Bacteria

▪ Prokaryotes

▪ Peptidoglycan cell walls

▪ Binary fission

▪ For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

Average size: 0.2 -2.0 µm (diameter)  2 - 8 µm (length)

Basic shapes:

Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli

Clusters: staphylococci

Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli

Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane.

Plasma Membrane ▪

Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin

antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

Ribosomes

Glycocalyx ( chất nền ngoại bào)

. Outside cell wall

▪ Usually sticky (polysaccharides, polypeptides or both)

▪ A capsule is neatly organized

▪ A slime layer is unorganized and loose

▪ Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach

▪ Capsules prevent phagocytosis

A flagellum & flagella

Outside cell wall

▪ Made of chains of flagellin

▪ Attached to a protein hook

▪ Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

▪ motility
Flagella Arrangement

1.Peritrichous: (flagellas xung quanh over the body)

2.Monotrichous and polar( 1 flagella)

3.Lophotrichous and polar (having a tuft of flagella at one end: búi roi ở 1 đầu)

4.Amphitrichous and polar ( mỗi đầu một roi)

Motile Cells

Rotate flagella to run or tumble

Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis), such as chemotaxis

* *chemotaxis: is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

Fimbriae

▪ a few to several hundred per cell) allow attachment;

▪ Have a tendency to adhere to each other and to surfaces→ forming biofilm and aggregation on the
surface → colonization

Pili (a pilus)

▪ Longer than fimbriae

▪ Only one or two per cell

▪ Can be a virulence factor

▪ Conjugation (sex) pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

Compare:

Gram-positive Gram-negative
Difference
Peptidoglycan: Thick layer Thin layer
Membrane Cytoplasmic membrane Outer membrane
+ Inner membrane
Protein Surface protein Porin protein
Periplasmic Less or no Between 2 membrane
space
Pili no many

Same: Have Ribosome ; Chromosome ; Inclusion body ; Peptidoglycan ; Capsule ; Membrane ;

Flagella (or not)
Cell Wall

▪ Prevents osmotic lysis

▪ Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

Gram-positive bacterial

thick peptidoglycan layer that contains teichoic and lipoteicoic acids.

A Gram-negative bacterium

has a thin peptidoglycan layer

outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and proteins

** Periplasmic space: Transport, degradative, cell wall synthetic proteins

General structure of the peptidoglycan component of the cell wall

A. The peptidoglycan forms a meshlike layer around the cell

B. The peptidoglycan mesh consists of a polysaccharide polymer that is cross-linked by peptide

bonds

Precursors of peptidoglycan

• Peptides are cross-linked through a peptide bond between the terminal D-alanine (D-Ala) from one
chain and a lysine from the other chain

• Tetrapeptide cross-links formed by the amino acids from one chain of peptidoglycan to another
provide the cell wall of prokaryotes with extreme strength and rigidity

Damage to Cell Walls

▪ Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.

▪ Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.

▪ Protoplast is a wall-less cell. (Protoplasts is susceptible to osmotic lysis.)

▪ In addition to peptidoglycan, gram-negative Bacteria contain an outer membrane consisting of

lipopolysaccharide (LPS), protein, and lipoprotein

Gram-Negative_ Outer Membrane

• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is composed of lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O-specific

polysaccharide.

• Lipid A of LPS has endotoxin properties, which may cause violent symptoms in humans
• LPS (endotoxin)

‐ A bacterial toxin is kept "within" the bacterial cell and released after destruction of the bacterial
cell wall

‐ The presence of endotoxins in the blood can lead to septic shock

• Functions in bacteria:

- increases the negative charge of the cell membrane

- surface adhesion - induces a strong response from normal animal immune systems

- bacteriophage sensitivity etc.

Peptidoglycan

▪ Polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

▪ Linked by polypeptides

*** Each peptidoglycan repeating subunit is composed of two N -acetyl -glucose -like sugars

+ four amino acids (L - alanine, D -alanine, D - glutamic acid, and either lysine or diaminopimelic acid)

Gram-negative Bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan,

Gram-positive Bacteria have several layers, as well as a negatively charged techoic acid
polyalcohol group