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    277 views23 pages

    Reviewer PPE Part 1

    Uploaded by

    asapamore
    Pipe

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER Cebu Main: 4 floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel (032) 254-33-84 ‘Manila: 3" floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Resto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila POWER PLANT ENGINEERING — DAY 1 THERMODYNAMICS ‘Thermodynamics ~ is the study of heat and work. ‘A. Pure substance ~ a working substance whose chemical composition remains the same even if theres achango in phase. (most common example i water) B. Ideal gas whose equation of state fs PV= mT. (most common example i ai) Properties of Working Substance: 1, PRESSURE 1 Pressure =i te rato of force per uit area Gage pressure ~ is the pressure reading from the gage pressure instrument wich is higher orlowor than the atmospheric pressure \Vacuium pressure is pressure thats lss than atmosphere pressure. A. Pressure = FO Kyi? in? ‘Absolute pressure(Pas) = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric Pressure Pate = Py + Pas 8. tatm=0 Kpag = 101.925 Kpa = 14,7 psi = 29.92 in Hg = 760 mm Hg C. Hydrostatic Pressure, PP = wh where: w= density of fd = (SG x) height of id wy = density of water 000 kgim® = 9.81 KNim® = 62.4 Ibi! = kal 2, TEMPERATURE -is the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or body ‘Thermometer is an instrument used to measure the temperature of a body or a substance Pyrometer isan instrument used to measure hightemperature gases. A. Relation between °C and °F scales °C = 5/9 (F ~32) oF = OSC + 32 B. Absolute temperatures: °K = °C + 273 oR = °F + 460 ©. Temperature Difference: 819 AF "k D. Absolute zero 3. Density, Specific Volume and Specific Gravity: mee vv If vo fluids are mixed together: Aw Bve Vv 4 © sce ‘working substance which remains in gaseous stale during ls operating cycle and, Tel # (02) 736-4438, ee MMi ys MEV ml vetmal¥2 gg, VirVe “my/vytmyivg “" memy mim tr ‘SGq = specie gravity ofminture wg = density of mire 4, Internal Energy(U) -heat energy due tothe movement of molecules witin the brought aboutits temperature 8. Flow Work, w; wi 6. Enthalpy, h Pressure x Specific Volume W= P(V2- Vi), Kd va Vi, KG hh = Intomal Energy + Flow Work h= U+ Py or Us (Pan~Pv) 7. Stagnation enthalpy, ha hy + vs? [2000 winere: ve = nial velocity, he = ordinary enthalpy 8. Entropy, s = a/T General Flow Equation: 41. Volume flow rate, (Q) mise Q = Areax Velocity= A xv = mv where: A = x/ 4 D? (for circular cross section) A = Lxw (for rectangular) 2, Mass low rate, (m),kglsec m= Qlv maAvio= Avw Where: w= density» = specie volume 3. For steady flow process: ms = mz Attn a Ay vw = Ap Yoo 4. as constant =Q) Ary = Aave Za Se GOW = FOV OPM = ya Where: As inlet area Aa = ext aoa vi = inletvelecty va = exit volocty Conservation of Mass and Energy The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass is a constant. This means that the total ‘mass entering to a system is equal tothe total mass leaving Forms of Energy 4. Potential energy, P - is an energy produced due to the change in elevation Pe=mgh where: m= mass of AP = Pa-Py = mgtha- hy) the body f= height or elevation Unit Analysis: (1 Unit™ English Uni m mgo pe mh | ks Bu pe= Oh ppm | ky Btu ! Bru 7000" "778 | kg, b ee feolarecceases a at rn] Tf os n= 1 kofkg, ‘tib/tb) mf tic Energy, KE - is wean? ake =i wire m= mans seat oto gay 4. Work, W - is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of the force in the Secenoihedopsconet,” Wx = Face Dance Note: 1. Work done by the system is positive (out from the system) 2. Work done on the system is negative (entering to the system) 5. Heat, Q- heat is formed due to the temperature difference. = moplte-4) where: m= mass p= specific heat = temperature Note: 1. Heats positive when heat is added to the system: 2. Heat is negative when rejected from the system. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: Pr 1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics zo States that when the two bodies ae in thermal equilium with the third body, they are in thermal equiorum with each other and hence are atthe same temperature. 2. First Law of Thermodynamics. States that one fom of energy may be converted into another form. All energy entering = All energy leaving A. Prt iy We FU; +W= Pat Kat Wat Us + Q (Pa Pa) + (Ka ~ Ki) + (Up = Us) + Wa Wr) + Q AP+aK+AU+AW)+Q But ah =AU+ AW D. W= 4P+ak+aheQ E. Neglecting Potential energy, Kinetic energy & Heat: W= Ah= hy hy 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics KeWvin-Planck Statomentt. tis impossible 'o construct a heat engine wich operates in a cycle and receives a given amount of heat from a hightemperature body and does an equal amour of 4. Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the absolute entropy of a pure cystaline ‘substance in complete intemal equlibrum is zero at zero degrees abaolte IDEAL GAS ‘deal gas - isa substance that has the equation of state PV = mRT. PV = mRT PV = 8.314nT where: P = absolute pressure m = mass of gas R = gasconstant T= absolute temperature Boyle's Law: (T=) Py =P. Vs Cha's Lave (= Conavec) , Basic Properties of Ideal Gas: 4 Rolation among ¢p, ., Rand k w—>| V = volume of gas. n= number of mols AG =G+R Bo ki k= 1.4 for cold air K=1.3 forhot air \. where: “cp = constant pressure specific heat 6 = constant volume specific heat K°= specific heat ratio R = gas constant 24 Btullb-R y= 0.7186 KJlkg-K= 0.171 Btulb-R 3.3 RbMD-R, 2. Ure gu constant ofan sis ten ys R= 83! np 1545, MbAb-R where: M= no. of moles of gas For common gases: ‘Ammonia, NH (M-= 17) Helium (Mt ‘Nitrogen, Ne ( 1 k= 1.687) Air (M=28.97) 28) Carbon dioxide, CO, (M= 44) RT 4 Pow ‘Oxygen, Oz (M= 32) 3. Density ofai.w wn ®. 5. Standard density of ar, w = 1.20 kgim? = 0.0749 Ib Standard temperature of sir= 70°F = 21.11°C Standard pressure of ait= 14.7 psi= 101,325 kpa 4, Spesific volume of air, v PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE 1. Find the pressure at the 100 fathom depth of water in kpag, ‘A. 1,798.96 kpag C, 1,993.96 kpag 2, Convert 780°R 19° A. 390.33°K —-B. 395.83°K —. 410.33°K ~— (B) 416.39°K 3. The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars al the Beginning ofa hiking rip and 780 mbars atthe end. Neglecting the effect of alttude on local gravitational ‘acceleration, determine the vetical distance cimbed. Assume 9 = 9.7 mis? A. 1274.21m (B) 128.00m ©. 126734. D. 1563,24m DENSITY, INTERNAL ENERGY & ENTROPY 4, 100 9 of water are mixed with 150 9 of alcohol (density = 720 kg/m), Whats the spocific volume ofthe resuting miures, assuring tha he fds mixed completely? ‘A. 0.8210" cama ines cumikg B. 1,893.96 kpag D. 1,698.98 kpag ©. 063 x 10° cumtg (8) 1.16% 10° oug 2. Steam flows through a nozzle at 400°C at 300 mv. Find the stagnation enthalpy gam cing "8 aebicha_c, ssmrang (3 s09king 8. Given sieam pressure of 900 fy temperature of 300° Spite volume oS 8 ithe opeolteonthlpy is 8500 ti, wil Ure terval energy per foo essa? MASS AND VOLUME FLOW 1. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m? and 30 m/s. What is the mass flow rate through the nozzle ifthe init area ofthe nozzle is 80 A 035k9/s B. 35kgis 6. 6.3kgs (B) O53 kgis 2. A pipe fas a diameter of 4" at section AA, and a diameter of2 al ston BB, For an idea uid flow, he veloety is given as 1 Tsec at section AA. What the ow veloty at secion BEA) 4Nsec 8, OS IVsee C. 10fleee D. 20Wsee CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (FIRST LAW) 1. Steam turbine is receiving 1014 belt of steam, determine the horsepower output of the turbine ith work done by steam is 251 lb, ‘AY 100 Hp B. 462.7 Hp . 200Hp —_D. 6002.7 Hp 2, Steal ontes a turbine stage vith an enthalpy of 2638 kk at 70 rvs nd leaves the same stage with an enthalpy of 2846 kukg and a voloiy ‘of 124 mis. Calcul the power there are'5 pls steam edmiod aie turbine tote ? A. 4597.45 WB. 3076.55 KW C. 306381 KW D. 1675-42 KW IDEAL GAS: 4. Ife inal volume of an ideal gas Is compressed to one-hif ts orginal volume and to wie its temperature, the pressure ‘A. Doubles B.) Quadruples C. Remains constant 0. Halves 2, Find the mass of carbon dioxide having a pressure of 20 psia at 200°F with 10 ft 4 ivipa (h= 3263.9 Kika) with velocity of volume. A, 1.041bs BB. 1.44Ibs—(C.)1.24Ibs 1.34 lbs 3, Find the work posses for a Helium gas at 20°C. ~ (A) 609 Kiko B. 168-Kukg —C. 229 Kua ——D. 339 KJIKg. 4, Find the enthalpy of Helium if ts intemal energy is 200 Kk, A 144 Klkg —B. 223.42 Kulkg( C) 383.42 Kikg D. 168 Karka ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER atu Main: 4 Noor Const Pacific Down Center), Sanclangko St, Cebu City Tel #082) 254-33-84 ‘Manila Branch: ¥ flor IPD Bldg 1955, C M Rest corner N. Reyes St, Sampeloe, Manila Ta # (02) 736-4838 PPE - PROBLEM SET #1 INSTRUCTION Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer of your choice. MULTIPLE CHOICE: 4. Avacuum gage connected toa tank reads 30 kpa ata location where the barometic reading is 755mm Fg. Determine the absolute pressure nthe tank ) 706 kpa 8, 84.23 kpaC. 90.34 kpa D. 98.45 kpa 2, Datertne the pressure exerted ona diver at 30m below the free surface ofthe sea. Assume @ barometric pressure of 10% kpa and the specif gravily of sea waters 1.03, (A)404 pa B.A KpaC. 420kpaD. 430 Kpa A. Roompressed spring above the piston exerts a ores of 80N onthe piston. Ifthe atmospheric Dressure is 95 kpa, determine the pressure jpide the cylinder R. 10a20Kpa 8. 11250Kpa (C.)123.4 kp D, 137.40 kpa 4. Ifthe absolute temperature is 300°K, what i the equivalent jo °R? A. §30.34°R ‘B. 534.23" C. 537.20°R (D,)540.6°R: 5. Ifthe °F scale thrice the °C scale, what are the value °F and °C? A. 26.67°C and 50°F B. 26.67°C and 80°F C. 16.67°C and 70°F D. 56.67°C and 60°F 6. Water enters the heater gt 30°C and leaves at 150°F, what is the temperature difference in °C? "A. 25,55°C 35880 C, 4555. 