ACI 347R-14

Guide to Formwork for Concrete

Reported by ACI Committee 347

1'<11t1~ L Berndt,
O,a,t

R(Jdnc) D Albms M.sry Bnru1 J Gol~,lJ H S l.c" C Suvaros

J\, r,clci.
Bordtk'J-Tancl Goot¡;,., Tiruolh) 1' Hayes G:tnlll,.'f Roben G .M cCraclcn Dan,.,¡ B Toon Ralph
Otatnou P Hlllst Ene s r.-~r,.m H Tulas
E.amono F Co!IIIOlly Jeffery C facl. S1ctfd Plppig
fa,,,.,. 1' Corncll U Da,id W John,100 .Manht.'\\ J f'oiscl Cu.uult,ng AJ~
Jack L Da,ld Ro~" S JohnslOft Jx,ugl:i., J SdioonO\,ct Saru11CI A G1c,,nh..,rg
AUbrL') L Dunham Roben G Kcttl A11ad Shapn.t R. Kork GJ ~ory
Je m,.,y e &..oo 1'.ei.,ui R. Knogle J<llln .\1 Sunpsoo
1'o.!1 J Cnnlt1'!! J,m E Kreu RolfA Spshr

Objecttves o/sofel)', qualitv. and eco11on1y ore11n-e11 pnority CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p.
III these ffUidelmesforformwork. A sec11011 on contract 2
documents explams the kmd and amount o.f specificouon 2 1 l\ot.auon.. ¡l 2
guuJJJ1rce 1he engineer/ archuect sbould provtde for lhe
:::!.:::! Detimuons, p :::!
comractor /7re remamder of the ffUide advises the formwork.
engineer/comroctor on the best woys to meet the specificanon
reqmre.ments safely and economscallv: Separase chapters deal CHAPTER 3-GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, p.
wuh design. construcuon, and matenals for form.,.orl; 3
Considerations specific to archuectural concrete are abo 3.1 Ad11e\ tng econornv in formw ork, ¡> 3
ouüined III o .repara,e chapter: Other secnons ore devoted to 3.:::! Contract documents. p. 4
formworl.for bridges, shells. mass concrete, an.d
underground work: 1 he coeciudmg chapter on formwork for CHAPTER 4-DESIGN, p. 5
speao! metlrods of constructton tncludes slip/onmng. 41-<i.:neral, p. S
preplaced-aggregate concrete. tremte concrete, f"'l!C'DSI 4.2- Loads, p 6
concreie, and prestressed concrete.
4 3 Member eapac1tÍe!., p 9
Kf')111onl,:: anchors ateb11ec:1.ur,d coecrete, cosríngs, -1.4-Saf~t)' lac101s for accesso11es, p. 9
cottilflJClion.; 4 S Sho,e~, p 10
co=i,on loaJ., c-ontract do..·urocnt.>, f.ab.:.,.o,l. ror,11 ues, locm,. 4~ D1ac111ga111Jlacmg,p 10
fom>• 4 7 F ounda 11,lns for form\\ 01 l., p I U
-.otl, foonduions, qua.lit) 00111101, 1""1«1ng s.houng, shpfoem
i:<iru.truc• 4.8-.Settlement, p. 1 O
non, SJ)<!CúknlOOOS, tol.nn.-
e. CHAPTER 5--CONST1RUCTIION, p.10
5. 1-Safety preeautions., p. 1 O
OONrTENrTS 5.2-Col:!Struclion practices and workmansJiip, p. 12
5.3-Tolerances, p. 13
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2 5.4-liregularilie.'I. in formed surfaces, p. 14
1 . l-l11tmduction, p. 2 5 .5-.."ihoring and centering. p. 14
1.2-.."iro¡ie, p. 5 .6-lt1Spec1io11 and adjusbnent of fonnwoflk. p. 14
2 5. 7-R.emoval of forms and supports, p. 15
5 .8-Shoring and re.'l.horing of multistmy stru.c11.1res, p. 1 7
AC!I Cemmittee Reparts, Guidcs, and CamIDCJl]tarics
IITi=
intended fer suidance in p!a□ni□s, c!C'.~is,ii□s, executing,
anc!
l'IICI l.f7R-14 •upe,aei!eo ACI 347-04 ...:1 w"" odop,..:1 and JU1llllilt..:I Ju'ly
inspectiins consuuc non, 'ffti:s OOCUIDCJI]! is inte□decl t'oc !he 2014. Cqpy,igllt 0 :!014, Am..-.:oB Cnn.::mo lmtilut..
u~ ..,....,..,¡
hll rigftt, in.::htdi"'8 n;s!tt, ofro)lClldnclioo ond mo in ;my fomt .. by
cf individuals wha are eornpetent ta evaluare thc 1111y
sisnificancc m~s.. in.:ladiDI¡! t!Je lllilklinB oí capier; by illl)" phdo ~ ar by
and limitations of ils coruent and recommendanens and ~l~tmDIC' oc• mocftanic.a'I deYice, [JHim'IM, ,a,ritt,m, ar a-al. ar moordir1¡5 [1.T mund DI'
wha ,risUill rcpmdlJ'CII lioo m fnc- us.~ :in m1y lkoowleilg~ DI' rietrie,,•al sy,tm, ar de•i1it~..
will acc,c,pt l'e~pa□sibiliry far thc npplic.atian of the maíerial W'll15.5. ¡permmioo :in
il ca□lains. The American Can.mi~ Institute discfaims rmy ,.·ritmg" ohtun..:I fron lit• cqiyrii!l>I pmJDOOO
anc! all FCSjXlli5Íh:ilily far the stated principlC'!i. Tbe lmliilutc "·
shall not be liah!e far any loss oc clamase aiisi.ns ~from.
lkfc:rcncc ID lhi:s documeru ~hall 001 be made in contract
decuments. lf it=s fou□d in ~bis documeru are desired by
the A.n::hitccllE□;¡¡i.nc:cr ID be n par! af lhc oant:n!lcl c!
aclIJTlC'.□ls, they shi!dl be l'eslalcd i.n ffiil.J]datory Lansuag.c far
i□oo:rparnliion
by lhc Ardbiteoo'E n!J.incc
r.
2 GUIDE 1'0 FO R'MWO RK FO~ CO:N:CiR'ETE ,jAOl 347R-14)
011APTER 6-MATERIALS, p. 18
ó. l=-General, p. 11!
ó.2-Pmpei1ie:s ofmaleJfals.,p. 19
ó.J-Aooessories, p. 19
ó.4-fonn coatings and release ageets, p. 21
011APTER 7-ARCHITECTIJRAL CONCRETE, p. 21
7.1-ltt1mdL1ction, p. 21
7.1-R.ole ef archuect, p. 11
7 .J-Materfals and aecessones, 1>. 2J
7.4-De:sig¡r~ p. lJ
7.5-Consbuclioi~ p. 24
7.ó-Fom1 removal, p. 25
011APTER 8-SPEOIAL STRUCTURES, p. 25
g. 1-Disoru:sion, p. 25
ll.2-Bridges and viaduets, lacluding h1gh piers, p.
25 g .J-Sbuctures designed fer composlte actíon, p.
25
IL4-Folded plates, min shells, and loeg-span raef
sjruc- mres, p. 2ii
ll .5-Mass concrete síructures, p. 11
g .ó-Underg¡rom1d structures, p. 21!
011APTER 9-SPEOIAL METHODS OF
CONST1RUCTIO'N, p. 29
9.1-Sl.ipfmms, p. 29
9. 1-Preplaocd-aggregale concrete, p.19
9.J-Pennanetlt forms, p. J l
9.4-F orms fer presnessed concrete construcuon, p.
32
9.5-F orms fer s1tc precasting, p. 31
9. 7-F orms fer 0011c1e1e placed under water, p. JJ
OHAPTER 10---RE!FERE!NCES, p. 34
Aufüored references, p. JS
CHAPTIER 1-IN11RODUCTION AIND SC,OPE
1.1-
ln,troduction
Mat1y mdividuals, ñrms, and companles are usually
ínvclved in die design oí d:te facili.ty lO be built and ill
die design and oons.tructicm of ~he formwork. Tbe
fadl.i1y tl'am typicailly invo.1.ves. snucmral engineers aiid.
architects wbo determine the reqnhemems for the concrete
sttsu.cwre to be lmilt. Far simplicity, the füdliiy design
team w·ill. usually be referred to as. 1he engineer/a:rchitect,
ahhough they rnay be referred lo S!Cparately in seme
situations.. 'Ihe form• wo:tik ream may include 1he
general coneactor, fomiwork specialty subcontractors,
íonnworl: englneers, form 111:mu• faeturers, and form
suppli.er.\. ne panicipalling oempanies and firms also
have fom1 designers and skilled werkers execunng many
detaíled tasks, For simplicil.y, the fomiwork team will
usually be referred to as tlie formwork engineer/
contractor, alihou~ they may be referred to separarely
in some siru:a~ion'.l
Thís guide is based on the premiS!C diat layout,
des.ign,
and construction oí formwork should be the
res.po:nsjbil.ity of the formwork engineerloontraotor. This
is. betieved to be
Amerfcan Gancrale lnstilu!e - CqP'Jrighted O Mate1ial - www.C1H001eta.o19
fimdamental to the ac1hi.eve,men1 oí safety and eeonomy
o,í formwork and oí the requlred fonned surfaee quality
of the ceeceete,
The palred values stated ill mch-pound and Sl units
are usually not exact equivatents. Therefore, each
sys.tem is to
be used i.ndependently or llhe
od,er.
1.2....Soope
This guide covers:
a) A l.is.ting of info:rmation to be íncleded in tlie comract
documents
b) Desiga c;riteria tor horizontal!. and vettkal loam mi
formwork
e) Design oons.iderallio:tL~ includiiig safety factors für
dererm.ining tlie capadties of formwork
aooesso:ries
d) Preparatimi o,í funmvork dra,;,ri.ngs
e) Co:t:1.,.¡~rucllion aiid. use of fumiwmt, inc.1uding
safet.y cousideralJion.,¡
f) Mate.rials íor funnwork
g) Fonmvorik far spedal structllres
h) Fonmvollk far special methods. of oons.trucüon
CHAPTIER ~:OTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2.1-Notati.on
chemi:stry ooefficienl
Ccp- ooncie,te lateral press.ure, lbltP (kPa)
ck
Ct
- unit weigbt ooeffident
slipform vibration factor, lbltf (kPa)
-
g gravit:ational co1is1ant, ó.él0\18 l kNll::g
aepth of Huid or plasllic com,rele iroin top of plaoe-
1nenl to poinl oí co:nsid:eration ill funn, ft (m)
R rate of placeme.nt, ftlli (nt'hl
r lemperawre of cmiorel:e at llime of plaoement, •·F
(Qq
w uuit 1veigh1 of ooncrete,
fil lblfl3 densi.ty of conc;rete,
kgtml
2.2-,Definitions
"fhe 2014 ACI Conctete ·rem1i1io.logy (http:/Avi.vw.
co!lcrete.orgfrool:s/Concretelerminology.aspx) provides
a cmnp.rehemive li:st of de,f\nitions. The d:elinilliom
provrded herein cmnplemenl d:!al sou11ce.
bot>.k..d10res-s.hores left in place or shores plaoed
snugly under a ooncrete slab o:r s~rucrural member afte,r
dte original
formwork aiid. shores ha.ve beeii removed. llrom a small
area, withool aillowing dte entire s1ab or me1111ber to
de,tleci or suppott its self-weighl and oons.truction loadit
brllce-slructural member used. to p:rovide lateral support
for another member, generailly fur the p11rpose of
ensuring stabi lity o:r 1res.isting lateral loads.
ce,nte,rin:g-fail:seworl: used in die oo:nsm:te~io:n of
aidies, s.hell:s, space s~ructures, o:r aiiy oon~inuou-..¡
s~ruclllre wite11e die enti11e íalse,ororik is lowered (struck
or decentered) as. a unit.
clin1bin:g forrn-fonn lhat is rai:sed vettk-ally fur
s.ucceediiig l.itls of cmic;rete in a. giiven
s.trucrur-e.
 GtllD E ro FORMWURK FO F'I 00:N:CRETE (ACI 34l'R-14) 3
~rn¡p-ltead s!l!ore-shore wtth a bead duu can be The engineerlarcihitecl can imp:rove die overaill
lowered to remove fonning eempenents widiout removing eoo:no:my ofrue swucture by platming sothat funnwork co!
die shore or ch:mg¡i.ng il:s suppnrt fur ihe floor s;•stem. Sls a11e miui-
e11:gi1te~r/111tt!llif.ect-1he engmeer, architeet,
engineering ñn11, architec.rural li:m1, or oiher agency
iss.uing projeci plans
and speciñcatieas fo:r llie permaeent !11ru00111e,
administering
the work under contraer dorumeuts, or
bofü.
fal!i!e1'!i'Ork-temporary stmcmre e11ecied. to support
work in ~he proees:s of eonsnucnon; eompesed of
sliolii.ng or vertical pos.tirig and lateral bracing for
formwork for beams and slabs,
tlying fomH-lar,ge, p11efab:ricated, mechanicailly
handled secnons of lloor system fo:rm,vo:tik designed für
multipl.e reuse; Ereque.utly including supporting nuss,
beam, er
shocing assemblíes comple tel;•
0

