Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1'<11t1~ L Berndt,
O,a,t
Objecttves o/sofel)', qualitv. and eco11on1y ore11n-e11 pnority CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p.
III these ffUidelmesforformwork. A sec11011 on contract 2
documents explams the kmd and amount o.f specificouon 2 1 l\ot.auon.. ¡l 2
guuJJJ1rce 1he engineer/ archuect sbould provtde for lhe
:::!.:::! Detimuons, p :::!
comractor /7re remamder of the ffUide advises the formwork.
engineer/comroctor on the best woys to meet the specificanon
reqmre.ments safely and economscallv: Separase chapters deal CHAPTER 3-GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, p.
wuh design. construcuon, and matenals for form.,.orl; 3
Considerations specific to archuectural concrete are abo 3.1 Ad11e\ tng econornv in formw ork, ¡> 3
ouüined III o .repara,e chapter: Other secnons ore devoted to 3.:::! Contract documents. p. 4
formworl.for bridges, shells. mass concrete, an.d
underground work: 1 he coeciudmg chapter on formwork for CHAPTER 4-DESIGN, p. 5
speao! metlrods of constructton tncludes slip/onmng. 41-<i.:neral, p. S
preplaced-aggregate concrete. tremte concrete, f"'l!C'DSI 4.2- Loads, p 6
concreie, and prestressed concrete.
4 3 Member eapac1tÍe!., p 9
Kf')111onl,:: anchors ateb11ec:1.ur,d coecrete, cosríngs, -1.4-Saf~t)' lac101s for accesso11es, p. 9
cottilflJClion.; 4 S Sho,e~, p 10
co=i,on loaJ., c-ontract do..·urocnt.>, f.ab.:.,.o,l. ror,11 ues, locm,. 4~ D1ac111ga111Jlacmg,p 10
fom>• 4 7 F ounda 11,lns for form\\ 01 l., p I U
-.otl, foonduions, qua.lit) 00111101, 1""1«1ng s.houng, shpfoem
i:<iru.truc• 4.8-.Settlement, p. 1 O
non, SJ)<!CúknlOOOS, tol.nn.-
e. CHAPTER 5--CONST1RUCTIION, p.10
5. 1-Safety preeautions., p. 1 O
OONrTENrTS 5.2-Col:!Struclion practices and workmansJiip, p. 12
5.3-Tolerances, p. 13
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2 5.4-liregularilie.'I. in formed surfaces, p. 14
1 . l-l11tmduction, p. 2 5 .5-.."ihoring and centering. p. 14
1.2-.."iro¡ie, p. 5 .6-lt1Spec1io11 and adjusbnent of fonnwoflk. p. 14
2 5. 7-R.emoval of forms and supports, p. 15
5 .8-Shoring and re.'l.horing of multistmy stru.c11.1res, p. 1 7
AC!I Cemmittee Reparts, Guidcs, and CamIDCJl]tarics
IITi=
intended fer suidance in p!a□ni□s, c!C'.~is,ii□s, executing,
anc!
l'IICI l.f7R-14 •upe,aei!eo ACI 347-04 ...:1 w"" odop,..:1 and JU1llllilt..:I Ju'ly
inspectiins consuuc non, 'ffti:s OOCUIDCJI]! is inte□decl t'oc !he 2014. Cqpy,igllt 0 :!014, Am..-.:oB Cnn.::mo lmtilut..
u~ ..,....,..,¡
hll rigftt, in.::htdi"'8 n;s!tt, ofro)lClldnclioo ond mo in ;my fomt .. by
cf individuals wha are eornpetent ta evaluare thc 1111y
sisnificancc m~s.. in.:ladiDI¡! t!Je lllilklinB oí capier; by illl)" phdo ~ ar by
and limitations of ils coruent and recommendanens and ~l~tmDIC' oc• mocftanic.a'I deYice, [JHim'IM, ,a,ritt,m, ar a-al. ar moordir1¡5 [1.T mund DI'
wha ,risUill rcpmdlJ'CII lioo m fnc- us.~ :in m1y lkoowleilg~ DI' rietrie,,•al sy,tm, ar de•i1it~..
will acc,c,pt l'e~pa□sibiliry far thc npplic.atian of the maíerial W'll15.5. ¡permmioo :in
il ca□lains. The American Can.mi~ Institute discfaims rmy ,.·ritmg" ohtun..:I fron lit• cqiyrii!l>I pmJDOOO
anc! all FCSjXlli5Íh:ilily far the stated principlC'!i. Tbe lmliilutc "·
shall not be liah!e far any loss oc clamase aiisi.ns ~from.
lkfc:rcncc ID lhi:s documeru ~hall 001 be made in contract
decuments. lf it=s fou□d in ~bis documeru are desired by
the A.n::hitccllE□;¡¡i.nc:cr ID be n par! af lhc oant:n!lcl c!
aclIJTlC'.□ls, they shi!dl be l'eslalcd i.n ffiil.J]datory Lansuag.c far
i□oo:rparnliion
by lhc Ardbiteoo'E n!J.incc
r.
2 GUIDE 1'0 FO R'MWO RK FO~ CO:N:CiR'ETE ,jAOl 347R-14)
2.1-Notati.on
chemi:stry ooefficienl
9.1-Sl.ipfmms, p. 29
9. 1-Preplaocd-aggregale concrete, p.19 Ccp- ooncie,te lateral press.ure, lbltP (kPa)
9.J-Pennanetlt forms, p. J l
9.4-F orms fer presnessed concrete construcuon, p.
ck
Ct
- unit weigbt ooeffident
slipform vibration factor, lbltf (kPa)
-
32 g gravit:ational co1is1ant, ó.él0\18 l kNll::g
9.5-F orms fer s1tc precasting, p. 31
aepth of Huid or plasllic com,rele iroin top of plaoe-
9. 7-F orms fer 0011c1e1e placed under water, p. JJ 1nenl to poinl oí co:nsid:eration ill funn, ft (m)
R rate of placeme.nt, ftlli (nt'hl
OHAPTER 10---RE!FERE!NCES, p. 34 r lemperawre of cmiorel:e at llime of plaoement, •·F
Aufüored references, p. JS (Qq
w uuit 1veigh1 of ooncrete,
CHAPTIER 1-IN11RODUCTION AIND SC,OPE fil lblfl3 densi.ty of conc;rete,
kgtml
1.1- 2.2-,Definitions
ln,troduction "fhe 2014 ACI Conctete ·rem1i1io.logy (http:/Avi.vw.
Mat1y mdividuals, ñrms, and companles are usually co!lcrete.orgfrool:s/Concretelerminology.aspx) provides
ínvclved in die design oí d:te facili.ty lO be built and ill a cmnp.rehemive li:st of de,f\nitions. The d:elinilliom
die design and oons.tructicm of ~he formwork. Tbe provrded herein cmnplemenl d:!al sou11ce.
fadl.i1y tl'am typicailly invo.1.ves. snucmral engineers aiid. bot>.k..d10res-s.hores left in place or shores plaoed
architects wbo determine the reqnhemems for the concrete snugly under a ooncrete slab o:r s~rucrural member afte,r
sttsu.cwre to be lmilt. Far simplicity, the füdliiy design dte original
team w·ill. usually be referred to as. 1he engineer/a:rchitect, formwork aiid. shores ha.ve beeii removed. llrom a small
ahhough they rnay be referred lo S!Cparately in seme area, withool aillowing dte entire s1ab or me1111ber to
situations.. 'Ihe form• wo:tik ream may include 1he de,tleci or suppott its self-weighl and oons.truction loadit
general coneactor, fomiwork specialty subcontractors, brllce-slructural member used. to p:rovide lateral support
íonnworl: englneers, form 111:mu• faeturers, and form for another member, generailly fur the p11rpose of
ensuring stabi lity o:r 1res.isting lateral loads.
suppli.er.\. ne panicipalling oempanies and firms also
ce,nte,rin:g-fail:seworl: used in die oo:nsm:te~io:n of
have fom1 designers and skilled werkers execunng many
aidies, s.hell:s, space s~ructures, o:r aiiy oon~inuou-..¡
detaíled tasks, For simplicil.y, the fomiwork team will
s~ruclllre wite11e die enti11e íalse,ororik is lowered (struck
usually be referred to as tlie formwork engineer/
or decentered) as. a unit.
contractor, alihou~ they may be referred to separarely clin1bin:g forrn-fonn lhat is rai:sed vettk-ally fur
in some siru:a~ion'.l s.ucceediiig l.itls of cmic;rete in a. giiven
Thís guide is based on the premiS!C diat layout, s.trucrur-e.
des.ign,
and construction oí formwork should be the
res.po:nsjbil.ity of the formwork engineerloontraotor. This
is. betieved to be
ueirlzed.
form-temporary strucnrre or mo.l.d fur llie suppnrt
of
concrete while it is seJJting and gaining sufficient st11eiigtl1
to be ~lf-supporlli.ng.
formwork-s-total system of sapport for llres.hly
placed
concrete, íncluding the mold er ~heailiing diat ccntacts
di.e concrete as. well as. suppordng members, hardware,
and necessary bracing,
formwork enginee1i"/<101ttraet.o:r-engirieer of the
form•
work s.yste.m or connactor i.11 eharge ofdes.ignared aspects
of
formwork des.ign and fu:rmwo:tik
operarlons,
gangoo forms-large medianically hoisted
assemblies
with specíal l.ifü.ng hardware used for funning
vertical
surfaoes; also celled "gang
fonns",
ho:ri:rnntal ladng--lmlii.zonral bracíng members
anaehed to shores m reduce Eheir unsupparred leagth,
diereby mcreasing load capaclty and stability.
pres!bores~ed shnres placed snugty under
seíected paneís o•f a decik-fo:rming system befare any
primary (o:rig• inall) sbores are removed.
res.ho:res-shores placed. s;nugly under a stnpped
concrete
slab or other strucrural n1einber after the original fcnns
and shores have been removed feom a full hay,
11eq11iring dte new slab or snuetural membee to deflect and
support üs own weight and eKisting oon~truction loads to
be applied befare mstal lanon of die reshores.
sea:ffold-teiiipo:rary stmcmre widi an elevated
platform fo:r s11pporting workers, loo.Is, and materiajs,
s!l!olt'f-vertkal or inchned s.uppo:rt meinber or
braced Erame desi!'jtted to c:-arry the weighl of lhe
formwork, ooncrete, a:nd oons.truction l.oads..
sti1iform-a forro thal: is pulled. or rai!red as concrete
is placed.
sullfaee air voillls-s.mal 1 11egular or irregular c:-
avities, usually not eKreeding 0.6 in. (l5 mm) i,i
d.iameter, 11esulting Erom entrapmenl of air buhbles in
llie s.urface of funned ooncrete durfog plaeement imd
oonsolidation.
3.1-Ach.ievi ng eoonom,y in
form,work
mizeit The oos.t o•f formwork c-an be greaLer llian balf of one s.tandard d.epth wherever possibl.e Vi1ien
dte rn1al oost ofthe ooncrete structu11e. lliis inve:stmem cm1m1erciailly
requires careful dio11glit and plaim ing by the available formfog sysiems., s11cih a.,; olle- or t\\•o-way
e~igi.neffi'arcihitecl when des.igni.ug and specifyi,ig die ! jois.t systems, are usect.
11ructu11e an.d by die formwork engineerloontracror wheii f) llie s.trucrural d1es.ign shoold be p11epared si1nullat1e•
des.igning and co111Stn1ciing Efte formwork. Fonnwork ous.ly widi llie arcihitectural desi!'íl1 s.o lliat dimensiolls c:-
drawirigs, p11epared by the formwork engineerloontracror, an be better ooo:rdinared. Mirior chaiiges in plaii
caii identif:,r potenllial pmbl.ems and shou!d give projeot dimensio:n,.; to better fü furmwork layout ean resuh in sign
,ite employees a dear pictu11e of\li1iat is required aiid. liow ificaiit 11ed111Jtimis in furmworfk oo:s K
lo achieve it g) Tite engineer/aro1titecl should. 001:1Sider arcihitectural
The followiug guideli.nes. shmv liow the fearures., dep:ressio:tL~.• aiid ope.rüngs for mecihankal or
erigii.neerla11d1iteci caii plan the s.trucrure so lliat formwork elec• trical worfk \\1len de tail.ing rue Slnlcturail. ~ystem,
0
economy may bes.t be acihieved: with die aim of acbi.evi,ig economy. Vari:u:ions. in die
a) To simplify and permit maximwn reu!re of stru001rail. system caused. by such items. should. be shown
formwork, the dimensio:tts of footings, columns., and mi the s~ructural pla:its.. \Vherever poss.ible, d.ep:ressio:tts in
beams s.1tould lhe tops of s.labs shou!d be mad1e witl1011t a correspoud.ing
be o•f S1anda11d 1n:al'flrial. muhiples, and 1he number of break in elevatimis of the soffit:s of dabs, beams, or
sizes shou!d be minimized. joisis.
b) When tnterio:r oolumlls a11e llie saine width a.,; or h) Embedme.rits for attacil:rment to or pene nrallio:n
0
~
iac1.
,6 , GUIDE TO FO ~MWORK FUR CON:C:RETE ,(ACl 347R-l 4)
Flg. -I.IA-P1-evenrio11 ofmw.tlm, ir lmponmu whiN'i! sfa.bfra111eJ {/Uo beam/01m illl oo.ly
011e .rlde.
cihlrnges. a_,¡ may be requíred before the start o,f h) Soreeds and grade siri;ps
oons.tnmtioll of llie fonnwo:cik. i) Loeation of exrernal vibrator moun~ing.,¡
The tevi.ew, approval, o:r boru, of the fo:nnwod:: j) Crush plaees ot wrecking piares. w!1ete socippi,ig. can
draw• damage concrete
i,igs <loes. uot teJieve d:te oonlraclor of rhe k) Removal of spreaders o:r temporary blook:ing
re~ibil.ity for adequately censnueting and 1) Cleanout holes and inspection openings
maintaining llie forms so, tliat they will. funcnon properly. m) Constmction joints, contraction jcints, and expaesion
Des.ign values and lcadieg cenditiens shmdd. be shown on joints. in aroorda1ice widi oo:ntracr documents
formwork drawings.. As related to form use, diese include rn) S.equeuce of coiic;reLe placement a1nd. minhnum
füm1v.•orik design values of censauedou live load, allowabl.e elapsed llime benvee1i adjacenl p1acemellts
venk-al or lateral concrete pr,ess.ure, maximum o) Chamfer s~rip.s. or grade strips. for exposed coruers
equipment load, requir,ed. s.oil bearing. capadty, material a1id construcrion joints
s.;pecific.allio:n, camber required, and ether pertinent p) Revea.Is (rus.tk-allio:nsJ
information, if applicable. ~)Camber
lrn additlon to spedt')rj ng types of materials, sízes, r) Mudsills or ollier foundallioo provisions. fo:r fonmvork
l.engd:t'.\ and connecnon details, fermwerk drawings. s] Special ¡mivisimis, sudh a_,¡ s:afe.ty, tite, drai.nage,
should provid~ for appl.icable details, sueh as: a11d pmtecllioo Erom ice :;md deb:ris. al water cross.ings.
a) Procedures, sequence, and c;rireria for removal of t) Spedall. fo:rm face tequi.rements.
forms, shores, reshores, and backshores and fo:r u) Notes lo, formwork etertor showing size a1id. localli,oo of
retracri,ig. and reseugging drophead shores to allo111 slab to condu.its and pipes projecting lliroug.h fürmwork
delfoct :;md s.up;pott its own weight prior 10, cas.ting of next ,,) Tempornry openings. o:r :inadhmetil,¡ für climbing c;rane
level or ollier material ha1idling equ.i;pment
b) Design aílowance for consnucnon loads on new
slabs 4.2-,Loads
1vhen such alíowanoe wil I affert the develepment of 4..1.1 llert!cal iood.t-Verllical. loads. consist of dead.
s.ho:ring schemes, resboring schemes, or bo~h [refertn 4.5 a11d li.ve loads. Tilte 1veight of forrnwork plus die weight
and 5J! für of the r,e;Jnfo:roemenl and fteshly placed co,ic;rere is dead
~horing and reshoring ofraulüstory load. The li.ve l.oad indudes the wei~tt of the work.ers,
strucuires) equipmenl., material storage, runways., and im;pac.t.
e) Ancliors, form li.es, shoees, lateral bracing, and
horí-
zental
lacing
d) Means. to adju."'lt forms for all.ignment and. grade
e) Waterstops, keyways, and insetts
t) Wmkirig scaffoíds and runways
g) Weep1to!es er vlbrator boles, where required
except
\\1ien teduatimis are allowed iri aceordance wi11h E,;¡uival,.nt ,,' Te:st
A,SCEISEl I
hydrmtafü:
37. When motorjzed carts are used, die hve load shoeld
not
be less tlian 75 lb.lfr (3 .6 kPa)
,, '
The unfactored design load for ccmbmed dead :;m d Hve head, wh • Data
loads should not be less dian 100 lblfil (4Jl kPa), or l. 25 , '
grpgh
\(
(
char•
wi.tli a minimum of 30C,.. kPa, b11t in no case !íreal:er ~han
pgh.
fo:mnvo:llk ptess.me is under:stood by teslli.ng, e_ª- - e_ e [1.2+-l 1-5ó-. (4.2.2. lb(c))
me.as.uremeut, orboth.