85.85 7. A5 kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m’ is filled with liquid water. Assuming the density ‘of water is 1000 kg/m’, determine the weight of the combine system. A 195k9 |B. 200K 205kg 0. 210 kg 8. Determine the mass of the a contained Wra room whose dimensions are 15 fx 20 ft x20. Assume the density of the air is 0.0724 Ibift®, ‘A. 1149 slugs (B) 13.49 sigs C. 15.49-slugs 0. 17.49 slugs 9. The waigr owe in the channel 200 mm x 300 mm athe rate of msec. What is the volume flow in see? A. 124f%)s —B. 2240s. 3240s CG) azanis 10. Two gasoous streams are mixed together with one stream centans a diameter of 120 mm ane specie gravy f 0.86 and spoad of 5 mis and onthe other stream i 160 mm and dons of £890 kg/m’ at 2 mvs, Find the mass flow rate ath exif dager of ext s 200 mm, A B5kgis-B, 7OKys —C. 75kgis (0) 80 kals In one soction of wator flow the prossureis 1500 kpa Iie energy is 20 Kika find the enthalpy at this point. ‘A. 21.50 Kilkg B, 23.50 Kilkg ©, 25.50.KIKgD. 27.50 Kuk 12. In a constant temperature process at 150°C, heat is transferred with an entropy change of 0.5 IK. Determine the at added forthe system. A. 2OVSO KS PHS0K) G 22150K) _D, 291.50K) 13, Two hundred kg of watar¥ added Yo 4000 Ig of akchol wih specie gravy of 0.8, Determine the specific volume after mixing, m’/kg, A ooot24 8, 02424 (6) 000124. o.a00%24 1M. A bth of concrete consisted of 240th ie aggregate, 380 bs eaarse nggrega, 100 ts, cement, and gallons water. The specie gry ofthe sane and gravel may Be taken a8 2.05 ee RS 1aibiye? —B, 667.14 bye? §——_C. 747.14 yd? _D. 847-14 Ioyd? font BEBE Slt Att, tines one 2 on sass ©. 32.39 mof HO A 3023mm, CB.39568 mC. 38.38mm —D. 42.39 mm 17. Re1S4a ows ina pips a€ 30°C with a specie volume of 0.04434 m?kg. The intemal eneray fnd enthalpy of tka are 250,8 Kukg and 275.0 Klkg respectively. The pressure of the refigerantin Mpa is A 05 8. 04 ©. 03 Do 418. water's heated on an electrical range with a power rating of 1.5 KW for a period of 18 minutes. The ial and final temperatures ofthe water are 15°C and @S°C and 70% of tloctcal Neat is transfered tothe water. What isthe amount of water? Aiaig: Ce agio 6, $540, D929 19, Angw temperature staé is to be used where eezing and boling temperature of waters at {100N and S00'N respectively. Calculate the absolute zero in degrees A-#60(78)-0026 C.-273.15._.-100 20, The increase-of enthalpy ofa certain gas is 141.9 K) KJ when the pressure iereases from 103,448 kpa to1024.48 Kpa end the volume decreases fom 0.4772 eu, m 100.0748 cu. m Find the change of intgmal energy in Ks Aide (B)t425 C1415. 18424 21. ina constant temperate, closed system process, 120 KJ of hea is ranstered to the working fluid at 88°C. Wat i the change of entropy ofthe working fui in KK. 22. Five hundred klocoloteg of heat is added io 2 kg of water at 80°C, How much steams La Hotel in Mandaluyong City, On the ground level, the barometer reads 102.6 Kpa absolute, topside it read 95 kpa absolute, Assuming that the average air density was 1.2 kg/m’, estimate the height ofthe hotel auscomn 2, S50m | c se0m | (B) 887m 24. The tid in @ manometer tube Is 60% water and 40% aleaho{S6 = 0.80), Whats the Tmanomer tid lg ference # 10 Kpa pressure difrence fs apped across the wo en othe manometer? tam BASm GATS 0. 1.48m 25, One huncret grams of waters mxod to 160 grams of alcohol (density = 790 ka). Calcite the spoctic volume of th alton assuring Ha ts mixed complet. Cay izemnion 8. 1 Semtlgm C175 on gm D. 20 emg 26. id hows trough 2 20 tubes on a single cooler wth a velocity of Smps. The tube inside Giarnteris 40 mm and ald denety of 0.80 gramML. Whats te vokame flowrate in gpm? A, 996 B. 105 co . 09 27. A double purpose tank 18 ft wide, 24 tong and 4 R depth sled wih water, Wha is the ‘weight of wator nthe tank in fong tons? ‘tons Batons G. Sttons —_D. SOtons 28. Oil hi though a 16 tubes ona single cooler wth a volociy of 2 mis. The infernal diameter of the tube is Somm and ol density i 0,85 gan. Find the volume lw in Mers per sec. Ge 2060B 3222 C8222 D262 29, The barometer ofa mouniai hiker reads 890 mbers athe beginning of hiking pan 780 bars at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance climbed. Assume g = 9.7 mis A 127421 m (B.)1289.00m ©, 1267.34m _D. 1583.34 130. Determine the atmospheric pressure at g location where barometric reading is 740 mm Hg and gravitational acceleration is q= 9,7 m/s*. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10°C, at ‘hich the density is 13,570 kgim. ‘A, 99.45 koa 741 kpa ©. 95.44kpa_—D. 98.66 kpa 81. What isthe kinetic energy of a 500 kg body traveling at 20 m/s? ‘A. BOK) B. 85K ©. 