ueirlzed.
form-temporary strucnrre or mo.l.d fur llie suppnrt
of
concrete while it is seJJting and gaining sufficient st11eiigtl1
to be ~lf-supporlli.ng.
formwork-s-total system of sapport for llres.hly
placed
concrete, íncluding the mold er ~heailiing diat ccntacts
di.e concrete as. well as. suppordng members, hardware,
and necessary bracing,
formwork enginee1i"/<101ttraet.o:r-engirieer of the
form•
work s.yste.m or connactor i.11 eharge ofdes.ignared aspects
of
formwork des.ign and fu:rmwo:tik
operarlons,
gangoo forms-large medianically hoisted
assemblies
with specíal l.ifü.ng hardware used for funning
vertical
surfaoes; also celled "gang
fonns",
ho:ri:rnntal ladng--lmlii.zonral bracíng members
anaehed to shores m reduce Eheir unsupparred leagth,
diereby mcreasing load capaclty and stability.
pres!bores~ed shnres placed snugty under
seíected paneís o•f a decik-fo:rming system befare any
primary (o:rig• inall) sbores are removed.
res.ho:res-shores placed. s;nugly under a stnpped
concrete
slab or other strucrural n1einber after the original fcnns
and shores have been removed feom a full hay,
11eq11iring dte new slab or snuetural membee to deflect and
support üs own weight and eKisting oon~truction loads to
be applied befare mstal lanon of die reshores.
sea:ffold-teiiipo:rary stmcmre widi an elevated
platform fo:r s11pporting workers, loo.Is, and materiajs,
s!l!olt'f-vertkal or inchned s.uppo:rt meinber or
braced Erame desi!'jtted to c:-arry the weighl of lhe
formwork, ooncrete, a:nd oons.truction l.oads..
sti1iform-a forro thal: is pulled. or rai!red as concrete
is placed.
sullfaee air voillls-s.mal 1 11egular or irregular c:-
avities, usually not eKreeding 0.6 in. (l5 mm) i,i
d.iameter, 11esulting Erom entrapmenl of air buhbles in
llie s.urface of funned ooncrete durfog plaeement imd
oonsolidation.

CH!APTER 3....6.ENERAL OON:SIDERATION:S

3.1-Ach.ievi ng eoonom,y in
form,work
mizeit The oos.t o•f formwork c-an be greaLer llian balf
dte rn1al oost ofthe ooncrete structu11e. lliis inve:stmem
requires careful dio11glit and plaim ing by the
e~igi.neffi'arcihitecl when des.igni.ug and specifyi,ig die !
11ructu11e an.d by die formwork engineerloontracror wheii
des.igning and co111Stn1ciing Efte formwork. Fonnwork
drawirigs, p11epared by the formwork engineerloontracror,
caii identif:,r potenllial pmbl.ems and shou!d give projeot
,ite employees a dear pictu11e of\li1iat is required aiid. liow
lo achieve it
The followiug guideli.nes. shmv liow the
erigii.neerla11d1iteci caii plan the s.trucrure so lliat formwork
economy may bes.t be acihieved:
a) To simplify and permit maximwn reu!re of
formwork, the dimensio:tts of footings, columns., and
beams s.1tould
be o•f S1anda11d 1n:al'flrial. muhiples, and 1he number of
sizes shou!d be minimized.
b) When tnterio:r oolumlls a11e llie saine width a.,; or
sm.aller th:m the giraders d:tey support, the oolmmi form
becomes a simple reciaiigufar or square box ,,,idiout
boxouts., aiid dte
si.ah form does not h::we lo be rut out at eadi oo:mer of
di.e ool11mn.
e) Wlien all beanL<; a11e ma.de one depth (heams.
framing into girde.r!: as weH as beatns. Eram.ing into
columns.;J, die s11ppo:rtmg s.tructures. fo:r the beam forms
can be camied on a level platfunn supponed on s.ho:res.
d) Co:mid.1ering available si:zes. of dressed lumber,
plywood, and other ready-made form,vorik oomponents
and lreepi ng beam aiid. joisl si:zes. cmista:nt will. reduce
labor oost and impmve m:aterial use.
e) The desi!'jn o•f the struc1111re should. be bamd mi 11he
u~
American Concrete llllSÍitulle - C-0py1ighled O Ma!erial - www,concre1e.!org
~
iac1.
of one s.tandard d.epth wherever possibl.e Vi1ien
cm1m1erciailly
available formfog sysiems., s11cih a.,; olle- or t\\•o-way
jois.t systems, are usect.
f) llie s.trucrural d1es.ign shoold be p11epared si1nullat1e•
ous.ly widi llie arcihitectural desi!'íl1 s.o lliat dimensiolls c:-
an be better ooo:rdinared. Mirior chaiiges in plaii
dimensio:n,.; to better fü furmwork layout ean resuh in sign
ificaiit 11ed111Jtimis in furmworfk oo:s K
g) Tite engineer/aro1titecl should. 001:1Sider arcihitectural
fearures., dep:ressio:tL~.• aiid ope.rüngs for mecihankal or
elec• trical worfk \\1len de tail.ing rue Slnlcturail. ~ystem,
0
with die aim of acbi.evi,ig economy. Vari:u:ions. in die
stru001rail. system caused. by such items. should. be shown
mi the s~ructural pla:its.. \Vherever poss.ible, d.ep:ressio:tts in
lhe tops of s.labs shou!d be mad1e witl1011t a correspoud.ing
break in elevatimis of the soffit:s of dabs, beams, or
joisis.
h) Embedme.rits for attacil:rment to or pene nrallio:n
0
through
the ooncrete structure shoold be desi!'jtted to
minrimi:ze randoin penenra~io:t1 ofthe furmed s.urface.
i) Avoid localli.ng oolumns or walls, even fura rew
floors,
\\1iere diey would. interfere with the use of large
formwork
sbo:ring units in otherwise clear
bays..
j) Pos.t-rensio:ning s~uences should be ca~ried. out in
stages and plan:ned i.n a wa;r thal: will minimi:ze rue need
for
addidorial shoring lh:U: m.ay be 11eq11.i.red due m
redis.trib11tio11 ofpos.t-tensio:ning loads"
4, GUllilE TO FORMWO RliC FDH CO:N:OREJE,(AOI 347R-
14)

3.2-Contraot documents: lWo-way joist systems, plans should be drawu to make

use The oontracl deeumeets sbould set funh the tolerances of availab!e shapes and sizes, Some varlatlon fmm
normal requíred in 11he ñnished structure but shnuld not auempt lo toleranees shnuld be permined by the
specifleauon: a) for s.;pedfy die means and methnds by whicih die formwork eugi- connections of form units lo odter
framing,; and. bJ to rellecl neer/conllractor desiges and buílds die fürmwork to achieve normal installanon pracnces
and typical used oo:ndilli.on o,f
die reqaired toleeances, die form t;ipe
anncipated.
The layout and desígn of the formwork should be a 3...'.LlFl.11ls.hofe..~pMedcMcl'l'!'re-
Finis.htequ.i.rements.fur
jeint effo:rt of the formwork engieeer and the formwork ceaceete surfaces should be desc:;ribed in measurable
terms cennactor, Tbe formwork ceasnuedea in eompliance with as preeisely as. practicable. Refer ro 5 .4, Chapl.er
7, and ACI die formwork desígn is the respomdbility of ihe formwork 347 .3 R.
cennactor, Wlhen furmwork deslgn is 1iot by the ceateactor, 3.2A De.tlgn, ln.tpec(/on, ~e,,•. dlld ap¡m:J'vai
ofjlffm-
formwork desigu is die respomibility of the formwork w:a.,·k-Aldiougfi die s:afety of fo:mm•ork is the
respons.ibifüy
eug¡i.neer. This approaen gíves die necessary lireedom to ofthe cemractor, die engineer/arohi~l or apprnvi.ng
agency use skill, knowledge, and hmovatien to safely ccnstruet ;:ui may, under cenaíe cireumstanees, decide to
review and eeonoraieal stracture. By revie,wing die funnwmt drawings, apprnve di.e formwork, including drawíegs
and cakulanons, die engineer/arohi~I ean understaed how the formwork lf so, die e.1ig¡i.neerla11chitert shcmld.
c-,all for sueh review or engineerscontractor has mterpreted di.e comract documents, approval in the contraer
documents,
Sorne local jursidirtioris have legal requirements defi:ning Apprnval migbt be ~ui11ed for unusaal ly
compíicated die s.;pedlk tespons.ibil.illi.es. of d1e engineer/arohiL'ecl in strucaires, strucnires whose designs were
based on a partic- formwork design, review, or approval, ular medtod of censnuetiea,
snucmres in wl:üch d1e fümts
3.2.l lttdi'll!dt,ol .f/Jffykario1H-Tihe specíficatlon fur i1n;par1. a desired architectural firnish, eertain post-
tensianed
formwork will. affect the overall. economy and quail.ity ofthe s.trucmres., folded piares, dlin s.hell:s, or long-~n
rnof fi:nis.hed work; dierefo11e, ilshould be lailored fore,acli panic- s.tructures..
ular job, de,arly irid.icare whait is e;x¡pected of lihe conlraDtor, "íhe following itei11i..¡ should. be cfarified. in the
oontract
:md. ettsure econmny and s.afoty.
documents:
A well-Iwitten fo:rm\,•o:lik s.;pedllcation tends. to ~uali.ze a) Who will desigii the fom,work
bids for the wo:llk:. Vague or overly res.tricuve ~uirements b) \Vho w·ill. determine post-te.risioui.ng s.eque.rice
a1id can malre it diffic111lt for bidders to underst:md exa.ctly whal s.uppott -needed for redislribution of loads.
resuhing. fmm is experted_ Bidders c-,an be overl.y cautious. and overbid or s.t11ess.ing operntions
m.isinterpret 11equi.remeuts and undernid. Using. standard e) Who will desigii shoring. attd the reshori.ng sysi:em
s.;pecilk,allio:ns s.uch as AC I Jll l diat ha.ve m¡;¡ny input sourc~ d) Who will. inspect the s;pedllc featu11e of
fünnwork :md
in developmenl c-,an mitigate di.es.e pos.sib!e prnbl.ems. wl:ten will. the ÜL<¡pectio:n be
perfunned
A weJI-Mitten fo:rmwotik specilkatiori is ohaluenot o:nly e) What 11eviews, approvals, or bodi, will be
~uited fur:
ro, 11be owuer and the oo:ntracror, but als.o to the fie.Jd repte- i. Formwol1k: drmvings., cailculations, or
boih sentative of the eng¡i.ueer/a11chitert, apprnving ageiicy, :md íi. Pos.t-rensio:ning s.upport
die suboontractors of othe.r trades" Some ~ui11ements c;:ui iii. Res.horing
desigii
bewritten to allow dis:cte üon of~he oonlraclorwl:tete qual.ity
0
iv. Formwork pteplaceme.rit
ins.;pection
of f\nished. concrete work would. ttot be im;paired by ~he use t) Who will. give such reviews., appmv::iil:s, or
bod1.
of ailtemative rnaterials. and methods.. 3.2.:5 CoIurac1 docume.11t~l1ie conm-act
dorume.rits
Consideraition of ihe applicab1.e general ~ui~emeiits s.hould indude ali information aboul die s.trucmre
neces"
~ugges.ted. herein a11e not inleuded to rep11esen1 a oomplete s:ary fur the funmvork engineer to design the fonn!A•ork
a1id s.;pedllc-,allio:n. Requ.i.rements. should be added fur acrual ptepare fum1wolik drawings and for die formwork
oontraclor mate.rials, füi.ishes, a1id. olher iteiits peruliar to and neces" lo, bu.i Id die forn1wotik sudh as:
s:ary fur die i.ndividual strucrure. The e.rlg¡i.neerla11chitert ca1i a) Number, location, a1id. details ofalll coustruciion
joiiits, exelude, call s.;pedal aittention to, strengdien, or malre mote contrac,tion joints., and exparuio:n joints di.al wil
I be ~uited
lenie1it any ge.riera! tequ.i.rement lo best fü the needs. of the for llie parllicular job or pans
of it
panicular projert. Furdier detailed infümli31lio:n is give.ri in b) Seque.rice. of cmic:;rele place.ment, if orilli.cal
(examples
AC I SP-4. include pour strip...¡ and lian;iiag,
llcmrs)
3,.2.2 Formv.'Ork m.a.rerlaL~ a1rd .ic-ces.wrie1-ffdte panic- e) Tolera1ice.s. fo:r ooncrete oottstruclio:n
ular desigia o:r desired f\nish ~ui11es speciail. aitterition, the d) llie l.ive !oad. a1id superimposed dead load für
\\1iich the e1ig¡i.neerla11chiteci: can specif:,r i.n the oo:ntraci: docwnerits s.trucrure is desiglled and 21iy l.ive-load
teduction used
die fo:m1wotik materfals a1id. any odier fearure nece.s.<. ¡ary to e) JntermediaJte s.u;ppo:rts. uttder s.ta;•-i.n-place forms,
suc4i attain the objec.tives. lf 1he engilleer/architect d.'oes. ttot call as metal deck used for funrn;. and. perma11ent
fo:rms. of other for specific materials or acce.s.sori.es., dte fonnwo:cik engilleer/ materials s.upports, bracing, or bodt,
required by die s.truc- cmilrac,tor ca1i choose any materials. tliat meet the oontract tural engineer's. desi_g¡n für
cmii;posite action~ attd any other
11equ.i.rements.. s.;pecial
supports
Wheu s.trucru:ral design is based mi the use of cm11mer- t) llie loc,allio:n a1id. oro:er o,feraertion and remova1
o,fshores cially avai lah!.e funn units i.n s.ta1idard si.zes, suc4i a.¡ o:ne- or for coni;posite oomtrucllio:n

