PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ASSESSMENT-2

NAME- GUNJAN
5TH YEAR A
ENROLL NO 36259301616

Q1. Differentiate between commencement certificate and occupation certificate?

The OC is issued only once the building has been completed in all respects and can be
occupied. ... So, the main difference between Completion certificate & Occupancy Certificate
is that CC shows that the building construction is done as per the plan which was approved by
the concerned authorities.
The certificate from the concerned authority allowing the builder for commencement of
construction of the property (after ensuring that all set criteria have been met) is referred to
as the certificate of commencement.A certificate of occupancy is a document issued by a local
government agency or building department certifying a building's compliance with applicable
building codes and other laws, and indicating it to be in a condition suitable for occupancy.
Q2. What are building bye laws?
Building Bye-Laws are legal tools used to regulate coverage, height, building bulk, and
architectural design and construction aspects of buildings so as to achieve orderly
development of an area.
..DELHI BUILDING BYE-LAWS
No person shall erect, re-erect or make alterations or demolish any building are cease the
same to be done without first obtaining a separate A separate building permit for each such
building from the authority.
Building Bye-Laws are legal tools used to regulate coverage, height, building bulk, and
architectural design and construction aspects of buildings so as to achieve orderly
development of an area. They are mandatory in nature and serve to protect buildings against
fire, earthquake, noise, structural failures and other hazards. In India, there are still many
small and medium sized towns which do not have building bye-laws and in the absence of any
regulatory mechanism, such towns are confronted with excessive coverage, encroachment
and haphazard development resulting in chaotic conditions, inconvenience for the users, and
disregard for building aesthetics, etc. It is in this context, TCPO has made an effort to prepare
“Model Building Bye-Laws- 2016” for the guidance of the State Governments, Urban Local
Bodies, Urban Development Authorities, etc which is an improvement over the previous
Model Building Bye Laws brought out in 2004.
Q3. What is an index? Write a note on the Building Cost Index? Explain in detail the purposes
for which building cost index is used?
An index number is a statistical derives to measure changes in the value of money. It is a
number which represents the average price of a group of commodities at a particular time in
relation to the average price of the same group of commodities at another time.
The building cost index is an index of input prices that describes development in the prices of
factors of production, materials, wages and salaries and other inputs of building trade relative
to the average price level of a base year.
The index measures changes in cost for production factors in housing construction, that is,
materials of various types, equipment, salaries, transport, etc. The index does not take
account of the market situation, but is based on measurements of a number of goods and
salaries. Index figures are calculated for multi-dwelling buildings, collectively built one- or
two-dwelling buildings and agricultural buildings in total and by major type of cost.
Q4. Explain the objective of land acquisition? Elaborate in detail the step-by-step process of
land acquisition under the Act?
Objectives of the Land Acquisition Act
The main objectives of the Act are:
To ascertain landowners and other affected families have to go through minimal
disturbance, the process to procure land can only be undertaken in contemplation with the
local self-government and gram sabhas.
To ensure that compensation offered to the affected families is fair.
To make sufficient arrangements for the resettlement and rehabilitation of affected
households.
In case the government needs to carry out a mandatory acquisition, it should attempt to
make the affected people partners in the development so as to facilitate a smooth
rehabilitation process for them after the acquisition.
The process of acquisition begins with the issuance of preliminary notification, as envisaged
under Section 11 of Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Whenever, it appears to the appropriate
Government that land in any area is required or likely to be required for any public purpose, a
preliminary notification under Section 11 in rural or urban areas shall be published.
Publication of Notification:
The Preliminary Notification shall be published in the following manner:-
(a) in the Official Gazette;
(b) in two daily newspapers circulating in the locality of required area of which one shall be in
the regional language;
(c) in the local language in the Panchayat, Municipality or Municipal Corporation, and in the
offices of the District Collector, the Sub-divisional Magistrate and the Tehsil;
(d) uploaded on the website of the appropriate Government;
Immediately after issuance of the notification, the concerned Gram Sabha or municipalities
shall be informed of the contents of the notification issued in all cases of land acquisition at a
meeting called especially for this purpose.
The notification to be issued shall contain details of the land to be acquired, a statement on
the nature of the public purpose involved, reasons necessitating the displacement of affected
persons, summary of the Social Impact Assessment Report and particulars of the
Administrator appointed for the purposes of rehabilitation and resettlement.
Q5. Explain the different types of certificates issued by an architect during a project?
ypically, the certificates issued under a construction contract will include: Interim certificates.
