a uniform colour is gotten and pour into can

for molding.

2.1.15 Production of Bleach (JIK)

Materials/Apparatus

a. Calcium hypochloride (HTH)

b. Caustic soda

c. Soda ash.

d. Alum (minute quantity)

e. Deionised water

Method/Procedure

Water was poured into a bowl and Calcium hypochloride, caustic soda, soda ash and alum

were added and stirred together. It was left for 24hours and then filtered out.

2.1.16 Qualitative and Qualitative Analysis

Quantitative analysis is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often

expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in sample.

Qualitative analysis is the determination of the chemical composition of a sample. It

encompasses a set of analytical chemistry techniques that provide non-numerical information

about a specimen.

2.1.17 Water Plant Culture

This is also known as hydroponics, it is a type of horticulture and a subset

of hydroculture which involves growing plants (usually crops) without soil, by

using mineral nutrient solutions in an aqueous solvent. Terrestrial plants may grow with only

their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid, or, in addition, the roots may be physically

supported by an inert medium such as perlite, gravel, or other substrates. Despite inert media,

roots can cause changes of the rhizosphere pH and root exudates can affect

rhizosphere biology. The nutrients used in hydroponic systems can come from many different

sources, including (but not limited to) fish excrement, duck manure, purchased chemical

fertilizers, or artificial nutrient solutions. Plants commonly grown hydroponically, on inert

media, include tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, strawberries, lettuces, cannabis, and model

plants like Arabidopsis thaliana.

2.1.18 Reaction of Sodium Metal

Sodium metal reacts rapidly with water to form a colourless basic solution

of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H2). The reaction continues even when the

solution becomes basic. The resulting solution is basic because of the dissolved hydroxide.

The reaction is exothermic.

1.1.19 Extraction of Pigment

Method/Procedures

The plant for extraction was placed into a mortar and crushed with a pestle, and soaked in

ethanol for 1hour. The extract was filtered to remove all non-soluble plant materials.
2.1.20 Production of Ammonia gas

2. Plastic Recycling Department

This section carries out analysis under;

 History of polymer science Edit
The first modern example of polymer science is Henri Braconnot's work in the 1830s.
Henri, along with Christian Schönbein and others, developed derivatives of the natural
polymer cellulose, producing new, semi-synthetic materials, such as celluloid and
cellulose acetate. The term "polymer" was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius,
though Berzelius did little that would be considered polymer science in the modern
sense. In the 1840s, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently
discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the
material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for
vulcanizing natural rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a
patent for the same process in the UK the year before. This process strengthened
natural rubber and prevented it from melting with heat without losing flexibility. This
made practical products such as waterproofed articles possible. It also facilitated
practical manufacture of such rubberized materials. Vulcanized rubber represents the
first commercially successful product of polymer research. In 1884 Hilaire de
Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber plant based on regenerated cellulose, or
viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it was very flammable.[2] In 1907 Leo
Baekeland invented the first synthetic plastic, a thermosetting phenol–formaldehyde
resin called Bakelite.[3]

Despite significant advances in polymer synthesis, the molecular nature of polymers was
not understood until the work of Hermann Staudinger in 1922.[4] Prior to Staudinger's
work, polymers were understood in terms of the association theory or aggregate theory,
which originated with Thomas Graham in 1861. Graham proposed that cellulose and
other polymers were colloids, aggregates of molecules having small molecular mass
connected by an unknown intermolecular force. Hermann Staudinger was the first to
propose that polymers consisted of long chains of atoms held together by covalent
bonds. It took over a decade for Staudinger's work to gain wide acceptance in the
scientific community, work for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953.

The World War II era marked the emergence of a strong commercial polymer industry.
The limited or restricted supply of natural materials such as silk and rubber
necessitated the increased production of synthetic substitutes, such as nylon[5] and
synthetic rubber.[6] In the intervening years, the development of advanced polymers
such as Kevlar and Teflon have continued to fuel a strong and growing polymer
industry.

Plastic recycling
Plastic Recycling recovers the scrap or the waste plastic and reprocesses the material into
useful products, The plastic is non-biodegradable, It includes melting down soft drink
bottles and casting them as the plastic chairs and the tables, Plastics are recycled during
the manufacturing process of plastic goods such as polyethylene film and the bags.
Plastic recycling advantages
Plastic Recycling helps to reduce energy usage, It reduces the consumption of fresh raw
materials, It reduces the water pollution and air pollution (from landfilling) by reducing
the need for conventional waste disposal and it reduces greenhouse gases emissions.
Recycling conserves the natural resources & the energy that would be required to produce
plastic from scratch, Recycling old and waste products into new products reduce the
amount of waste that goes to the landfills, and recycling one ton of plastic can save 7.4
cubic yards of landfill space.
Plastics become easy to recycle, Besides the invention of new plastic recycling technology,
Plastic Recycling protects the environment, It spreads awareness for the environment, It
promotes judicial and sustainable use of resources and it creates green jobs.