90K D. 100K 132. Whatis the potential energy of a 300 kg body ft strikes the ground from a 60 m elevation?” A f2715K) B. 13715K) —C. 147.15K) —D. 197.15 KI 133. Five kilograms water enters the heater at 25°C and leaves the heater at 180°F, Determine the heat added in kw. Sires a ssw ssl. oer 34, Walrénters the condenser at 30°C which has a mass of 3 kas. It heat added is 100 kw, determine the outlet temperature in °C. 7.96% —_B. 99,06% c. 41.a6’c 43.966 36, The Brthalpy of airis increased by 140 Kilkg in a compressor. The rate of airflow is 16.42 kglmin, The power input is 48.2 Kw. What isthe heat loss from the compressor? A 98Bkw —B, 10.56hw —C. 12.39kw OD. 15.95 kw 36. Steam enters a turbine 60 Ibs of steam per minute with an enthalpy of 1700 Btullb and velocity of 98 fs. It leaves the turbine at 1400 Btullb at 880 fUs. The heat loss is 90,000 Btulhr. Find the horsepower output of the turbine. ‘A. 304.56 hp B.483.45hp —_C. 501.62hp_—D. 604.62 hp 37. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3620 KJikg at 75 mis and leaves the same Stage with an enthalpy of 2800 KJikg at 128 mis. Caloulate the work done by steam. A. 514.62 Kilkg B. 614.62 Kika GC. 71462 KulkgD. 814.02 Kala 38, A steam turbine developed 2372,20 Hp when its inlet concilion is 1300 Btullb enthalpy ane 400 fs velocity and steam flow of 200 lbfmin. The exit enthalpy is 600 Btullb. Find the exit velocity ‘A. 50 fps B. 52 fps ©. 54tps D. 56 fps 39, The mass flow rale of the gas in a gas turbine is 40 kg/sec. The specific enthalpy and velocity inthe inlet are 1300 Kulkg and 160 m/sec respectively while in the outlet are. 350 KJ/kg and 50 ise respect Cale the power ouput in KW of he turbine ifthere is a heat loss of, 1000 ‘A. 87462 B. 94805 ©. 41872 D, 90405 140. A house is to be heated by hot water that receives heat from a furnace. Air with a enthalpy of 305 Kikg and fuel with an enthalpy of 45360 KJikg enters the furnace and the gases leaving have a enthalpy of 608 Kitkg. There are 17 kg-air per kg-fuel and the water for heating Toosives 18.3 KW of heat by circulating through the fumace. What is the fuel consumption in ge? ‘A. 1,863 B. 1,289 ©. 1,864 D. 1,074, 44. Alvin a-10 my’ tank has a pressure of 500 kpa and temperature of 40°C, Determine the mass of air in the tank. ‘A 4466kg 8. S566kq CC. 66.68kg OD. 77.66 Kg 42, The pressure and temperature ofthe vessels 360 kpa and 60°C, what i the density of arin kgien®? 'A. 3.976 kglm® B, 4.976 kglm? C, 5.976 kglm® | D. 6.976 kom 43, What isthe specific volume of air at 15 psia and 90°F in Nb? A 13.57 lb B. 18.5710 C. 17.57 0M O. 19.57 Hb 144, The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the absolute pressure changes from 400 kpa to 800 kpa. If initial volume is 100 liters, what is the final volume? 46. 46, 47 48, 49, A 1000 0, 1250t0s C. 1500!les_D, 1750Ktes nN tng a SAF er ong dove, epee eto ‘80°F. Determine the final gage pressure assuming volume remains ‘constant. ee a Se apetpag, ©. 395% p50 hn Pe eee Heke socom Upc sioner onthe water surface Aewrdcepietoake? seep EMME cosm 6. 2066m 0. 255m Find the mass of ammonia in the 100 ft tank having a pressure of 70 psi at 120°F. eee a pg Zest (D)3t01 1 er of it aot 110 oa a compresses one ais gna volume and I armor, what ee ie presse? ie agiga cr abtpe GO) MONEE i ookee itn ce 10 cabic meas a ar SF400 Kp and 127°C. THeweiht of tu glen Rowers ws irc tsa G80 ‘ari eed por ints device arenge emai Wpessreo 40 foes heated from 27°C to 227°C. Initially the volume of the air is one liter. ‘What isthe final air volume? ‘A OSiter — (6,)0.00167 m>C, 2.4 ter, 0.036 m’ | = is a reversible atic process: ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER | "2 aaicn Stung angi one stmheers ‘Cebu Main: 4" floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84 kt Manila: 3 flooeJPD Bldg 1955, CM Resto comer N, Reyes St, Sampaloe, Mala Tel # (02) 736-4638 PVs ek re POWER PLANT ENGINEERING = DAY 2 BWe a C.Q=0 Dans me(T2-T) E AU= mo(T-T) FAs = 0 Processes of Ideal Gas: 8. Polytropic Process(PV" = c) Is an internally reversible adiabatic process 41. Reversible Process: No fiction loss n= 1 the process is constant lemperature 2. Adiabatic Process: No heat gain, No heat loss. The system is perfectly insulated If n=0 - the process is constant pressure. 3, For Any Process: ts a process where thore is no change in mass (my = 'm) | n> - the process is constant volume. lfm= k~the process is isentropic o, AM Ble b. Ah = mop(Te-TH) 6. AU= me,(Ta-Ti) | : ——— 7 an 7 tn (Py!) pupenye, a@ipt Bode n= MAR a, ah ME PNA PG) in (iv) 4. Constant Volume Process(V1 = Vi) Bw PAB=PM MRT) 6. = moy(Ta-T) _wherercn = oC Anatter term: Isometric, Isochoric,Isovolumic. For example: iid tank, air tank, rigid vessel 1-0 1-0 we A. Relaion botwoon PandT, Fie B= melTe-T) WHO D. Ah = mofT2-T)—E. AU = moTa-Ti) Fan = mening : 2h 1, ©. ah map(fa-TH) AU ma(Te-TH) Fe as © mo, nae ; 5. Constant Pressure Process(P:= 2) Another term: Isobaric process A. Relation between V andT, Vis 3 a Ty B. Q = mop(Tz-Tr) C. W = P(Ve- Vy) D. Ah= meglTe- Ti) t EAU = mogtz-Tr) Fas = mepin 2 ‘ GAS CYCLES 6. Constant temperature process(T2=T;) Another term: isothermal process, Hyperbolic process 41. Carnot Cycle 15 the most efcent thermodynamic 'A. Relation between P and V: iV = PaVe Formulas