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 ülJJDE 110 FORMWUFUll FO~ ODN:l.'RETIE {At., 34,TIH 4)
g) Minimum concrete s.tn,mg,th requlred before removal
of shering and any proj ect specifie res.ho:ring requirements
h) Special provisimis esseeriaí für formwotik for
speclal oonstmction me~10tfi and for special seucmres
sueh as shells aed folded piares.. Tbe basic gemnetty of
such seuc• rures, a_,¡ well a_,¡ the4.r reqaíred camber,
should be givee in sufficienl detai I to pennit llhe
formwork coniracter to hui Id the fü1111,¡
i) Speeial requirements for post-tensioned concrete
members.. The effect of load teansfer aad assoeiated
move• meets duri.ng tensioning, of post-teesioned members
ean be critical, and dte eontraetor shm.dd. be advised of
:;uiy special provisions that should be made in die
farmwork für this condition
j) Amount of required camber for slabs or oiher
snuc• rural members lo compensare fur deflection nf the
strucnire. Measurements of eambee artaíned sheuld be
mada at füe soffil level afrer initfal set and before
removal o,f formworL:: supports
k) Where ehamfers are requhed or prohibí~
throughout the project at all element eomers, such as
door openings, window openings, beams, cohnnns wall
ends, an.d slab edges I) Requirements fer mserts,
watersteps, built-in frames for openiags and notes ~hrou~
concrete; similar requiJietnents wheee the w·ork o,f otlier
teades wi II be artaehed to, suppened
by, or passed 1hroug,h fü11nworík
m) Si:ze and locatiou of formed ope..iii.ngs through a
snuc• rural slab or wall should be shown ori die strucniral
drawings ti) Wliere archltectural features, embecded
1te11L-<;, or the work of o~her m-ades oould ch:;uige llie
loc-.alli.o:n o,f strucmral meinbers., such a_,¡ joists in eme- er
two-way jorst systems; sueh changes or condltiens should
be eoordmated by ihe
engineerrarchltect
o) Locations of and details fo:r architeetural
ceneeete: when architectural detaíls are to be casi intn
strucniral concrete, they sheuld be so mdieated or
referenced 011 ihe sttu-cblral pl:ms because iliey can play a
key role in ~he seuc• rural rles.i1m of die form.
1CHAPTiER 4-
DE:S'.IGN
4.1-G.ene
ral
4.Ll Piann/J1g-AII formwOtik should be well planned
befoJie cmistructimi begins. n1e ammmt ofp1anni.ng
Jiequ.i.red will depen.d on d:1e si.ze, complexity, an.d
importanee(eonsid•
. ering, reuses.) ofthe fü11n. Fo:rmwo:lik: shoold be desig;ned
for strengdi a:nrl Sefll{k;eability. System s.tabi lity and
member bud:li.ng shoold be i.nves.tigated. i.n all cases.
4.1.2 D!!sig11 method.~o:rmwo:rk is mad:e of many
rlifferent materfals, and llie eommonly us.ed design
pracliGes fo:r eacb material. are ro, be followed (refer 10
Chapter 6 ). For examp1.e, forms. are des.igned. by either
altowable stress des.ign (ASD) metho:tfi or load. :;uid
Jiesistance factor des.ign ( LRfDl me.thods. \Vheu the
Goncrete s~rucl.l!re beco:mes a par! of die formwmk
suppon sysrem, a_,¡ in ma1i;• multi• sto:ry buildings., it is.
impo:rta1it for ~he formwork engineerl Gontra.cror to
Jieoog;ni:ze th:n the Goncrete s.trucrure Itas. been des.igned.
by the strenglli design method. Aücord.i.ngly, in
5
communk,allio:n ofthe loads, it sbould be clear whether
~hey are semi ce loads or factoJied. loads..
Throughmn ~his. guide, the terms "rles.ign", "des.ign
load·, and "desig,ri capadty" afie us.ed to refer to desig;n
ofthe fo:m1- worík. Wliere refeJience is. made to design load
für the perm:a• nenl s.trucrure, s~rucwral des.ign load,
s~cblral rlead. load, or sorne similar term is used to refor
to unfarnoJied loads (dead and liYe loadsl on d1e s~rucblre.
Load e,ffects mi lliese tempo• rary struc,rures. a:ru:I tlieir
iiid.i.vidual oompone..iits should be deLermi.ned by aroepred
methods of strucwral :;uialys.is..
4.1.J Bas/c obj!!C1ivé's-Fonnwork shou!d be designed
so that concJiete slabs., walls, :;uid ollier members \'l'ill.
haYe ilie oornect rlimension_<:, s.hape., alignment, elevatio:n,
:;uid pos.i• tion witllin established toleranoes. Fo:rmwork
shmdd airo be
des.igned so tlut it will saMy su;pport all vertical and
lateral loads thal. mighl be appli.ed until. ~u-ch loads c:;ui be
supported by tlie collcrele struc,rure_ Vertkal and lateral
loads. s.hould be ca:~ried lo the ground. by the fonnwork
s.ystem or by ilie in-place construction diat ha.,¡ ad:equate
s.tmugtli for lliat purpose. Reij:IOl:1:Sibili.ty for llie d.esign
ofthe formworL:: rests witli ilie oo:ntractor or ~he
fonnwork engineer hi.red by ilie
0011traotor to design and be tespo11sible far the
fimnwork.
4.1.4 De:sig11 deflC!!!11c!!!.-Some design deficiettcies
tliat c:;ui le.ad to unacceptable perfünnance or s~rucwral
failure
are:
a) l..ad:: of allow:mce in design for loadiiig,s s11dt as
concrete pressures, wind, power buggies, placing,
equip•
ment, :;uic temporary :m:nerial
storag,e
b) lnadequme design ofsihori.ng, reshoring,, or
bachhoring e) Jnadequare provi:sion,.¡ to prevenl rot:nion
0U1eam forms wbere the slabs Erame into ~f1em on o:nly o:ne
side (Fig,. 4.l.4) d) lnsufficient a:nchorag,e against up1.ifi
due to battered fo:rm faces. or Yertic-.al componen! o,f
bracing, ÍOJice on sing,1.e•
sided fom~
e) ]insufficient allow:;uice für eroentric loading due lo
placemenl seq11euees
t) fai luJie to i.tnres.tigate be,aring s.tresses between
i.nrlividual formworL:: elemeiits. a:nd hearing- c:anadrv of
s1mnrutin11 soils g) Failure to design p:ro¡per lateral
bradng or lacing of
sho:ring
b) Failure to iuves.tigate the sl.endemess r:nio o,f
cotnpJies•
sion members
i) ]nad:equare prolllisio:n,.¡ lo tie comers of
intersecting c:;uitil.evered fo:rms. toge~her
j) FailuJie to aroounl for loads imposed o:n form
ha:rd\Ji,are
anclio'rages during closuJie offo:rm paneJ. ga:ps when aligning
- fo:rmworL::
k) FailuJie to acoount for elasnc shortening during
pos.t-tensio:ning
1) Failure 10 acoount for dhangi1ig, load pattems due to
pos.t-tensio:ning transf'er
4.1.5 Form.v.'Ork drav.-l1tgí a1td calcu!atlom:-Befo:re
oons.tructing, fomts, the formwark engineer/oontra.ctor
,nay be required to submit detailed drawing,,.¡, rles.ign
calculatimis, o:r both, of proposed. fonnwork for review
:;uid. a:pp:roval by the engineerlarohitecl or a:pp:roving
ag,ettcy. [f s.uch draw• ings afie not approYed by ilie
engineer/a:rchitect o:r a:pp:roving ageucy, the formwork
engineer/oo:ntractor should make s.uch
Ame1ican Coocrete lnslittllie - Gopyiigl11ed O Male1ial - www.ooocrele.! org

~
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,6 , GUIDE TO FO ~MWORK FUR CON:C:RETE ,(ACl 347R-l 4)