4.2. .2,.l.i!J 11rc:h-powul l'el"Sioo-llie lateral p:res.,.;ure +-24-~ 4R
w -] 7'+17.1!
of
concrete, Ca, ( lblfr), c;;ui be detennined iri acoordance wi.tli a minim11m of 30C,.. kPa, b11t in no case !íreal:er dtan
with the app:rop:riate equation l.istall in Table 4L2. l. a(a). pgh, where c. is defüied in Table 4.2.2. la(b) aud c.,
is dellned.1.n Table 4.2.2.la(c).
American Concrete llliSÍ iltde - Cop y,ig~ O Malerial - www .ooocre1a.J CHg
~
tOCI •
B GUlaE TO FO RMWO RK FOR cm.tCRET E ,(ACil 947R-14)
Table 4.2.2.1 a(a)--Applicable lateral pressure equatlens for concr,ete other than SCC - lnch-pound version,
Slump,· 1·11H:Hal ,•Ellnlloi, lf<pth [lemmt Ralo id p'l'aeo:1ttent Pn,,<11re oqiJj¡tJ,m
Grealllr tllM 7 ilf. Any Allly /\lf}' 4.2.2.1.a)
le!;S. l~ari or equal ia 7 in. C.=oor 1ha111 4 ft A111y /\lfY 4.2.2.1.a)
Cal11mn/ /\lfy 4.2.2.1 a(b l
Wall' les, ,1.,,n or e!J""I ro 14 ft tall le:ss.~a1117 fl.ob 4.2.2.1 a(b l
le,s, 1~ari or equaí ia 7 in. Less ,1.,,n º''""""' ro-1111 wans g=1~1 1han 14 il 1311 lesa 1ha111 1 fL'11 4.2.2.1*)
7 ia I.S fl/11 4.2.2.1*)
v,r,¡11:
Greaier tl111111 S fllb 4.2.2.1.a)
"slump far dl!l5mi~ l!IH~~I prei!!iiUN! ,;li:dl 111! mr!mur:ai .afls íhl! .a:ld itMJni '1í:ill admi1:ttlr8
l"f.OI' l:!,i: PUCJIOSie'afihB dncument, oolumni,; m!! mru,~ m vertecal i!!lemenls. 'ilrith na ¡pbni dimemioo. ex.Cl!edilll;! 6.i fl
~DI' th: purpo,!liC' iafihlli dncumml, Wil lh are' dc6n~ lll. ws;bc¡¡J demcrits v.-itb ill lt:a l e-ni: pli1n i:imc:ns:inn i:xOttding 6 5 fl
Table 4.2.2.1 b--Appli,cable lateral pressure eqIJ,aHons for ecncrete other than SCC - SI version,
Slm1t,11 ln:li!mall "ibnlilon d~pllí l!lml~lll R:a1~ o;r pfacffl!~.111 fl'MIIDl'e i!ipiallu1'
Gn!m~J ,1.,,n 17.S 1nm Any /illy /\lfY 4.2.2.1
h(aj Le!o• than ar o,qµal to 175 rmro C.reooor 11,;w 1.2 rn l\Jt;y A!fY
4.2.2.lh(_a¡ ColWllm~ /\ny 4.2.2.lb(b)
wau: ~~ ~a:n or equal ia U rn lall Less tlJM 2.1 mllL 4.2.2.11,(b)
t.ess than or o,qµal to l l.S nml les, ,1.,,n or ~I ro 1 .2 ni Wall' greaoor d!a111 A.2 ~i toll Less then 2.1 ntllt 4.2.2.1 b(c¡
2.1 lú 4..5 lfüb 4.2.2.1 b(c¡
\!ll!II:
C.reaoor than 4..S m/b 4.2.2.1 b(a¡
"slomp fa del5111 imí KKl l!lnater.d prea; LJrie shilll be mr!Zllium.:I afls lile a:ldibnn ahll iJdmi,.:ture;
'li'DI' ~ pur:;posei aflhll'i dncurneril, oolmnm ~ ~fina:l 11 verteal elemerils. wilh na ¡pbni dimem;ioo ex.~illli!j ] rn
:;,.DI' th~ pur:pose" aflhlli dncument, Willk ere definOO iJ.5, ,"ffllCill elems,ts v.-ilh illl l~t i:m~ plim timens:inn ex~ing .!
m.
4.2..2.2. Wheu w.orkillg wiru se1f-Gonsolida~i.ng on-site measurements. Ofien, laboratory tests ate needed
ooncrete, a_,¡ a precursor to mi-site mo:nitrnfog tests. Severa!
1he lateral pressm;e fur d:es.ign should be d:te fuH I iquid methods für esllimai:ing lateral pressure of nonvibrared
hea.d unless dte effect on fürmwork pre~ure is SCC have beeti pmposed (Gardner et al. 2Cll 2; K.hayat
Ullderstood by and Omran 2011 ; Lan.ge et al. 2008; DIN l 1!211! :2CII CI-CII ;
meas.urement or pliio:r s.tudies and experienoe. Tihe .. DIN Standard 011
lateral Fonm,•ork Pressures Upoo!ed" 201 O; Proske and
¡m:!ss.ures. developed. by SCC ate dete.nnined. by Graubner
oonsid.•
2008) and cmitinue to be developed as addilli.o:nal data
eriug die rate of oo:ncJe te p1acemeut te:lalli.ve to tlie rate
0
ac1.
m.JJDE ,ro, FORMWURK FO R 00,N:CRE'lfE (ACI 347R-14) 9
basis of'more than one method is advisahle unnl pres.mre but not less dian 1 S lbltV (0.72 kPa).
satisfacrory performance is oo:nfirrmed. far Ehe range of Consideraiion shou!d be giiven m pos,ible ~.nd uplii: o:n
parameeers asso• ciated wirh die p:rojeot. Measulii.ng the füm1work.
¡m~ssures during place• ment and adjuslJing the rate of 4.2..3.2, For elevated. !loor fomiwork, the appli.ed value
plaeement lo control praes• sures withim llhe capacity of of hori:zo:utal. lood due to w·ind, d\J:mpin:g oí conoret:e,
llhe forms can be a wise ptecau• tioii \\1ien using unproveu i.ndi.ned placemenl of ooncte-re, and equipment acting in
SCC mixnires, Researehers and contractors have used any direc• tio:n at ea.ch floor line should produce effecn not
pressure cells inserted thmugh the form faee and load less d:ian d:1e effert of 100 lb/limear ft (1.5 kN/m) oflloor
oells on form lli.es with 11ressure based on tributary area as edge or2 percent of total dead load on the fo:rm d.isocibuted
methods of measurement (Jolmstou 201 O). as a urnifon11 lood per linear foot (meter) of slab ed¡:e,
SCC placement pressures bave the potential to reaeh whidhever is gre,at:er.
fu! 1 liqu.i.d head pressures. General ly, concrete lateral 4.2..3..3. Fo:r Ivall. a,id. oolmtm form bracing des.ign,
pressures v.~ 11 not reach fu11 equivalent líquid bead d:1e appl ied value of hori.zonlal lood d1.1e to, wi.nd .:uid.
ptessure but agita• doii of the alre,ady-placed. coneeere in eccen• tric vertk,al loads should. pmduce elfects not less
die fü11n will. cause fonn ptessure to increase. Tihete dtan die effert of l. OCl IMinear i: ( 1 .5 kNlm) ofwall le.rig~h
are site and plaeemeut condhlens that will ineeease or column
furm pressure, Si1e condírlens that can transm it \vi.dtb, applied al d:1e
víbrations to the fteshly-p1aced concrete can cause it to top.
lose its interna! struenne and reliquefy. He,avy equipmenl 4.2..3.4 F 011nwork ill lmmic.:uie-p:ro:ue regions ~hould be
opeeanng close to 11be forms, or connaued work on dte given s.;pecial cmisiderallio:n i.ti aocordanoe \\~th
forras, wil I transmir villration. Dropping concrete Erom ASCEISEI
die pump hose or placing bucket will airo aghate the m- 37.
4.2.4 Speda/ foad.~-llie fü1111work ~hould be designed
place concrete, ConoreLe pumped into the bottom of a
for any special condi.tioms of 001tsurucllion likely to
form wi II always oreare p:ressures higher than ful! ocrur,
liquld head, such as unsymmetric-,al plaoement of ooncrete, impact of
4.2..l..3, Alternatively, a method for either machine-J:eli.veted. ooncrete, uplift fliom conoreLe pliessure,
coaventlonal upli ft Íliom wi,id, oonoeuttat:ed loads of reinfotcemeni,
or se.:If--0onsolidating ceneeete based on app.rop:riare fo:n11 handling loods, .:uid. sto:rage of cmistructiou materials.
ex:pecr• imental data can be used to, determine Elle lateral. Fo:rm d:es.igriers should pmvide far s.;pecial loodi.ng
pressure used for form d:esign (Gardner and Ho 1979; C oonditions, s.uch as Ivalls constructed over s.pans of slab.s.
ardner 19&0, o:r beams ihat exert a different loadin¡: pat.tem before
19gs; Clear and Hamson 19&5; British Cement
Associatlon
hard:ening of conorete ihan that forwhieh Elle suppo:rtmg
mt1otu1ie is desi§ned.
19'92; Dunston el al. l'.l'.14; Bames and Jobnsron lmposition of any construotiou loadL.o¡ on the paniailly
1999,
2003) or a pmject-specitk proeedure can be oomple.ted s.tructulie- should not be al lo,ved, e::roept as
implemeuted to co1ittol field-measured pliessures. in i speci• fied in fü11nwork drawings o:r wi11b Elle approval
nstrumented fomis o,fthe engi• ueer/aJidlitecL Refer to 5.& fur speciall
to the ma:ximum pressure for which the form was conditions pertai.ning to mullli:story work.
designad 425 Pos1-lt>11sJ011/,ig loam,-8,ho:res, res:f10:res., and
(Johnston 21l un backshores need. to be at1alyzed für botli ooncrete p!
4.2.lA ff eonerete is pumped from the base of die ace• meni loa.ds and fur al I load tmisfer that takes place
form, the form should be designed für full hydrostatic d:uring post-t:ettsio:ning.
head of
concrete \i'h (o:r pgh) plus a minimum allowaace of 25 4.3-,.,Member capacites
percent for put11p surge pressare, Pressures ean be as high Member capacities fur u.<. :e i.n the design of fo11nworik,
as the faoe pressnee of d:te pump piston; dn:tS, press11me exclu• sive of aoces.:sories, are de termined by the
0
s.hould be mo:nitored .:uid. conlrolled. so th:JJt 11be desigm applicabl.e redes o:r specifications listed in Chaplet" 6. Whe,ii
pre!'.!:1.1re is ttot exceeded. fabr-Jcated fürm• work, s.holiing, or s;c-,affo.lding units are
42.2. .5 Ca.ution is necessary and additiona! al lowance used, manufaoturer's recommendations fo:r worldng
for pressure should. be oonsid:eted. when using extemal capacities should be followed if supponed by engineerfog
vibration o:r oo:nct1Ite rii.ade witli shliinkage-compe.risating c-,alculations or test liepmts of a qualified and reoognized.
or e-xpm:tsive oements. Pressulies in exoess. of die Lest:ing agemcy. llie effeot:s of cumu• lait!ive load. duration
eq1.11ivaleut hydrostallic head c-,an ocrur. s.hoo!d be COJlsidered i.n actol'dauce wilh lhe applk,able
4.2.2.6 For slipfo:m1 lateral pressures., refor to 9.2 . design specifü:ation far 1he marerial.
2.4.
4.l..3 ffori:omal !lltlds-B.races .:uid. s.hores. s.hou!d 4.4--,;Safety factors for
be acce.ssorie.s
d:esigned. to resis.t all hori:zo:ntal. l.oods. s.uch as. wi,id, cahl.e
Tahl.e 4.4 shows ~ommended. minrimum factors of
te.risions, i.ndi.ned suppmts, dumpin¡: of concrete,
safety, based on committee and industry experience,
and
for formwork aocessories, sudh as fürm ties, fü11n auehors,
starting and stopping ol' equip1nenl \Vind loa.ds mi
and form h.:uigers" ]n sel.ecting diese acres:sor1ies, d:1e
euelo• sures or odier wind breah at.ta.ched to !he fonnworik
formwork desigrier s:f1ould be cena.in dtat materials.
~hould be cousidered in addilli.on to, these loruk
fumi:shed for ~he job meel ihese minimum ullimate-
4.2...J..l Fo:rm\110:tk e-xposed. to Elle elemenlS should. be
d:es.igned. for whid. p:ressures. dererm.i.ned i.n aocordanoe stlietigru sal'ety liequ.i.re• ments oompared to ihe unfactoted.
wilh load. Wlhen man1.1facrur• er·~ teoommend:ed factors of
ASCE/SEI 7 wiih adjusbnenl as provided in ASCEISEI safüty are greater, ~he manu• farturers fecommend:ed
J7 for s.ho:rter lieru~rence iriterval. Altemarely, fomiwork wo:rking capadties should. be used.
may be des.igned for die local bu.i ldi,ig code;..required
lateral wind
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10 GUlaE:1'0 FOf!q'MWOl'IIC FU~ CO:N:O~ETE,(AOl 3471'1-14)
Tabl'e 4.4-Minimum safety facators of gu.ide Elle s.ho:ring amd. resbolii.ng dming coristruction (Noble
fonnwork aeeesscrtes 19'75).
SJíf~I}·
Atti!sitiry r...,oo,· ~.... of <50fi<lnt<:lilon1
Foom lie 2.0 Ali applicati=
2.0 Form\\'OO"k anchors sul1J)Ol1i~ llmn \\'t!ig!tt,
cooclt1e pressures and wi1nd l""'d
a11ly
Fomi a:ndrnr
1.0 Form\\'OO"K a1ncl!ors sul1J)Olli~ llmn \\'t!igl11,
concreta pressures, wind l""'ds, coosD1K:tio11
per,rnrmel live loads, aftd impact
Fmm 2.0 Ali applicati=
liang,,u
4.5-,.:Shores
:
Sheres and reshores or backsheees should be designed
to ca:~ry alí loads traesmined to diem. A rarlonal
analysis
(ACI l47.2R and ACI SP-4) should be used to detennme
11he numbee of fleors to be sho11ed, reshored, or
backshored;
and to derermime die loads lrattsmitted 10 the lloors,
shores, and reshores er baekshcres as a resuh of the
oons.truction requerice.