P, y BW = Pinel = Pivyind2 = mRTIn v2 = matin BL P, c h . @= Pine = Pviine % \, f = Pin? = mein VE = 1 hs Pain Se = men B 2 Dah=0 E aU= y, P, F. As = mRin2 = mR int ui Py Note: Formulas: In terms of compression ratio pressure ratio: Qq = heat added = Ty(s1 ~s4) Og, = heat rejected = T2(s1 ~ 54) W = Qq-Qa = (T1—TaN(S1~ 80) go => a Om Mean Effective pressure, Pm Pm = pres # ‘High temperature source is known as a Temperature Source, Low temperature source is known as a Temperature Sink Heat is added during constant temperature process. Heat is rejected during constant temperature process, The process fs two constanl temperature and two isentropic process. ‘The efficiency of tho cycie isa function of temperature. If the temperature difference increases, its cycie efficiency will increase. 2. Otto Cycle Is a sparkignition type of engine. ovt-mt (8) B.(8)* Bab Babi ott ‘i = compression ratio = Vy/Vp =V4l'V5 ‘fy = compression pressure ratio = P,P, Qu = heat added = m oy (Ta Ta) Qe = heat rejected = m oy (Ta-Ts) be where: ¢= learance volume Pa = mesn etfectve pressure = WY. —W Wp W-Ve ‘Ts = maximum temperature, Py = maximum pressure where: Vi = MRT / Ps Vo = Va—Vs Note: 4. Maximum temperature occur after combustion or before expansion. 2. Heat is added during constant volume process, 3. Heat is rejected during constant volume process, 4, The process is hy ‘and two isentropic process. 5, Ifeompression ratio increases, its cycle efficiency will increase. 6. The eycle efficiency depends on compression ratio and its specific heat ration. PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS 4. Airis compressed adiabatically from 20° 10 400°C. if mass of i being compressed is kg. Find the change of entropy. iSoWrePC Process (SC) As =O ‘A. 1.039 KICK B. 0.746 KIPK C D. 1.245 Ka 2, Two kilogram of arin a rigid tank chahyée its temperature (pm. 32°C to 150°C, Find the work done during the process. Foe G We A. 236 B. 170 ©. 195 ) 0 3. Aperfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 fl-ibflb-°R and k= 1.26. if 20 Btu are added to 10 Ibs oft 5 at constant volume when initial temperature is 90°F, find the final temperaturg’A) 97°F OCAT BB 104°F CC. 154°F i. 185°F 3. Helium gas Compressed in an adiabatic compressor from an intial state of 14 psia and 50°F to a final temperature of 320°F in a reversible manner, Determine the exit pressure of Helium. °C A. 385 psia yao. Spsia C. 425psia D. 44.5 psia 4. An insulated box containing helium gas falls from a balloon 4.5 km above the earth's surface. Calculate the temperature rise in °C of the helium when box hits the ground. A152 B.126 €.253 14.4 CARNOT CYCLE 1. ACamot cycle operates between the temperature limits of 300°K and 1500°K, and produces 600 KW of net power. The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the heat addition process is: AO B. O4KWK (G)OSKWIK | D. 2.0 KWIK 2. ACamot cycle has a maximum temp&fature of 550 °F and minimum temperature of 100 °F. Ifthe heat added is 4200 Btumin, find the horsepower output of the engine A.34.53 B. 40.56 44.13 D. 65.40 3. Carnot cycle A, B and C are connectld in series so that the heat rejected from A will be the heat added to B and heat rejected from B will be added to C. each cycle ‘operates between 30°C and 400°C. If heat added to A is 1000 Kew, find the work. output of C. 111.4dkw B, 849.78 kw C. 247.53 kw D, 141.89 kw orTo BYCLE 1. A sparkcignition engine operates on an Oito cycle with a compression ratio of 9 and @ temperature limits of 30°C and 1000°C. If the power input is 500 KW, calculate the mass flow rate of ait, A. 1.99 kgls 210 koe C. 2.39kg/s _D. 2.59 kgs 2. An ideal gasoline entie operates with an intial cycle temperature of 48°C and exhaust temperature of 150°C. The change in temperature during combustion is 150°. Calculate the ideal thermal efficiency. A 32% B, 33% C. 34% D. 35% ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER Cebu Main: 4 floor Cons Pcie Downtown Center, Saniangko St, Cebu City Tel M032) 254-33-84 ‘Manila Branch 3" floor IPD Bide 1955, € M Rest comer N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Mela Tel (02) 736-4438 PPE - PROBLEM SET #2 INSTRUCTION: Encircie the letier that comesponds to the correct answer of your choice. MULTIPLE CHOICE: 4. Acclosed rigid container has a volume of 1 m® and holds air at 344.8 kpa and 273°K. Heat is ‘dded unl ine temperate is 600"K. Determine change of iferal energy ‘A 75080 KS. (B.)103400 KIC. 1280.95 K). 0. 