Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NAME- GUNJAN
5TH YEAR A
ENROLL NO 36259301616
The OC is issued only once the building has been completed in all respects and can be
occupied. ... So, the main difference between Completion certificate & Occupancy Certificate
is that CC shows that the building construction is done as per the plan which was approved by
the concerned authorities.
The certificate from the concerned authority allowing the builder for commencement of
construction of the property (after ensuring that all set criteria have been met) is referred to
as the certificate of commencement.A certificate of occupancy is a document issued by a local
government agency or building department certifying a building's compliance with applicable
building codes and other laws, and indicating it to be in a condition suitable for occupancy.
Building Bye-Laws are legal tools used to regulate coverage, height, building bulk, and
architectural design and construction aspects of buildings so as to achieve orderly
development of an area.
Building Bye-Laws are legal tools used to regulate coverage, height, building bulk, and
architectural design and construction aspects of buildings so as to achieve orderly
development of an area. They are mandatory in nature and serve to protect buildings against
fire, earthquake, noise, structural failures and other hazards. In India, there are still many
small and medium sized towns which do not have building bye-laws and in the absence of any
regulatory mechanism, such towns are confronted with excessive coverage, encroachment
and haphazard development resulting in chaotic conditions, inconvenience for the users, and
disregard for building aesthetics, etc. It is in this context, TCPO has made an effort to prepare
“Model Building Bye-Laws- 2016” for the guidance of the State Governments, Urban Local
Bodies, Urban Development Authorities, etc which is an improvement over the previous
Model Building Bye Laws brought out in 2004.
Q3. What is an index? Write a note on the Building Cost Index? Explain in detail the purposes
for which building cost index is used?
The building cost index is an index of input prices that describes development in the prices of
factors of production, materials, wages and salaries and other inputs of building trade relative
to the average price level of a base year.
The index measures changes in cost for production factors in housing construction, that is,
materials of various types, equipment, salaries, transport, etc. The index does not take
account of the market situation, but is based on measurements of a number of goods and
salaries. Index figures are calculated for multi-dwelling buildings, collectively built one- or
two-dwelling buildings and agricultural buildings in total and by major type of cost.
Q4. Explain the objective of land acquisition? Elaborate in detail the step-by-step process of
land acquisition under the Act?
In case the government needs to carry out a mandatory acquisition, it should attempt to
make the affected people partners in the development so as to facilitate a smooth
rehabilitation process for them after the acquisition.
The process of acquisition begins with the issuance of preliminary notification, as envisaged
under Section 11 of Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Whenever, it appears to the appropriate
Government that land in any area is required or likely to be required for any public purpose, a
preliminary notification under Section 11 in rural or urban areas shall be published.
Publication of Notification:
(b) in two daily newspapers circulating in the locality of required area of which one shall be in
the regional language;
(c) in the local language in the Panchayat, Municipality or Municipal Corporation, and in the
offices of the District Collector, the Sub-divisional Magistrate and the Tehsil;
Immediately after issuance of the notification, the concerned Gram Sabha or municipalities
shall be informed of the contents of the notification issued in all cases of land acquisition at a
meeting called especially for this purpose.
The notification to be issued shall contain details of the land to be acquired, a statement on
the nature of the public purpose involved, reasons necessitating the displacement of affected
persons, summary of the Social Impact Assessment Report and particulars of the
Administrator appointed for the purposes of rehabilitation and resettlement.
Q5. Explain the different types of certificates issued by an architect during a project?
ypically, the certificates issued under a construction contract will include: Interim certificates.
Certificate of practical completion (or section completion certificates where the works are to
be completed in sections). Certificate of making good defects.
1 Certificates issued under a standard form of building contract by the architect orcontract
administrator
PAYMENT
Interim Certificate: A certificate recommending to the client that a payment isdue to the
contractor. The value is based on the architect’s assessment ofcompleted work. These are
usually issued monthly or at agreed intervals, andthe balance due (actual value of work done
less previously paid) less anyagreed retention monies, is clearly advised.
Final Certificate: A certificate advising the client to pay the final balance,following the making
good of any defective work at the end of the DefectsLiability Period.
PROGRESS
Practical Completion: When the contractor has largely completed the work,and the Client is in
a position to occupy the building, a Practical CompletionCertificate will be issued. This advises
the date of Practical Completion, andthe release of a portion of the retention monies. The
Practical CompletionCertificate also advises the date on which the Defects Liability Period
willend, and may list some items of incomplete work that is expected to becompleted within
the defects liability period.
•
Making Good Defects Certificate: The architect will inspect the building at theend of the
Defects Liability Period and issue a list of remedial or other worksto be completed by the
contactor. Once these works have been completed tothe satisfaction of the architect, the
architect will issue the Making GoodDefects certificate. This in turn signals the issue of the
final valuationcertificate.
Architects Instructions: If, or any reason, there is a change to the content ofworks, the
architect can record this on an Architect’s Instruction form, andthis will be used as a means to
value changes for inclusion in the assessmentof overall value of completed works contained in
the Interim Certificate.
A. Concept Design:
• Ascertain client's requirements and prepare a design brief for client's
approval.
• Examine site constraints & potentials and prepare a report on site evaluation
immediate environs.
• Prepare drawings and documents to enable the client to get done the
the preliminary drawings, sketches, study model, etc. for the client's approval
with codes, standards and legislation; and assist the client in obtaining the
acceptability of tender.
E. Appointment of Contractors:
architect enters into the contract on behalf of the client he shall make it clear
that he is acting for the client and he shall not exceed his authority. Before
accepting the tender and selecting contractor, the architect must consider
following aspects:
• Contractors who have quoted rates very low, as compared to the estimated
judged.