Plastic Recycling saves the Earth, It can help minimize the cutting of trees that are used to
make the paper, conserving the forests will help the environment, This is because the
trees are known to improve the air, prevent the floods and provide the raw materials and
the nourishment.

Plastic Recycling conserves the energy, Processing the raw materials that come from the
trees and the other natural resources takes more energy than recycling materials, we are
minimizing the use of energy that can decrease the pollution, minimize the health risk and
help the economy.

Plastic Recycling helps in mitigating global warming and in reducing the pollution, The
fossil fuels use that emit such harmful gases will be minimized, And by recycling non-
biodegradable waste, The air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced.

Plastic Recycling minimizes the waste products placed in the landfills that harm to the
environment, A lot of the waste materials thrown in the landfills all over the world are
composed of non-biodegradable products that take a long time to decompose.
Science online
INDUSTRIES6
Plastic recycling advantages and disadvantages
BY HEBA SOFFAR · PUBLISHED JULY 27, 2016 · UPDATED APRIL 30, 2020

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Plastic recycling
Plastic Recycling recovers the scrap or the waste plastic and reprocesses the material into
useful products, The plastic is non-biodegradable, It includes melting down soft drink
bottles and casting them as the plastic chairs and the tables, Plastics are recycled during
the manufacturing process of plastic goods such as polyethylene film and the bags.

Plastic recycling advantages

Plastic Recycling helps to reduce energy usage, It reduces the consumption of fresh raw
materials, It reduces the water pollution and air pollution (from landfilling) by reducing
the need for conventional waste disposal and it reduces greenhouse gases emissions.

Recycling conserves the natural resources & the energy that would be required to produce
plastic from scratch, Recycling old and waste products into new products reduce the
amount of waste that goes to the landfills, and recycling one ton of plastic can save 7.4
cubic yards of landfill space.

Plastic recycling
Plastic recycling
Plastics become easy to recycle, Besides the invention of new plastic recycling technology,
Plastic Recycling protects the environment, It spreads awareness for the environment, It
promotes judicial and sustainable use of resources and it creates green jobs.

Plastic Recycling saves the Earth, It can help minimize the cutting of trees that are used to
make the paper, conserving the forests will help the environment, This is because the
trees are known to improve the air, prevent the floods and provide the raw materials and
the nourishment.

Plastic Recycling conserves the energy, Processing the raw materials that come from the
trees and the other natural resources takes more energy than recycling materials, we are
minimizing the use of energy that can decrease the pollution, minimize the health risk and
help the economy.

Plastic Recycling helps in mitigating global warming and in reducing the pollution, The
fossil fuels use that emit such harmful gases will be minimized, And by recycling non-
biodegradable waste, The air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced.

Plastic Recycling minimizes the waste products placed in the landfills that harm to the
environment, A lot of the waste materials thrown in the landfills all over the world are
composed of non-biodegradable products that take a long time to decompose.

Plastic Recycling can help you save the money, There are companies that pay cash for your
trash, patronizing the recycled products saves your money because they are less
expensive.

Plastic Recycling can reduce the need for the allied activities such as the transportation
and mining which are the biggest producers of the greenhouse gases and the pollution.

Plastic recycling disadvantages

Plastic recycling can be harmful to the environment, When the material is melted down,
VOCs are released into the atmosphere, They are harmful to nearby plant and animal life.
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) released from plastic recycling harm the environment,
They present health risks to the people who use the recycled plastic, Plastic resin is
manufactured from the petroleum and it can leech into the foods that are stored in the
recycled plastic containers.

The heat is required to melt the plastic, the process generates carbon emissions, The
harmful greenhouse gases contribute to the global warming and they are already taking
an effect on our planet’s climate, As the plastic carries the potential health threats, much
of recycled plastic will be less useful product.

After the plastic has been recycled once, it is very rarely suitable for the second round of
recycling, So, the material will end up in the waste, If the plastic recycling continues in this
way then the manufacturers will always have the same demand for new material.

Plastic Recycling tons of garbage will require separate factories, This could result in more
pollution and energy consumption to clean, sort, store and transport the waste materials,
The need for extra bins for different kinds of trash will be needed, This can equate to
more trucks to pick them up, increasing the air pollution.