1390.35 K) 2. Aperect gas has a valle R= 88.8 fUbMo-R and K= 1.26, 120 Blu are added o 5 bof his {ee at constant volume when the inal ternpealure Is 90°F, id the change in entropy ‘A, 0.1350 Btul°R B. 0.2350 Btu/*t 10.0350 Btu°R D. 0.3350 Blu?R 3, AZ kg mace onygen expends at constant pressure pt 172 kpain apiston-elnder system from a temperate of 32°C to afnal temperature of 182°C. Determine the work done CA) TISOK) B B81K) Cc. 8.1K) D. 108.1 KI 4, White pressure remains constant at 689.5 koa the volume ofa system of 0.567 m’ to 0.283 m®. Determine the heat addedirejected. (AK) 682.29 KJ B, 782.29 KI C, 882.29KJ D. 982.29KI ‘5. Apis linder containing air receives heat at a constant temperature of 500°K and an initial pressure of 200.kpa. The initial volume is 0.01 m? and the final volume is 0.07 m*. Determine Rework (AySeK B488K)” C-889KD. 30K) 6, An ideal compressor compresses 12 Kalin ofa isahermal from 99 kpa and a specie ‘volume of 0.81 m*/kg to a final pressure of 600 kpa. Determine the work in kw AC BO9kW B. 1809KW, (C) 28.60kw D300 kw 7. Attigid tank contains a perfect gas with R = 2.08 Ki/kg’K and k = 1.67. Calculate the final temperature in °C if it initially at 30°C and 15 Ku/kg of heat is added. AV83 BBC. 3272 D384 8. Airis ted from 27°C to 327°C. How much does the specific intemal energy of the air hangd as a resul ofthis heating? TA S015 rlkg decrease 1B. 901.5 increase C. 215. decrease, )218.4 inc 8. Onygon at 200 ka, 27°C fs Confined ina piston-olinder device arrangété maintain constant pressure. How much work in KJ/kg is produced by this system when it is heated to 227°C? wa B12 874 0. p20 10. Air at 1 Mpa, 27°C is contained in a piston-cylinder device ‘is arranged to maintain a Constant pressure. How much Neat in KJ ' ". co raise the temperature of Ns ato e jan) ir changes from 527°C? A. 180 B. 370 00 D. 1040 11. Apiston-cylinder device contains 1 kg hydrogen Jas” Heat is transferred to the hydrogen as its ‘temperature increases by 10°C. What is the boundary work done during this process? A M3Kl B 102K). BOK) Dw atKs 12, Airenters an adiabatic, steady-fow turbine at 1 Mpa, §27°C through a one square meter duct ‘with a velocty of 100 m/sec, The air leaves the turbine at 100 kpa, 187°C: Tha, mass flow rate of the airin kg/secis: A. 87.4 8. 1373 ©, 327.2 D) 435.6 43. A0.5 kg steel (c= 0.5 Kifkg°K) rivet cools from 8O0°K to 300°K upon being installed in @ ‘veted structure. ‘The entropy change in KJ of this rivet is: A. 0631 By -0.245 C. 0.245, D. 0.634 14, A1750 kg car is raised to a height of 1.8 m by hydraulic hoist, The hydraulic pump has @ 16. 16. 7, 18. 19. 20. aa 23. 24, 26. 26. 21, 28. 29. constant pressure of 800 kPa on its piston. How much volume in im’ should the pump displace to delve the ruled work fr iting the car? 0386 B. 00581 c. 0023. 0047 ‘neat transfer tothe surroundings from a person at esis about 400 Kulhr, Suppese ‘Tat the vention sytem fais nan audtgrum containing 100 people and assuming tat the energy goes into the air of volume 1500 ‘im initially at 300°K and 101 kPa, calculate the rate in °Cimin of air temperature change. ‘A081 ‘E053 ©. 024 b. 10 Atresh poured conrete hardens the chemical transformation lease energy trate of 2 {ive Assume the conto: ofa poured layer does not have any heat loss and thet has as average heat capacity of 0.9 KJ/kg°K, find the temperature rise in °C during one hour of the: hardening (curing) process. A. 7 BL6 8 Do Ait al 2 pressure of 100 kpa has a volume of 0.32 m*. The air is compressed in a reversible ‘adiabatic manner until the temperature is.190°C. The reversible work is ~63 KJ/kg. Determine the initial temperature A. 98.23°C (B) 102.19°C C. 123.48 iD. 143,45°C “Air at a pressure of 100 kpa has a volums of 0,32 m®, The air is compressed in a reversible ‘adiabatic manner until the temperature is 190°C. The reversible work is ~63 Kika, Determine te change ofiternal energy Rees (B)1B08 KIC, 2034K) —_D. 9B.60KI “Tree cubic feet of oxygen aro compressed ina piston-cyfnder in reversible scabatic process from a temperature of 300°K and a pressure of 102 kpa until the final volume is one tenth the inka yolume, Determine final orperature TTS BOSSE C 5356K —_D. 1,050.56" Ina reversible adiabatic manner, 17.6 m/min of air are compressed from 277°K and 101 kpa {0 700 koa. Determine the change of enthalpy Dr SB.28 Kw BE2KW (EZ )TO2¢KW —_D. BO.24kw in a verb adiabatis manner 1/6 oP of ar are conned trom 27% end 108 kpa {0 700\kpa_ Determine the power required NATE BAaTh fC, GAT1 hw (i) 54.71 kw Aircontanad n'a pator-oyindor and is compressed ina @versible adiabatic manner from a temperature of 300°K and a pressure of 120 kpa to a final pressure of 480 kpa. Determine final temperature A. 345,79°C B) 445,79°C C, 545.79°C ——D. 645,79°C Ahir contained ina pston-onder and is Cohpressed in a reversible adiabatic mannor fom a temperature of 300°K and a pressure of 120 kpa to a final pressure of 480 kpa. Determine work pertllogram.A.-O481 Kg) B. -12461 ill Soxe1 Kikg'd. 20464 Kuk ‘Airis compressed polytropicalty from 101 kpa and 23°C felivered to a tank at 1500 kpa and 128°C Dotermine per hlogram ofa the heat moved during comprossion TUSK B.2ataBC. S3130K)O. 434.90 KI ‘One Kilogram per second of air initially at 101 kpa and 300°K is compressed polytropically ‘according to the process PV;'"= C. Calculate the power necessary to compress ‘the air to Saokpa A ar7akw |B. 13772ku (C.)257-72kw D. 397.72 kw ‘aris dompressed polyropicaly in a oyinder according to PV" = C. The work required fs 180 Fakg, Determine the change of internal anergy Foa40.08 KlkgB. 