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03 Energy Balance
03 Energy Balance
By: Usamah Al‐Mubaiyedh
1
The General Energy Balance Equation
Consider a fluid moving through a stationary control volume. The general energy
balance equation can be written as:
1 2
Rate of Energy Rate of Energy Addition
Accumulati on
by Covection
KE Int. E KE Int. E
3
Rate of EnergyAddition
by Molecular Transport
Conduction
4
Rate of Work Done on System
by Molecular Mechanisim s
i.e. Stress and Pressure
5
Rate of Work Done on System
by External Mechanisims
i.e. Gravity
2
e
Before we proceed, we introduce the Combined Energy Flux Vector :
3
Add all terms now:
Δx y z
t
1
2
v 2 Uˆ ex x ex
x x
y z
e
y y
e
y y y x z
ez z ez z z x y
Δx y z g v
Now divide by x y z and take the limit x y z 0
t
1
2
v U e g v
2 ˆ
4
t
1
2
v 2 Uˆ e g v
Recall the Combined Energy Flux Vector:
1 2 ˆ
e 2 v v U v p v v q
t
1
2
v 2 Uˆ 12 v 2 Uˆ v .......... Conevtion
q .......... Conduction
Eq. (1)
pv .......... Work done due to pressure
v q
.......... Work done due to stress
g v .......... Work done due to external fields
5
Recall the equation of motion:
N
v vv p g 3
t m
v
Take dot product with :
t
1
2
v 2 12 v 2 v pv p v v : v g v
Eq. (2)
6
Eq. (1) : Accounts for both mechanical energy and internal energy
Eq. (2) : Accounts for mechanical energy only
Subtract Eq. (1) ‐ Eq. (2):
t
Uˆ Uˆ v q p v : v Eq. (3)
Eq. (3) is the internal energy equation which is more useful to derive an equation for
temperature within the system.
Rearranging Eq. (3) to introduce the substantial derivative”
DUˆ
q p v : v Eq. (3)
Dt
7
1
Introduce the enthalpy: Hˆ Uˆ p Vˆ Note : Vˆ
DHˆ Dp
q : v Eq. (3)
Dt Dt
Recall from thermodynamics:
Vˆ 1 ln
ˆ ˆ
dH C p dT V T dp C p dT T dp
T p ln T p
DT ln Dp
C p q : v Eq. (3)
Dt T Dt
8
Special Forms of the Energy Equation
DT
(1) Constant density fluids: C p q : v
Dt
(2) (1)+Material follows Fourier Law: C p
DT
k 2T : v q kT
Dt
DT
(3) (1)+(2) + Newtonian fluid: C p k 2T v See appendix B.7
Dt
9
10
11