ABSTRACT In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and smartphones, their use in indoor

environments is escalating by leaps and bounds. Capturing details of the indoor usage of these smart
devices can be used to capture the information needed to personalize the user experience. One of
the critical features in an indoor environment is the location information of a smart device.
Prediction of device location from indoor environmental data compares as a problem for pattern
matching. Compared to traditional techniques, it is
mucheasiertousemachinelearningtodetectandanalyzedifferentdatapatterns.Everyregionintheworld
usesMachineLearning(ML),suchashealthcare,computervision,datamining,positioningorlocalization,
etc.ThispaperprovidesanoverviewofML-basedindoorlocalizationtechniquesusingWi-Fifingerprinting.
These techniques determine the position of a specific device or user by comparing the Wi-Fi signals
with the collected Wi-Fi signals at a specific location using fingerprinting (i.e., senate analysis). This
paper has a detailed survey of Wi-Fi Revised Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), the fingerprinting
process, and ML techniques commonly used in the literature. We furthermore discuss various
performance criteria for Wi-Fi
fingerprintingtechniques,whichimpactondifferentpositioningsystems.Wealsoprovideavarietyoffuture
applicationsscenariosofML-basedindoorlocalizationandthechallengesthatariseduringthedevelopment
of Wi-Fi fingerprinting based indoor localization using ML, along with its potential solutions to meet
these challenges.

I. INTRODUCTION IN the last decade, smartphones and plethora of devices have become
increasingly prestigious. In 2019, smartphone users were 3.3 billion worldwide, up 10% compared to
2018 [1]. The active plenty of gizmos is also estimated to grow to10billion by the end of 2020 and 22
billion by 2025 [2]. Three out of every four (74%) cell phone owners are active-user of location-based
applications [3], whose revenue estimates at $1.4 trillion by 2021 [4]. The reason behind this trend is

There are wide-ranging methods for implementing indoor localization systems such as trilateration,
multilateration, triangulation and fingerprinting. There is a distinct fundamental working principle
behind each of method. There are some constraints in the implementation of trilateration and
triangulation methods because it requires additional hardware, a minimum of three access points,
synchronization between devices, large protocol overheads which rise cost and also increases the
complexity of the methods [32]– [36]. However, the fingerprinting method is straightforward to
implement compared to the other two methods because it does not require any additional hardware
and produces desirable results with the help of various algorithms and
mathematicalmodels.ThefingerprintingmethodusingRSSI is similar to the pattern matching problem
of data-driven techniques.