F. Construction:
• Prepare and issue working drawings and details to the contractor for proper
by the contractor.
• Visit the site of work at different intervals, to inspect and evaluate the
conditions of contract and keep the client informed about the same.
• The architect is not liable for losses of the contractor for his own action. He
shall see that the contractor has removed rejected materials and rectified the
the owner and advise him to terminate the contract according to terms and
conditions.
G. Completion:
• Prepare and submit completion reports and drawings for the project and
authorities.
• To ensure that no damages are being made on any part of the completed
Organizational design is important for businesses, even though few firms actually think
about it in a structured way. More often than not, a business is structured the way it
is simply because of the way the company has evolved over time, through patterns
businesses use to identify those dysfunctions within the organization and then
remedy them through realignment. That can help the firm combat inefficiency in a
number of ways.
This process also includes a review of strategies, goals, procedures, and even the
the most important when one considers efficiency. Many firms have processes and
processes and procedures can help your firm identify where you could be doing
CORPORATE STRUCTURE
This step involves reviewing the business structure and identifying potential problems.
Reviewing the structure of our company doesn’t stop at this large-scale review; we
might also review the structure of management or hierarchies across the company or
does staff have to pass communications through three or four people when one
might do? Are managers bogged down with micro-managing every little thing their
staff does? These sorts of issues lead to inefficiency—and rethinking our structure
can help us resolve them.
Chances are the firm has business goals and even a strategic plan; these are
statements of intent that help steer the firm in the direction we want to go. Without
them, our firm may seem a little lost in the sea of corporate entities.
A review can certainly help you revise those goals and draw up new strategic plans
to support where we want to go. An outside review can also help instigate renewal,
since it can sometimes be difficult for organizations to shake things up even when
Architectural project coordinators review and prepare drawings and estimates for
building or landscape designs. They must coordinate with engineers, planners and
architects to ensure that plans and designs adhere to federal and state regulations.
Job Description
building design. Landscape design project coordinators survey land and recommend
Job Duties
work schedules, the coordinator ensures that the project complies with regulations,
which includes revising the project design as necessary to achieve client satisfaction.
designs and creating cost analysis reports. Accurate representation of the best
activities.
efficiency.
activities.
liberalization of the country’s economic policies, with the goal of making the economy
more market oriented and expanding the role of private and foreign investment.
reduction of taxes and greater foreign investment. Liberalization has been credited
by its proponents for the high economic growth recorded by the country in the 1990s
and 2000s.
In the years after independence, private wealth and industry provided steady work
for architects all over the country, the IIA still continued to remain the platform of
from changing politics and culture in the country, especially from the seventies
onwards. While students of architecture did briefly take political stances during the
Emergency, practice remained unaffected. By the end of the eighties, a few years
later with the effects of liberalization made flesh, the erstwhile associations started to
into various smaller constellations. The influence of the IIA waned, while the Council
of Architecture, mandated to look after the concerns of practice in the early seventies
The new laws have been made user friendly through unification and simplification of
a host of amendments made over the last three decades and integration of
Applicants can submit one single online application to concerned urban local body
instead of approaching various agencies. They can now also make a single payment
Moreover, for residential plots of size up to 105 square meter in Delhi, the plot owner
need not obtain sanction of building plans. He will only be required to submit an
undertaking intimating about construction along with requisite fees and other
The number of documents to be submitted for obtaining building permits has been
reduced from 40 to just 14 and the maximum time limit for granting building permit
has been reduced from 60 days to just 30 days to enhance the ease doing business,
it added.
Owners of plots of more than 3,000 sq. m area shall construct public washroom
requirements.
Q11 Discuss the role and key responsibilities of project coordinator in any
architectural firm.
THE ROLE:
The Project Coordinator is an integral member of the project team responsible for
delivering building development projects of varying size and complexity. The Project
SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Assist the PM in the drafting and issuance of project proposals, RFP’s, tenders,
• Chair site meetings and distribute minutes to all project team members
disciplines/trades
• Use project scheduling and control tools to monitor projects plans, work hours,
and project team • Ensure clients’ needs are met in a timely and cost effective
manner
• Review field inspection reports from Consultants throughout the lifecycle of the
project
• Assist the PM in the review of Contractor quotations to ensure that only fair and
• Prepare substantial completion certificates and ensure all required project close
• Keep the Project Manager (PM) and others informed about project status and
Q12 Explain with an example from your practical training. How the remuneration
Retainer
cceptance of
offer.
whichever is
Stage 1
rough estimate of
cost.
Stage 2
at Stage 1.
Stage 3
a. On incorporating Client's
required.
2.
3a.
Stage 4
specifications and
at Stages1 to 3a.
on appointment of contractors.
at Stages 1 to 4.
Stage 6
work at site.
work
work
work
work
• On Virtual Completion
65% of the total fees payable less
at Stages 1 to 5.
at Stages 1 to 6a.
at Stages 1 to 6b(i).
at Stages 1 to 6b(ii).
at Stages 1 to 6b(iii).
at Stages 1 to 6b(iv).
Stage 7
statutory
drawings
already made at
5.1 The fee payable to the Architect shall be computed on the actual cost of works
Q13 Enumerate the feature that help build a creative working environment in an
architectural practices.
Performance is a function of the three factors acting together. Ability has to do with
to do it. Opportunity is about accessibility; a person can’t do a task if she is not given
and safety risks. Negative impacts on ability to do work are associated with
Moods create the ‘affective context’ for thought processes and behaviours and are
reduce health and safety risks, equitable access to amenities and compensatory
design options where inequities exist and are difficult to eliminate entirely.”1
• 4. Color
• 5. Noise Control
• 6. Crowding
• 9. Choice
Q14 Illustrate the organisational structure of the office where you worked based