A RAB J OURNAL OF Arab J Math Sci 23 (2017) 215–230

M ATHEMATICAL S CIENCES

Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions

M EHMET K UNT a,∗ , İ MDAT İ ŞCAN b

a Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
b Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey

Received 7 May 2016; received in revised form 27 October 2016; accepted 3 November 2016
Available online 17 November 2016

Abstract. In this paper, firstly, Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex

functions are built. Secondly, an integral identity and some Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type
integral inequalities for p-convex functions are obtained. Finally, some Hermite–Hadamard
and Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequalities for convex, harmonically convex and p-convex
functions are given. Some results presented here for p-convex functions provide extensions
of others given in earlier works for convex and harmonically convex and p-convex functions.

Keywords: Hermite–Hadamard inequalities; Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequalities; Convex

functions; Harmonically convex functions; p-Convex functions

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 26A51; 26A33; 26D10

1. I NTRODUCTION

Let f : I ⊆ R → R be a convex function defined on an interval I of real numbers and

a, b ∈ I with a < b. The inequality
   b
a+b 1 f (a) + f (b)
f ≤ f (x)dx ≤ (1.1)
2 b−a a 2
is well known in the literature as Hermite–Hadamard’s inequality [5,6].
The most well-known inequalities related to the integral mean of a convex function
f are the Hermite–Hadamard inequalities or its weighted versions, the so-called
Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequalities.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mkunt@ktu.edu.tr (M. Kunt).
URL: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/M-6937-2016 (M. Kunt).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajmsc.2016.11.001
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216 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

a+b
Definition 1. A function w : [a, b] ⊂ R → R is said to be symmetric with respect to 2 , if
w (x) = w (a + b − x) holds for all x ∈ [a, b].

Example 1. Assume that w1 , w2 : [a, b] ⊂ R → R, w1 (x) = c for c ∈ R, w2 (x) =

2
x − a+b , then w1 , w2 are symmetric functions with respect to a+b

2 2 .

In [4], Fejér established the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequality which is the

weighted generalization of the Hermite–Hadamard inequality (1.1):

Theorem 1 ([4]). Let f : [a, b] ⊂ R → R be a convex function. Then the inequality

  b  b  b
a+b f (a) + f (b)
f w(x)dx ≤ f (x)w(x)dx ≤ w(x)dx (1.2)
2 a a 2 a

a+b
holds, where w : [a, b] → R is nonnegative, integrable and symmetric to 2 .

For some results which generalize, improve, and extend the inequalities (1.1) and (1.2)
see [1–3,7,9–12,16–19].
In [9], İşcan gave the definition of a harmonically convex function and established the
following Hermite–Hadamard inequality for harmonically convex functions:

Definition 2 ([9]). Let I ⊂ R\ {0} be a real interval. A function f : I → R is said to be

harmonically convex, if
 
xy
f ≤ tf (y) + (1 − t) f (x) (1.3)
tx + (1 − t) y
for all x, y ∈ I and t ∈ [0, 1]. If the inequality in (1.3) is reversed, then f is said to be
harmonically concave.

We assume that L [a, b] is the set of all Riemann integrable functions defined on the interval
[a, b].

Theorem 2 ([9]). Let f : I ⊂ R\ {0} → R be a harmonically convex function and a, b ∈ I

with a < b. If f ∈ L [a, b] then the following inequalities hold:
   b
2ab ab f (x) f (a) + f (b)
f ≤ 2
dx ≤ . (1.4)
a+b b−a a x 2

Definition 3 ([15]). A function w : [a, b] ⊆ R\ {0}  → R is said to be harmonically

2ab
symmetric with respect to a+b , if w (x) = w 1 + 11 − 1 holds for all x ∈ [a, b].
a b x

Example 2. Assume that w1 , w2 : [a, b] ⊂ R → R, w1 (x) = c for c ∈ R, w2 (x) =

 1 a+b 2 2ab
x − 2ab , then w1 , w2 are harmonically symmetric functions with respect to a+b .