IIR!ORR~ """" íOilió -~,u

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Flg. -I.IA-P1-evenrio11 ofmw.tlm, ir lmponmu whiN'i! sfa.bfra111eJ {/Uo beam/01m
011e .rlde.
cihlrnges. a_,¡ may be requíred before the start o,f
oons.tnmtioll of llie fonnwo:cik.
The tevi.ew, approval, o:r boru, of the fo:nnwod::
draw•
i,igs <loes. uot teJieve d:te oonlraclor of rhe
re~ibil.ity for adequately censnueting and
maintaining llie forms so, tliat they will. funcnon properly.
Des.ign values and lcadieg cenditiens shmdd. be shown on
formwork drawings.. As related to form use, diese include
füm1v.•orik design values of censauedou live load, allowabl.e
venk-al or lateral concrete pr,ess.ure, maximum
equipment load, requir,ed. s.oil bearing. capadty, material
s.;pecific.allio:n, camber required, and ether pertinent
information, if applicable.
lrn additlon to spedt')rj ng types of materials, sízes,
l.engd:t'.\ and connecnon details, fermwerk drawings.
should provid~ for appl.icable details, sueh as:
a) Procedures, sequence, and c;rireria for removal of
forms, shores, reshores, and backshores and fo:r
retracri,ig. and reseugging drophead shores to allo111 slab to
delfoct :;md s.up;pott its own weight prior 10, cas.ting of next
level
b) Design aílowance for consnucnon loads on new
slabs
1vhen such alíowanoe wil I affert the develepment of
s.ho:ring schemes, resboring schemes, or bo~h [refertn 4.5
and 5J! für
~horing and reshoring ofraulüstory
strucuires)
e) Ancliors, form li.es, shoees, lateral bracing, and
horí-
zental
lacing
d) Means. to adju."'lt forms for all.ignment and. grade
e) Waterstops, keyways, and insetts
t) Wmkirig scaffoíds and runways
g) Weep1to!es er vlbrator boles, where required
illl oo.ly
h) Soreeds and grade siri;ps
i) Loeation of exrernal vibrator moun~ing.,¡
j) Crush plaees ot wrecking piares. w!1ete socippi,ig. can
damage concrete
k) Removal of spreaders o:r temporary blook:ing
1) Cleanout holes and inspection openings
m) Constmction joints, contraction jcints, and expaesion
joints. in aroorda1ice widi oo:ntracr documents
rn) S.equeuce of coiic;reLe placement a1nd. minhnum
elapsed llime benvee1i adjacenl p1acemellts
o) Chamfer s~rip.s. or grade strips. for exposed coruers
a1id construcrion joints
p) Revea.Is (rus.tk-allio:nsJ
~)Camber
r) Mudsills or ollier foundallioo provisions. fo:r fonmvork
s] Special ¡mivisimis, sudh a_,¡ s:afe.ty, tite, drai.nage,
a11d pmtecllioo Erom ice :;md deb:ris. al water cross.ings.
t) Spedall. fo:rm face tequi.rements.
u) Notes lo, formwork etertor showing size a1id. localli,oo of
condu.its and pipes projecting lliroug.h fürmwork
,,) Tempornry openings. o:r :inadhmetil,¡ für climbing c;rane
or ollier material ha1idling equ.i;pment
4.2-,Loads
4..1.1 llert!cal iood.t-Verllical. loads. consist of dead.
a11d li.ve loads. Tilte 1veight of forrnwork plus die weight
of the r,e;Jnfo:roemenl and fteshly placed co,ic;rere is dead
load. The li.ve l.oad indudes the wei~tt of the work.ers,
equipmenl., material storage, runways., and im;pac.t.

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 G' IJJ D E 10 FO R M WO JU C FO R o o:N: CR ETlE (ACI 347R-14! 7
Venical lollfil assumed for shoring and teshoring
des.ign for rnultis.tory construcdon should mclude all
loads trans• mirted fro,n the tloors. above as dictated by c-'fil!!!!.
die preposed oonstrucnon schedul.e (rel"er re 4.5).
The fünnworfk should be designed for a live load. of .
not worpg
less ili:m 50 lb/fr (2.4 kPa) nf horizontal projeetion,
,~'
1

except
\\1ien teduatimis are allowed iri aceordance wi11h E,;¡uival,.nt ,,' Te:st
A,SCEISEl I
hydrmtafü:
37. When motorjzed carts are used, die hve load shoeld
not
be less tlian 75 lb.lfr (3 .6 kPa)
,, '
The unfactored design load for ccmbmed dead :;m d Hve head, wh • Data
loads should not be less dian 100 lblfil (4Jl kPa), or l. 25 , '
grpgh
\(
(

lb/ tP (6.0 kPa) if motorized carts ate used, J

r
4.11 iaterot p17!sst,r2 ofconerete-«The design of ~'
vertical formwork is determined by llhe lateral pressure , ,,
exerted by the fresh concrete, wlücli in tum is J

determined by ~he rnohifüy characterisucs nf lihe concrete ''

and lite merhod of
con.olidating the concrete. R.ese.ardi (AC! Commmee
622
1957, 1958; Gardner and Ho 1979; Gardner 1980, Maxlmum concrete
1981, pressure trom Ec¡.
1985; Clear and Harnson 1985; Jebnston et al. 1989~ 4.2.2.1b or 4.2.2.lc
Bnnsh Cement Assocíanon l 992~ Dunston et al. 1994;
Bames and Jchnston 1 \l\l\l, 1(1(1]) has assisted in developíng Fig. 4.l.1-( "011crece !111erai pressure dl.tttlhuriM.
recommen• danons fer lateral pressures of eonvennonal
concrete, (4.2.2. 1 a(al)
Methods of rnnsolidalli.ng concrete iriclude rodding or
spading (no longer used or reeommended for large
place•
ments], interna] vibratiee, and externa! vibration. The
inten•
sity aed depth of intemal vibration affeet the lateral
press.ure exerted by ,,b:rated coeceere. O l'ren, ehemleal Ccp..._,_ - e.e. 150+- (4.2.2. la(bl)
admíxtures ate used in coaveetlonal concrete to facilnate
eonsol rdation.
900-_0-R] [
1
In recent ye.an, coeeeete reehnology has evolved with
the
use of suppíementaí cementitious. materíals and specialty wi th II m-i nimmn of 600C. 1 b.lfi1, but i.n no case .!?ireater ~han
chemical admixtures, Coaventional concrete with slump wh
values less than 9 in, (225 mm) are typically vibrated
to
ensure pmper eonselldatlon, Witli ihe ineeease tn s1ump 43 400
Ca- -C~Cw l:iO+
2800R] ' -t (4.2.2.la(cl)
beyond 9 in. (225 mm), il is preferable to determine [ -T-
ihe síump tlow spread of'the concrete (A!HM Cl61 l/Clól -r-
lM)
rallier llian dump. Concrete mixjures wtth slump ñow
widi 11 m:inimum of 600C. l.bfftl, but in no case !'¡reater ~han
spread between 15 and 24 in. (400 and 60,S mm) rnay need
1,·h, where C, is. dellned i.t1 Table 4.2 .2 .1 a{b) aud C~ is
,,ibration to consolidate sensfactonly; dtis. depends on ihe
dellned in Table 4'.2.2.1 a(c).
plaeement coadítlons and eharaeteristics of llie structural
4.2..2.I h Sl 1¾!1·s/on- llie lauiral p:re~11re o•f comcreLe,
element. Self• con.olidating co:um~te (SCC) is a da~
Ca• (l<Pa), cau be detennined in acoordance with the
o.fhigh-perfo:m1aJ1ce concrete fual can co11solidate under
app:rop:riate equatimi lis.ted in Tali!e 4.2_2_ J li_
its own mass. Such concrete c;;ui be placed. llrom die top
of die fo:rmwork or c:-.an
be pum;ped from die ba!re willhout mechanical oons Ca=pgh (4.2.2. lb(al)
olidation
(ACI 2l7RJ_ w
[
"íhe lateral pressute of concrete in fom1work can be
a.... ~ T+l.7.8
4.2.2.1 für cmiveutional concreteo:r 4.2.2.2 forSCC are
met,
reptesented as shown in Fig. 4.2.2. Unless. 1he conditions. of C
-CC 7.2+- (4_2_2.lb(li))
1S5-R ]
fo:mnvo:rk should be desi!íned for the hydrnstatic pressure of acteristics., Eq. (4.2.2. la) sho11!d be used. un~il the effecl on
the newly placed cmiorete giveii in Eq. ( 4.2.2.111).
Wheu worki.ng witli mixtures using newly inlroduced
adm.ixtutes tliat inc;rease se t time or increase sluin;p
0

char•
 wi.tli a minimum of 30C,.. kPa, b11t in no case !íreal:er ~han
pgh.
fo:mnvo:llk ptess.me is under:stood by teslli.ng, e_ª- - e_ e [1.2+-l 1-5ó-. (4.2.2. lb(c))
me.as.uremeut, orboth.
4.2. .2,.l.i!J 11rc:h-powul l'el"Sioo-llie lateral p:res.,.;ure +-24-~ 4R
w -] 7'+17.1!
of
concrete, Ca, ( lblfr), c;;ui be detennined iri acoordance wi.tli a minim11m of 30C,.. kPa, b11t in no case !íreal:er dtan
with the app:rop:riate equation l.istall in Table 4L2. l. a(a). pgh, where c. is defüied in Table 4.2.2. la(b) aud c.,
is dellned.1.n Table 4.2.2.la(c).

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~
tOCI •
 B GUlaE TO FO RMWO RK FOR cm.tCRET E ,(ACil 947R-14)

Table 4.2.2.1 a(a)--Applicable lateral pressure equatlens for concr,ete other than SCC - lnch-pound version,
Slump,· 1·11H:Hal ,•Ellnlloi, lf<pth [lemmt Ralo id p'l'aeo:1ttent Pn,,<11re oqiJj¡tJ,m
Grealllr tllM 7 ilf. Any Allly /\lf}' 4.2.2.1.a)
le!;S. l~ari or equal ia 7 in. C.=oor 1ha111 4 ft A111y /\lfY 4.2.2.1.a)
Cal11mn/ /\lfy 4.2.2.1 a(b l
Wall' les, ,1.,,n or e!J""I ro 14 ft tall le:ss.~a1117 fl.ob 4.2.2.1 a(b l
le,s, 1~ari or equaí ia 7 in. Less ,1.,,n º''""""' ro-1111 wans g=1~1 1han 14 il 1311 lesa 1ha111 1 fL'11 4.2.2.1*)
7 ia I.S fl/11 4.2.2.1*)
v,r,¡11:
Greaier tl111111 S fllb 4.2.2.1.a)
"slump far dl!l5mi~ l!IH~~I prei!!iiUN! ,;li:dl 111! mr!mur:ai .afls íhl! .a:ld itMJni '1í:ill admi1:ttlr8
l"f.OI' l:!,i: PUCJIOSie'afihB dncument, oolumni,; m!! mru,~ m vertecal i!!lemenls. 'ilrith na ¡pbni dimemioo. ex.Cl!edilll;! 6.i fl
~DI' th: purpo,!liC' iafihlli dncumml, Wil lh are' dc6n~ lll. ws;bc¡¡J demcrits v.-itb ill lt:a l e-ni: pli1n i:imc:ns:inn i:xOttding 6 5 fl

Table 4.2.2.1a(b)=Chemistry coefficien,t e~

C;111i!11t lypo Slais: Fl]'HII Retardi!H" cr
N4lll1B 1.0
l. u.or rn None N!oote
lneludsd 1.2
Noru, 1.2
~s ,1.,,n 70 perc;!rrt
le!;S.~a:n4Op;i:mml lneluded 1.4
A111y
N4lll1B 1.4
Grea1er tllM er e:qµal lú 10 pereent G=oor 11\ar, or equaí ia 4@
lneludsd I..S
pereem
i1t1:li1r-di:n inr.:tu.:h: any Ddmixt1111t:, :md, m a retlJ:ii:r, rctmir:i!, Willt:r rei:iJ-CCZ", J"idmding miil-mnEJ= wralt:r~rcch.1:ini¡s Ddmatu:n:, m biE,h.-:mns.1: wdl~•m:lucing llilml!du1%., th,;u
dc'lzry.s.
setting ef con:t't!ll!