Certificate of practical completion (or section completion certificates where the works are to
be completed in sections). Certificate of making good defects.
1 Certificates issued under a Standard Form of Building Contract.
2 Certificates of Completion for compliance with the Building Standards. ...
3 Certificates for Building Societies and Lenders. ...
2 'Certificates of Completion' for compliance with the Building Standards Regulations.
1 Certificates issued under a standard form of building contract by the architect orcontract
administrator
Architects frequently act as ‘Contract Administrators’ in the terms of standard forms
ofbuilding Contract such those issued by the Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) or the
ScottishBuilding Contact Committee (SBCC). When acting in this capacity, issuing
variouscertificates is generally necessary.These, typically, would be certification that work has
been carried out to the satisfaction ofthe architect based on the, usually limited, inspections
that he/she has made.The Certificates normally issued are:
PAYMENT
•
Interim Certificate: A certificate recommending to the client that a payment isdue to the
contractor. The value is based on the architect’s assessment ofcompleted work. These are
usually issued monthly or at agreed intervals, andthe balance due (actual value of work done
less previously paid) less anyagreed retention monies, is clearly advised.
•
Final Certificate: A certificate advising the client to pay the final balance,following the making
good of any defective work at the end of the DefectsLiability Period.
PROGRESS
•
Practical Completion: When the contractor has largely completed the work,and the Client is in
a position to occupy the building, a Practical CompletionCertificate will be issued. This advises
the date of Practical Completion, andthe release of a portion of the retention monies. The
Practical CompletionCertificate also advises the date on which the Defects Liability Period
willend, and may list some items of incomplete work that is expected to becompleted within
the defects liability period.
•
Making Good Defects Certificate: The architect will inspect the building at theend of the
Defects Liability Period and issue a list of remedial or other worksto be completed by the
contactor. Once these works have been completed tothe satisfaction of the architect, the
architect will issue the Making GoodDefects certificate. This in turn signals the issue of the
final valuationcertificate.
Architects Instructions: If, or any reason, there is a change to the content ofworks, the
architect can record this on an Architect’s Instruction form, andthis will be used as a means to
value changes for inclusion in the assessmentof overall value of completed works contained in
the Interim Certificate.
Issue of these certificates, especially the Certificate of Practical Completion and
FinalCertificate, is a significant step in terms of transfer of liability for contractors,
employersand architects and should not, consequently, be undertaken lightly.Forms of
Contract that require this procedure are usually only considered economic forlarger projects.
Few small scale, domestic, projects are done in this way.In ‘design build’ arrangements, where
the architect is working directly for the contractor asa design only sub-contractor, certification
of this nature by the architect should not arise.In these
circumstances, the ‘employer’ (Client) should consider making alternative arrangementsfor
certification of work done and payment due. Any certifier should be particularly careful
where their certificate, prepared under one contract, isbeing relied upon under another
contract. This is often the case in commercial contracts where thearchitect’s Certificate of
Practical Completion can be used to signify entry under a lease or whereInterim payment
Certificates can be used to release funds under a funding agreement or a forwardpurchase
agreement. In such circumstances it may be appropriate for a separate certificate to beissued
specifically for that purpose.
2 ‘Certificates of Completion’ for compliance with the Building Standards Regulationsissued
by the Local Authority Building Control d.It should be noted that
Architects are recommended to check that their insurers will provideextension of
Professional Indemnity cover, prior to provision of the aboveservice
Q6.what is the design stages in a project? What type of drawing is prepared at
each stage? Explain in detail?
A. Concept Design:
• Ascertain client's requirements and prepare a design brief for client's
approval.
• Examine site constraints & potentials and prepare a report on site evaluation
and analysis; and impact of existing or proposed development on its
immediate environs.
• Carry out Environment Impact assessment and furnish report on measures
required to be taken to mitigate adverse impact, if any.
• Prepare drawings and documents to enable the client to get done the
detailed survey and soil investigation at the site of the project.
• Prepare conceptual designs with reference to requirements given by the
client and prepare rough estimate of cost on area basis
B. Preliminary Design and Drawings:
Modify the conceptual designs, incorporating required changes and prepare
the preliminary drawings, sketches, study model, etc. for the client's approval
along with preliminary estimate of cost on area basis.
C. Drawings for Client's Statuary Approval:
Prepare drawings necessary for statutory approvals, ensuring compliance
with codes, standards and legislation; and assist the client in obtaining the
statutory approvals thereof, if required.