In [2], Chan and Wu presented Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequality for harmonically

convex functions:
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 217

Theorem 3 ([2]). Let f : I ⊆ R\ {0} → R be a harmonically convex function and a, b ∈ I

with a < b. If f ∈ L [a, b] and w : [a, b] ⊆ R\ {0} → R is nonnegative, integrable and
2ab
harmonically symmetric with respect to a+b , then
  b  b  b
2ab w (x) f (x) w (x) f (a) + f (b) w (x)
f dx ≤ dx ≤ dx. (1.5)
a+b a x2 a x 2 2 a x2

In [20], Zhang and Wan gave the definition of a p-convex function on I ⊂ R, in [11], İşcan
gave a different definition of a p-convex function on I ⊂ (0, ∞):

Definition 4 ([11]). Let I ⊂ (0, ∞) be a real interval and p ∈ R\ {0}. A function f : I → R

is said to be p-convex, if
 
1/p
f [txp + (1 − t) y p ] ≤ tf (x) + (1 − t) f (y) (1.6)

for all x, y ∈ I and t ∈ [0, 1].

It can be easily seen that for p = 1 and p = −1, p-convexity reduces to ordinary convexity
and harmonically convexity of functions defined on I ⊂ (0, ∞), respectively.

Example 3. Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R, f (x) = xp + c for p ̸= 0 and c ∈ (0, ∞), then f is a

p-convex function.
In [3, Theorem 5], if we take I ⊂ (0, ∞), p ∈ R\ {0} and h (t) = t, then we have the
following theorem.

Theorem 4 ([12]). Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R be a p-convex function, p ∈ R\ {0}, and

a, b ∈ I with a < b. If f ∈ L [a, b] then the following inequalities hold:
 1/p   b
a p + bp p f (x) f (a) + f (b)
f ≤ p dx ≤ . (1.7)
2 b − ap a x1−p 2

For some results related to p-convex functions and its generalizations, we refer the reader
to see [3,11–13,16,17,20].
In this paper, we built Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequality for p-convex functions. We
obtain an integral identity and some Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type integral inequalities for
p-convex functions. We give some Hermite–Hadamard and Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type
inequalities for convex, harmonically convex and p-convex functions.

2. M AIN RESULTS

Throughout this section, ∥w∥∞ = supt∈[a,b] |w(t)|, for the continuous function w :
[a, b] → R.

Definition 5. Let p ∈ R\ {0}. A functionw : [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞) → R is said to be p-symmetric

 ap +bp 1/p p p
1
p p
with respect to 2 , if w (x) = w [a + b − x ] holds for all x ∈ [a, b].
218 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

Remark 1. In Definition 5, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes p = 1, one has Definition 1 for a function defined on (0, ∞) (become
symmetric with respect to a+b
2 ),
(2) If one takes p = −1, one has Definition 3 for a defined function on (0, ∞) (become
2ab
harmonically symmetric with respect to a+b ).

Example 4. Let p ∈ R\ {0}. Assume that w1 , w2 : [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞) → R, w1 (x) = c for

p p 2
c ∈ R, w2 (x) = xp − a +b

2 , then w1 , w2 are p-symmetric functions with respect to
 ap +bp 1/p
2 .

Theorem 5. Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R be a p-convex function, p ∈ R\ {0}, a, b ∈ I with

a < b. If f ∈ L [a, b] and w : [a, b] → R is nonnegative, integrable and p-symmetric with
 p p 1/p
respect to a +b
2 , then the following inequalities hold:
 1/p   b  b
ap + bp w (x) f (x) w (x)
f 1−p
dx ≤ dx
2 a x a x1−p

f (a) + f (b) b w (x)


≤ 1−p
dx. (2.1)
2 a x

Proof. Let p > 0. Since f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R is a p-convex function, we have, for all x, y ∈ I
(with t = 12 in the inequality (1.6))
 1/p 
xp + y p f (x) + f (y)
f ≤ .
2 2

1/p 1/p
Choosing x = [tap + (1 − t) bp ] and y = [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] , we get
   

p
  f [tap + (1 − t) bp ]1/p + f [tbp + (1 − t) ap ]1/p
p 1/p
a +b
f ≤ . (2.2)
2 2
 ap +bp 1/p
Since w is nonnegative, integrable and p-symmetric with respect to 2 , then
   
1/p 1/p
w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] = w [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] .
 