17862 Kutkg.C. 180.62 Kkg D,, 169.62 Ki Airsezompreseod pobiropically in a cylinder according 0 PV" = C, The work required fs 180 Keka, Determine the heat transfered ‘A 107.77 Kal Aa Kikg_C. 127.77 Kilkg_D. 197.77 Kiko Airis expanded from 7 Wipa, 327°C to 200 kpa in @ closed piston-cylinder device ‘executing pvt ‘onstant process, The work produced during this process in Kufkg is: F226 B 2834. SBA, APB ‘anSarZompressor has nila enthalpy of 35 Btub and exit enthalpy of 70 Btu. The ‘Mase ow Sais 3 fel. heat oss s 466.62 Blum, tind Ue work input to tho comressor, 31. 33, 34 37, 38. 29. a 2 48. 45, 41. 48. 49. (@2)159.51hp —_D. 169.51 hp Bulb and exit enthalpy of 68 Btu/lb. If heat loss A. 1939.51 hp. 149.54 hp ‘An air compressor has an inlet enthalpy is 5 Btulb, find the compressor work. A. 41 Bulb B.-41 Biulb C. 20Btub —_D. -20 Btufb Ian air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 12% ofthe displacement volume. Find the compression ratio and or thermal efficiency. A. 052 B. 0.55 C. 0.53 0.60 ‘ACamot oycie has « maximum temperature of 220°C and ‘minimum temperature of 20°C, Find the cycle efficiency. A. 54.23% B. 58.35% ©. 43.20%. 40.87% ‘A steam engine operation between 150°C and 500°C, Whatis the theoretical maximum thermal efficiency? A. 99% B. 27% ©. 49% 45.30% ‘An gngine has a bore of 15 cm and stroke of 48 cm. If the volumetric compression is 2200 ‘em find the engine efficiency. 1K 462 B44 ©. 454 D. 403 ‘A.Camot engine requires 40 Ksec from the hot source. The engine produces 20 kw of power {and the temperature ofthe sink is 26°C. What isthe temperature of the hot source? A 245570 B. 210.10°C C. 260.18 1. 325.00°C ‘A Camot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot reservoir at 600°F and rejects 49 Btu of heat. Calculate the temperature ofthe cold reservoir. A297 — B.-6046°F 0. -208°F OD, -22.7°F ‘The maximum thermal effcioncy possible for a power cycle operating between 1400°F and 280°F is: A. 58% BBB7% e Co2H DB S7AO% ‘A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1380°C and 230°C. Engine supplied wih 14,142 KJ per KWH. Find the Camot cycle efficiency in percent. A010. B6505 0. 6786 oa An Otis engine has learange volume of 9. li produces 350 hw power, What i he amount otheat westedin KW? A 20443, B. 16080, C, 18240 D, 14505 ‘An air standard engine his a compression ratio of 18 and a cul-off rato of 3, Ifthe inlake air pressure and temperature are 100 kpa and 28°C, find the work in KJ per kg. ‘A 2976 8, 2168 ©. 2437 B. 962.50 ‘The thermal efciency of a particular engine operating on an ideal cyte is 45%. Calculate the heat supplied per 1500 wat-hr of work developed in Kd Ant2343 42000". 14218. 11,108 An Otto cycle has an ihitial condition of 98 kpa and 30°C. The compression ratio is 11 and the maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400°C. Find the heat added in KJ/kg. A. 632 8. 680 ©. 763 D. 876 ‘An Ottto cycle has an initial condition of 100 kpa and 30°C. The compression ratio is 10 and the maximum temperature is 1400°C. Find the cycle mean effective pressure per kg of air. ‘A. 30567 koa B. 491.34kpa C. 503.05kpaD. 674.30 kpa ‘An Ol eye has a heal added of 1000 Btu and work output of 550 Bt Find the percent Gearance A 632% B. 897% C. 1204% OF 18.72% Airis compressed in an Otto cycle from 100 kpa to 700 kpa. Find the cycle efficiency. AOW205% B, 30AS% C, A8.55% 58.34% ‘An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 5436, W heat added is 400 KJ, find the work done ABK 828K) C.20K). 0, 222K ‘An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 60%, If works 700 KA, find the heat rejected ‘A 486.67 KIB. 476.67 KIC. 465.67 KJ" D. 496.67 Kd ‘An Oto cycle has an efficiency of 48%, I heat rejected is 1000 Bt, find the heat added. ATG Gu 8. 1918Bt C.1923Bty. OD. 2023; ‘An Oto cyte has an intial condition of 31°C and 100 Kpa, The compression rato is 8 and the heat added during the procoss i 1000 Kula. Find tho moan effective pressure, 1. 859.73 Kikg B. 689.73 Kika C. 709.73 Kilkg Jo" 739.73 Kg st 52, 53, 56. 57. 6, 59, 60, 61 62, “The compression rato of Oo cyte is 10. If maximum temperature ofthe cyte is 1200°C, find the temperature after expension ; A. 30.5.41°C — B. 307.41°C C. 311.41°C D. 313.41°C “The ital temperature and pressure of Oto cycle ere 28°C and 100 Kpa respectively. The compression ratio is 6 and heat added during the process is 1300 Ki. Find the maximum pressure ofthe cycle. A 4648Kpa 8. 