Table 4.2.2.1 a(c)--Un.it weight coe,ffici:en,t C..

l•~l1-poo.11d , usloo SI \'t!Hliin

Unlt ..-el~lít o:r ..,.,,.,.,..,, ll>JnÍ c. Dmd~· ol <5onemi!', kafnr' Cr

rn')] JIO D.S[ 1 + (,,•/14S lb.'fl')I O.S[ 1 + (,,•12120 kg/
k'< 140 but 1,m ·¡e:,,,¡ tl\ar, (UU) p <2240 bu1 nat ~!;S. man O
140:::; ..-~ I.SO I.O 2240 ~ p ~ 2400 1.0
,,,> ISO "~ IAS 11>/ftl p>MOO ..m20 lglm'

Table 4.2.2.1 b--Appli,cable lateral pressure eqIJ,aHons for ecncrete other than SCC - SI version,
Slm1t,11 ln:li!mall "ibnlilon d~pllí l!lml~lll R:a1~ o;r pfacffl!~.111 fl'MIIDl'e i!ipiallu1'
Gn!m~J ,1.,,n 17.S 1nm Any /illy /\lfY 4.2.2.1
h(aj Le!o• than ar o,qµal to 175 rmro C.reooor 11,;w 1.2 rn l\Jt;y A!fY
4.2.2.lh(_a¡ ColWllm~ /\ny 4.2.2.lb(b)
wau: ~~ ~a:n or equal ia U rn lall Less tlJM 2.1 mllL 4.2.2.11,(b)
t.ess than or o,qµal to l l.S nml les, ,1.,,n or ~I ro 1 .2 ni Wall' greaoor d!a111 A.2 ~i toll Less then 2.1 ntllt 4.2.2.1 b(c¡
2.1 lú 4..5 lfüb 4.2.2.1 b(c¡
\!ll!II:
C.reaoor than 4..S m/b 4.2.2.1 b(a¡
"slomp fa del5111 imí KKl l!lnater.d prea; LJrie shilll be mr!Zllium.:I afls lile a:ldibnn ahll iJdmi,.:ture;
'li'DI' ~ pur:;posei aflhll'i dncurneril, oolmnm ~ ~fina:l 11 verteal elemerils. wilh na ¡pbni dimem;ioo ex.~illli!j ] rn
:;,.DI' th~ pur:pose" aflhlli dncument, Willk ere definOO iJ.5, ,"ffllCill elems,ts v.-ilh illl l~t i:m~ plim timens:inn ex~ing .!
m.

4.2..2.2. Wheu w.orkillg wiru se1f-Gonsolida~i.ng on-site measurements. Ofien, laboratory tests ate needed
ooncrete, a_,¡ a precursor to mi-site mo:nitrnfog tests. Severa!
1he lateral pressm;e fur d:es.ign should be d:te fuH I iquid methods für esllimai:ing lateral pressure of nonvibrared
hea.d unless dte effect on fürmwork pre~ure is SCC have beeti pmposed (Gardner et al. 2Cll 2; K.hayat
Ullderstood by and Omran 2011 ; Lan.ge et al. 2008; DIN l 1!211! :2CII CI-CII ;
meas.urement or pliio:r s.tudies and experienoe. Tihe .. DIN Standard 011
lateral Fonm,•ork Pressures Upoo!ed" 201 O; Proske and
¡m:!ss.ures. developed. by SCC ate dete.nnined. by Graubner
oonsid.•
2008) and cmitinue to be developed as addilli.o:nal data
eriug die rate of oo:ncJe te p1acemeut te:lalli.ve to tlie rate
0

of beoome available. Experienoe willi diese metl:tod:s i:s

development of oo:ncJe te stiffness/stieng.d:1. Any method
0
ptesently wme• wbat limited. Tihu.'\ evalua~ion of
ba.,¡
eslimared pressure on the
lo indude a ineasuie of 11he stiffening cl:tarn.cte~i:stics of
the
SCC :md. should. be c-.apahle of being e.asily checlred
using
1~ l!.me rican Gon craie lnstilule - Cqpyrighl:ect OMate1ial - WWYUJCHOOJete.019

ac1.
 m.JJDE ,ro, FORMWURK FO R 00,N:CRE'lfE (ACI 347R-14)
basis of'more than one method is advisahle unnl
satisfacrory performance is oo:nfirrmed. far Ehe range of
parameeers asso• ciated wirh die p:rojeot. Measulii.ng
¡m~ssures during place• ment and adjuslJing the rate of
plaeement lo control praes• sures withim llhe capacity of
llhe forms can be a wise ptecau• tioii \\1ien using unproveu
SCC mixnires, Researehers and contractors have used
pressure cells inserted thmugh the form faee and load
oells on form lli.es with 11ressure based on tributary area as
methods of measurement (Jolmstou 201 O).
SCC placement pressures bave the potential to reaeh
fu! 1 liqu.i.d head pressures. General ly, concrete lateral
pressures v.~ 11 not reach fu11 equivalent líquid bead
ptessure but agita• doii of the alre,ady-placed. coneeere in
die fü11n will. cause fonn ptessure to increase. Tihete
are site and plaeemeut condhlens that will ineeease
furm pressure, Si1e condírlens that can transm it
víbrations to the fteshly-p1aced concrete can cause it to
lose its interna! struenne and reliquefy. He,avy equipmenl
opeeanng close to 11be forms, or connaued work on dte
forras, wil I transmir villration. Dropping concrete Erom
die pump hose or placing bucket will airo aghate the m-
place concrete, ConoreLe pumped into the bottom of a
form wi II always oreare p:ressures higher than ful!
liquld head,
4.2..l..3, Alternatively, a method for either
coaventlonal
or se.:If--0onsolidating ceneeete based on app.rop:riare
ex:pecr• imental data can be used to, determine Elle lateral.
pressure used for form d:esign (Gardner and Ho 1979; C
ardner 19&0,
19gs; Clear and Hamson 19&5; British Cement
Associatlon
19'92; Dunston el al. l'.l'.14; Bames and Jobnsron
1999,
2003) or a pmject-specitk proeedure can be
implemeuted to co1ittol field-measured pliessures. in i
nstrumented fomis
to the ma:ximum pressure for which the form was
designad
(Johnston 21l un
4.2.lA ff eonerete is pumped from the base of die
form, the form should be designed für full hydrostatic
head of
concrete \i'h (o:r pgh) plus a minimum allowaace of 25
percent for put11p surge pressare, Pressures ean be as high
as the faoe pressnee of d:te pump piston; dn:tS, press11me
s.hould be mo:nitored .:uid. conlrolled. so th:JJt 11be desigm
pre!'.!:1.1re is ttot exceeded.
42.2. .5 Ca.ution is necessary and additiona! al lowance
for pressure should. be oonsid:eted. when using extemal
vibration o:r oo:nct1Ite rii.ade witli shliinkage-compe.risating
or e-xpm:tsive oements. Pressulies in exoess. of die
eq1.11ivaleut hydrostallic head c-,an ocrur.
4.2.2.6 For slipfo:m1 lateral pressures., refor to 9.2 .
2.4.
4.l..3 ffori:omal !lltlds-B.races .:uid. s.hores. s.hou!d
be
d:esigned. to resis.t all hori:zo:ntal. l.oods. s.uch as. wi,id, cahl.e
te.risions, i.ndi.ned suppmts, dumpin¡: of concrete,
and
starting and stopping ol' equip1nenl \Vind loa.ds mi
euelo• sures or odier wind breah at.ta.ched to !he fonnworik
~hould be cousidered in addilli.on to, these loruk
4.2...J..l Fo:rm\110:tk e-xposed. to Elle elemenlS should. be
d:es.igned. for whid. p:ressures. dererm.i.ned i.n aocordanoe
wilh
ASCE/SEI 7 wiih adjusbnenl as provided in ASCEISEI
J7 for s.ho:rter lieru~rence iriterval. Altemarely, fomiwork
may be des.igned for die local bu.i ldi,ig code;..required
lateral wind
9
pres.mre but not less dian 1 S lbltV (0.72 kPa).
Consideraiion shou!d be giiven m pos,ible ~.nd uplii: o:n
the füm1work.
4.2..3.2, For elevated. !loor fomiwork, the appli.ed value
of hori:zo:utal. lood due to w·ind, d\J:mpin:g oí conoret:e,
i.ndi.ned placemenl of ooncte-re, and equipment acting in
any direc• tio:n at ea.ch floor line should produce effecn not
less d:ian d:1e effert of 100 lb/limear ft (1.5 kN/m) oflloor
edge or2 percent of total dead load on the fo:rm d.isocibuted
as a urnifon11 lood per linear foot (meter) of slab ed¡:e,
whidhever is gre,at:er.
4.2..3..3. Fo:r Ivall. a,id. oolmtm form bracing des.ign,
d:1e appl ied value of hori.zonlal lood d1.1e to, wi.nd .:uid.
eccen• tric vertk,al loads should. pmduce elfects not less
dtan die effert of l. OCl IMinear i: ( 1 .5 kNlm) ofwall le.rig~h
or column
\vi.dtb, applied al d:1e
top.
4.2..3.4 F 011nwork ill lmmic.:uie-p:ro:ue regions ~hould be
given s.;pecial cmisiderallio:n i.ti aocordanoe \\~th
ASCEISEI
37.
4.2.4 Speda/ foad.~-llie fü1111work ~hould be designed
for any special condi.tioms of 001tsurucllion likely to
ocrur,
such as unsymmetric-,al plaoement of ooncrete, impact of
machine-J:eli.veted. ooncrete, uplift fliom conoreLe pliessure,
upli ft Íliom wi,id, oonoeuttat:ed loads of reinfotcemeni,
fo:n11 handling loods, .:uid. sto:rage of cmistructiou materials.
Fo:rm d:es.igriers should pmvide far s.;pecial loodi.ng
oonditions, s.uch as Ivalls constructed over s.pans of slab.s.
o:r beams ihat exert a different loadin¡: pat.tem before
hard:ening of conorete ihan that forwhieh Elle suppo:rtmg
mt1otu1ie is desi§ned.
lmposition of any construotiou loadL.o¡ on the paniailly
oomple.ted s.tructulie- should not be al lo,ved, e::roept as
speci• fied in fü11nwork drawings o:r wi11b Elle approval
o,fthe engi• ueer/aJidlitecL Refer to 5.& fur speciall
conditions pertai.ning to mullli:story work.
425 Pos1-lt>11sJ011/,ig loam,-8,ho:res, res:f10:res., and
backshores need. to be at1alyzed für botli ooncrete p!
ace• meni loa.ds and fur al I load tmisfer that takes place
d:uring post-t:ettsio:ning.
4.3-,.,Member capacites
Member capacities fur u.<. :e i.n the design of fo11nworik,
exclu• sive of aoces.:sories, are de termined by the
0
applicabl.e redes o:r specifications listed in Chaplet" 6. Whe,ii
fabr-Jcated fürm• work, s.holiing, or s;c-,affo.lding units are
used, manufaoturer's recommendations fo:r worldng
capacities should be followed if supponed by engineerfog
c-,alculations or test liepmts of a qualified and reoognized.
Lest:ing agemcy. llie effeot:s of cumu• lait!ive load. duration
s.hoo!d be COJlsidered i.n actol'dauce wilh lhe applk,able
design specifü:ation far 1he marerial.
4.4--,;Safety factors for
acce.ssorie.s
Tahl.e 4.4 shows ~ommended. minrimum factors of
safety, based on committee and industry experience,
for formwork aocessories, sudh as fürm ties, fü11n auehors,
and form h.:uigers" ]n sel.ecting diese acres:sor1ies, d:1e
formwork desigrier s:f1ould be cena.in dtat materials.
fumi:shed for ~he job meel ihese minimum ullimate-
stlietigru sal'ety liequ.i.re• ments oompared to ihe unfactoted.
load. Wlhen man1.1facrur• er·~ teoommend:ed factors of
safüty are greater, ~he manu• farturers fecommend:ed
wo:rking capadties should. be used.
Ame1ice111 Concrete lnslitlllia - CopyrignlEct O Male1ial - www.ooocre19.!org
10 GUlaE:1'0 FOf!q'MWOl'IIC FU~ CO:N:O~ETE,(AOl 3471'1-14)
Tabl'e 4.4-Minimum safety facators of gu.ide Elle s.ho:ring amd. resbolii.ng dming coristruction (Noble
fonnwork aeeesscrtes 19'75).
SJíf~I}·
Atti!sitiry r...,oo,· ~.... of <50fi<lnt<:lilon1
Foom lie 2.0 Ali applicati=
2.0 Form\\'OO"k anchors sul1J)Ol1i~ llmn \\'t!ig!tt,
cooclt1e pressures and wi1nd l""'d
a11ly
Fomi a:ndrnr
1.0 Form\\'OO"K a1ncl!ors sul1J)Olli~ llmn \\'t!igl11,
concreta pressures, wind l""'ds, coosD1K:tio11
per,rnrmel live loads, aftd impact
Fmm 2.0 Ali applicati=
liang,,u