1/p
Multiplying both sides of (2.2) by w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] , then integrating with respect to
t over [0, 1], and then changing variables we get
 1/p   b
ap + bp p w (x)
f dx
2 bp − ap a x1−p
 1/p   1 
ap + bp 1/p

=f w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] dt
2 0
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 219

 1/p 
1
ap + bp
  
1/p
= f w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] dt
0 2
   
1/p 1/p
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] w [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
   
1/p 1/p
 1 +f [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] w [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
≤ dt
0 2
1 
   
1/p 1/p
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] dt
0 1    
1/p 1/p
+ f [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] w [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] dt
0
=
2
p
b f (x)w(x) p
b f (x)w(x)
bp −ap a x1−p dx + bp −ap a x1−p dx
=
2
 b
p f (x) w (x)
= dx. (2.3)
bp − ap a x1−p
p p
Multiplying both sides of (2.3) by b −a
p , we get
 
1/p  b  b
a p + bp w (x) f (x) w (x)
f 1−p
dx ≤ dx
2 a x a x1−p

the left hand side of (2.1).

For the proof of the second inequality in (2.1), we first note that if f is a p-convex function,
then for all t ∈ [0, 1], it yields
   
1/p 1/p
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] + f [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] f (a) + f (b)
≤ . (2.4)
2 2
 ap +bp 1/p
Since w is nonnegative, integrable  and p-symmetric  with respect to 2 ,
p p 1/p
multiplying both sides of (2.4) by w [ta + (1 − t) b ] , then integrating with respect
to t over [0, 1], and then changing variables we get
 b p
 b f (x)w(x) p
 b f (x)w(x)
p f (x) w (x) bp −ap a x1−p dx + bp −ap a x1−p dx
dx =
bp − ap a x1−p 2
 1    
1/p 1/p
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] dt
0
 1    
1/p 1/p
+ f [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] w [tbp + (1 − t) ap ] dt
0
=
 2  
1/p 1/p
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] w [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
   
 1 +f [tbp + (1 − t) ap ]1/p w [tap + (1 − t) bp ]1/p
= dt
0 2
220 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

 1
f (a) + f (b)  p 1/p

≤ w [ta + (1 − t) bp ] dt
0 2
 1 
f (a) + f (b) 1/p

= w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] dt
2 0
 b
f (a) + f (b) p w (x)
= dx. (2.5)
2 b − a a x1−p
p p

bp −ap
Multiplying both sides of (2.5) by p , we get
 b  b
f (x) w (x) f (a) + f (b) w (x)
1−p
dx ≤ dx
a x 2 a x1−p
the right hand side of (2.1). This completes the proof. 

Remark 2. In Theorem 5, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes p = 1 and w (x) = 1, one has (1.1),
(2) If one takes p = 1, one has (1.2),
(3) If one takes p = −1 and w (x) = 1, one has (1.4),
(4) If one takes p = −1, one has (1.5),
(5) If one takes w (x) = 1, one has (1.7).

Lemma 1. Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R be a differentiable function on I ◦ (the interior of I) and

a, b ∈ I ◦ with a < b, p ∈ R\ {0}. If f ′ ∈ L [a, b] and w : [a, b] → R is integrable, then the
following equality holds:
 b  1/p   b
f (x) w (x) ap + bp w (x)
1−p
dx − f 1−p
dx
a x 2 a x
 p 2  1
b − ap k (t) ′

p p p
1

= 1 f [ta + (1 − t) b ] dt, (2.6)
p 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1− p

where
  t   
1
 1

 w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p ds, t ∈ 0,

0 2
k (t) =  1   
1
 1
w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p ds,

−

t∈ ,1 .
t 2

Proof. It suffices to note that

 p 2  1
b − ap k (t) ′

p p p
1

J= 1 f [ta + (1 − t) b ] dt
p 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1− p
 
 p 2  1  t w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p1 ds 
b − ap 2 0 ′ p p p
1

= 1− 1
f [ta + (1 − t) b ] dt
p 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 221

1  1


bp − a p
2  1
t
w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p ds  1

− 1 f ′ [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p dt
p 1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1− p

= J1 − J2 . (2.7)