4748Kpa GC. 4943Kpa__D. 4948 Kpa ‘An Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power plant generates 10,000 KW using warm surface water inlet temperature of 26°C and a cold deep-water temperature of 15°C. On the basis of a 3°C drop in the temperature of the warm water and a 3°C rise inthe temperature of the cold water due to removal and adeition of heat, calculate the power required in KW to pump the cold-deep water tothe surface and through he system heat exchanger i the fequired pumping pressure jncrease[s 7kPa, Assume a Camot cycle efficiency and density of ‘cold water to be 1000 kg/m’. A. 108 B. 120 2 148 D. 160 ‘An elastic sphere contaning gas at 120 KPa has a diameter of 1.0. Heating the sphere causes itto expand oa diameter of 1.2 m. During the process the pressure fs proportional to the sphere diameter. Celculate the work done by the gas in 1 AaB 5.508 Cc. 458 D. 354 [An ideal gas with a méleouar weight of 7.1 klkg mol is compressed fom 600 kPa and 280 °K to a final specific volume of 0.5 m/kg, During the process the pressure varies according to p= 600 + 150v + 95v" where p is in kPa and v in m"/kg. Calculate the work of compression in ‘Kuikg? A. 328 B. 28.7 C. 356 ‘D. 304 Airis used in’ a Camot engine where the volumes at the beginning of the constant temperature heat adkltion and the constant-temperature heal rejection are 0.386 m’ and 5.573 m respectively, Calculate the thermal efficiency. ‘0.754 8, 0782 C. O713 0.967 Aan aie-stanara Ota cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of compression the pressure and temperature of air are 100 kPa and 25 °C respectively. The heat added is 1500 kg, Caleulate the mean effective pressure in KPa ‘A. 12308, 11320, 1354D. 1068 “The cycle work of an air-standard Oto engine is 1000 K.Vkg, The maximum cycle temperatura is 3200°C and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is 650 °C. Calculate the compression ao of henge ‘A. 85 722 ©. 80 D. ott {An inventor presented the following test resulls ofthe engine he designed: power developed, ‘38 KW; fuol consumption, 3.1 kp; fuel heating value, 48,540 Kukg,operaiing temperature {imits, 28°C and 1200°C. ‘A. his claim is valid D, none of the above Two Camot engines A and 8 operate in series between a high-temperature reservoir at 4200°K and low: temperature reservoir at 450°K. Engine A rejects heat to engine B, whic in tum rejects heat tothe low-temperature reservoir, The heat raceived by engine A is 600 Ki ‘The tw engines have equal hermal eflecios, Calcul tho wok oF engine BK A. 300 B. 1685 C. 2547. 1406 /Aheal engine has a thermal eciency of 45%. How much power does the engine produce ‘when heat is transferred Ino it at arate of 10° Kir? ‘A SOMW 8. 75MW 0. 100MW 125M ‘The thermodynamic effeiency ofa heat engine thal rejects heat a arto of 20 MW when heat is supplied toa arate of 60 MW is 333% 8. 50% c 66.7% 0. 75% ACamot engine operates using a 527°C energy reservoir and a 27°C energy reservoir. The thermodynamic efficiengy of ts engine is %. 50% B 625% GC. 736% J. his claim is not valid C. inconclusive D. 103% ALC ORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER Cebus Main: 4 floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sancangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84 Manila: 3% Noor JPD Blig 1953, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloe, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING ~ DAY 3 3. Diesel Cycle sa compression ignition ype of engino Formulas: Kerve 22. (Me ovr AC) Inems of mpegon ato presse al Pa (,)k Pets) b= empenion ts a ts = cones psa ™ A A. Qq = me(Ts=T2) 210% B. Qa = mofTs-T) * consiant pressure © W= Oy- Ox D. Cycle efficiency, a et k. (2) Ve mol a = expansion ratio = re fa Fa= expansion ratio = VyVs Vp = volume displacement = Vi - Vz Note: 4, 2. 3, 4 5, 6. . Maximum temperature occur after combustion or before expansion, Heat is added during constant pressure process, Heat is rejected during constant volume process, If Compression ratio increases, ils cycle efficiency will increase. If compression ratio increases, its cycle eficiency will increase, The cycle efficiency depends on compression ratio and its specific heat ratio, 4, STIRLING AND ERICSSON CYCLES. Stirling Cycle TVW Ericsson Cycle PIeT Efcency ofboth Sing and Efcsson oye, =o = 5. BRAYTON CYCLE Open Cycle Gas Turbine A. Compression Process from 1 to 2 using ‘Compressor Fuel, co et Generator Pivit = Pav 2-4) #-() k Output In terms of compression ratio pressure ratio; jastor Beef Baby Go Py q We = compressor work = m ¢p (T2~T1) were: cp = 10 KangeK B. Heat Added in the Combustor: 2 to 3 Gas Turbine (Constant Pressure process: P2 = Ps) Qa = mop (Ta Ta) Air Compressor @ ©. Turbine Expansion: 3 to 4 (lsentropic Process: 63 = s4) Wr = turbine work = my (Ta ~ Ta) ‘Ts diagram cee Macha) 4 haha (hehe) hehe to pressure rao = FZ F8 m= compression rato = i F, Backwork Ratio, BW pw = Compressor Work. _ We, “Turbine Work” Wy Gas Turbine Cycle Considering Fluid Friction: ‘A. Actual compressor work, We We = mop (Ta! - Tr) 2c = compressor efficiency = Ideal Compressor Work ‘Actual Compressor Work os We’ (ia) ‘Te diagram B, Actual Turbine Work, Wi" Wy = mep(Ta = Ta) = turbine ofisienay = 8 Turbine Work offcteney = ctual Turbine Work (©. Actual Not Work = Wh? = We’ GAS MIXTURE PARTIAL PRESSURE, Patel pessue =P P

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