Plastic Recycling will produce the pollutants, including the chemical stews after breaking
down the waste materials, It can hurt the environment, if not planned well, Recycling is
not always cost-efficient and it can result in net loss year after year.

Plastic Recycling can increase low-quality jobs, These include sorting the garbage, cleaning
toxins and doing the other manual and the intensive labor, This can result in low morale,
low income and poor quality of life in the community.

Plastic Recycling can create more environmental problems, if not done right, recycling
companies might abandon dump sites and leave the harmful chemicals to contaminate
the land and the environment.

Plastic Recycling does not guarantee good quality products, Plastic Recycling can give the
people the false sense of security, They believe that unless the humans really know the
extent of the damage of the waste, Plastic recycling will remain of little value to a lot of
people.
The growth in industrial applications was mirrored by the establishment of strong
academic programs and research institute. In 1946, Herman Mark established the
Polymer Research Institute at Brooklyn Polytechnic, the first research facility in the
United States dedicated to polymer research. Mark is also recognized as a pioneer in
establishing curriculum and pedagogy for the field of polymer science.[7] In 1950, the
POLY division of the American Chemical Society was formed, and has since grown to
the second-largest division in this association with nearly 8,000 members. Fred W.
Billmeyer, Jr., a Professor of Analytical Chemistry had once said that "although the
scarcity of education in polymer science is slowly diminishing but it is still evident in
many areas. What is most unfortunate is that it appears to exist, not because of a lack of
awareness but, rather, a lack of interest."[8]

CHAPTER THREE

Problems Encountered

SIWES program was and is indeed a challenging program. I had challenges of getting

a place of attachment due to Covid-19 challenges. The program is highly demanding, both

financially and materially (everyday transport, feeding, etc) and most laboratory and

organizations not paying IT students at least to alleviate that problem.

Relevance of SIWES Programme

SIWES is aimed at exposing students to professional work methods, equipment and

machines and ways of safe guarding the work areas within the industry, laboratory, and/or

other organizations as the case may be. The scheme is a tripartite program, involving the

tertiary institution, the industry/laboratories (ie employees of labor) and the industrial training

fund (ITF).

Below are some of the purposes of initiating the Students Industrial Work Experience

Scheme, with reference to MY course of study;

a. It enables students to have an understanding of the structure, operation and

management of an industrial laboratory.

b. It exposes students to the safety precautionary measures needed to be observed while

working in the laboratory.

c. It acquaints students with the elementary modern store keeping techniques while in

the laboratory.

d. It enables students to acquire skills in chemical preparation of laboratory solutions

such as distil water, NaCl solution, etc.

 CHAPTER FOUR

Ways of Improving the Programme

I think the program can be improved if more organization give students more opportunity to

carry out their industrial attachment in their offices, this will enable students not having the

difficulty of looking for places to attach.

Advice for Future Participants

I encourage all upcoming IT students to place knowledge as their top priority during

this program. I am not against getting knowledge and making money same time during IT,

but if you have to choose between knowledge and money, please go for knowledge. The

knowledge you will get today cannot be compared with the money you will get tomorrow.

Students during IT should go to places related to their field of study and at the same

time seek for knowledge. Let knowledge be your priority.

Advice for SIWES Managers

a. I will advice the SIWES managers to improve the welfare of students during the

SIWES programme. This will be in terms of helping student locate a suitable

establishment for their industrial training (IT).

b. Also an improve financial allowance will assist the student during the programme as

most student spends a lot in terms of transportation and other logistics during the

programme.

c. Finally, I recommend that entrepreneurship programme should be incorporated in the

programme so that student will acquire new skills apart from their academic work.
Observations

It is a known fact that unity breeds progress. I was delighted at the unity and team

spirit that existed among the staff. The way they attend to their jobs changed my orientation

on government work; they had time to lecture all attached SIWES students.

Recommendations

It is wise to say that theory alone cannot serve all what is required academically and

hence practical sessions should be increased. SIWES is a medium that should provide a hands

on experience to students, but it should be made to occur during exam free periods to give

students maximum attention.

Conclusion

The SIWES programme is not a waste of time and every student who has reached this stage

should endeavor to accept it.

 REFERENCES

Akpan, Gregory, (2015). University of Uyo Students SIWES Handnbook. A SIWES unit

publication, University of Uyo, Uyo. (Revised Edition).

Alpha research laboratory history. www.alpharesearchlab.com

Baker, F.J. and Silverton, R. (2007). Introduction to Laboratory

Technology. (7th Edition). London: Bounty Press Limited pp. 365-404.

Monica, C. (2009). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Second Edition

Cambridge University Press, New York.