By integration by parts, we have

   t   ap − bp  21
1 1
p p p p

J1 = f [ta + (1 − t) b ] p
w [sa + (1 − s) b ] p
ds 
0 p 0
1
 2  1
  1
 ap − bp
− f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p dt
0 p
 1/p   1
ap + bp 2  1
 ap − bp
=f w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p ds
2 0 p
1
 2 1
  1
 ap − bp
− f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p dt
0 p
 1/p   [ ap +bp ]1/p  [ ap +b p 1/p
] f (x) w (x)
ap + bp 2 w (x) 2
=f 1−p
dx − dx (2.8)
2 b x b x1−p

and similarly
 1
  1  1
 ap − bp 1
J2 = f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p ds 
t p 1
2
 1  1
  1
 a p − bp
+ f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p
w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p
dt
1
2
p
 1/p   1
ap + bp  1
 ap − bp
= −f w [sap + (1 − s) bp ] p ds
2 1
2
p
 1 1
  1
 a p − bp
+ f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p w [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p dt
1
2
p
 1/p   a  a
ap + bp w (x) f (x) w (x)
= −f ds + ds. (2.9)
2 ap +bp 1/p x1−p ap +bp 1/p x1−p
[ 2 ] [ 2 ]

A combination of (2.7)–(2.9) we have (2.6). This completes the proof. 

Remark 3. In Lemma 1, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes p = 1 and w (x) = 1, one has [14, Lemma 2.1],
(2) If one takes p = 1, one has [18, Lemma 2.1],
(3) If one takes w (x) = 1, one has [17, Lemma 2.7],
(4) If one takes p = −1, w (x) = 1, one has [8, Lemma 6(for λ = 0)].
222 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

Theorem 6. Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R be a differentiable function on I ◦ such that

f ′ ∈ L [a, b], where a, b ∈ I ◦ and a < b. If |f ′ | is p-convex function on [a, b] for p ∈ R\ {0},
w : [a, b] → R is continuous, then the following inequality holds:
  1/p   b 
 b f (x) w (x) a p + bp w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 2 a x
1−p

 a 
 p 2
b − ap

≤ ∥w∥∞ [C1 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C2 (p) |f ′ (b)|]
p

where
 1

1
t2 t − t2
2

C1 (p) = 1
1− p
dt + 1
1− p
dt ,
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] 1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
 1

1 2
t − t2 (1 − t)
2

C2 (p) = 1
1− p
dt + 1
1− p
dt .
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] 1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]

Proof. Using Lemma 1, it follows that

  1/p   b 
 b f (x) w (x) ap + bp w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 2 a x
1−p

 a 
 p 2 1
b − ap

|k (t)|
   
 ′ 1
p p p 
≤ 1 f [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt
p 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1− p
 p 2
b − ap
≤ ∥w∥∞
p
 1 
2 t  
 ′ p
1
p p 

1 f [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt 
 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]1− p


×  1
 . (2.10)
1−t   1
 
 ′ p p p
+ [ta + (1 − t) b ] dt
  
1 f
1− p

p p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1

Since |f ′ | is a p-convex function on [a, b], we have

  
 ′ 1/p 
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ]  ≤ t |f ′ (a)| + (1 − t) |f ′ (b)| . (2.11)

A combination of (2.10) and (2.11), we have

  1/p   b 
 b f (x) w (x) a p + bp w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 2 a x
1−p

 a 
 p 2
b − ap

≤ ∥w∥∞
p
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 223

 1 
2 t ′ ′
1 [t |f (a)| + (1 − t) |f (b)|] dt 
 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]1− p


×  1

1−t

′ ′
+ [t |f (a)| + (1 − t) |f (b)|] dt
 
1
p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1

 p 2
b − ap
≤ ∥w∥∞
p
  1  1  
2 t2 t − t2 ′
1 dt +
1− p 1 dt |f (a)| 
p + (1 − t) bp ]1− p

 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] 1
2 [ta 
×  12 2
 
1
t − t2 (1 − t)
 
′
|f
 
+ 1− p1 dt + 1− p1 dt (b)|
p
0 [ta + (1 − t) b ]p p p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1

p 2
 p 
b −a
= ∥w∥∞ [C1 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C2 (p) |f ′ (b)|] .
p
This completes the proof. 