The analysis should. eonsider, but should not
necessarily be l.imited. to:
a) Structural. design load. of llie slab or member
including li.ve load, panitio:n loads, and other leads für
which die engi• neer of füe permanent snueture designed
the slab. Where llie engineer indud1ed a reduoed li.ve
load far d:te design of certarn mernbers and allewaeees for
ooastrucnon loads, sueh vaíues slimdd be shown on the
structural plans and be takee into oonsideratíeu whee
perfo:rmirig Ehis anaíysís,
b) Dead load v.<ei!lhl o,1' Ehe ceaereie ; md fürmworik
e) Consmrction tive loads, such a.~ die placíng erews
and
equ.i;pment or stored
materials
d) Specíñed design strength of concrete
e) Cyde time berween 11he placement of'suecessive
l'foors
t) So:englli of concrete at die time it is required to
support
s.horing loads mm1
above
g) The d.isocilmllio:n oí loads between lloors, shores,
and reshores or backshores at d:te time of pladng concrete,
strip• ping fü111nworik, and removal of reshoring or
bachhoring (Grundy and Kabaila 1963; Agarwal and
Gardner 1974;
Snvaros and Halvorsen 1990)
h) Sp;m of slab er stracnrral member be 1\\'een 0
permauetit
supports
i) Ty¡pe of fünnworik sys.teu1s., that is, ~n of
horizontal fomiw.ork cmn;ponents ;md i.ndividual s.ho:re
loads
j) Minimum age of oonc11e,te wlieti creep de,flection is a
coricem
k) Loads app1ied. due to pon-rensioni,ig cransrer
Cornmerdally availab!e load cells can be placed
under sela:ted sho:res. to rnonitor acrual s.hore loads to
Field-oons.truc,red buu or lap ~!ices. of timller Proper found!ation.~ on .!?íround, such as rnudsil!s,
shoring are not reoommended. unless they are made wid1 s.p:read foolli.ngs, or pile footings, s.hould. be p:rovided_
fab:ricated hardware devices. of demoristrated. strength Fom1work foolli.ngs aJld b:racing anchors should. be
and. stability. U plywood or lumber ~lices are made fur des.igned. to res.ís.t the loads imposed. willhout exoeeding llie
~imbe.r s.1mring, they s.hould be designed 10 prevetit al low·able soi I bearing capadty, without inrutTing
b111dkling. ; md bending of the s.horing. excessive se ttlernents affectimg die forrnwol1k structural
0
Befo11e oo:nslruclli,o:n, an overaill plati for saheduling integrity aru:I stabil.ity, and withmn devialling ftom the
of specified oonc.rete e.J.evation. lfsoi I under mudsills is or
s.ho:ring aru:I reshorn.ng or bachhoring, and ca!cu!.allion may become i.ttcapable of supporting supe.r• int;posed
of loadls tnmsferred to the slructure, s.1:tould be prepaied. loads wi11bout app11eciabl.e ~ulemem, i.t s.hou!d be
by a quail.ified and experienced fünmvork desigrier. The stabili:zed or otlher meaiis oí support shoo!d be
struc• ture·s capadty to c-,arry these loads should. be provided_ Mudsills sbou!d be protec,ted frnm loss of
reviev.<ed or approived by the e1igi.needa11chitect. The plan soil. bearing streiigd1. Causes rnight include soour due to
:md. responsi• bil.ity für i.a exerution remai.n with 1he running water, nearby excavations., or d:te increa.~e of
contractor. rnoiSllllre content camed by die supponing soil becoming
wet or saturated. No concrete sho111!d be placed o:n
4.6-Bracin,g and fo:rmwo11k supported ot1 1l1'0l!eil
racin.g _ground
The fo:mnvo:llk system should be desiiµied lo b'ans.fer .
all
hori20:ntal load!: lo the .!?íroutld or to oompleted
4.8,....;Settlemeru
construction in such a manner as to ensure safuty at all
Fo11n,vorik shou!d be designed. aiid. construci:ed. so
times" Diago:nal bracing s.hou!d be pmvided i.t1
llbat
ver11ical and horizonlal planes. v.1iere raequ.i.red to 11esist
lateral loods. and to, prevent instabili.ty o,f i.ndividual vertical adjustments can be made to oomperisate for
members" Holii.zontal lacing CaJl be considered in design anllid•
to hold. i.n place and inc11ease the budkling s.tmigd1 of pated ialre-up, e!astic defomiatioris, aJld.
settlemeut~t
individual sho11es aud res.ho:res. o:r back• s.ho:res.. Ladng
s.hould be prnllflrl:ed i.n whatever di11ections a11e nece~1ny
CHAPTI!R 5-
to produce die corra:l slettdemess. ralli.o rtr für the load
s.upporiled, v.1iere / is 11he uns.upported. l.engdi and r is 00N:STRUCTION
die l.east rnd.im of gyration. llie braoed. s.ystem
should. be aJlchored lo en.<mre stabrlity o,f d1e total 5.1...;Safety precautions
system. Fom1wo11k en1:i1ieers and formwork cmilrac.to:rs
should
4.7-,Foumdations for
follow all state, l,ocail, and federal codes, ordinanoes,
fonnwork aiid regu!allio:ns pelilaining to forming and s.ho:ring. l1t1
addition to
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GI.JJD E ffl FORMW OJUC: FOR oo:N:CRETlE (ACI 347R- 14 ) 11
the very real moral aad legal Jiespons.ibil.it.y to 1mi11tain a)An inefieclli.ve inspertioll prooess.
safe oondi1ions. for workers and the public, safe fo:rremol\li.ngdamaged
construcnon is, in ~he fi:nal analysis, more eoonomical o:r wom materiail(sl, aooess.o:ries, or otlier form.iug
thaii any shon-teem cost savings fmm ruuing corners on equipment having lower s~rengdi thaii ~uiJied
safety pmvisions, b) lmuffidenl nailing, bol~i.ng, weldi1ig., or
Arteetion to s:afoty is pirntirularly s.ignificant i.n fa,;tening e) lns.ufficiem o:r improper laterall.
formwork b:racing
constmcnon dial suppo:11:s. tlie ceaeeete during its píastie
state and until rue concrete beccmes s.truc,rurally self-
supportlng.
Fo.1 loti•ing the design criteria eontained in thris guide is.
essen• tial fo:r eesuring safe performance oftlie forms, AII
snucmral members. and ceenecnons should. be carefujly
planned so that a sound determinatieu of loads may be
aceurately made and stresses calculated,
In additien tothe adequacy of'jhe funi:m'Ork, special
suuc• tures, sueh as muhistory bu.ildings, reqnhe
ceesíderanon ef the llehavior of new·ly oempíeted
snuemral eleeients that are used to s.upport formwork aad
otlie:r censnuetlea loads. Note that ~he sm-engtli ofttewly
eompleted strucmral eíements will be less tlian the4.r final
design s~rengtli.
Formwork failures. can be atínbuted to substandard
mate•
rialls and equipment, human e:rro:r, and lnadequaey in
d:es.ign. CaJieml. supervísíe» and eontinueas inspertion of
formwork during ereenon, concrete plaeement, and
removal can help preveat aceldeers,
Consnucnon procedures should. be planned in
advanee
to eesure ~f1e s:afüty of personnel and tlie integrity of
ilie lini:shed struemre. Sorne of ~he s:afoty provisieus tliat
should be considered include:
a) Erecllion of safe:ty s.igns aiid. barríeades to keep
unau•
thorized personneí olear of ateas in which ereetíoe,
concrete
placing, or s.tripping is under
way
b) Prnl\liding experlenced funnv.'Ork personnel wuh
direct
oommunlcatiea mea:n:s to ~he placi,ig crew, to c1osely
watch during concrete plaeement to eesure earty
Jiecoguillion ef possibíe fonn díspiacemeet or poteetlal
faílures: a s.upply ef extra sbores or otlie:r ,naleriall. and
equípment diat might be needed in an eme,,-ge:ncy should
be readíly avai lable
e) Prol\lisio:n fo:r adequate illuminallio:ti of ~he
formwork
and work atea
d) lndusio:n of l.ifmng points in the d1es.ign and
de tail.ing of all forms. diat v.~ 11 be hoisred by c.ranes. or
0
adm i:nure effeots with res.pect to conorel:e lateral pres.sure piere wood s.ho:res.
k) Failure to proivi de adequate s.uppo:11 fur lateral d) Failure lo aroounl for villration from adjaoe,it
pressuJies on formwork moving
!oads or load ca~riers
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l2 GUH!lETiO FO~MWORK FU~ CO:N:OR.ETE,IACl 347R-l4)
¡~ u',i
e) Forms should be suffidently tighl to minimi:z:e less of
mortar from the coeerete
t) Pour wlndows or peckets m.ay be neces.,.;acy ill watl
Ftg. 5.1.1.la-imuiequau: bearlng under forms or other bigh, narrow fonns to f.adlitate concrete
nu1dsiil. placemem and villraJ:ion.
- 1'
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111
,11
1,
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rlg. 5. 1.1.1-Formlng and .Morlng 1-es1ral11t~ ar con.ttn.1clio11 Jol11t~ {11 .rnp.poned slabs..
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GUIDE TO FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACI 347R-14)
15
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seulements of mudsills, shnnkage of lumber, and ~
elasnc shorterung and dead load deñecuons of form
members. Where appropnate, the dimen• sional value ofthe
expecied shorterung effects may be stated
m the formw ork design draw 1 ng..~.
Posruve means of adJusunent (wedges or jacks)
should be provided 10 pennn reahgnment or readpisunent Fnime Shorintl In stacked Shores
of shores Bnicecl Towers
1f settlement occurs. AdJusm1ent dunng or after
concrete plaeement shoutd not be performed,
5.6.1 Dunng and afier concrete plocemenr-Dunng
and after concrete placement, but before uuual set of F,g. 5.5./b--Jáll .1hor/1rg should be fully braced.
tlie lWcked single sl,ores III Mo or more uers 1s dangerous.
concrete, the elevanons, eamber, and plumbness of
form•
work systems should be checked using telltale devices.
sequences of erecuon and removal of shonng and
This informauon 1s useful for the next ume the forms are reshonng
on Lhe fonm~o1 k draw-
used 1n a smular conñgurauon, Fonnwork should be ings.
conunuousty watched so lita! any correcuve measures
5. 7 .2
found necessary can be promptly made. Fonn watchers Recommendatló/lS
should always work under safe condmons and estabüsh in 5.7.1.1 TI1e eng111eerlarch11ec1 should specify the
advance a method of commumcauon wuh the placmg crews nununum streneth of the concrete tita! should be
m case ofernergency, Sm11e eorrecnons lih.at may h~ possíMe reached before
are sto¡pp'tng excess leakage, slowi11g die rate of po111r for remo~al of forms or shores. The strength can be
vertkal membe;rs 11l111 show signs ofdísness, adding nes or determ111ed by tests. mi field.-oored specimens or on in-
hraemg from rhe outside of bulgi,ig forms, llig¡htetií.ng place co:ncre te. Other cmic<rete tests. ar pmcedures. (refer to
0
bracíeg, adrling b:radng, and ACI 228 .1 R) c-,an be used. sucb a.,; die maturity mediad,
adding shores 10, preven! additlnnal pene.ttation res.is.tallre, or p11! !out tes1S, but 11hese methods.
dellection. should. be oo:~related. to ~he acrual co,ic;rete mixture used in
the ¡moject, period.ical1 ly veri• lied by jo~uted. specimens.,
5.7-iRemoval of fonns e.nd :su,p ports and a:pp:roved by die engineerl ardütecl The
5.7.1 Dlsc1,ss/o-Althm1gh the coatractcr is engineer/a:rchilec,t should. s.pecify who will make 11he
generally responsible fo:r desigu, constractlon, ~hnens. and who will perform the tests.. Resutis of sueh
andsafetyoffomiw.ork, tests, includillg such values as q1.inder oomptes• si.ve
concrete strength, age critería, or all, for remeval of snrengdi, eyli.ttder size, a:ud cylinder \veiglil, as weH as.
forms or shores should be specifi ed by die teoo:rd'.s o.f \li<e.adier condithms ad odter pertin1mt infur•
e11gineer/arcl11tteci:. Tihe fo:nmvo:llk erigi neerlco1111racto:r matiom should. be reoorded by ihe co:ntracior or ~he
shou!d oommu111kate specific person
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~
iac1.
16 GULDElO FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACI 347R-14)
..;.., .
a
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CORRECT: BYSlíllPf't NO ™E
IIO OLESTíl <'ftRST, Tl1E SLAB VIIU.
Ocr LECT AIIIO BE LQ,t, C>E O "'5 OE
SIONHl
ID c,arry its share of ihe load !'iradm1l ly aad un1i fo:nnly. cmic<rele is used, diese periods ca:t1 l>e teduced as approved
S. 7..l.2. The removal of furm.~ supports, and by die engilleerl arclütecl Conversely, ifambi.enl
pml~tive enetosures, and lhe disconnnuanon of heaJting lemperatures remain befow SCl"F ( 1 O~C), or if 11e tarding
0
and eurmg shoutd follow the reqnnements o,f dte agents ate 111sed, dien these perioos should. be incteased
contraer documents. When standard. beam or cylinder tests al dte .:lis.cretimi of die engi• neerlardhi~L Shoner
ate used to de te.mline strípping times, test specimens
0
stripping times listed for Uve !oad to d:ead. load ratios.
should. be cured undee eondi• tions that are ,iot more gre,aler d1a:t1 1.0 a11e the tesult of mote tesetve s.tretigd:i
favorable than die most unfavorabte coedírlens for dte bei.ng availab!e fo:r dead load i.n absetice o,f li.ve load at die
ceeeeete that the test specimen-..¡ repre- time of s.tripping. 11 is important to note dial die
tempernru:re of the co:ncte.te is tlie key to s.t11e1ig,di gain,
To.ble 5.7.2.3-Gu.idance for stripping time when contract documents do, not specify sttii,pping time
or a•ippin.g strength requi md
Slntcln..,;ll ll,·e l,;a>d nil'.I fl'l!at,,~ S111u<flm1JJ1 [lve l,;•d ~ illler th••
Strn,¡¡tnrlil ~tliM!•I ~ppon ell d1•• il]fD<lttifill 11..,;¡.d lüJi.d strn,¡¡tnrlll ll,;•d l~•d
\\'ali, 12 ha11r:s 12 hours
Colt1outi" 12 ha11r:s 12 hour s
Sides ofbeam.,, 01,di ginfilr" 12 hrn1r:s 12how.!l
l'on ji>i•t lbrrn,t
30 in. [7611 mrn) "ido or les• ) doys ) doy,.
Owr )O ¡.,_ (760 OIDI) wide 4 ,do}'S 4 doy,.
Arclt eerm!f!! 14 day• 1 doys.
Jaist, 11ea,n 0/f guoor sam1,
U~ 1 O ft l1 1n) cíear •PI!•
betwee. saruc,w,al •uPJJOrl• l day,: 4 doys.
IO to 20 11 (3 la 6 m) et.!or span bea,.""" strum,rol su¡,p,,ru. 14 ihys.: 1 doys.
Owr :20 fl (6 m¡ cleer spar, l>e1v.•ee:n struetura! supporl• 21 ihys.: 14days
Oti e-v.•ay ftoi>r •i,,bs
Ullikr IO ftl1 m) clear •PI!•
beN•ee. S1ruc1w,al <uPJJOr1• 4 day•: ) doys.
IO to 20 11 (3 la 6 rn) e!;,ar span bew.""" srnocrurol su¡,p,,ru. Owr :;o fl (6 l days= IOohys.; 4 doy,.
m¡ .::loar spa• l>t!:1"'••,m s11Ueturnl supporl.~ 1 doys.
'Iwo-way sial> sym,rns1 Rer,1,.,,al 1irne• ara 00111rnger,i or, placen>eot ofreshi>re• ~ere required,
RE:"11üre.s sl1üulll be plaeed •• soon a• pectic:ob'lo aftm sarip¡,iog operatio11S ""'
00111ple10 lltJt
~t laiet llla:n die md of LOO "'Olki•g .day in "'llii!'h sarip¡,ir,g eccurs. \Vltere
rasllüre.s
are req11ir.:d 1a u..p!.!1ne:ni ea1ly strippíng whllo minimizing !1.!l!l or ereep trotlll!:l'
than ll>r di<1ñbutioo of •LIJl"'irnpos,d ei>11S.1ruc1ioo li>ads "-• oov....i ¡., Sj¡l,
c:o¡"'city ....i SJl<l"lll;!!, i>fsui>h res11üre.s sliould be dl?sig1>ed hy iha fmmwo.,k
eoginei,,1/comrociar
aoo ..,..,¡.,.,..,.¡ by die
er,~i.n..,o':archiracc.
l'o,;1 c.,i,,ioi,ed •i,,b <yst...11 M s:oon as. po,;r-00115.Íooi•g opermioos l"'w b""11. co1'1Jlleied and Ol'J'l' O~-.d
'V.'l'lierc .suchi ÍDmt5.illsa .ni¡:p.,:rl ínmn. ot fur steb DI' bewn .sm&ls.. th~ TffllMiill lirm'Ji oí l~ httl!r .ihool d ga\ '-1511
tor~ l)pe lftnit Cml be ren eved Wlithmil tis tlab:in~ ÍIMim iTij!: m shDfiing .
tv.'b.erc faJ111!li CiJD be rern,m•.e::l 1,1,ithm.111 diJ'lurnlll,5 .sh.,,es., use half cd",ilhle,¡
.ihi:n.11 '0011 nnt l~ titan 3 dilys
'JR,efer ta S«t1<m i:S far spocizd oornlitaau, ilff~i:ta,g tt.e- rmrnl:fl' Dfflncn; to cm1aini sheeed ar reshL'imd.
not die amblent air temperamre, Ambient alr loads will be d.is~ribuled ammag all members oonnected
temperature is. onlly used ill llhis. case to show a miniumm by res.ho11es.
ambient air temperarure dial \\•ill still allow concrete Mulltistory work presents. SJ:l'Cdal oonditions.,
temperanires to be adequate for proper cemenl hydratian. parllicularly
Co:nc11ete tetti.perarure in,ide forms c:m vaiy depending on in :relatrma tci the remoival offorms and shci11es. Reuse
die ty¡pe of fürms u!red and :my medioos diat are emp1oyed offo:rm material aiid. shores is an obvioos economy.