Ancli11rin;g 2.0 l'lecw.:oncraie paneh \\'OO" used as.

i=ru. 11:SOO foml\\'OJ'k
¡]¡S, fatrn l ríes
"safl!!ly fa-.:1nr.s. are hue;:I oo tite 11ltirni:Jbe' !l.'lfMIS tb afíhi! a:-~v.·hen
new
'1.fi!~"facb."l.rsof'-lfe!l_yilN!!equi re;:llhyO,SIIA 19'1-b farv.-arl:¡pbtfD11J1 im~.
~-

4.5-,.:Shores
:
Sheres and reshores or backsheees should be designed
to ca:~ry alí loads traesmined to diem. A rarlonal
analysis
(ACI l47.2R and ACI SP-4) should be used to detennme
11he numbee of fleors to be sho11ed, reshored, or
backshored;
and to derermime die loads lrattsmitted 10 the lloors,
shores, and reshores er baekshcres as a resuh of the
oons.truction requerice.
The analysis should. eonsider, but should not
necessarily be l.imited. to:
a) Structural. design load. of llie slab or member
including li.ve load, panitio:n loads, and other leads für
which die engi• neer of füe permanent snueture designed
the slab. Where llie engineer indud1ed a reduoed li.ve
load far d:te design of certarn mernbers and allewaeees for
ooastrucnon loads, sueh vaíues slimdd be shown on the
structural plans and be takee into oonsideratíeu whee
perfo:rmirig Ehis anaíysís,
b) Dead load v.<ei!lhl o,1' Ehe ceaereie ; md fürmworik
e) Consmrction tive loads, such a.~ die placíng erews
and
equ.i;pment or stored
materials
d) Specíñed design strength of concrete
e) Cyde time berween 11he placement of'suecessive
l'foors
t) So:englli of concrete at die time it is required to
support
s.horing loads mm1
above
g) The d.isocilmllio:n oí loads between lloors, shores,
and reshores or backshores at d:te time of pladng concrete,
strip• ping fü111nworik, and removal of reshoring or
bachhoring (Grundy and Kabaila 1963; Agarwal and
Gardner 1974;
Snvaros and Halvorsen 1990)
h) Sp;m of slab er stracnrral member be 1\\'een 0

permauetit
supports
i) Ty¡pe of fünnworik sys.teu1s., that is, ~n of
horizontal fomiw.ork cmn;ponents ;md i.ndividual s.ho:re
loads
j) Minimum age of oonc11e,te wlieti creep de,flection is a
coricem
k) Loads app1ied. due to pon-rensioni,ig cransrer
Cornmerdally availab!e load cells can be placed
under sela:ted sho:res. to rnonitor acrual s.hore loads to
 Field-oons.truc,red buu or lap ~!ices. of timller
shoring are not reoommended. unless they are made wid1
fab:ricated hardware devices. of demoristrated. strength
and. stability. U plywood or lumber ~lices are made fur
~imbe.r s.1mring, they s.hould be designed 10 prevetit
b111dkling. ; md bending of the s.horing.
Befo11e oo:nslruclli,o:n, an overaill plati for saheduling
of
s.ho:ring aru:I reshorn.ng or bachhoring, and ca!cu!.allion
of loadls tnmsferred to the slructure, s.1:tould be prepaied.
by a quail.ified and experienced fünmvork desigrier. The
struc• ture·s capadty to c-,arry these loads should. be
reviev.<ed or approived by the e1igi.needa11chitect. The plan
:md. responsi• bil.ity für i.a exerution remai.n with 1he
contractor.
4.6-Bracin,g and
racin.g
The fo:mnvo:llk system should be desiiµied lo b'ans.fer
all
hori20:ntal load!: lo the .!?íroutld or to oompleted
4.8,....;Settlemeru
construction in such a manner as to ensure safuty at all
times" Diago:nal bracing s.hou!d be pmvided i.t1
ver11ical and horizonlal planes. v.1iere raequ.i.red to 11esist
lateral loods. and to, prevent instabili.ty o,f i.ndividual
members" Holii.zontal lacing CaJl be considered in design
to hold. i.n place and inc11ease the budkling s.tmigd1 of
individual sho11es aud res.ho:res. o:r back• s.ho:res.. Ladng
s.hould be prnllflrl:ed i.n whatever di11ections a11e nece~1ny
to produce die corra:l slettdemess. ralli.o rtr für the load
s.upporiled, v.1iere / is 11he uns.upported. l.engdi and r is
die l.east rnd.im of gyration. llie braoed. s.ystem
should. be aJlchored lo en.<mre stabrlity o,f d1e total
system.
4.7-,Foumdations for
fonnwork
American Coocrale lnstlule - Cqpyrighted O Material -
Proper found!ation.~ on .!?íround, such as rnudsil!s,
s.p:read foolli.ngs, or pile footings, s.hould. be p:rovided_
Fom1work foolli.ngs aJld b:racing anchors should. be
des.igned. to res.ís.t the loads imposed. willhout exoeeding llie
al low·able soi I bearing capadty, without inrutTing
excessive se ttlernents affectimg die forrnwol1k structural
0
integrity aru:I stabil.ity, and withmn devialling ftom the
specified oonc.rete e.J.evation. lfsoi I under mudsills is or
may become i.ttcapable of supporting supe.r• int;posed
loads wi11bout app11eciabl.e ~ulemem, i.t s.hou!d be
stabili:zed or otlher meaiis oí support shoo!d be
provided_ Mudsills sbou!d be protec,ted frnm loss of
soil. bearing streiigd1. Causes rnight include soour due to
running water, nearby excavations., or d:te increa.~e of
rnoiSllllre content camed by die supponing soil becoming
wet or saturated. No concrete sho111!d be placed o:n
fo:rmwo11k supported ot1 1l1'0l!eil
_ground
.
Fo11n,vorik shou!d be designed. aiid. construci:ed. so
llbat
vertical adjustments can be made to oomperisate for
anllid•
pated ialre-up, e!astic defomiatioris, aJld.
settlemeut~t
CHAPTI!R 5-
00N:STRUCTION
5.1...;Safety precautions
Fom1wo11k en1:i1ieers and formwork cmilrac.to:rs
should
follow all state, l,ocail, and federal codes, ordinanoes,
aiid regu!allio:ns pelilaining to forming and s.ho:ring. l1t1
addition to
WWYUJCHOOJete.o¡g
 GI.JJD E ffl FORMW OJUC: FOR oo:N:CRETlE (ACI 347R- 14 ) 11
the very real moral aad legal Jiespons.ibil.it.y to 1mi11tain a)An inefieclli.ve inspertioll prooess.
safe oondi1ions. for workers and the public, safe fo:rremol\li.ngdamaged
construcnon is, in ~he fi:nal analysis, more eoonomical o:r wom materiail(sl, aooess.o:ries, or otlier form.iug
thaii any shon-teem cost savings fmm ruuing corners on equipment having lower s~rengdi thaii ~uiJied
safety pmvisions, b) lmuffidenl nailing, bol~i.ng, weldi1ig., or
Arteetion to s:afoty is pirntirularly s.ignificant i.n fa,;tening e) lns.ufficiem o:r improper laterall.
formwork b:racing
constmcnon dial suppo:11:s. tlie ceaeeete during its píastie
state and until rue concrete beccmes s.truc,rurally self-
supportlng.
Fo.1 loti•ing the design criteria eontained in thris guide is.
essen• tial fo:r eesuring safe performance oftlie forms, AII
snucmral members. and ceenecnons should. be carefujly
planned so that a sound determinatieu of loads may be
aceurately made and stresses calculated,
In additien tothe adequacy of'jhe funi:m'Ork, special
suuc• tures, sueh as muhistory bu.ildings, reqnhe
ceesíderanon ef the llehavior of new·ly oempíeted
snuemral eleeients that are used to s.upport formwork aad
otlie:r censnuetlea loads. Note that ~he sm-engtli ofttewly
eompleted strucmral eíements will be less tlian the4.r final
design s~rengtli.
Formwork failures. can be atínbuted to substandard
mate•
rialls and equipment, human e:rro:r, and lnadequaey in
d:es.ign. CaJieml. supervísíe» and eontinueas inspertion of
formwork during ereenon, concrete plaeement, and
removal can help preveat aceldeers,
Consnucnon procedures should. be planned in
advanee
to eesure ~f1e s:afüty of personnel and tlie integrity of
ilie lini:shed struemre. Sorne of ~he s:afoty provisieus tliat
should be considered include:
a) Erecllion of safe:ty s.igns aiid. barríeades to keep
unau•
thorized personneí olear of ateas in which ereetíoe,
concrete
placing, or s.tripping is under
way
b) Prnl\liding experlenced funnv.'Ork personnel wuh
direct
oommunlcatiea mea:n:s to ~he placi,ig crew, to c1osely
watch during concrete plaeement to eesure earty
Jiecoguillion ef possibíe fonn díspiacemeet or poteetlal
faílures: a s.upply ef extra sbores or otlie:r ,naleriall. and
equípment diat might be needed in an eme,,-ge:ncy should
be readíly avai lable
e) Prol\lisio:n fo:r adequate illuminallio:ti of ~he
formwork
and work atea
d) lndusio:n of l.ifmng points in the d1es.ign and
de tail.ing of all forms. diat v.~ 11 be hoisred by c.ranes. or
0