Remark 4. In Theorem 6, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes p = 1 and w (x) = 1, one has [14, Theorem 2.2],
(2) If one takes w (x) = 1, one has [17, Theorem 3.3].

Corollary 1. In Theorem 6, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes p = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequality
for convex functions:
 
 b 
a+b
 b  (b − a)2
f (x) w (x) dx − f w (x) dx ≤ ∥w∥∞ [|f ′ (a)| + |f ′ (b)|] .
 
2 8

 a a 

(2) If one takes p = −1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequality
for harmonically convex functions:
 
 b f (x) w (x) 
2ab
 b
w (x) 
dx − f dx

x2 a+b x2

 a a 
 2
b−a
≤ ∥w∥∞ [C1 (−1) |f ′ (a)| + C2 (−1) |f ′ (b)|] .
ab
(3) If one takes p = −1, w (x) = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard type
inequality for harmonically convex functions:
 
 ab  b f (x) 
2ab  b − a
dx − f ≤ [C1 (−1) |f ′ (a)| + C2 (−1) |f ′ (b)|] .

 b − a a x2 a+b  ab


Theorem 7. Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R be a differentiable function on I ◦ such that

q
f ′ ∈ L [a, b], where a, b ∈ I ◦ and a < b. If |f ′ | , q ≥ 1, is p-convex function on [a, b]
224 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

for p ∈ R\ {0}, w : [a, b] → R is continuous, then the following inequality holds:

  1/p   b 
 b f (x) w (x) a p + bp w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 2 a x
1−p

 a 
 p 2
b − ap

q 1

1− 1  q
≤ ∥w∥∞ (C3 (p)) q C4 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C5 (p) |f ′ (b)| q
p
q 1

1− 1  q
+ (C6 (p)) q C7 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C8 (p) |f ′ (b)| q

where
1 1
t2
 
2 t 2
C3 (p) = 1
1− p
dt, C4 (p) = 1
1− p
dt,
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1
1
t − t2 1−t
 2

C5 (p) = 1− 1
dt, C6 (p) = 1
1− p
dt,
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p 1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1 1 2
t − t2 (1 − t)
 
C7 (p) = 1
1− p
dt, C8 (p) = 1
1− p
dt.
1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] 1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]

q
Proof. Using (2.10), power mean inequality and the p-convexity of |f ′ | it follows that
  1/p   b 
 b f (x) w (x) a p + bp w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 2 a x
1−p

 a 
 1 
2 t  
 ′ 1

[tap + (1 − t) bp ] p  dt 

2 1 f
 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]1− p
 p
b − ap


≤ ∥w∥∞   1 
p 
1−t 
 ′

p
1
p p  
 
+ [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt

1 f
p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1

 p 2
b − ap
≤ ∥w∥∞
p
  1 1− q1
2 t
1 dt

1− p
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]

× 

 12  q1

t   1
q
 ′ p p p 
× [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt

1 f
1− p
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
 1− q1 
1
1−t
1 dt

p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1 
+ 

 1
 1 q
1−t q
  
 ′ 1
p p p 
× [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt

1 f
p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1

 p 2
b − ap
≤ ∥w∥∞
p
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 225

  1
1− q1
2 t
 1
1− p
dt
[tap + (1 − t) bp ]
 0
× 

 1
 q1
t
 2  ′ q ′ q
× t |f (a)| + (1 − t) |f (b)| dt

1
1− p
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
 1− q1 
1
1−t
1
1− p
dt 
1
[tap + (1 − t) bp ]

2
+

  q1 
1
1−t

 ′ q q
× t |f (a)| + (1 − t) |f ′ (b)| dt

1− 1
1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p
  1
1− q1
2 t
1 dt
1− p


 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
 p 2  q1
b − ap
   1 
2
t
 2
≤ ∥w∥∞  q
|f ′ (a)| 
1 dt

p   p + (1 − t) bp ]1− p

×   0 [ta 

   21 
2
t−t

  ′ q
+ 1− p1 dt |f (b)|
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
 1− q1 
1
1−t
1 dt 
p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1 

  1   q1 
+  t − t2 ′ q

dt |f (a)|

1
p p 1− p  
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
 1  
×  1 2
   
(1 − t)

′ q 
|f

+ 1 dt (b)|
p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]
1

 p 2
b − ap 
1− 1  q q 1
≤ ∥w∥∞ (C3 (p)) q C4 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C5 (p) |f ′ (b)| q
p
q 1

1− 1  q
+ (C6 (p)) q C7 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C8 (p) |f ′ (b)| q .