to 11edure heat los, ftom unformed. surfares., s11ch as. the Furthermore, the s.peed of co111structimi in this ty¡pe of
top of a wall or to¡p of a s1ab. ACI 305R and ACI JlláR wo:llk pemlits ollher tr:i.des to follow collcrele phcement
prnvi.de furdter disc11s,icin o,íliow ambienl air lemperatu11e ciperations llrom lloar to
affects oonc11ete s.t11e1igdl gain.. !loor as dose.Jy as possib1.e. lhe shoririg diat s11ppom:
1lres.hly
5.8=-Sh.or'ing and r,e.sh.orlng of placed and low-strength early-age ooncrete, however,
mul,tistory is s11ppa11ed by lower lloars diat were rmt ci11iginailly desij!
slructures ¡ned specifically for lihese loads.. The lciads i:mpoored
This s-ec,tion discus!res. methods of shoring attd should nat exceed the s:afe capadty of each lloar providing
res.haring of multis.tory s.trucrures and pmvid.es gelleral s11pport. For this reason, shori,ig o:r reshoring s.hould be
gu.i.:!!ance and consideratimis. ACI l47.2R e-xpand,.¡ 011 prm,jded für a s11 fficietit number offloors to distribute lihe
these cmiceplS and slim.dd be consulted íor furtlier iinposed oo:n<.ittsuc• tion loads to !reveral slab levels
guidance on shoririg and res.ho:ring practires.. witlioot causin_g exre!<Sive stlles.!res, e-xres.<.iive slab
5.:8.1 Dlsctt.!'.tlo-sbores o:r failsevmrk a11e verlíicall cir dellections, or both (Crundy and Kabarla 1 %l~ Agarwal
incl.ined s.upport ntembers des.igned to carry the Il'fig_bt ami Gacrduer 1974; Slivams and Hal11orsen l 990l
of formwo:llk, cotlorete, and cmistructioll loads, and 11esho11es Res.horing is used. to distliibute =~rue• llion lciads to llhe
are sliores placed snugly u!lder a sllripped. concrete slab or lowe.r tlciors..
slirue• tural. rnember after the origillal forms. aiid s.ho:res. lt1 a cmnmo11 mediodofa1:1al;•sis (ACI 347.2R~ACJ SP-
llave been remoived íro,n ait le.1s.t ful I bays.. This requires 4), while 11esllmfag remai.lL<i ill piare al grade leve!., e.1cli
the new slab cir sm:icwral member to dellect and s.uppart level cif
its own !Areight and exislling cmistruction loads. appli.ed 11esho11es carries. lhe wei~ht of only die llew slab plus.
befüre the ins.tal laitron of the res.hares.. ll is a~umed that o~her
ihe reshores cmry ,io load at the llime of installallion. cmistructimi li.ve !ciads. Tite Vi<eight of intermed.iate slab.,¡
Aftetward, add.i.tio:nal oons.tnmtion is not illcluded. bec.111~ ea.ch slab carr1es ils. ov..-n w·eighl
befo:re
11esho11es are put in
place.
Ollre die tier cif 11esho11es iri oontact w·id1 J?irade ba.<i
been
11emoved, ~fte assumption is made ruat the system of
s.labs
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1B GUlllf:ffl, FORMWORK FUR CO:N:ORETE,[ACl 347R-14)
be!iaves. elasncally The slabs intereonnected by resheres s.hores. befow, an a1ialys.is. s.hou!d be made to determine
will de,t1ert equall;• durmg add.i.tion o:r removal of loads, l'.rl:te11her or not d:ebiimemal stresses are prnduced ill the
Loads will be distributed amo:ng the s.lab.,; in preportion to slab. Tihis. cond.itioll seldom oocurs ill res.ho:ring because the
iheír developed stiffness.. The deflertion of ceeerete slab.,; be.tid.ing stresses llom~Hy c-aus.-ed by tlie o.ff:~l reshotes
can be considered elasnc, that is, neglectmg shrinkage and ate nol large e11ougli to overcome tlie soces.'1- resulting
creep. Caution sbould be exereised \\1ien a oomp~essible írmn the slab c-arryillg its o,wi dead load_ Wihel'ie slabs.
wood s.horing s.ystem is used, Such s.ystems tend to shift al'ie d:es.igned for liglit I ive loads or ori long span-..¡ whete
most o,f 11he loads on the s.hores. ate heavy, care should be e-
11he impesed oons.truction loads to the upper fíoors, 11,rl:ücli xerdsed. ill pladng the s.ho:res. so tliat die loods o:n the
have less strength.. Add.i.timi or removal of loads may be s.ho:res. do not cause exoessive
due to eons eucnon activity or to remevtng sheres or puncliring shear or beud.ing stre~ i.n the
reshores in slab.
11he sys.tem. Shote loads are determined. by NJ1Uilibri11m Whil.e teshorillg is under way, no oons.truction loads
o,f s.hould be permitted. on rue new oons.tructimi unless. it
forces at each ñoor ha,;
level, been determ.i.ned by die formwork engilleer/oontractor
5.:8.2 Ad.·muages of n:-shorlng-Sm-ippiug formwork ~hal
is more ecoeemlcal if alí die material ean be removed al 11he llew oons.truction ca1i s:afoly s.u;pport the
~he same time and moved. fmm rue atea befare pladllg cmistruction
reshores, Slabs are allowed to s.u;ppo:rt dieir own weiif¡ht, loadit
redudng the load in tlie reshores, Combluatloa of shores Whe.ti placing reshores, care s.hould be taken not to
and resheres us.uaMy requires fewer levels of preload
intereonnected slabs., ruu.-..¡ fteeing more areas for other tlie lower floor and not to remove rue normal deflertioll
írades,
o.f
lf pteführicated. drep-head shores are used, tlie sheres 11he slab above. llie teshote is simply a s.trut and
can beeome die reshores if a large area of shoríeg is should be lli@:ltetied onl;• to 1he e-xtenl neres:sa~y to,
unloaded, permiuing the stnrcniral members 10 d:eflect achieve good
and support bearing oontact wiiliout tra1isfenfog load. between upper
11heirown we.ii@:lt. The drop-head shere has a bead that can :md lo,wer l'loors..
he lowered to remove fonning cemponents wimout 5.8:S Removo.i of l'I:'shorlng-Shores s.hould nol be
removing removed unl!il tlie supported slab or member lia,¡
11he shore or cha1ig¡i.ng its support for the ñoor system, attained sufficient stre11gth to, support itself and al I
Later applied load.,;,_ S.ho:res. sliould be :removed or relea.sed
11he shore may be retraeted and resnugged to act as a
before teshote temoval. Premature re~ho:re removal. c-an
reshore,
be dangemus. as il can tesult in overload.ing die slabs
ll ean also be used as. a baeksbere or
above. Re.noval o¡pera• llion.-.¡ should. be canied oul i.n
preshore,
accordance with a planned seque.ice s.o that the
il-3 01he1· me11IM's-Od1er methods of suppo:rting
slructute supported is. not s.ubjert to, impact or
new
:no:nsymmetric load pattems.
consnueden are less widely used aad involve leaving
5.8.6 Pos1-ren.rlon/J1g effecN oo .tho1-l11g o.1ui 1-
the original shores ill place or replacieg 11hem
e.thon'11g•
illd.ividually (badkshmfog and presboring), which prevents
llie des.ign :md placeme.tit of shoraes :md. reshores fur po!
the slab Erom det1ertillg aed ca~rying il:s own weiglit.
Preshnres and the p;;mels. they suppert remain in place Sl• lensio:ned oonstrucllioo tequi.res. more consid:eration dian
until rue remai.nd:er of for normal :reinforred cmic;rele. llie stres:sing of post-
11he complete bay has beee stripped and backshored, a tens.ionillg tendotL-<¡ caii c-.1use overloads to oocur in
s;mall area at a time. These meihods are not recommended s.hores, raeshotes, or odier tem;porary s.u;ppo:rts.. The
unless performed under careful supe;rvi:sio:u by rue stressillg sequettoe lias. the gteatest effect \Vheti a s.lab is.
formwork engi• neerlcmim-actor a1id. wiru l'ievi.ew by rue pos.t-lensio:ned, die fotce in
11he tendon generally produces a doM1ward l,ood al 11he
engineerlarchi~l beeaus.-e e-xces:sivel;•highslab be.1m.
andshorestres:sesc-an develop.
lfrue beam is. ~ho:red, dte shorillg should be desigiied to,
5.8.4 Placl11g 1·e.rlw1~.t-\Vlhen us.-ed ill ruis. secllion, the
carry
wo:rd "s.hore" refers. to either reshores or die original 11his add:ed load_ llie magiii.rude o.f die load. can appmadh
shores.. Reshoring is one of 11he mos.t critic-.11 operatiom the
i.n fonn• w·o:lik; cmisequently, die pmcedure should be
dead load of hal f the slab ~n ori boru s.ides of the beam.
platmed ill ad.vanee by die for:m,vork engineer/contractor
U tlie tloor slab is. tensioned. before die supporting bea1tL<¡
and s.hould be tevi.ew·ed or apprnved by the-
e.tig¡i.nee.r/al'icbitert. Operatimis s.hould be performed so :md girders, a c-areful. anal.ysis of tlie load tra1isfer to rue
tliat afea.,; of tiew 0011:swcllimi wil.l nol be l'iequired to be.1m or güd:er s.hores. or teshotes wi!I be required.
Sllpport combilled dead and oons.truction loads in excess Additionally, s.;pecial attetition should. be give.ri to locatimis
of 1heir capadty, a,; d1etermi1ied by des.ign load and \\1iere a post• let1:sio:ned bea1n intersects a po:st-stet1:sio:ned
developed concte te strengtli at rue time of striipping a1id.
0
gitder witli llO• col.umn al 11he intersection.. Post-ste.tisiolli.ng
reshoriing. forces. at these poillts due to a.ccumulated dead l,ood
Shores should nol be located s.o a,¡ to alter the pattem tra1isfer can be subs.ta1i•
of ~ial and s.hou!d be aocounted for i.n the reshoring
stress. d:etermined in rue s.trucru:ral analysi:s o,f die desigll.. Sim.ilar load tr::tllsfer siruallion.,¡ oocur in po!Sl-
completed tensioned bridge cons.truction.
s.trucrure o:r induce tens.ile stresses l'.rl:tel'ie l'ie4.nfo:rcillg
bars are not pMvided. Size and numher of s.ho= and 1CHAPT&:R 6-
bracing, if requil'ied, should. prnvide a supporting s.ystem MI.ATBAJALS
capabl.e of
ca~rying anticipated loads. 6.1--General
\Vhere practic-.11, shol'ies should. be loe.11:ed in rue same posi- "íhe ~lecllio:n of materials suüabl.e für fo:rmwol1k
should
lli,o:n o:n each lfoor s.o that lliere will be oontilluous s.upport be based. 011 the price, safety during cons.truction, and
the fMm !loor to lfoor. When sliores above ate llOt direcdy over qual.ity requi~ed ill rue llnis.hed pmduct. Approval
of fomi-
6.2.....Propenies of materials
6.2.1 Grmtral-ACI SP-4, Formwo.,·k fm·
Concrete,
describes die fürmwork materials oommonly used in
dte
lfnited States an.d provides extensive related data for
forrn d1esign. Useful speeiñcanon ami. desigo
i1ifümll:lllio:u is. also available from manufü.ctute.rs and
suppli.ers.. Table 6.2.l indieates specific seurees o,f
d.esign and speclñcatleu data fo:r formworL:: llll:lt.erial'l
This tabulared infümll:ltioti should not be imerpreted to
exclude dte use of any other materials that can meet
quality and sarety requirements eS1ablished. ter the
f\nished. work,
6.2..2 Sht'a!h/11g-Sl1earohing is the supporting layer
of
form1vo:llk dosest ro, the concrete, lt ean be i,i djreet
eontaet with the concrete or separated írom it by a
fenn hner, Sheathing consists oí wocd, píywood, metal,
píastie, nr other marerials capable of lran•.;f-erring
imposed eonseuc• tion leads to s.uppo:JStimg members,
sueh as joists o:r snids. t.íners are made ohvood, plasuc,
metal, cloth, or other mate• rlals selected to alter or
enhance llhe surface of the fi nished
concrete (ACI J4 7..JR).
lrn seleciing and using sheathing and lining
matenaís, important eonsiderations i,iclude:
a) S:neiigd:1
b) Stitlhes.s
e) Release
d) Reuse aed eost per
use
e) Surface eharaeteristics im;parted to die concrete such
as wood graín nansfer, decoranve pattems, gloss, or
paintability
1) Absorplli.veness. or abih.ty ro drain excess water írom
dte
concrete
surfaee
g) Resistance to meehanieal damage, such as foom
vibra•
tors. and abrasion from
sllpforming
b) Wolikabili.ty fo:r curting, drillirig, and anaching
fasteners
i) A.d!ap1:abili.ty to weatlie:r and extreme field.
ceaditions,
temperamre, and
moismre
j) Weight and ease of
h::mdling
6.2..3 Strt,c:lural .rnppo.ns--,Slrucl.Ural suppon
syslems should meet maiterial st11e1ig~ requi.remeuts ro
carry the imposed. cons~rucllion !oads that have been
lflntsfe~red thrnugh the shea~hing.
lmportant considerations
i.nclude:
a) Strengd:1
b) Stiffnes.,.
¡
6.3-- lo suspe~id formwmk loads llrom s~ructural steel,
Aocessori:es pteeast concrete, or odter member:it "íhe~• may be
6..1,.1 Form 1le.i-A fonn tie is a tensife de\lfoe us.ed fab:ricated. from wire, llat metal pr~es, plasllic, o:r
to oombillations of lites.e materials.
hold. ,:,oncrete forms. agaimst spreading apart due ro die 6..1,.4 ReJ11forr:i11g bar .q,acer.~A reinfurcing bar
lateral ptessure of ooncre,te. l1t1 general, it cmisists of .pacer is
an i.nside tensite member and extemal holding devfoes. a device diat Hll:lintains ~he desired di:stance between a
Fmm ties are mad:e to a range of sp~ificatimis, fo:rm aiid. aii ilitemal. embedded or encased. el.emem. t-
depe:nding on the manu• fü.rtute.r. lliese manufü.ctute.rs lori.zonral reinfo:rci,ig. bar spaoers are ured a.-: reinfotcing
ailso ¡,ublish tecommen.ded wo:llking 1.oads on ties fur use bar supports. Botli factory-made aiid. job-site-f.abrieated
in form des.ign. Tiheir suggested worudng loads range deviúes barve been suruessliully used. Advantages. aiid.
fmm 1000 to more dian 50,000, lb (4.4'5 to 222.40 kNJ. disadvaiitages of die diffetetit ty¡,es are ex:plained. in
M.anufaüturers produ,:,e n111merou:.~ types of ti.es. ACI SP4 and ill CRSI (2009) and RandaH and Counois
fordiffenmt forming oonditions.. Referto ACI SP4 for (1976). Con:sideration should be giiven to at1y
a desclii;ptimi o,f oommonly avai laMe llie s.ystenis_ envifonmental effects on 11he rein• fo:rcirig bar .pacer
6..1,.2. Form airdw1'l'-Form anchms are deviúes material, sudi a_,¡ co:~rosio:n, 3lid. lli:sibility o:n dte ex:pos.ed
used. to co:ncrete s11rfaoe. Spa,:,ers may atfeci ~lte surl'a,:,e nrlli:sh
sec.ure formworl: to p:reviously placed ooncrete of ap;pearanüe of the co1icrete.
adequate 6.3:S R'ecammendailo11.-The recmmneudoo füctors.