D. Working Drawings and Tender Documents:
• Prepare working drawings, specifications and schedule of quantities
sufficient to prepare estimate of cost and tender documents covering aspects
like mode of measurement, method of payments, quality control procedures
on materials & works and other conditions of contract.
• Preparation of Tender Paper: inviting tender on behalf of the client, sale of
the tender paper after investigating the soundness of contractor,
preparation of comparative statement and advising the client regarding
acceptability of tender.
E. Appointment of Contractors:
Advise the client on appointment of contractors after analysing them. If the
architect enters into the contract on behalf of the client he shall make it clear
that he is acting for the client and he shall not exceed his authority. Before
accepting the tender and selecting contractor, the architect must consider
following aspects:
• Contractors who have quoted rates very low, as compared to the estimated
cost of project should be rejected after detailed scrutiny.
• Contractor’s financial stability must be given importance and his
intelligence, his capacity to organize and credit in the market should be
judged.
• Previous works executed by him and their certificates from previous
architects should be inspected.
• General behaviour and temperament of the contractor should be observed.
F. Construction:
• Prepare and issue working drawings and details to the contractor for proper
execution of works during construction. These drawings should be supplied
free of cost up to 6 sets of drawings at different stages.
• Check & approve samples of elements, components & drawings submitted
by the contractor.
• Visit the site of work at different intervals, to inspect and evaluate the
construction works and where necessary clarify any decision, offer
interpretation of the drawings/specifications, attend conferences and meetings
to ensure that the project proceeds generally in accordance with the
conditions of contract and keep the client informed about the same.
• The architect is not liable for losses of the contractor for his own action. He
shall see that the contractor has removed rejected materials and rectified the
defect made by him.
• Appoint specialized consultants on client's demand and be responsible for
the direction and integration of the consultants work.
• If a contractor fails to show proportionate progress if work as per the time of
completion, it is the responsibility of an architect to bring to the notice of
the owner and advise him to terminate the contract according to terms and
conditions.
• In case of disputes or arbitration between the client and contractor, the
architect shall help to settle the dispute by technical analysis.
G. Completion:
• Prepare and submit completion reports and drawings for the project and
assist the client in obtaining ‘Completion Certificate’ from the statutory
authorities.
• Issue two sets of as built drawings including services and structures.
• To ensure that no damages are being made on any part of the completed
work at the time handling over the same to the client.
Q7 what processes can be followed by a small firm/individual architect to
streamline the process of design? Explain quoting example?
Organizational design is important for businesses, even though few firms actually think
about it in a structured way. More often than not, a business is structured the way it
is simply because of the way the company has evolved over time, through patterns
of growth or scaling back. The design process is a step-by-step methodology that
businesses use to identify those dysfunctions within the organization and then
remedy them through realignment. That can help the firm combat inefficiency in a
number of ways.
STREAMLINE YOUR PROCESSES
This process also includes a review of strategies, goals, procedures, and even the
business environment. The focus on procedures and processes is perhaps
the most important when one considers efficiency. Many firms have processes and
procedures that don’t necessarily make sense; sometimes, the process is
convoluted, or a procedure may contain many repeated steps. A look at these
processes and procedures can help your firm identify where you could be doing
things differently—and then streamline those processes in order to realize efficiency.
CORPORATE STRUCTURE
This step involves reviewing the business structure and identifying potential problems.
Reviewing the structure of our company doesn’t stop at this large-scale review; we
might also review the structure of management or hierarchies across the company or
in any given department. This allows us to review for inefficiencies—for example,
does staff have to pass communications through three or four people when one
might do? Are managers bogged down with micro-managing every little thing their
staff does? These sorts of issues lead to inefficiency—and rethinking our structure
can help us resolve them.
REVIEW GOALS AND PLANS
Chances are the firm has business goals and even a strategic plan; these are
statements of intent that help steer the firm in the direction we want to go. Without
them, our firm may seem a little lost in the sea of corporate entities.
A review can certainly help you revise those goals and draw up new strategic plans
to support where we want to go. An outside review can also help instigate renewal,
since it can sometimes be difficult for organizations to shake things up even when
they know they have to.
Q8 Explain the role of an architect as a project coordinator and as the principle
architect of his /her on office?
ROLE OF PROJECT COORDINATOR
Architectural project coordinators review and prepare drawings and estimates for
building or landscape designs. They must coordinate with engineers, planners and
architects to ensure that plans and designs adhere to federal and state regulations.
Job Description
Architectural project coordinators work as part of project development teams. They
coordinate structural work, prepare estimates, interpret plans and inspect
construction sites. Architectural project coordinators can work in landscape or
building design. Landscape design project coordinators survey land and recommend
materials to maximize usability, while building project coordinators complete design
studies and monitor builds.