This completes the proof. 

Corollary 2. In Theorem 7, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes p = 1 and w (x) = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard type
inequality for convex functions:

 1   ′ q 1
  q

 1  b |f (a)| + 2 |f ′ (b)| q

a + b  (b − a) 1 q
f (x) dx − f ≤ .

b − a a 2 8 3 q 1
 q
+ 2 |f ′ (a)| + |f ′ (b)| q
 
226 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

(2) If one takes w (x) = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard type inequality for
p-convex functions:
  b  1/p 
 p f (x) ap + bp
dx − f
 
 p
 b − ap a x1−p 2


 p
b − ap 

1− 1  q q 1
≤ (C3 (p)) q C4 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C5 (p) |f ′ (b)| q
p
q 1

1− 1  q
+ (C6 (p)) q C7 (p) |f ′ (a)| + C8 (p) |f ′ (b)| q .

(3) If one takes p = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequality
for convex functions:
 
 b 
a+b
 b 
f (x) w (x) dx − f f (x) w (x) dx
 
2

 a a 
2   q1
(b − a) 1 
q q 1 q q 1

∥w∥∞ |f ′ (a)| + 2 |f ′ (b)| q + 2 |f ′ (a)| + |f ′ (b)| q .

≤
8 3

(4) If one takes p = −1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequality
for harmonically convex functions:
 
 b f (x) w (x) 
2ab
 b
w (x) 
dx − f dx

x2 a+b x2

 a a 
 2
b−a 
1− 1  q q 1
≤ ∥w∥∞ (C3 (−1)) q C4 (−1) |f ′ (a)| + C5 (−1) |f ′ (b)| q
ab
q 1

1− q1 q
C7 (−1) |f ′ (a)| + C8 (−1) |f ′ (b)| q .

+ (C6 (−1))

(5) If one takes p = −1, w (x) = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard type
inequality for harmonically convex functions:
 
 ab  b f (x) 
2ab 
dx − f

 b − a a x2 a+b 
 
 
b−a  1− 1  q q 1
≤ (C3 (−1)) q C4 (−1) |f ′ (a)| + C5 (−1) |f ′ (b)| q
ab
q 1

1− 1  q
+ (C6 (−1)) q C7 (−1) |f ′ (a)| + C8 (−1) |f ′ (b)| q .

Theorem 8. Let f : I ⊂ (0, ∞) → R be a differentiable function on I ◦ such that

q
f ′ ∈ L [a, b], where a, b ∈ I ◦ and a < b. If |f ′ | , q > 1, is p-convex function on [a, b]
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 227

for p ∈ R\ {0}, w : [a, b] → R is continuous, then the following inequality holds:

  1/p   b 
 b f (x) w (x) ap + bp w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 2 a x
1−p

 a 
q 1
2   ′ q
|f (a)| + 3 |f ′ (b)| q
 p
b − ap
≤ ∥w∥∞ C9 (p)
p 8
1
q q
3 |f ′ (a)| + |f ′ (b)| q
 
+ C10 (p)
8

where
 1
 r  r1
2 t
C9 (p, r) = 1
1− p
dt ,
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
  r  r1
1
1−t
C10 (p) = 1
1− p
dt
1
2 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]
1 1
with q + r = 1.
q
Proof. Using (2.10), Hölder’s inequality and the p-convexity of |f ′ | it follows that
    b 
 b f (x) w (x) ap + bp 1/p w (x) 
dx − f dx

x1−p 1−p
 
 a 2 a x 
 1 
2 t  
 ′ p
1 
p p 
f [ta + (1 − t) b ] dt
b − ap 2  0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ]1− p1
 p     