~t11eiig.d1. llie devi.ces a11e normally embedded. in a of safety for ties, attchors, aiid. hangers are giiven in 4.4.
p:revious comcrete plaoemenL or drill.ed in o:r fastened. ro, l"ite
a p:revious rnmcrel.e p1acemeiit o:r other suitable roo- or baiid-ty¡pe fünn tie aiid a ho!diiig dell/loe engagii ng
soouctural member. llhe actual. load-ca~rying capadty of ~he
tlie ancliors de¡,ends on dieir s.hape attd material, ~he exre:rioroftlie form, witli a suppleme,ital p:rovisiou for
S1rength aiid ty¡pe o,f co:ncte,te ill !A~hidi diey are main• tainirigthe.:li~taiice be:tweeti form faces, i~ the mos.t
embe:dded, the area of oontact between concrete and com:mon type lL-s;ed for ligfit ,:,on~trnction.
anchor; .and dte depth of embedment and loea• tion i.n "fhe dtreaded intemal dis,:,onneciimg ty¡pe of tie, taper
the membe:r. Wben attchori,ig to other elements, ties,
whether concrete, timbe:r lagging, sheet pili.ng, or H- o:r deeved 1hroogli-rod. (alw called ihrougb tie) ate
piles, rnmsideration should be giveri to effects of die o,íten u:sed fo:r build.ing co:n~. oouctio:n as well as hea\lj'
loads tmis• feroed. to di.ose elemeiits. Matmfacrurers 00:tts~ruc• tion, sucih as. heavy fuundatimis, bridges,
puhlisb des.ign data aiid. tes.t infürmallion to a~sist i.n the power liouses, rocks, dams, aiid. ardhitectural concrete.
selec.tion o,f proper form ancil:tor de\/ices.. Removabl.e portio1is of all ti.es. shoo!d be oh type dtal
6..1,..3 Form ltangen.-.Form hang.ers are devices can be read.ily removed without da1'1:1:age to dte concte,te
used
and dial l.eaves the snll:llles.t practicable holes ro be fil led_
Remo\'ab!e portions sbould be
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20 GUIDEffl F0RMWO RK FOl!l: CON:C:RETE (AOl 347R-14,)
Table 6.2.1-Form, materiats wtth dala seurees for desi,gn and specification,
M':ll.t,;rl:t!• P,r;nclp:ol •• .. D:Jil:11!1011~
Fom, i;.,
l'om, lining and ins~fa1it>n
Cellular p1..,.,,. ACISP-4
S1ay-i~plaee Mll
fom1s
O!lier plassies, iocllidíog ABS, poly. Perm li•ers. 0011! rigid and fl~:ci!lle, fllr ofueGJ,ati,•o coeereta
pro1~yl~JLO, polyetlly~,,., polyvinyl Hurd
ll994)
c,hlaridB, poly,¡relha:ne Cbamll!r and nmi.,,.cion fom,er<
Holll fonnwü1I: socwe agoin.'!t lllifl ds and pre<sures ftom
Fmm úe<, oocll<11s, a:nd 1~1~ Saf\lcy fa~r< 1teomn1mood io 4.4; Hurd
(19911
elllll.cre1e aBd! 00B:S1ruc1l0Jl !ICl¡""¡tie:s.
Ma:in"'in eom>d disiaooe i..tw""• re:infbre<>lllJ>ru and f,mn
Side foon spacelll Randoll ai,d Courioi, (
io
1916) C(ll,'E:J fur
provide speciñed eimcr•••
~!!:el
PlaiSler Wa~e 11wld, fbr orcl!ic.eru:ral concrete ACI lll1R. ACI
SP-4
RJ>l"'""" "®'fil' and pm,ec,ti..., film,
H~lp praserve ftllrn fi!cing and fkllirsto relese Hurd
(1996)
~i•gs.
"Stru,:mral oompmibe' ]umber paducts ilI? ¡pmplil~tuy ilnd IDliqoe"lo il ¡paliti.cubr manufacttllff' Theyc.mnn~ be :inl:ftt!.han~ IJec.mg industl)-.wtd~ CMnmin gmdes. b."J.,-c [li).'I lbesl
e,;rabli YlOO lxl .s.e~ i!li a hi!!iis fi.T equi y.jJ~n~
'"Sboulcl b:- n::iJdily wt:liiihle- iUld pmlootcd nszrim'I E.ill'llílDIC' ill:tlo.n ilLl:h: ¡poai1 ad°oontJ.ct v.lth :i;tcc:L lfru,-.ied il!li ill. íacing milh:rial inainlllCI wilh frc;h ooncrde., i~ :i;hoo1d be: Dan~c•
ln'!e' to ooncmle or oonc.retle' eooi\ainmgc.alcium m'lmriile-.
~C~d smfil~ mfflilM"l 'a'itti wel ooncreffe
Nnb?:: ).-fanufJMturtni' J'e'ClXll meaditin m., whrm ~by te511 ,data md 6e.1d ex~ri~noe., ~ il [Pfimal}· snur:-oe fa miln:t,· fmm m.lbmi1ls. bi addlllion, ~ tmuAonb, .stilndu:ds,
=
•¡:,,cilic.wn115, and od,,. iht, """""" cih>i b.en,io hotod 111 l1lllrO dotoil io IICI SP-4 and ., O.. roíer,,noe, citd in Cl1J111ter ~ ond Cho¡,tor I O aílhio
documm.
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G'IJJDETO FORMWURIC FO~ oo:N:CRETlE (A<:I 3471'1-14) 21
removed unlessthe comraet documents to arohitecrural ooncrete. Additional. information is avai
perm.i.ttheirrermining in píaee.A mínimum speciñcation fo:r labl.e
form tie, sheuldrequíre thaí the bearing area of exteruaí in ACI Jlll, ACI JOJR, attdACI
holding deviees be adequate ro prevent exeessiee bearing 347.3R.
Slrie~ in the furm mesnbers. lt is import:;mt IO, ,uiuiímize This cliapter identifies aJ1d. emphasizes. ad.dillional
mottar leakage at fonn ties. factors that can have a crillicall influe~ice on fo:rm\vo:cik
Fmm hangers should suppert a! 1 co1istructi01i fo:r cast-in• place arcl1itectural concrete. Tilt-up, ptecas.t
lcads imposed on the funnwork supported by the hangers, arcliitecrural ooncrete, and 00:ttcrete receiving ooallings
For:m hangers sbeuld be symme-trically arranged on dte or plaster. diat hide the surface co.lor iilld. texblre a11e not
supporting member aed loaded symmehiica! ly, considered herein. Concrete receiving ooallings or
dtrough proper seqnencing of the concrete píacemeet, lo plasters d:tat hide the surface oolo:r and t:exrul\e is riot
miriimize rnristing or rotation oí the hanger or oons.idered al\chiteci:IJra!.
supporliing members, For:m hangers sbeuld c1osely fü die 7.1..2 Facrors affec(lngfor,m,'Glhl--Atcliri.tecturail.
lfange or bearing surface of the supporting member so oonc11ete is ooncrete dial ·11~ 11 be pe11mne-1idy exposed
d:tal applied !oads are transmiued properly as per the to view and therefore tequire, speciail. cal\e in d1e
manufaeturee's instructimis. seJ.ection of dte ooncrete ma.teriah, for:ming, placing, a,id.
Where the concrete surface is exposed and f\nishing to obtain the desired atchitectural1. appearanoe.
appeariillce i, important, die p:roper type of form ne or A11d1ite00Jrail 00:ttcl\e,te
hanger wil I not sbou!d be spedllcally desig¡tiated as such in 11he oontract
!eave exposed metal at die surfaee. Nonoorresive docm11ents. Partioolar care sho111ld. be talren in the
materials should be used when lli.e holes ate left unpatehed, s.elec• tio:n of materials, desi!'ít1, and ootis1Jrucllio:t1 of die
expos.ing the tie to possíble eorrosion formwork, and pladng aJid. oonrolidatioii of die
concrete to eliminare bulges, offüets, or ollier unsigbtly
6.4-Fonn coatin.gs and release featul\es in dte 6:nis.hed surtfaoe and to niaintain the
agents i.ntegrity of dte s.urface texture or conf\gura.tion. Tiie
6.4.1 Cot1//11gs-Forn:1 coanngs or sealers are usually characl-er of die ooncrete surface to be proouced ~hou!d
applíed 1.n liquid form to ceatact surfaces eillier duríng also be oons.tdered wheti ibe fom~ materials are selected.
manu• facture or in the ñeld to serve one or more of die Speciail. auenlli,on sho11ld be gi.ven to dosure ted:migues,
fu! lowing
oonceahnenl of joints im formwork materials, and to the
purposes sealíng oí fumL-.¡ to minimize manar leal::ag.e.
: 7.1.3 Fac10n f1, addirlM rn fonm,1:0J'k-Many
a) Alter die texmre of the contact sarfaee factors
b) lmprove dte durahíhry of'the eontaet surface other tlian furmwo:rk affecl die architec,tural effects.
e) Facilitale releas-e fmm concrete dunng Sl!iipping achiered in roncre te surfaces" Tiiey starl at tlie design
0
d) Seal die oontact sutface of ~he form from intrusion s.tage and carry dirougb to dte oompl.el:ed pmjecL
of moisture Facto:rs atfec,ting the surface appearance of die oonctete
6..4..2. R'efe:tl!l~ agenn-Fonn release agents are applted can airo iudude dte mixtul\e proportions. or aggregate,
to ihe :me,thod of pladmg die l)(lncrete, the oonsolidation
the fonn coetact surfaces lo prevent bond. and thus rechnique, and the curing proce• dure. Cbemkals can
radl.i• tate stripping, Titey may be appl.ied. permane.mly bave an el'feci: mi the final product,
lo eenam form material, during manufacrure, but al\e \\1ietber used. as addi1ives in the mixtute~ a:pplied
normal ly appli.ed to the form before eaeh use. Wlien d.irecdy to the ooncrete, such as curing cmn;pounds~ or
applying in the field, be careful lo aveid coatíng a.:lja.cenl appli.ed iru:li• rectly, such a.~ form release age-tits.. Eveti after
construcnon joint surfaces or reirifurcing steel,
dte smucblre is oomple ted, weather and air pollution will
6.4. .3 Mam!filc(1.rers'
0
recomm~ml't1tlmu,_:,\ilanufact111\ers' al:Tect ihe appear• ance of tlie ooncrete. Tites.e aJid. odter
recommeedatiens should be followed in die use of coat• i.11fl11end1ig factors sbould be idenllilled attd dieir effects
ing,, sealers, and release agents, lndependeut evaluated during die inüial des.ign stages. Tite single
veeiñcarion of produci perforuiance i, reeommended
most impo:rtaJit factor for the succes.-..¡ of atcfii.tecturail.
before use. Wlhen concrete surfaoe oolor is crillical1.,
00:ttctete cmis1ructim1 is quali.ty workmaJiship.
7.1.4 U11/form con.ttn.c1ion procea'ures-
effeets of the ooa.ting, sealiug, and release agent,
Arehiteclllral
should. be evail.u:ated. Wbere suñaoe lreatme-tits s.uch ooncrete s.hould :minimize oolor variallio:ns a!ld
as paint, til.e adhesive, sealers, or othe r coollings are to
0
differenoes in surfaoe f\rii:sb. Tite best way for the
be appfüd lO for:med. coricrele surfaoes, be sure d:tat oontractor !o achieve
ad.hesion of such surface tl\eatments will not be this unifumlity is to maintain oonsis.te-ticy in all.
irnpaired o:r preve11ted by use o,f the coatirig., sealers, or oonsm:tc• tio:n praclliües. Fo:rming materials s.hould
releas-e agent Also, oons.ider bo:ru:!ing requirem1mts remain d1e saJne througbout ihe project, and tel.ease
ofsubse• quent oonc11e.te placements. Fo.How· the agents should. be appli.ed unifunnly and oo:n~. i:stentlly.
manufac,ru:rer reoom• Plaoement amd. oonrolida~io:n of the concrete s.hou!d be
:meudations \\1ien applying form 11elease age-tits.. A s.taJida:rdi2.ed ro d1at uni fo:rm density is. achieved.
common proble1n is applying too much material, whicli Slrippillg and curi.11g sequences sbo1dd be oonsistent
c:m nega• th'ely affect ihe s.urface ofthe oo:t1c11ete. dtrou1:hout the wo:llk to 111ini111iz:e oolor variatimis.
CH!APiEiR 7-ARCHliEICiURAL OON,CRETIE 7.2-Role of
arohitect
7.1.1 P~plmm/ng-Architectu.ral ooncrete is o.ften
su:uc-
7.1-lntroduction rnral., but the formed oonctere s.urface genera! ly desited.
for
7.1.l Ohjeai-ne 1:eneral requireme,il,¡ fo:r formwmk al\cbi.tecrural oonctete is ofa higherqualityihaii what
is cypi- pres.enLed ill p:receding cfiapters fur dte most pan also apply cal1 l;r s:alli:sfactory for s.trucmral concrete, and
mote cosdy.
suecessful execulli.o:n oí dte des.ign, keeping in mind dt:il 11e4.ufo:roemen1, as. requi11ed. by codes, is needed. far prntec•
tolerattoes in exre~,¡ oí dto.'ie specified. i.n AC 1 11 7 need llio11 of s.teel attd long_-term durallil.ity oí the ooncrete.
to he necess:ary, adhievable, and economicailly fe.asible. Refafo:roemenL tliat is. properly located is. important in the
ACI 303R a1id. 117 may he oo:nsulted. fo:r furtlier corilrol oí suñaee cradking. F or positive oonlml. of
discuss.ions. ooncemi,ig toler• alllres. fo:r a11chiterturall requi11ed cover, the a11clütect c-an specify app:rop:riate side
ooncrete. fü11n s.p.acers as defined. i.n 6.3.4.
7.2A Cambe.r-The oontractor shmild. c-.:imber The a11chitect should. specify sufficient oorer to allow
form• for a1iy roouctio:n that will 11esult Erom die incorporation
wol1k to compens:ate far d:elfoction of die fo:rmwol1k o,f gmoves or indented. de tails and li'rom surfaoe t11eatments.
0
\Vhere wood fonns. are used, stress-graded lumber lWo-way joist systems) in ateas that are consldered
( or equ.i,vale:ut) li'ree of nvists and warps. should, be used, archi• tecmral, the architect and engjneer should
for s.truerural members. Form niareriall, should, be s.iz:ed a1id eoordinare dteir requirements to be sure tlie arehitecmral
pos.i• llioned to limil d1e~ections. wi.thin the re.iuitements effeet is. eonsistent w·itli dte forming mediod and material
o,f the pmjecl .;pedllc-.alli.o:n. Joints. of sheathillg materials speeiñed,
should be badk:ed witli strucillrall, members. rn miuimi.ze Fonns diat will be reased should be carefully insperted
offseK aad cíeaned after each use to ensure dial ~ey have nol
7.4.4 ne ami rea1u:lmr des!gn-11e layout should, beeome damaged, dísterted, d.isassembled, or otherwlse
be unable to perform as designed
planned. lf die ho.l,es are rn be ex¡posed a_,¡ pan o,f tlie 7.5..l Shet11hl11g mul Jo/11(/ng-Contart surfaces of
archi• teclllral concte te, 1ie plaoemenl shmlld lle
0
the
symme tric-.al witli respec,t to the member formed. [f tie
0
formwork should be carefully installed to produce neat
holes are not to be exposed, ties should be located, at and symmetrieal joint paneras, unless otherwise specified
rustk.allio:n mal1ks, co1iocol joints, o:r otlier p.oints \,rhere dte Joints should be elther vertical or horizontal and, where
visual elfert will, be miuim.i.zed. pos.-sible, should be staggered to maintain strucniral
Extemally braced fomis c-.an be 1.1sed, ins.tead of a1iy of continui,ty.
the Mailing should be done with care using hammers
afuremetitioned methods to avoid objertimiable widi s.mootli and well-dressed, beads to preveet maming
lllemishes iri the ll:uis.hed surfüoe. Eicteru:ially braoed of the form surfaces, Whe.ii required, box naíls should be
fo:rms, ho\!,\ever, can be more difficult and more oos.tly to used mi die oontact surface and sheuld be placed in a
huild_ neat p:lJttem_ Screws are o,ften used re fasten rhe
Con.,;ideration should be g¡iven to re-anobori.ng fumL-. sbe.atliing. Badk: fa,;tening should be used if die imprints
¡ ill
fmm nail or sctew heads are objecnonable,
ptereding or adjacenl p1acemeuts to adii,eve a tight fü
Wherever pesslble, sbeathing ar panel joints sbould be
a1id
pos.ilianed at rustlcatioa s~rip.s. or o~her embedded
miuimi.ze ~rout leakage al diese poi,iK ·nes should, be fe.alllres diat can cenceal or minimiz:e the jojm,
located a_-.¡ clase as p.ossibl,e to the co1istrurtio1i joint to Construction joiats sbould be formed witli a grade
fadli• late re-ancbooi.ng the funn rn adjace:ut plaoemenl:s. stdp
7.4.5 Jo/1I1.r mul detalls-ln architecrural cmicrele,
anaehed to the form to defíne a clean socaight l.ine en
joints
s.hould, \li~ie:re fe.as.ible, be locared al the juu0tiou of the jeint of the formed surface, Fo:rmwol1k sheuld be
the tighlened ar a censuuetioe joint befare the nexr placement
formwork p:mels.. AJt coiilraction -or cmistrurtimi joints, to minjmize seepage of water and martar betweeu the
rus.tk.allio:n shiips s.hould be provided a1id, faste:ued rn die form and preví• ous.ly placed, concrete surfaces,
faoe or badk:-fastetied to the forms. Arehhecmeal concrete fonas should be desígned to
Co:mers. should be c-.ate-fully detail,ed lo, minimiz:e 11tini•
gmul mize water leakage- and avoid d.isoo!oration. One metl:tod
le.akag.e. Sharp oomers. s1tould, wherever poss.ible, be- to
elimi• nated ~• llie use of chamf'er MJ:l<.¡ exce:pt \li1ie:n minimize water [oss from llie concrete al die joints
prohihited by pmjecl specitic:lJtions.. between secnons of the fu1mwork and ar ceusnuetion
7.4.6 1olerimces-The formwork enginee,r/oontractor joiets is. to
s.hould dheok fo:r dimensional, to.lera1ires. s.pedlled lly the attadh a gasket ofllexible mareríal to the edge of each
arcltitecl dial ca1i llave a bea,fag o:n die des.ign o,f dte panel. The gasket is compressed wben dte furmwork is.
fom11t [f no special toleraooes are !!Jiven, dte formworfl:: assembled or placed agaíest dte existing ceaeeete. Caulk,
engineer/ cmim-aetor ca1i use ACI 1 17 tol,emices fo:r tape, joinl cempound, or eombieatiees ef these ean lle
s.trucrural oonerete. used to seal
7..5-ConsD'uction joints, [n ali c-.a~s.. un.,;upported joinls be tween
0
sheathing
7..'5.1 Gé'11erol-Forms s.hould be carefull;• bu.ilt to res.i,t s.heets should be badk:ed by framing. 11-i~t forms
re.iuite die p1essures to !A'hidh diey wil!, be subjevted, and, to l.imit more care during vibration lO remove eutrapped,
air llhat ca1i defle0tions to, a practicable minimum Ivithi.11 the rnlerances cause surfaoe voids (bugho.l,es).
s.pecHied. Joiut, in strucillrall, members s.hould be lrepl to a ·rextuJied, surfaoes on 11mllli,-lift cmistrurtimi shou!d
be
miuimum and, where necessary, S:!1ould be suitallly spliced s.eparated wid1 rusticalio:n soci_rs ar b:road revealls
be.:;ause or ollie:m~se constructed to maintaim continuity. accumu!alli,o:n of con~truction to.ler:mces.,
random le:ictures, Pour podk:ets for vibrating or placing concte,te should be or bodt, preve.rits te-xrure matching.