other lifting equip111enl This is es.peciallly irnportaut i.n

flyin¡: fo:rms. or climbing furms, in the c-,as.e ofwall
furmwork, oon:sid:eration should be given to an
i.nd:epe.tide:nl work platfonn a.dequalely fas.te~ied to tlie
previous l.ifi
e) littúorporation of scaffu!ds., working platforms,
and
guafidrails. into funnwork design and alll fonnwork
drawings f) lncorporallio:n ofprovis.ions. fur
aiidhorageoffüll pmtec• tio1i devioes, such as. personal
füll all\est srstems., safe:ty net
sysrems., and personllel pos.illioning devi.oe
sys.teuis
g) A pmgram oflield s:afoty ins.;pections. of formwo:llk
5.1.1 :Ft1nmi-ork ctmsm1c(Jo11
deficirmc/e.íi,---,Some
oommon oon:swc~io:n delicieucies that rnn l.ead. to
formwmk failures. indud:e:
 d) Failure to oomplywidi maiiufücl.Urer
'srecommeudatiolls e) Failure to oons.truct fonnwork in
acoord!ance !A•idi ~he
fo:rm drawings
f) Failure toobtain fonmvork erig¡ineer's approval
forlield modilic-,alliom
g) Lacik of proper p1iepour fieJd ins.;pection by
compel:e:ttt pers.ons. to e:n:sure dial fonn desigii has beeri
ptoperly inter• preled by form bu.ilders
h) FailuJie to ins.;pect funmvork dul1iug attd afier oo:ttcJiete
plarement to de tect abuonnal d:eflections. or odie:r s.igns.
0
of immine:nt or porential failuJie dial should. be conerted
S.LLI E_~amp!e.t of deficle11cles {11 ver/leal
formw.ark•
Con~truction d:elkiettdes some:times fouttd in venicall
fom1- work includ:e:
a) Failure to cmilrol rate ofpla.reme:nt ofooncre:te
wiiliout regard. to design pa:rame:ters
b) lnadequately tighrened. or s.ecured fom~ lli.es. or
harrnvare
e) Form dainage in excavallio:tL-.¡ res.ullliug frnm ernbank•
melll foiluJie
d) Use of extemal vibrators. on forms nol designed for
the:irus.e
e) Deep 1\/ib:rator penelration of earlier semi-liardened. l.itls
f) lmproper framing ofblockouts
g) lmpmperly located. or oo:nswcted pouring pocke:ts.
h) ltiadequately supported bulkhe,ads. o:r oons.truction
joittt fo:rmwork
i) lmproperly aiichored top fum:L-<¡ mi a sloping fa.re
j) Failure to, assess and cmilrol co1ic;rele properti.es.
and
adm i:nure effeots with res.pect to conorel:e lateral pres.sure
k) Failure to proivi de adequate s.uppo:11 fur lateral
pressuJies on formwork
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1) Failure to recognize and Jiesolve foJices at l,ocaJ:ions.
in the formwork where lateral pres.sure is 1iot resisted by
fo:nn ties., s.uch as. at l"-inte:rsecllio:tL-.¡ of wall Is. and at
outsid:e oomers m) lns.talllation of lateral bracing at
steeper angles ruan d:e.s.igned, res.ultlng in an inability to
mai.ntai.11 lateral s.tabi lity,
plumb, and all.ignme:tlt ofdie fo:rmwo:llk
n) Pladng collc;rere i.n sudi a mmmer thaJ:
unbala.iired
foroes afie appl.ied. lo w·all. opening blockoul~ causing
de:fl~•
don or dis.plareme:nt of die blockout form
o) Failure to prol\lide adequate b:racing Jiesulting ill
atrempts to plumb forms against cmic;rete weight, wind.
load:s, or od1e.r hori:zontall. fo:roes
p) [nadequat:ely s.upport:ed. wa11 furm or column form
paneJs
'l) lnadequate fastening of tlie fo:rm to, p1iel\/ÍoIL-.¡
ooncJieJ:e
plaremenl or fu1mdatimi
S.1.1.2 Example.~ ofdefu::Jencle.r /11
ho1°l=o1ualformwm·k• Constructio11 deliciencies
some:times. fuuud. in horizontal fo:rms for eil.evated
s.trucmres. indud:e:
a) Failme to properly regulate the sequenoe of placing
concrete to al\loid unanllidpated. loadings on die fonmvocik
b) Sho:ring 1iot ph.1mb, d1IL,; indudt1g lateral loadillg
and reduci ng vertical load capacity
e) Locldng devii:;es o,i meral s.horing nm locked,
inoper•
ati.ve, or 1niss.ing. Safety nails miss.ing on adjustable
I.W(l •
piere wood s.ho:res.
d) Failure lo aroounl for villration from adjaoe,it
moving
!oads or load ca~riers
l2 GUH!lETiO FO~MWORK FU~ CO:N:OR.ETE,IACl 347R-l4)

AIQl'llli CLP- . [ ----=U::P.:U=I;F:

T •GAP
f IClli 1
,,
IUJDSILL

¡~ u',i
e) Forms should be suffidently tighl to minimi:z:e less of
mortar from the coeerete
t) Pour wlndows or peckets m.ay be neces.,.;acy ill watl
Ftg. 5.1.1.la-imuiequau: bearlng under forms or other bigh, narrow fonns to f.adlitate concrete
nu1dsiil. placemem and villraJ:ion.

e) Inadequately tightened. or secured sheres and.

reshores including bardware or wedges
t) Leesening er premamre removal of reshores or back•
shores under ñoors
below
g) Premature removal of suppons, especial ly under
canti•
levered
seetiens
h) lnadequate bearmg area or unsuitabie soi] under
mudsilts (Fig. 5.1.1.la)
i) Mu.:bills placed on lro!ZCn ground sebject to
~hawirig
nr mi samraied ground; mudsñls placed prior to a large
rain event during whieh water aecumulates and washes
ihe soil out fton1 under 11be sill
j) Conllecllion of sheres to joists, smngers, o:r wates
11hal
are inadequate lo resist uplift or tersien ar joinls (:refer
lo
Fig. H.
l.21l)
k) Failute !O cons.ider effeets cif load transfer dial
can
oceur during pos.t-tensio:ning (tefur to 5.!
1.6)
1) Failure to pertorm, decament, and füllow up
mi
ptep1acement fonm1•0:tik
ins.pections.
m) Kirik.ed, beat, or odierwi:se damaged shoring
equipmenl
n) luadequate sboring and braemg o,f compos.ite
eenstnicñon o) ínadequate llracing für horizontal loads
due to, wind or
other honzental
forces.

5.2....Construcli.on praetlees and wor~manshi p

5.2.1 rabr/ca1fo11 and a.m!:111hly de:taJll/,----The
fo11owirig
are examples of good cousíructien
practice:
a) Pmpe.rl.y splieed snids, wales, stmngbacks, shores,
and
otber meeibers of'two o:r mote
pieces,
b) Shores should be installed phnnb wit1hin dte
allowable ties
e) Spedned size a:ru:I capacity -of furm er
cfamps should be used,
d) Al I form ties or clamps should be irislalled and
properly
llig¡hteued as specilled. AII thtea.:b sbould fully etigage
the mil or oouplin:g_. A double nut may be required to,
de.velop the full capacity of the tie,
 si:z:es s.o tliat it is not trapped behi.nd lile lieiinfo:rcing
.......
.. s.teel. By doirig ~l:tis., füe formwork can be removed more
ea.,;ily aiid, in sorne cases, te.osed_
5.2~2.3 When required by the comr.act dorume.nts,
Flg. 5.1. J .lb-Upllfl efformw.ark Connec:lltm ef beveled insem ait oontro.l. or oo:utraction joints. should be
shores ,o
jol.m {JJU/ strlnger.~ .tho11id hold shores 111 place: whe:11 l.eft uiid.i:s" lmbed wheii forms ate s.tripped, a:nd dten
t1pllfl remo\'ed only after tlie ooncrete ha.,¡ been s.ufficiently
1W ltw.tlon cured.
OCC'ltl'l'. 5.2~2.4 Wider wood featute snrip.s., teve.als, or
rus.tic-.allio:n<.;
g) Fabricate ganged fo:mnvo:tik, tables, and columt1 inserted fo:r alicfliitecturall. tt'eaitmeut c-.an be keñe.:1 otl dteir
furms baek sides so a_,¡ lo allow for expansimi 10, take place in
,m a füilable pfatfunn, ho:rses, or other mean<.; of the wood:en piece a_,¡ a res.uh o,f moisture absorption.
supporl to a.,;sulie co:~rect and square geometry, s.traighl hori:zo:utal. to 1 vertical sllould be proiyiífed I\l'illl a top
fonnwook ed:g_es, a:nd the absenoe o,fbu.ilt-11 warp witltin torm
to.l.eraiices. to, llold the shape of the oo:uc~e.te durin:g_ pfacement, utt!
5.2.2 Jo/ms In ,CO IICfi'! (I!' ess. it ca:t1 be demo:n:snrated thait the top fo:rms. can be
5.2.2.1 Co:ntraction joittts, ex¡pansion joints, contlfOI omine.:!.
joinis, s..2A Fm·mv.'Ork i1Hpe:crlo11-TI1e impec1lio:n
cmistructimi joints, and isolalli.:m joillts shoul.d be ins.t:iil should. be perfo:m1ed. by a persoti certilied as. an ACI
led as specified in the coiillrac,t documents (Fig. 5.2.2.1) Concrete Cons.truction Special [ns;pecto:r or a person
o:r as raequested by the oontractor aiid. apptoved. by the baving equiva• len! formwork trnining attd lrno\\1.edge.
engineer/ arohitecL a) Fo:rmwol1k sbould be inspecied. for com;plianoe wiih
5.2~2.2 Bulkheadls fur construcllion joinl:s s.hould the
ptefur• formwork
ably be mad'e by splitting ~he sbeathing allo:ng tlie li drawings.
nes of tlie reinforcemetit (eitlier ve.nically or b) Forms sliooM be i.n:specred and checl'Jed before lihe
ho:ri:z:onrally) pa.,;sing tl1rough the lllllld1ead, and rei,i•
installing the supports sucfi tíhat the slie.atlii.ttg fotd.ng steel is. pfaced to confirm tliat ~he dimensio:ns
materiall is supporred almig these cuis aiid. is aud. tlie locaúon of ~he üoncrete members wHI. conform to
supponed frequetitly enough to limit its deflectimL the s.tructural pfans..
Cons.truction joint formwork s.hou!d be made in s.uch
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 G' IJJD E 'l'O FORM WO J!UC FO~ OO NCR EliE (ACI 347R- 14)
FORJ.llr.lG IN THE:SE S?Ar.lS
SHOULID REIM\UII lt,I PLACE UNTIL.
ADJACEtfT SPAN IS PL.ACED. TO PREV5N'1'
POSSIBLE
DEFLECTION AT OONSTRUCTIONI JOINrT'
::,'""""":
1----,--,...,-,-~----------,---""'"'=---i-----(----------------
:, .m- . •T .. ,, ,. -~ .. . vr1- .. ► .i
.,
~ -
rlg. 5. 1.1.1-Formlng and .Morlng 1-es1ral11t~ ar con.ttn.1clio11 Jol11t~ {11 .rnp.poned slabs..
e) Blockouts, inserts.sleeves, anehors,
andotherembedded items should be properly identíñed,
positioaed, end secured. d) Fo:nn1vo:cik should be checked
fo:r required eamberwhen speciñed in the contraer
documents or shown on tlie fonn• work dra\lioi.ng:s"
Formwork eambee should be measured aJter casung but
before post-tenslonmg and ~tripping nf shcres.
Permanent eamber shoald be measured al soffit both
before
and after stripping.
S.2.5 C1~t1lt1Ip a.nd coatingr-Fonns should be thorooghly
cleaned of all dirt, mertar, and fu:reign matter and
eoated wilh a release ageut befere each use. Wlhere the
bottom of the fmm is iuaooessib1.e from wlthm, aeeess
pa,iels shoull:I be províded ro pennit tho:roogli removal of
exnaneous material before píacing concrete, Jf surfaee
appearance o-1' tlie concrete is. hnpertant, fenns shoald not
be reased if damage from previous me would cause
impainnem l:O concrete surfaces,
Form ooatings. shoujd be appli.ed in aceordaace with
the manufacmrers' mstrucdons before placi,ig o-1'
reinfurcing steel and should not be used in s111dh quanntles
as to run o:nto bars or concrete conseucnon jeints.
5.2.6 Comt11tc:l!OJ1 opera1l/:mJ; on 1he/orm.i,.T1/'t-
6uilding materials., i.nduding concrete, should nol be
d'.ropped or pil.ed on lhe furmwork in sueh a ma1mer as. to
damage or overíoad iL Runways fur movirig. Ntuipment
should. be ptovided \\~th struts or legs as required and
should be supported .:limltly on the formwork or suucrural
member, They should not beer cm or be supported by the
reinfürcing steel unless special bar supports are provlded,
Tite furmwork sllould be suírable for the suppert of sucfi
runways \lioithout sigmñcant detlections, vibrations., or
lateral mevemeets,
5.2.7 Loadlng' new slaltf~Overloading of new slabs by
teui;porary marerial. s.tocl:piling. o:r by early ap:plic-a~io:n of
permanent !oads s.hould be avoíded Loads, such a_,¡
aggre• gate, lumber, reinfurcing steel, masonry, or
n.i.aciii.nery should ,iot be placed mi new eonstrucjíon in
such a manner as. to damage or overload iL
5.3-To!lerances
"íolerance is a perm.issib!e 111ariation fmm lines, grades., or
dimensio:n,.¡ giiven in oonlract dooomenK S.ugges.ted.
roler•
ances fur oonc11e te s.tnmrures. CaJl be found in ACI
0 s.ped fy speciail. IOleram:ies or i.ndicate whicb lol.erallre
117.
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13
OL".lt.l!!l ffllJC'lll l'.l:N .IL".lllff
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- 1'
I 1
I' 1
111
,11
1,
'1
1 ~
Table 5.3.1-Perm.irted abru,pt or gradual
irregulari:• ties in1 fonned surfaces as measured
with.in a 5 ft (1.5 m) ren.gth with1 a stmightedge
A B C D
1111 in. (J n11n) 1/4 i!III. (6 mm) 1 /2 i•- l 13 1,mo) 1 im. (2S nm,)
The cmilractor shou!d set and maiutait1 ooncrete
forms, indudmg. any s.peciñed c-amber, ro 1msu11e completed
work is wttlii.n the rolera:nce limhs..
s.J. I Recommenda.tton.~ fM e11gimterla.rch/1ec:1 a11d
coor11·ac100--Tdlerances should be specified. by llhe
engii.neert architect so that the oontractor wiH know
predseJy \\1iat is requíred and can de.~igJl aiid maintain
the fo:rnm•orl:: acrord• ingly. Spedfying. rolerances more
exacli.ng than needed can increase eo1istruc1Jio,i oosts. lt
s.hou!d. be ooted that roleranct>S no:ru:i.ally fuund in
cons.truction s.pedficallious, sucli as tliose in ACI l l 7, are
for the a~-lmih conm~te memben: and not the fo:nmvork
used to shape these member-s. F onmvork sho111ld. be
oonstrucred \li111h s.uch diu1ensions so the resultlng
coricrete members alíe within the ,pedlied dime.nsio:nal
tolerances..
The engineer/architect should. spedfy tol.er.mces. or
require performa1ire appmpriate to• the t)'pe of
oonsttuc•
don. s;pedfying rnlerances mofe stringem thaJl oommonly
ob1ained. fur a s.pedñc type of constructioll should be
avoid:ed, as. this usually resul.ts. in .:lis.;putes amo:ng the
p:mies in,'01.ved. Fo:r example, specifyi.ng permitt:ed
irraegularities more s.tringent ruan ~hose allowed. for a
Class D surfare ('fab!e S.l. l) is. i.neompatible with most
oonc11ete o:ue-way ( lap pan.,¡) joi~t oons.mmtion
techniques.. As a maner of prac• tica! con~truc.tion, lap
pa1is will not provide Cla!.s. D in all 1 cases, pa:rtioolarl.y
\li~ien subjec,t to feuse mi a project.
Where a p:roj,ect invol111es katures s.ensitive lo• ihe cumu!
a• tiw effect oí roleranees o:n i.ttdividual portio:ns, tlie
engineerl a11cbntt>el should aiitidpate an.:I pmvide fur
this effec,t by setting a cumulalli.ve tolerance. Wlhere a
panicular situation in1110.l.ves. severa! types. of general ly
accepl:ed lo.l.eraiires. on items sudl:1 as oonc.rete, location
ofreinfurrement, a1id. füb:ri• cation of teinfo:ooement,
\\1i1ich become mutua!ly i.noompat• ib!e, the
engineer/ardhit:ect s.hould aiiticipate the difficu!ty and
govems. Tite project spedlications sbould dearly state
diat a permitt:ed 111ariatio11 i.n olle pa:141 of tlie co:nslruclio:n
or in
14 , G Um E 'ID FORMWORK FUR CON:ORETE,(AOI J47R-14)
eme secnon of the specifieations sbeuld uet be coasnued exposute. lfpermitted irregularities are dHferent írom
a_-,¡ tliose g¡iven i.n ·rabi.e 5.3. l, diey shou!d be s.pecilied by
pennitting violanon of llhe more srn-ingent requiremeets the engineerlardhitecL
for
:my otlier pan oftlie ceastmcdon or in :my otlier sueh
speci•
fícarion section,
The engineerrarehltect should be respons ible for coor•
di,iating 11he teíeraeees fur ceaeeete wo:ik wiru llhe toler•
aeee reqiurements of odier lrad:es. whose work adjoins
the concrete constructica. F or example, die connecdon
deta]] for a bu.ildillg's füf,:ide should aceommcdate tlie
tole.rance nmge for the lateral alígnmem and el.evaJtion of
11he perimeter ceaeeere member.