≤ ∥w∥∞  1

p −

 1 t  
 ′ p
1
p p  
 
+ f [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt

1 
1 p p 1− p
2 [ta + (1 − t) b ]

b − ap 2
 p 
≤ ∥w∥∞
p
  1  r  1  1 1 
r q
t 1 q
2 2 
 
′ p p p 
 1
dt f [ta + (1 − t) b ]  dt 
1−
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p 0
 
× 
 
 1 r  1  1 
r 1 q q
1−t

1
  
 ′
f [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p  dt
 
+ dt

1
1
[tap + (1 − t) bp ]1− p 1
2 2

b − ap 2
 p 
≤ ∥w∥∞
p
  1  r  1  1 1 
r q
2 t 2  
f ′ (a)q + (1 − t) f ′ (b)q dt
   
 1
dt t 
1−
0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p 0
 
× 
 
 1 r  1  1 
r 1 q
1−t

q q
t f ′ (a) + (1 − t) f ′ (b) dt
       
+ 1
dt
1
[tap + (1 − t) bp ]1− p 1
2 2

b − ap 2
 p 
= ∥w∥∞
p
228 M. Kunt, İ. İşcan

  1  r  1  1 
2 t r
|f ′ (a)|q + 3 |f ′ (b)|q q
dt
1− 1
 
 0 [tap + (1 − t) bp ] p 8 
× 
 
r 1 
  
q q 1
 1 r ′ ′
 
1−t 3 |f (a)| + |f (b)|
 
 q
+ 1
dt
1
[tap + (1 − t) bp ] p
1− 8
2

2
 1
|f ′ (a)|q + 3 |f ′ (b)|q q
 p
b − ap
  
= ∥w∥∞ C9 (p)
p 8
1 
3 |f ′ (a)|q + |f ′ (b)|q q
 
+ C10 (p) .
8

This completes the proof. 

Remark 5. In Theorem 7, if one takes p = 1 and w (x) = 1, one has [14, Theorem 2.3].

Corollary 3. In Theorem 8, one can see the following.

(1) If one takes w (x) = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard type inequality for
p-convex functions:
  b  1/p 
 p f (x) ap + bp
dx − f
 
 p
 b − ap a x1−p 2


q q 1
  ′ 
|f (a)| + 3 |f ′ (b)| q
 p  C9 (p)
b − ap  8

≤ 1.
 
p
 q q
′ ′
 
 3 |f (a)| + |f (b)| q
+C10 (p)
8
(2) If one takes p = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequality
for convex functions:
 
 b 
a+b
 b 
f (x) w (x) dx − f f (x) w (x) dx
 
2

 a a 
 r1 q 1
 q

2 
|f ′ (a)| + 3 |f ′ (b)| q

(b − a) 4
≤ ∥w∥∞ q 1
.
16 r+1 q
+ 3 |f ′ (a)| + |f ′ (b)| q


(3) If one takes p = −1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequality
for harmonically convex functions:
 
 b f (x) w (x) 
2ab
 b
w (x) 
dx − f dx

x2 a+b x2

 a a 
q q 1
  ′ 
|f (a)| + 3 |f ′ (b)| q

b−a
2  C9 (−1)
8

≤ ∥w∥∞  .
 
ab  ′ q ′ q  q1 
 3 |f (a)| + |f (b)|
+C10 (−1)
8
 Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér type inequalities for p-convex functions 229

(4) If one takes p = −1, w (x) = 1, one has the following Hermite–Hadamard type
inequality for harmonically convex functions:
 
 ab  b f (x) 
2ab 
dx − f

 b − a a x2 a+b 
 

q q 1
  ′ 
|f (a)| + 3 |f ′ (b)| q
   C9 (−1)
b−a  8

≤ .

1
ab
 q q
3 |f ′ (a)| + |f ′ (b)| q 
 
+C10 (−1)
8

Remark 6. Theorem 6 is a special case of Theorem 7 (If one takes q = 1 in Theorem 7,

one has Theorem 6). In the literature, as much as we know, midpoint type estimates have
not compared so far. Since, the coefficients of Theorem 7 and Theorem 8 are in the Riemann
integral forms and Theorem 7 and Theorem 8 are examined via the midpoint type estimates
for p-convex functions, it is considered that Theorem 7 and Theorem 8 are not comparable.

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