Furthenno:re, tlie gfout platmed to facilitate careful p1aceme.rit attd collsoli&allio:n of ~all, between dte botto:m of a
textured liuer a1id, the rnp of die cmmrete to, minimi.ze se!!¡regation, honeycomb, sattding, die previous p1acemenl is
in:i;p:racücal wi.thm.11 llhe rusticatiou
orce.Id joiuts. in dte roncte.te. 11 shoulld lle noted dtat if pour ,trip.
pookets. afie re.iuited on the furnL-.¡ für architecmral ooncrete, 7_u, Ciean.i11g. coal/Jrg, and l'Ttlea.w agtms-Fonn
ooal-
lliey wil I normall ly leave a mark on the ll1ttished ooncrete. ings o:r releasing a~nts sbould be appli,ed befote
teittforcing
11ie !ocation of pour pockets. shou!d be oooJidinated, with ihe steel is placed and s.hou!d be appli,ed carefully to
avoid
arcltitecl coutacting adjacenl oons.trucüon joints o:r
tefafo:roe,menl Altadhmeflt of i.n.<1erts., rus.tk.alio:n s.trips, and ornamental Tiie fo:rm coating to be used s.hould nol
stain llie ooncrete or te1iefs should be plattned so diat fumL-.¡ can be tetnoved im;pair tlie adl:tes.ion ofpaints o:r
o~er s.urface m-eatmeuts and
widiout eKerting ptess.ure Oll these attadhments. or c-.ausing shou!d be sullmitted to die aJichitect for approval.
da111age to the fumts" Fonn sea!ers should, be tes.ted, to ens.ure thal they \li~ 11
nol
\Vhere .;pecial fo:rmirig systems. are .;pedlled by dte engi- ad,versely affecl ihe textute \li1ien a funn lilli.ng
material is neer of dte project fo:r ,true.rural p.uiposes (sudh as one- and used.
sleeves to faci1- ltate removal, is required beforre stripping can !aire placa~.
Forms should be careful ly cíeaned and repaired between
uses to prevent deterioration of the quality of surfaee
fonned,
Film or sp1atter of bard'ened concrete shoutd be
oompl.etely removed.
7.5..4 Urnamemal Unen tlll.d detal!-Olltlamentail
eoncrete is. usually fenned by elastemeríe molds or
wood, plasnc, or plaster waste molds, Members makmg
u;p weod molds sbeuld be kerfed mi die back whetever
such members can beceme wedged betweee p:rojertions in
füe ornament, Molds sbeuíd be coastmcred so 11hat joint:s
will not be opened by sl.ight movemeet erswelllngof'dse
woed, J(lillts in themolds should be mad'e íeeonspicueus
by realing.
The molds should be eareful ly set in the forms and
securely
held in posíríen to reproduce the design shewn en 11he
plans.
\Vhere woed forms adjo,in molds, the weod sbould be
neatly
ñtted to the prnfile of the mo!d :md. ail I joints sheuld be
care•
fi:tlly seajed, Tbe molds and tlie adjaceut wood forms
shoujd be detañed so tliat the wood forms can be
strípped wídiout
.:li,t11rbi1ig ~'he molds, The edge of tlie mold or pauern
strip should be tapered to a slight draft to pennit
removing the de1ail material wi.thmn damagmg ~he
concrete. Speeial provismns should be made for early
fo:nn removal, retar• danon, or bcth, when saudblasnng,
wire brusbi.ug, or other treatments ate requlred,
Fonn liners shoutd be attached seeurely witli fasteners
or
glue recommended by ilie manufaemrer. The form
behind the liner should hotd die fasteners, The surfaces
shculd be cleaned and dri.ed lltoroughly so lhat 11he glue
will bond. Do not use glue at temperarures. lower dian
these reeommended by the manufü.oourer.
7.6.....,Fo rm removal
7.6.1 Altdidlngdamage-When ceneeete surfaees are to
be
!eft a,¡ east, it is importan! not to damage or scar the
eoncrete
tace durillg shiipping. Forms shoutd be supported so
diat
they do not f.all. bad: or against dte ar,cbiteOOirail s111rface.
Tite use of pry bars and odier s~rippi,ig tools ~'hould be
s~rictly supervired. [n no case should. pry hars be placed.
directly agaittst ~he ooncrete. Evet1 ~he use o.f1vood or
plastic Ivedges does. not ettsure that dam.age will not
occur. Ouce formwork is. removed, the ar,c1bite001rail.
surfaces. should be prntected Erom continuillg
rottstruction operations. as. specified ill ihe oonlract
dorume~its.
7.6.2 Ct»re~te smMg1h-lL is. desirable far
arnhitec•
rural ooncrete to have a higher com;p:ressive s.treugd1
dtan no:rmail. far s~rippillg.. nis can be acoompfühed hy
adjusting the mim.ire p:ropo1.41ioris or lt-avillg fürm.<i i.n
place longer. lf conc;rere is. ttot s.trong enou~h to
overoome the adhes.ion between tlie form s.urface and die
ooncrete, ooncrete e;an ~aile
o:r s.pall. Therefo:re, a gooo quality surface m.ight requite
ilie
fo:rms. to s.tay i.n place longer. The lo:n§Cr the fümts stay
in
7.6..3 U11ift»"mlry-fo maxim:il!e surfüoe quality, oons.tructed, aru:I maintained. in aocordmtce wi.th
unifür• recommen• d:ati ons. in Chapters 1 to 6. Tilis clhapter deals.
mi.ty i.n s.tripping llime and curing p:ractices arre wiffi the adcli• tiornal requiremenl:s for formwork for
essential. several speciail. dasses ofworlc ACI J72R and J7JR
\Vhere die objertive is. to produce as. corisi:stent illl cmitain informatron on des.ign and COJ1<.itruclli0ti of
appear• ance as poss.ible, it is betielkiail. to p:rotert tlie circular pres1ressed---0oncrete structu11es.
conc;rete by fearving die fon11worik in place somewhat
longer tlian normal. Ea111y expos.ure of COllürete rn 11be air 8.2-Brid~s an.d viaduots, incr.udi ng hig,h
affecis die millirier in piers
\\1ücli die ~urf.ace dries" Ambieut oonditions. :md. U.. l D1.~e11n/on-T11e oons.truction and removal
sunli~ht ofform• worlk sbould be plillmed in advance. Fo:nns. and
exposur,e can i1iflueuce die eve.rirual color of die supports shou!d lle suffidentlly rigid to ens.ure iltat ~'he
ooncrete. finished. slJruc• tl.lre w·il! fillfil!. its intend1ed structurail.
7.6.4 A'rm!dfüg lhermal .rhock-Cold.-weather filnction attd tliat exposed. coric;rete finishes will prese~it
co:ncte te
0
surface, ~he chillig_e in temperarure of the coric;rete should. füllmved. lrn continuous. s~ruclllres, support should. ttot be
be oontmll.ed widi1it1 tlie limits outli.ned in ACI JOJll_ released in any s.pan mitil. ilie first illld. recond. adjoinillg
T1his. can be accom• pli:shed by heating llte wo:rk ar,ea, ~pans. mi each si.de llave reached tlie s.;pedfied str,e~igdi.
lt>avillg die forms in place to oonlain the hea.t For pos.t-tettsi.o:ned bridges, tlie shore design ~'hou!d
o,fhydrallion, ar by i.nsulating ilie co:ncte te atl'er die
0
consider dte tesulting redistrilmllion of loads on ~he
forms have been temmred (refer to ACI JCl6R). Po- shores s.imi lar lo tlie effecl:s discusred in 5.1!.6.
sitive s.teps shoold be !airen to i.n<. ¡pecl, record, illld. docu• 8..2..J, Fonm-Fom1s can be of any of a lar§C
ment ilie p:rooedures ured to rure the conc;rere. ]t s.'hould mmmber of materialls but ilie mos.t common ate wood
be noted that it is dte remperature of dte conc;rete that is. or metal. They should be built mmtar-tight of s.ouncl
impor• t:mt to proper curing, llOt the ambient aü material s.trong enough to preven! d.isto:lilimi during
temperarure. pladng and. curillg of the ooncrete.
CH!APiER 8,....S PECfAL STRUCTU 8,,3,...;Structures desig,ned for composi.te
RES action
8..J,.. l Re1eo111me1rdari01a-Strurturres o:r members that
8.1- are des.igiied so that the coric;rete acts oompositely wiru
Discussion, otlter mate.rfals or with odter pa1.41s of dte strurtute
Fonnworlk für ali slrucrures. should. be
p:rerent special fo:rmi.ng prnb!.ems tliat should be
designed,
anllicipated. i.n ihe de:sigii of
tlie strucnrre. Requirements fer shoring or odier deñecnon Where cambe.r is. required, a. dis.tinctiom should. be
control of llhe formwork should be clearly presented by 111:ade ben\'een d1e part thaLisan allowarire fürsettllement
llhe e,iig¡ineen:udiítert in llhe speeiñeatlons. Where ord:eflec• llio:n of fo:rmwol1k or s.ho:ring and llhe po:rtioti of
suceessjve placements are to acr compositeíy in die camber lihaL is p:rovided for desig¡n loadings. llhe fonner
eompleted struc• mre, deñecnon cmittul beeomes critieal, s.hould generally be dte respousibility of tlie fo:rmwo:llk
Sboring, witli or witliout cambenng porlJio:n..¡ of 11be engineer/contractor
snuc• ture durfog placemeet and. curing of'the ceacrete, ,vho d:esigns. the fünm and. suppons unless füch camber
sbcuíd be allalyz:ed sepa.rately for tlie effects of dead is s.tipulated by the eugineer/ardiriteot. Mea.sureme,iit of
load of newly placed ceeerere and für the effecL ofother camber pmvided fo:r strurn1rail. d:es.ign loa.dings should be
construetlea !oads 111:ade afler hardening of llhe concrete bUL before removail.
11bat can be imposed. befüre llhe concrete artains its of die supports (tefer to 3.2.5). Tilis. is ~a.use the
d:es.ign stre.ngd1. srouctural deflertion ocooi1ring u;pon temoval of the
8.3. .2, De:sig11-F ormwork members. aed shores should. suppons is a ñmotiou of the s.trucnural desig¡n and catmot
be
be oo:utmlled by tlie contracL-or.
desigiied to limit deflertimis Lo a praotic-,al minimum 8..J.4 Remom.1-F orms, supports, or both, should
cousis• tent with the strucniral member being eonsuucted be te.moved only a.fter tests :md. specífied curing
Where ca:mber is specíñed für previous.ly installed operalliou..¡ ind.icate, to tlie sa.tisfüotiou of die
compo:nents of eugineer/aichitert, llhat die mos.t iece.ntlly pla.red
11be snucmre, allowance should be mad:e for die couorete has. attained die sttengtli tequ.i.red to d:evelo¡p
resuhant
composite action, and the-1i only afler approival o,I' the
pteloading of 1he sbores before application of the dead
l.oad of ceaeeete. eugiineerlaichitert. Tite sequenoe of suc1b temoval
ln members consnucted in several sueoessive should. be appmved. by the eiig¡ineerlaichitert.
placements,
such as bm:-girder snucmres, fürmworli: cemponeets
should
be sized, positimied, supported, or alí diree, to minimi.ze 8.4-sFolded prates, thín shells, and long-span
roof
pmgtess.ive increases in deñecnon ofdie snucture diat would
struclures
exeessively pteJoad 1he rei,iforcing steeí or odter portions of 8.4.1 Dl.f!:u.t.fio11-For long-s;pan and s;pace
snucmres
11be oompesite member. tequ.i.ring a complex, duee-dime-1isiotial desígn analysís,
and
ln 11ttullli:s1ory work where shoring of composhe members p1ese-1iting tbree-dimensional. problenL<¡ in furmwork
design, is requited, considerallion should. be give.u to the number o,f erecnon, and. remeval, fonnwork pl:mni.ng
should be done storíes o,f sbores Decess:ary, i.n conjullrtioll wíth tbe speed o,f by formwerk englneers having 1.be
t1ecessary special qua.li- censnuetíen and concrete sireagths, to miním.i.ze deJl!ertimis fications. a1id. expeeience. Tbese
f-ormwork engieeers should dae to suceessive loadiags, Di:stinction should. be made ill cousult and cooperare with
llhe engiDeeriarchitect to make such analyses between shores posted to relallivelyunyieldí1ig sure íhat the resulting
surfares. will conf-onn to llie engineer.f SUJ)'po:rts., such as fo1mdatious, and shores pos.ted Lo, smic- ardlilecl's desig¡n.
ruresor members lliat are alre,ady elasllicailly supponed (refer 8.4.2, ~.r/gn-The fol!o\\~_ng are items. ihat
s.hould. be
to 5.l!J_ included i.n the oo:ntrart
documents:
Co:mpos.ite cmistrurtioll can incorporate beams. of te.fa- a) The engiineerlaracbitert sbm1!d specify limilli.ng values
lli.vely light c;ro:ss sertiolls dtat are fill!y a.deq;ume whe~i :;md. direcdons. of the tea.ctive foraces when llhe
fail:sework is construotimi is comp1.ete. Durillg oousuucllio:n, boweiver, S.UJ)'ported. by the pemi:anent smicrure.
11bese beams may require laterail. suppon mim 1he formwork. b) Whe-1i applic-,able, die engineer.farchitect shoo!d
include
llie engineerlardhitecl s.hou!d ail.en die oontraotor to this a. d:ecentering sequettoe plan 'l'lrith the bidding
documents a_.¡
cmidüiom i.tt ge-1ieral notes. on die s.mmural dr11\\rings. or in a basis f-or die desig¡n o,1' die forming and suppon
s.y:srem m notes on applic-,able dra,vings \\1iere this oornfüion exists. be used. ~' 11he cmilractor.
llie formwork erigiinee.r/ocmlraclor slmu!d be alert lO this e) [n d:eLermini.ng 11he laterail. forces acting on llhe
form- po~ibili.ty and. provide shoring or laterail. suppon ,vb.e~e ,vollk, the wind. load sbou!d be calcu!aLed on llhe
basis of a. need:ed. minimum of 15 lblrtl (O,_ 72 kPa) of_prqj~ted
vertical area
8.3.3 Erecrlon-Co:nsúrucllion of permanent elemenL<;, as sp,edñed for wall. forms. im 4.2.3. For structures
such a.~
erecllioo o,f fo:rmwol1k, or botb, for oomposite oousúruc- domes, negati.ve forces. d:ue to surtion c;reated by the
wind
lion follows. ba~ic teoommen.d!allio:n..¡ oontained i,i Chapter on die feeward sid:e ofdie srou.cblre shou!d be
cotisidered.