Architectural project coordinators need a solid understanding of architectural design
theories and an understanding of construction drawings. Completion of an
architectural technology or interior design program is necessary; however, an
undergraduate degree in architecture is recommended by employers. Additionally,
proficiency in AutoCAD software and work experience might be required.
Job Duties
Architectural project coordinators work in conjunction with engineers and
government organizations to oversee the design of a project. In addition to creating
work schedules, the coordinator ensures that the project complies with regulations,
which includes revising the project design as necessary to achieve client satisfaction.
Additional responsibilities include reviewing project bids, determining practicality of
designs and creating cost analysis reports. Accurate representation of the best
interests of the overall project is a major aspect of the coordinator's duties.
ROLE OF PRINCIPAL ARCHITECT
· Provide application architectural solutions to meet business requirements.
· Provide architectural support for application development and modification
activities.
· Work with team members to develop architectural strategies and guidelines.
· Work in compliance with company policies and procedures for operational
efficiency.
· Recommend new technologies to management to develop robust application.
· Review and recommend improvements to existing application architectures.
· Assist in application design, development, integration and implementation
activities.
· Analyse and troubleshoot architecture related issues in a timely fashion.
· Assist in Junior Architects in their assigned responsibilities when required.
· Provide guidance to project teams in all phases of SDLC.
· Assist in developing architecture documents, functional specifications, design
documents, and architecture diagrams.
Q9 What do you understand by economic liberalization in India, highlight its
impact on architectural profession in India.
The economic liberalization in India initiated in 1991 refers to the economic
liberalization of the country’s economic policies, with the goal of making the economy
more market oriented and expanding the role of private and foreign investment.
Specific changes include a reduction in import tariffs, deregulation of markets,
reduction of taxes and greater foreign investment. Liberalization has been credited
by its proponents for the high economic growth recorded by the country in the 1990s
and 2000s.
In the years after independence, private wealth and industry provided steady work
for architects all over the country, the IIA still continued to remain the platform of
discourse and dissemination – an internal professional rumination, largely distanced
from changing politics and culture in the country, especially from the seventies
onwards. While students of architecture did briefly take political stances during the
Emergency, practice remained unaffected. By the end of the eighties, a few years
later with the effects of liberalization made flesh, the erstwhile associations started to
crumble, the ecosystem became unstable, and in some ways, unsustainable.
Architectural practices became myriad and diffuse, working centrifugally, aligning
into various smaller constellations. The influence of the IIA waned, while the Council
of Architecture, mandated to look after the concerns of practice in the early seventies
through an Act of Parliament, by and large, came to focus on monitoring architectural
education that had, by the turn of the millennium, boomed with colleges springing up
in all parts of the country.
Q10 Highlight the key features of “unified building byelaws-2016”notified by
ministry of urban development.
The new laws have been made user friendly through unification and simplification of
a host of amendments made over the last three decades and integration of
approvals by different agencies into a single platform.
Applicants can submit one single online application to concerned urban local body
instead of approaching various agencies. They can now also make a single payment
to the concerned urban local body electronically, instead of making required
payments to various agencies separately.
Moreover, for residential plots of size up to 105 square meter in Delhi, the plot owner
need not obtain sanction of building plans. He will only be required to submit an
undertaking intimating about construction along with requisite fees and other
documents to start construction.
The number of documents to be submitted for obtaining building permits has been
reduced from 40 to just 14 and the maximum time limit for granting building permit
has been reduced from 60 days to just 30 days to enhance the ease doing business,
it added.
Owners of plots of more than 3,000 sq. m area shall construct public washroom
complexes with access from outside, in addition to other mandatory sanitary
requirements.
Q11 Discuss the role and key responsibilities of project coordinator in any
architectural firm.
THE ROLE:
The Project Coordinator is an integral member of the project team responsible for
delivering building development projects of varying size and complexity. The Project
Coordinator is responsible for directing, organizing and controlling project activities,
under the direction of a Project Manager (PM) & Project Director.
SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Attend client meetings and assist with determination of project requirements
• Assist the PM in the drafting and issuance of project proposals, RFP’s, tenders,
budgets, cash flows and preliminary schedules
• Prepare project organization and communication charts
• Chair site meetings and distribute minutes to all project team members
• Track the progress and quality of work being performed by design
disciplines/trades
• Use project scheduling and control tools to monitor projects plans, work hours,
budgets and expenditures
• Effectively and accurately communicate relevant project information to the client
and project team • Ensure clients’ needs are met in a timely and cost effective
manner
• Review field inspection reports from Consultants throughout the lifecycle of the
project
• Issue Contracts, Letters of Intent, Purchase Orders, etc
. • Maintain Contract Execution Tracking Log
• Assist the PM in the review of Contractor quotations to ensure that only fair and
reasonable pricing is recommended for approval
• Track & manage contemplated change notices and change orders in the database
• Prepare substantial completion certificates and ensure all required project close
out documents are obtained
• Communicate ideas for improving company processes with a positive and
constructive attitude, and for developing this attitude in others
• Keep the Project Manager (PM) and others informed about project status and
issues that may impact client relations.
Q12 Explain with an example from your practical training. How the remuneration
for an architectural service provided is computed?
Retainer
On appointment/ Signing of Agreement/
cceptance of
offer.
Rs. 20M* or 5% of the total fees payable,
whichever is
higher, adjustable at the last stage.
Stage 1
On submitting conceptual designs and
rough estimate of
cost.
10% of the total fees payable.
Stage 2
On submitting the required preliminary
scheme for the
Client's approval along with the
preliminary estimate of cost.
20% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stage 1.
Stage 3
a. On incorporating Client's
suggestions and submitting
drawings for approval from the
Client/ statutory authorities, if
required.
b. Upon Client's / statutory approval
necessary for commencement of
construction, wherever applicable.
30% of the total fees payable less
payment already made at Stages 1 and
2.
35% of the total fees payable less
payment already made at Stages1 to
3a.
Stage 4
Upon preparation of working drawings,
specifications and
schedule of quantities sufficient to
prepare estimate of cost
and preparation of tender documents.
45% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages1 to 3a.
Stage 5 55% of the total fees payable less
On inviting, receiving and analysing
tenders; advising Client
on appointment of contractors.
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 4.
Stage 6
On submitting working drawings and
details required for commencement of
work at site.
• On completion of 20% of the
work
• On completion of 40% of the
work
• On completion of 60% of the
work
• On completion of 80% of the
work
• On Virtual Completion
65% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 5.
70% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6a.
75% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6b(i).
80% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6b(ii).
85% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6b(iii).
90% of the total fees payable less
payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6b(iv).
Stage 7
On submitting Completion Report and
drawings for issuance
of completion/ occupancy certificate by
statutory
authorities, wherever required and on
issue of as built
drawings
100% of the fees payable less payment
already made at
EFFECTING PAYMENT TO THE ARCHITECT :
5.1 The fee payable to the Architect shall be computed on the actual cost of works
on completion. The payment due to the Architect at different stages be computed on
the following basis:
5.1.1 Retainer : On rough estimate of cost.
5.1.2 At Stage 1 : On rough estimate of cost.
5.1.3 At Stages 2 to 4 : On preliminary estimate of cost.
5.1.4 At Stages 5 to 6b : Accepted tender cost.
5.1.5 At Stage 7 : Actual total cost.
Q13 Enumerate the feature that help build a creative working environment in an
architectural practices.
Performance is a function of the three factors acting together. Ability has to do with
whether a person can do a task. Motivation is a measure of whether a person wants
to do it. Opportunity is about accessibility; a person can’t do a task if she is not given
a chance or if she is denied access to necessary resources or amenities.
• A building can positively affect ability by providing comfortable ambient conditions,
by enabling individual control and adjustment of conditions, and by reducing health
and safety risks. Negative impacts on ability to do work are associated with
conditions that are uncomfortable, distracting, hazardous or noxious.
• “A building can positively affect motivation by providing conditions that promote
positive affective functioning, psychological engagement and personal control.
Moods create the ‘affective context’ for thought processes and behaviours and are
directly tied to motivation.
• “A building can affect opportunity by providing equitable access to conditions that
reduce health and safety risks, equitable access to amenities and compensatory
design options where inequities exist and are difficult to eliminate entirely.”1
• TEN WORKPLACE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Ten fundamental design elements can positively impact the workplace
environment and support the work being done:
• 1. Thermal Comfort and Temperature
• 2. Access to Nature, Views and Daylight
• 3. Sensory Change and Variability
• 4. Color
• 5. Noise Control
• 6. Crowding
• 7. Human Factors and Ergonomics
• 8. Indoor Air Quality
• 9. Choice
• 10. Employee Engagement
Q14 Illustrate the organisational structure of the office where you worked based
on hierarchy, different role and operational characteristics.