5. Shori.ng of members lh:it wil I act cmnpositely wüh ~he d) Tite recommeridations of 4.1.1 aud 4.J s.hou!d
be
comc;rete to be plared should. be dome wid1 gteat c-,ate to followed in formwork
plan:ning.
etisute suffidenL bearing, rigii.dity, and tighhl~ to praeveut Formwo:llk design load:!: s,hou!d be sho\Vrn mi die
fonnwork
seLtlemenL or dellecllio:n:s beyo:nd allowable limiK Wedges, drawi,igs. Cm11.;p!ete stress analyses d1ould be
ptepared ~' s.hims, ;md jaciks should be pmvided to, permit 2djustmelll if strucrural engineers experhmced in diese
types of soocrures, tequired befote or d:uring concrete plaoemenl., as v.<ell as to ;md the maximum and minimum
v211ues. o,f sttes.:s, imcluding permiL te.rnoval witliout jaming or i1npacting the con1.;ple ted
0 reiver:sal of stress, shmdd.
be s.ho\\1i für ea.eh me.mber for comstrurtion.. Provision s.hould be ma.de fo:r read.i ly checldng die mosL seivere
loadi11g roudillio:n,.;,_ Co:nsid:eration should tlie aocuracy of position and. grade duri.ng placemeut. Eren be giiven to
unsymmetriical. or eooetilric loa.dings that mighL tlioogh adjustment of fo:rms. may be possibl.e duri.ng or after ocoor
during cmic;rele p1acemetit aud during erecllio:n, dece1i- pladng, it is not recommended. ;md ni:ay o:nly be aLtempted
tering, or 1noving oftraive!ers. llie venical or laLeral d:eflec- prior to initiall set oftlie concrete.
tioo ofllhe mwi.ng fo:rms. o:r 1raveler.,., as. well as die stabifüy
sheJI.
Wihefie miss
systems are used, connecdons should be designed IO keep
8,.S,.,-sM:ass ooncret.e
eceemncities as small a.~ possible Lo m.i.nim.il!e
structures:
deftections o:r distornons, 8..5.1 Dlsct,.ulon-Mass roncrnte occurs. iii heavy
Because die 1veight of the formwork c11:11 be equal to civi 1
or e11gi1ttee.1fog cmistruction, sucih as in gravity dlams, arch
greater rhan the design live load ofdie snueture, fo:rm dlam.,.;, gravity-Jietaim.ng waills., locl:: walls, pmver-plant
details should be designed to aveid the formwork sliruc• tures, attd larg.e building found:lJtions. (AC [ 107.1 R).
h:mg¡ing up and overloading die snucune duriug Special p:rovisimis afie u~uaHy made to rontrnl lite
deceeterieg,
tem;perarure ris.e in the ni.a~.¡ by the use of ceme.rll or
Due to the special shapes involved, tolerances should
ceme.rititious. mmrial combin:lJtions. poss.es.s.ing low or
be
speciñed by d:te engineerlarcliit:ecl i,i the bidding moderate he.al-gener:lJting characteris.-llics., by pos.tcooling
decumems, (coo.l.ing di.e fresh ronc1ie te) or by plac-ing sequence. t-
0
8.4.3 Drdw·i11g:~~Whet1 required, the funnwork leal rise i.n ,ii.ass oo:nclie-te is rnos.t ofte~i rontmlled by
engineerl connacter should. submit detailed dmvings of replaceme.rit o,,f cemeut with pozzol::ms, parti.cularl;• lly
di.e formwork fo:r apptovall of 1he engineerlarchirect. ash.
These drawings should show the proposed concrete Fomm•ork for ll:ta!'.!. concrete follls into two disnncl
placing sequence and the resuhing leads, fo ensure íhat cmgo•
the ries: low l.ifi aJld high litl. lo•w-lift funnwork, for
struetare can assume in. deflected shape wiihout damage,
lieighls
the decentenng or handling sequettoe of ~fte fmmwork of S to l O ft ( l.S to J m), usu.ally oons.is.ts. of mu111i-use
should be s.howu on dte drawirigs. The fo:rmwo:lik des.ign, s.teel cantilever fum:1 units diat inoorpo:rate thefr ow1i
drawings, and proeedures sheald oomp1y widi federal a,id work plat• fo:rms attd, on ooc:asio:n, li fting devices. t-1i~1-
local sal'ety laws., as. well a~ dte contract decuments, lift formwork is. comparable ro the s.ingle-suse wood fum:L~
Defilecllion o,f diese struetures can cause binding ured extensively fo:r structural conctete.
between the form and the concrete during decentering. F 8.5..2, larerol plT?.ls11re o/ c-,mc1~1e-Ti1e l:lJteral
ormwork drawings. and fum1 d:etails sheuld be planned to press.ure formulas. for coucrete placed in waills. c-an be
prevent bindhig and facilit:ate socippirig of forms, used fur m:ass concrete (rerer 1:o 4.2._2.). Tite funnwotik
Drawings. should show such detaíls as 11he iype oi engfoeer need:s to carefully review dte concrete m.ixtulie
inserts and joints in sheatlii.ng, where spreading of'the pmpol"llion to deter• mine the ap¡p:ro¡p:riare fommla from
4.2.2. Co.nc~ete additives or cement s11bs11i .tu1es can
form can resuh in the fo:rm becommg keyed mto the
eoncrete, rmp:rove he:lJt geueralli.on clharaoter• is.tics., bul the same
8.4.4 Appr,wal-The engineerlarcliit:ecl should m:lJterials. c-an incliease cmicrete s.el tinte and inclieru:e
review the deslgn and drawíngs fo:r di.e funnwork and lmra1 pre-.sures..
die proee• dures. fur cmistructimi 10 ensure ~fte smicmral Co:nsideration should. be giveu to p1acing sequenoe in
inte.r¡rity of dte permanent stracnire, Tite d:te
engineerlarcliit:ect shou !d app:rove in Wiri1fog the loads determinati.on ofp:ressure. Frequen11ly, ooncrete is layered
imposed by lhe funiiwork, di.e s.eque~ice of d:te concrete in such a way d:tauhe llres.h cmic-;rete rate o,f placement
placing operations, and ihe lim ing and proce• dures. of locall ly is. s.ubstanllially glieater dtan die average rate of
decente.ri.ng aad s.tliipping. placement. Local laternl pressures ca:t1 be greater i1tan
8.4-~ Connn.c1lo11-Jn planning :md. erecting would be esti• mated. on tibe b:asis o,ftlie average rate
formwork, provisions s.hould. be made far adequate means ofp1acement. l1t1 addi• do:n, lite use of large ronc1e te 0
ofadjustment during placing where neress:ary. Telltail.es. buckets wir1h rapid d.iscll:targe of concrete can c-aus.e high
sbou.ld be install.ed to check aligiimenl :md. .r¡rade during impaot load:s near die fonns.
8.:5.J, Deslgn cOJ1-sJdero.rlon.t-M:ass concrete formi,ig
placemenL Where dte fo:rming ~ystem is. based. on a
oertairi placirig sequence, diat sequence s.hould be ran require s.;pecfal funn tie and aJlclho:r desigii.. Forming
clearly defi:ned by di.e formwork engi• tteerloontractor sloping sui.faoes liequires ties or andiors ro resist
and adheredl to i.n the field. praesfüres. th:lJt are perpendicular 10 the face of di.e fum:1.
8.4.6 Removt11 of /t1rm¾'OH:°-Formwork should Therefo:re, only us.ing horizontall ties wi!I l.eave the ve11ic-al
be remol\led and. decentered in aocordanoe wi.th the oompouent of pliess.ure unli.ed. Vertical (hold.-down)
pfocedure and sequerice s.;pecilied on the furm anchors should be used_ Forms tied or artcho~ed. to, a mck
drawi.ngs or mi di.e conlracl dorume.rits.. Decenlering face require palilicular care. O lren, rock anchor.~ afie
methods. used should be plamied so a~ 10 prevenl placed befure the fumis are erected. This requires. the
unanticip:lJted concentr:lJted lieac• tions o:n the permanent fonn d:es.igner to a.ccommodlate de alld. anchor
s.tructulie.. Due to the la:rg.e defilec• timis attd tlie high misaligJimenL llie fo:m11A•olik engineer/rontractor s.hould
dead !oad.-ilO--live load ratio oommon to this type of check ID a.sure th:lJt load:s res.ulttng fro:m dte tie spa.cings
s.tnmrure, deoenlering and fo:rm removall. s.hou!d ttot be do ttol exoeed the working c-apacity o,f the mok auchors..
penniued until. specified. tests demo:nsnrale th:lJt di.e Bendirig and weld.ing of hi§1:1-,te1isil.e-s.tfiengru sreel
ooncrete sirength and the modulus. o,f e1as.ticity specified li.e
in oonlracl documenls have bee,ii lieached_ Altliough 00th should nol be permitted. \\'lthout the ap¡m:wall of the
liequired lli.e
mam:ifac.rurer. Any app:roved we1ding s.hould be by a
welder oenified. by rue Ame.rican Welding Society
(AWSJ us.ing
oompressive may all.ready have been appMved wriin-en welding procedufies.
s.tfietigd:t~. :lJttained,
moduli. o,f e1as.ticity can conm-ol time o,,f decenteri.ng (refer
excess Jiemoval of rock or other excawted nll:lteriail in diamete:r and at l.east I mi ( 1.6 km) in lengtli_
above the forms beyond the Jiegu.i.red rutmel lini.ng
The aJidi fonn fo:r the bulkhe:ad meiliod is. u.--iually
dii.ckness.. Ut1til. more definite Jieoom• mendallion.,¡ crui be
fabri• cated. into a singl.e unit be:twee.ri 50 and 150 ft (15
rnade, di.e itll:lgnirude and disocillutio:u o,f pliess.ure sbould and 45 m) long, whicih is stripped, moved ahead, and
be d.etermined. by the formwork engineer. Tile a,¡sumed re--eJiecied using scJiew jacks or hydrauHc rams.. These are
pressuJie should ttot be less. dtan 1 500 lll/ft2 (72 kPa) ac.ting perma1ie:utly attacihed to tlie fom1 and supponing
norm:all;r to llhe form plu.-s; tlie dead. !Areight ofthe collcirete traveling gaJitty. The arrh farm fur llhe continuously
placed pneuitll:lllically or by pump (ACI SP-4). adwndng slope metlmd us.ually oo:nsi:sts ofeight or morae
- .
8.6..2.1 UJleral /aa.dr-For s.hafls and e!(IBrior rections. ~hat ra1ige betweeii
walls . - . . . .
against mok, ~he values. listed in 4-2.2 s.hou!d 15 aJid 30 1
ft (5 and 9 m) in lengtlL lliese afie
s.ucres.sively
apply. stripped or collapsed, telescoped. ilirough die other
Wheu die sltafi form reli.es. on the single s.hear value seclion.-.;,
o,f embedded. anchor.~ in ilie pfevious placeme:m as a
a1id. re-erecied. using a form
meruis
traveler.
of suppo:rt, the minimum time lapse between
Ahhough ilie minimum socippirig time fo:r runnel
sucres.shre plaoemenLS (or minimum ooncrete strength) aJicli
ruid. m:aximum al !owable !oad.ing in additio,i to di.e dead
forms is. us.ually established on the hasis of experieure, it
weight of ihe form s.hould be specified.
caJi be s:afely predetermhied by res.ts.. At die stan ofa
For arch forms and portion-. s; of llm.nel forms above
the runnel aJicli concirete plaremettt operallio:n, the
ma:ximum ho:rizontal dime1isimi or spring line o,f dte recommended rninimum s.tripping time is 12 hours. for
exposed surfares. ancl 8 hours for co1isnütian joi11K Jf
fo:rm,
the specillcations pmvide far a fedured minimum
s.tripping time based. mi site experienoe, such reducllion.,¡
sbould lle i.n llime increments of J(I minutes
Ame rican 0:m crale lnstilule - Cqpyrightect O Ma terial - wwvrn0100rete.org
G'UJDE ro FORMWORK FO R oo:N:CRETlE (ACI 34TIM 4) 29
or less and sheuld be estabfished by laboratory tests, form, ]lljection pipes spaeed 5 to 6 fl (LS to Ul m)
visual mspecnon, aiid. surface scratching of sait1ple apart, peneaan ng the faee of dte for:m, requlre that llhc
areas exposed by opening llhe fonn access eovers. Afcli fo:rm be cheeked for smrcmral inleJ?¡ril:y as well as a
forms shosld not be stt'ipped. ¡,11emat.urely whet1 uaveated means nf plug• ging er slmttillg off the o¡pcnirigs when
groundwater !reepage lhe i.nj,ectio11 pipes are removed. Sorne of diese
00111d beeome llrapped between die rock surface and probíems are redaced where mortar ca,i be i11jec.ted
the
venrcally in open top forms_
concrete Forms:, tíes, and bradng should be designed for the sum
l.ining.. of:
8.6.5 Matertals-«The choice of.rnarerials fur a) The lateral p:res:_~ure of the coarse aggregate as
uaderground deter• mi1ied from the equivalent fluid lateral p11ess.ure
formwork is lypical ly predlcated 011 the shape, degree of the dry aggregate using the Rankine or Coulomb
of reuse and mobility ofthe form, and die 111:agnirude of theories for fíl"aD• u!ar materials, or a re.Jiab1.e bin acaon
pump or pneumanc press111es to wihicii il is subjected. tbeory (refer to d1eo• ries aiid refereeces preseuted i,i ACJ
U~ll::llly, nmne.J. and shaft forms are made of steel or a J ll)
oempesue of wood. and steel, Experíence i~ imponanl in b) The lateral and uplift pres:sure of the injected
the design and fabrieanon of a satisfactory nmnel form menar,
d111e to 11he namre of die pressu11es developed by die asan equivalen! lluid; die mortar eonnally weJ!?Jhs 130
coeerete, placmg 1edh11iques, and die high degree of lblfl1
mobili.ty required, 1 3
(21 kNl'm , blill can weigh a.,; much as 200 lb/fl (.32
\Vhe.ti reuse is not a factor, plywood and long11e-- kNl'm1 ) )
and• for hlgh-densíty
groove lumber are somethnes used for exposed mortars
surfaee firnisbes_ High humidity in undergreund "lhe lime requir,ed. für die inicial. set ofthe fluidized
ccusrruction usueíly alleviates normal ~hrinkage and mortar and die rate o,f rise should. be ascertained_ 11ie
w-arping of wood form n1arerials. maximum height ofíluid. to be a~,;umed in determining
the lal-eral pr,es• sure ofthemomrr is 1he product ofthe
CHAP11ER 9--SPECIAL METHOl>S OF rate ofri~ (ft/h (m/h)) and die lime of inilial set in
CONSTRUCTION hours._ 11ie lateral press1111e for the desigri offurmwork
:i.t :my poillt is the ~um ol' die pr,es• sures dete.nnined
9.1-Preplaoed-aggr,egate from Step,; (a) and (b) fo:r lhe giveri hei!?Jl:tt_
conor,ete 9.1..3 üi1m111c1/0J1-In addi.tiori to die
9.l.l Dl.tcu.m",:m-Prep1.ace<l..agg11egate oo:nc11ete is i.nfo:rmaiion
madc p:re.senle.d in Chapt.er 5, ihe fo:rms should. be mortar-li@.tt
by injecting (i.tttrudillg) mo:rtar inlo the voids of a and effertively vented because p.replaced.-aggregare
preplaced n1ass of cleau, graded aggregai:c_ For nomtal roncr,ete. cnlails fordng mortar iuto the voids a:rouud
0011,trueation, the preplaoed agr¡regares: are vilnared ihe ooarse aggregate.
llhowuJ?¡hly inlO forms and arouud reirifordng aiid. dten 9.1.4 Male1·Jals for /ornn.. -ork-For u11.exposed
we tted and lrepl wet until the iujertion of mon.ar into
0 s111ríaoes, mortar~tiglit fonns. of steel or p1.)'\\'0od. are
die voids is rotnpleted_ in under• aoce,ptab!c_ Absorpti11e füm1 lming~ are ,iot
\\'ate.r oo:ns~rucli.o:n, the motilar displaces the water and 11eoommende.d bec-,au!re they permit the coorse aggregate
fi lls the 1roid_~ In both lypes of oo.tis~ruc~iot1, ibis to indent die lini.ng and fonn an inregular rurface. Fmm
proce~ c,an create roncre re widi a high conrent of
0
lillings, sudi a.,; bardooaid o:ti oommmi sbeadiing, are
ooarse aggre.gate_ nol ~uocessful became diey do ttot n-an~mil die externa!.
'.íhe iujerted mortar contairis water, füie sand, forni villration nomi:ally used for cns.uring a \'Oid-free
portlland finished surface_ Fo:nmvo:rk sllonkl bie de.s.igne<l fo:r the
oe1ucn1., po:zzolan, and a cliemical admixtme de,igned to effecis of externa!. ,•ibmion_
inc.re,a~ the pene tt'allion aiid. pumpabi lity of the monar_
0
Co-c,+
(lLS cus1omary umt~)
6000R --
preveeted from entering voids. \Vhere water intrusion is. ccneeete worl( should be proiyiJed for ill die formworl(_
possible, \li'eel) holes should be provlded to reduce Bearing plates, a1idho:rage assemblies, presnessing steel,
emrapment of'water. eonduas, rabe eeelosures, and lifl:ing deviees shown o:r
9.3.4 Dejlec/Jrms-The vertical and lateral deñecnons speeifíed lo be set in concrete should be aecurately
of located widi fümm•orik templates and anehored to
11he pennaneet furm betweea supports under dte load. of remaiu wi.thill the tolerances gíven ori cmim-act
fresh ceeeeete sheuld be investigated by füe deeumeets, Quali.ty and s~rengtli of these aeoessorles
e.tngineer/arohitecL Temporary supports, suc;h as shorfog should be as speciñed,
and smngers, should be specified, if necessary, to keep 9.4.4 Tole1·anc.-.s,-Prescribed ranges of tolerances
deñeetion widiin desired für
toleranees. job-site preeast and plant-manufacrured preeast-
presuessed
·9.4--sFonns for pre.sU'essed concrete con.sU'uctioni concrete members are given in AC 1 11 7 and PCI
9.4.1 DJscttnlon-The e.ngi1ieer/archite0t ~ftould. indi• MNL
cate in dte contraer doeumeets any speelal requirements 135--00.
fur presiressed eoncrete ceusnuction, 9.4.5 Ctrr/ng-\Vhere meeess:ary to, allow early ~euse
lt may be neces.sary to provide ap:prop:riare means of forms, prnvisions. s.hould be niade to use aroelerared
of lowe.rn.ng or 11emoving the formwmk before full. curillg pmcesses sudl:1 a_,¡ s.team c11ri1ig, v:i.ruum pmcessing.,
preslres.-..¡ is appl.ied Lo prevenl damage. P11e tens.ioning or
0
or othe.r apprn...ed medtods.
pos.t-tensioning of strands, cables, or rods. can be doue 9.4.6 ffi:irker safery-Sa.l"ety shi.elds sbo1.1lcl be
wiru or wi.thmn side p:rovided
ait end anchorages of pres~re~ing beds or wil:tete
necessa11y for the p:rotertimi of workers or equ.i;pme,it
against po..sib!e
forms ofthe me,1nber iri place, as in 9.4-2. Boltom breakage ol' presmming strand,, cable,, or othe-r assemblies
cliscus.~.
forms and supponing sho11es o:r fals.ework should. retitaill durillg preslres.sing or casti.ng oper:JJtions..
in pla,:;e unllil the membe.r is. c.ipable of supporlli.ng its de.ad
l.oad
a1id. anticipated co1istruction 1.oads, as well as. any formwmk ·9.5-sForms for site
precasting
ca~ried. by dte memlle.r. 9.5.1 Di.«:u.rsion-F omis for s.ite p:recasting a11e 11sed.
für
The eoncrete placement !rel'.jlle.iice für eertairi strurtlllles ptec-as.t eoncrete ilems thait can be eidte.r load.- or no:n-
load.- s.hou!d al~o be pla1med so dtat oonc11e.re is nol subjected lo bearing members for s.truc,mral or archirecrural
uses_
be.uding socess c-au!red by detlertiou of ~he formwmk. 9.5.2 Ü:mMn,c1lo11-Exte.liio:r braoes o:nly shoold be
used
9.4.2 Des/gn w1hen exposed. m1e1al or fü!ed.-in pocke ts res11hillg frmn
0
the
9.4.2.1 Wliere dte side füm~ cannot be couvenie~itly us.e ofmelal lies would p:res.ent a1i objeclio:nable
appearanee. te.moved fmm the bottom o:r sofüt form afte.r oonc11e te has 0 ·ro ens11re uniformity of appearance in die
cast members set, sudi forms s.hou!d be desif'itted wi.th slip joints or v.rith or units, particularl.y in adjace.rit units
Ivltere differences added panel a1id. cmmecllio:t1 strength fo:r addillio:ttal axial or in texwre, colo:r, or bo~. would be
wsib!e, care shool.d be be.iiding loadls thait ca1i be supe.liimpos.ed mi the.in durillg the taken tliat tlie ,:;ontact surfaces. of
fo:rtm o:r fo:rm li.ners. a11e of p1estressirig operallion. unifunn q¡uality a1id. textllre.
9.4.2..2 Side forms that terttaill ill IJ1ace durin~ tlie tra1isfer Fonn oi 1 (no:nstailli.n~. if req.11iredl_ should be ª1!1?
1ied
ofp:res.t11ess.ing force s.hou!d be des.igned to al low fo:r vertical unifürmly and i11 :i.uotd:mce wid1 manufacrurers.·
reeom- a1id horizo:utal movements of dte cast member durn.ng dte mendallio:n.,¡ fur 1his parllicular da,¡s ofw·o:tk.
praestressillg o¡pe.raition. Ti1e funn s.1tould be desif'illed to mini- 9_'\.3 ,kce.l'.rnrJ,;,s-'Il is. pattirularly intporta1it i.t1 lli:is
da~
mi.ze tlie res.traint lo ela~tic shortenillg i,i ~he p:res.t11essing of work dtat pos.in.ve and rigid. devices be 11!red to
e1is1111e operatimL For examp1e, ~mal I furming cmnpo:nents ~hould proper loc-allio:t1 of reillfurcement. Ali
o¡pe.nings, cllbluts, be pla1med for removall to, reli.eve load. o:n s.ide fo:rms. as offsets., in~rts, lift rings., and
eonnertimi devices req11.i.red to
!Arell as. to eliminare dieir testraint d11rfog prest11ess.ing. ]n be set in eoncrete should be aecurate1y located. and
serurely
all cases, tlie restraint to s.hrinkage of oonc~e te s.hould be
0 a1idhored i,i ~fte
formwork.
kept to a mi.nim11m, and !he detlertiolls of membe.rs. due m The finis.hed s11rl"aees of me.mbers s.hould be t-ee of
lifl
ptestressillg forace attd die elaslk deformatimi of fo:rms or ri11gs attd otlter erec,tion items. 1vlte.te it will be
exposed, fail:sework should be oo:nsideted. i.n die des.ign and remov-al illterfere witli die pmpe.r pladng of ptec-ast
me.mbe.rs. or other oftlie fonns. mate 11als, or be s1.1bjec,t lO mnosion.
0
surfaoes, aiid any spilled or leaked cmic;rere s.hou!d p:ress11res thait can devel.op due to 1he head of co:ncJie te
0
be dto:rou~ly removed before it ha.~ hardened. A fter in llhe tfiemie-, the loc-a-
couc;rete placement, pmtecllion of precast ardhitecrural
coricrete fom1 facings ma.y need to be considered. tion of the lremie and. poss.ible resullling loads on die
fo:rm should be evalualed by experienoed. persrumel.
9.7-,Fonns for concrete ptaced under l§noring llhe efiec;ts of s.ub:mergeiice wi II Jie:sult i.n a
water pracEicail. co:nsel'11'3Ei.ve des.ign dtat is. s.tuJidy euough to
9.7.1 Di'sl'l1U!ill!-l1iere are two basic approadhes to wühs.t::11id. the extra rigor, of unde.JWaJter conditions.
~l1e pmblem of placi,ig concrete uuder water: die In tidal rones., fumts s.hould be desi§ned for dte low·es.t
ooncrete can be m.ixed iri die conve.rilional. manner po.~sible water level. c.1tanges in co:n-s~ruclion
mtd dten placed. by scliedu!e:s caii transfürm a plamied s.ub:me.rged placen1enl
~cial methods., or the pfiep1aced a~regaite me tl.od can
0 to mie mil.de above water, thus. los.ing die offsetlli.ng water
be used. pressuJie-.
In the- firs.t apprnach, placement cau be made by 9.7.2...2 G:>rtstn1c1lo1i-Unde.f'!...,aiter forms s.hould be
eid1er pump, underwater buckel, or lremie. Tile built o:n dte surface in large unüs bec-aus.e llrial
lrem.ie is. a s.teel pipe s.u:spended verticall.y m the water positioning and lltuing 1"11en do:ne under water by divers
witli a hopper aittadhed to, the upper end above the water is s.low and coSllly. For this rea.~ori, fü1mdatious s.1:tould be
surface. Tihe l.ower end of die pipe, widl rui ejectallle kepl simple in shape,
Ame1ican Concrete illlSÍituie - Gop'fTigh1ect 11) Ma!erial - www.ooocre1e.!org
(cicil
34 GUIOE ro FOf!q'MWO RIC FOR: CON:OR.ET E ,(ACI 3471'1- 14)
and fonns should be free oí complex braclng and eonnec• ACI JO\l-2R-\18-lde.titification and Gonll"ol of Visible
tio:n details, Thmugh-llies, t\lihicli could interfere with the Effeets of Consolidation on Formed Ccnerete Surfaces
concrete placíng, should be avoided. Forces imposed mi (Reapproved 2005)
preassembted forms during l.ifüng should be eonsidered in ACI 3 l l AR-05-(iuide fur Concrete
die form design, lnspection
Fonns sbould be carefuñy firted and secured to adj aeent ACI JB-9'7-Standarad Pracnee für Des.ign and
materials or consnuction lo aveid loss of mortar under pres• Construction of Conerete Silos a1id. Stadking. Tubes für
sure develeped 1 f 1here is any water current tlow past the Storing Gra1i11lar Materials
fonn, small cpenings in 11he form should be avoided, as ACI J 1&-11-Bu:ilding Code Requirements. for Struoru.ral
llhey Concrete and Commentary
wil! permit washing or s,couri,ig of die ftesh ACI 332.lR-06-Guide to Resi.tenllial Concrete
concrete. Construction
Whe4i it is íntended lo permit concrete to ove.rt"'!ow the ACI JJ4. I R-92-<..filtcraete SheJI Structuraes Prac,tice
fonn and screed it off to grade, it is esseetial that llhe a1id
form Commenta:ry ( Reappro,,.e,d 2002)
is positioned lo the ptoper grade and is. detailed so that the ACI 372R-03-Design a1id. Coustruction ofCircular Wirae
overflow will not mterfere with the proposed method and Stra:nd Wra:pped Pre!'ltressed Concrete S1ructures
and devices for stripping, ACI 37JR-97-Des;ign attd Cons.truütion of
Fenns should be well. detailed, and sudi details shoeld be Circular
scrupulously followed so that divers employed to remove Flresttess.ed Concrete Struc.mres with Cimm1ferential "fendo:ns
the form can visualize and plan their worik before ACI 347.2R-05-Guide for S11ori11glResbooiug
descending, of
Multi-11t<;e forms can have special devices tor posltioning Concrete Multistory Buil.:lings.
fonns froJ111 above water and special s~ripping devices, sueh ACI 347.J R-1 J--Ci11.id:e for Fonned. Concrete Surfaoes
a.<; ACI SP-2(07)-1\.tanual. ofConcrete
hydraulicpcks, diatpe1mi.t releasingtbe fonn fromthe lnspection
surface, ACI SP-4-Form,,•orik for (."'.o.t1cte te, seve.iillh
0
(cicil Ame rican Can crsle lnsfilule - Oqpyrigh te.d ID Ma teriBI - www .CJOIOOf ete..o.rg
G'IJIDE'ro FORMWOJUC: FO~ OON:CRETlE {ACI 347R-U) !15
ASTM Cl6111Cl61 I M-09--Sta:ndard Test Me dtod 0
ofCons.tructio11, Depan• ment ofCivil Engineering, Nortli
for Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Oet., 90 PP-
Slump Flow ofS.elf-Corisolidalli.ng Bames, J. M ., and Johnston, D. W., 2003, "Fresh
Co:nctere Concrete Lateral Pressure on Formwork,., Proceedings
of1he ASCE-Cl Co11.tlmctfo11 Research Congreu, S. pp.
CanadJa,z SM1tdaro.r A..~soclat/0,1 Brillish Cement As.,;ociariori, 1992, "lii-Rib
CSA-08.6M-84!-Engineering Design in Wood Permanent
Formwolik Triats," Repon aed Appendix
Deutsches hml/111fer Normw1g RELOJLOU BCA, Slough, UK, Feb., 22 pp., aad July, 9
D.IN 182li!:2010-01-Fliisdhbetomdrudk auf Loteecbte pp.
Schalungen ( Pressure of Fresh Concrete on B.ryer, D.; Fridley Jr., K.; and Poi !ock, K. C., 2006,
Vertical Formwork] Deslg11
o/ Waad Stl"t,c:lu~, s.ixdi edi~ion, McGraw-Hill, I02S pp.
I'rffa.r1/Pres1re.tied Concrete füsli/111e
MNL lJS-00-To.l.enmce. Manuall for Preca:st
and
Presteessed Concrete
Coustructiou
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ACI Committee 622, 1957, "Form Co:nsnrucllion
Prac•
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1105-Hll!.
ACI Committee 622, 1958, "Pressures mi
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A CT Jounra.l Proc:eed!"ng.~, V. SS, No. 2, Aug., pp. 173-
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Agarwal, R. K., and Gardner, N. J., 1974, ~Form and
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Requireme.ril,¡ for Mulllisto:ry Flat Slall Type Bui!dings," A
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"Modification Factors for Improved Prediction of Fresh
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Clear, C. A., and Hamson, 1". A., 1985, "Concrete Grundy, P-, and Kabaila, A., l 96], "Co:t:1:Snrucllion Loads.
Pres• on
sure on Fom,work,~ CIRfA Rtp1Jn No. IO!ll, Sl:mswith Shoted Fmmwork i.t1 Multistory Build.ings,''
Construction ACI Jo11r11a.l Pmceedl11gs, V. 60, No. 12, Dec., pp. 1 729-
111.dus.try Research and ]rifurmallion Associanon, 173 S..
London, t-lurd, M. K., 1993, "No:nme tall.ic Fo:rm Ti.es.," Concl'r!
0
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pp. Ct»1s11·uc/lon, V. 38, No. IOi, pp. 695-
CRSI, 2009, Manual ef" ~}andam f;>¡,ae1Jct, 28.th 699.
edhíoa, t-lurd, M. K., 1994, "P,las.tic FOlln Liners,.,
Concrete Reinforcing Steel lrullitute, Schaumburg, ll., 144 Conc1\'!:le
pp, Ct»1s11·uc1Jon, V. 39, No. 11, Nov., pp. 847-
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C,mc:rere huenta1fo11al., V. 32, No. 6, June, pp. 2'7-29. Rele.ase
Dullstori, P: S.; Jobnsten, D. W.; and Mc<.". ain, P: P., Ag.ent," Concrete Ctmsm1c1/011., V. 41, No. m, pp. 732-
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"Formwork Pressures in Tall Walls with Extended t-lurd, M. K., 1997a, "Using Glass.--Fiber-Reinfürred•
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No. 989, "Formwork Pressures i.n Talll a:ttd Ulick ConcreLe
3, May-June, pp. 24)- \Va!ls.,"
246. Jatmral of Corulr11c1io11 Elig/ntel"i11g 11.11d
Ga:rdner, N. J., 1985, "Pressure of Concrete on ,Wanage• mer1r, V. l 15, No. 3, Sept., pp. 444-46 L
Fo:r.m• work-A Revi.ew," ACi .l1J11ntal Proceeding.r, V. doi: IO. 1 Oó 11 (ASC.E.)0733-9364( 198.9)115:3(444)
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of Fres.h Conc:rete,., ACI Joumal Proceedi11gs, V. 76, No.
Lmge, D. A.~ Birdh, B.; Henschetl, J.~ Liu, Y.-S.;
7, Ju ly, pp. &09-&20. Tejeda•
Gardner, N. .J.; Keller,L.; Qu:auirodocchi, R.~and Dominque-.z, F.; aud. S1rubl.e, L. J., 2008, "Modeling Fo:mi•
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lmema.!lonal, V. 34, No. 1, Jan., pp. 41-47. Ct111sollda1/Jrg O:mc:rere (SCC2'008), 6 pp.