5.4,..., lrr,e gurarities ini formed

sulifaces
ACI 347.JR prn/1/ides. detaited guidance and medt~
fur
pmducing and evaluaJting concrete formed surfaces, Tbis
section pmvides. a summ.ary of ways of evahiatiug
surface varfallio:n-.,¡ due to furming quality but is. uet
intended far eval• uaJtion of surface defects, such a_-,¡
surface veids (bugholes a.lld. blowholes), and boeeyoomb
artnbutable to, placillg and comsolida~i.on deñciencies,
These are more fu! ly explained by ACI l47.JR and ACI
Jll9.2R. AHowable inegu!.arities are designared eitlier
abrupt or gradual. Olf~ts and fins tesulting fmm
displaced, mismatched, or misplaced forms, s.heaJt!ling, or
lillers, or fmm defects in forming marerials are
censidered abrupt hregulariaes. Jrregularities resulting from
!A>arpillg aed similar unifom~ varianons fmm planeness
or
true curvanrre are ooasldered gradual
irtegularities.
Gradual 1.~regularilli.es. sbould be ehecked with a swaighl•
edge for plaee surfaces or a shaped templare for
curved or warped surfaces, [n measuring irregulanties of
plane surfaces, ihe straightedge can be plaeed anywhere
on the surface in a.iiy direcnoa,
Four elasses of fmmed surface ate defüied in AC 1 117-1
ll,
4.8.J (Table 5.J. l ). Tite engineer.farchitect should
indlcate
\,rhicli elass is iaiuirred fur the work being speeiñed or
ind]•
cate 011her irtegu!arity limits where needed; or 11he eoacrete
surface toleranoes as specífied in ACI 301-1 O, 5.3.3.3,
with fo~-facillg_ materials meenng llhe requirements of
ACI JOl-lO, 2.2.U, should be fullowed.
Class A is suggested far surfaces prominently expesed
lo public view where a.ppe,:ira.iire is of special
importanoe.
Class B is mtended fur coarse-,te-xrured, concrete-
furmed
s.urfaces inreooed to recei.ve plasrer, srucco, o:r \Vainscoti1ig,.
Cla,;s C is. a general standard. for perma.iiently e:i::pored
s.urfaces \\1iere other fü1i:shes arre nol specified_ Class. D is
a minimum,-qu:ality tequ.i.remeut for s.urfaces where
rouglme.,;s
- is not objectionable, u:sually app1.ied. \\1iere surfaces will
be
pmuane1itly
cmirea!.ed.
Co:ns~ruclli.on mediods sucli as. using metal fürm
pans
prnvide a f\nish uruque to itself and s.hould be given
special cmisiderallion by the engineerlardhitecl
Specia!. liinits on i.~regularili.es. can be needed for surfares.
continuous.ly exposed.to llowing waJter, drainage, or
5.5-,.:Shorin.g and cen,ter'ing
5.5.l SJui;-lng-The desigJi pr,ocess and cons.truction prac•
llices should. be in acoordance \,•itli AC 1 347.2R. Shoring
s.hould be supporred mi satisfartory foundallio:ns, sudh a.-:
s.;prea.d fuotings., mudsil Is., slabkll:t-,¡i;round, piers, c-,:iiss.otts,
or pil.ing, as discusred in 4.7.
Shores res.tirig mi inlermed.iai:e slabs. or odier construrtimi
a!.rea.dy in place need. not be located. dirertly above shores
or re~ho:res. below, uuless. ~he slab thiclmess a.iid. tlie loca.•
Ilion of iis reillfuroement arre inad:equaJte to take die revers:al
of momems a.iid. puncbi.ng sbe,:ir_ llie reversa!. of bending
momenl:s i.n tlie s.lab over ~he shote o:r reshore befow rna.y
ocrur a-,¡ shown in Fig,. 5.5. la. If reshores do llOt aligJi witli
die sbores above, the-1i calcu!ate for revers.a!. o,f momenK
Ci-enerally, ~he moment illdured by llhe dab dead loads.
will nol be teversed by die effecl ofhaving die upper shote
off~l ill locaJtion fmm llhe teshote below. Reshotes
s.hould be ptevented. fmm fall.ing by sucli meatL<¡ as spring
clip.s. at the lop o,f reshores and positively aJttaching
perimeter reshores ba.ck 1.nto die interio:r of die s~ructure
wiih app:rop.riate lacing or bracing,. The res.ho:ring pla.ii
should be s.ub:mitted. to the engineerla11chitert fo:r review
telared to effecis o:n permanent s.truc,tures.. Multi-tier
shorillg-sing,1.e-pos.t s.horing in two or more tiers-is a
dangerous praotice aud is not recommended (tel'er to Fig.
5.5.1 b).
\Vhere a slab load is. supponed ori orie s.ide of ~he be,:im
only (te-fer to Fig,. 4.1.4), edge bemn forms. should be c-,:ite•
fully planned to prevenL rotaJting of tlie bemn side form due
to, un~ual loading. Ali members should be s.trariDtt a.iid. true
witliout nvists or bends. Speciall aJtte-1ition should. be
given lo be,:im and slab oon.,;truc~io.n or o.ne- a.iid. two-wa.y
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joist construrtion to prevent loca!. overloading whein a
heavily load:ed s.ho:re rests 011 a. llhin s.lab.
Ve.nical shotes s.hould be erected so diat tliey ca.imot lli
ll a.iid. shou!d have a nm, beari.ng. [nclined shores shou!d
be lira.red serurel;• against slipping, sl.iding, o:r budklillg_,.
"íhe bea:ring ends of shores s.hould be squarre to ~he
s.upported member. Wedges may be rut and iustalled
to acbi.eve ful!. beari.ng mi sloped surfüres. or wi~h
inclined. suppon members. Co:nnec,tions. of shore he,:ids.
lo otlier framillg should be adequate lo preve-1it tite
shores fmm fa! lillg out
1vl:ten reverred be.rid.ing causes upward delfoction of
the
forms (tefur to Fig.
5.l.l.2b).
S...'.i.2 Ci?1Uer1Jr~When ce-1iterillg is used, lowering
is generall.y aooomp1hhed by ~he u~ of sa.iid. jadks,
jad:s, or
1vedges beneaJth die supportirig membiers. Fo:r die s.pecial
pmblems. ass.odated. wi.th ~fte ootts~rucllion of rentering
fur folded piares, thiri s.hell:s, and. long-spam roof structutes,
refür
10, l!.4.
5.6-lnspeotioni and adjustm,ent of fonnwork
l-lelpful information about fumts befare, duriing, and
afte.r cmic;rel:e placemenl ca:t1 be found i.n ACI SP-2, ACI
SP-4, a.id. AC I J l l.4R.
5.6.1 Be/ore cr»rcl'l!te p!aceme1t1-Tellta!.e devfoes
should be ins.ta! led o:n s.hores or fümL-,¡ to detert
fürmwork move• ment~ during conc;rel:e placeu1enl and
wedge~ used fur final
 GUIDE TO FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACI 347R-14)
15

' - - -
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~ . . .. ·- -
r
•CO~ITE

J;K>flll
l
~~Ml
1 - -- -- -
. .
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. - lOlDCNC. ADIACDIT
IIIUi\llrASl! IU4 0tN-0 -'
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tH.HCAHCAUH

hOM.OA ..,_cd..ofl
ti HOT Offlt!.C'TlY
anow l,tOtit lNC
r.i,
IT 11 IÍ ¡· 1

Ftg. 5.5. la=Reshore tnstaltauon. Improper postuomng o/ shore from ftoor 10

floor can create bendtng stressesfor 11 h,ch the slat: 1rns 1101 designed.
alrgnrnent befare concrete placernent should be secured
in
posmon before the final check.
Formwork should be anchored to the shores below so that
undesired movement of anypan of'tne formwork system
will be prevented dunng concrete plaeemem, Such
anchorages should be mstalled m sueh a way as ro allow
for anucipared take-up, seulement, or deñecuon of the
formwork members. Addmonal height of formwork
should be provrded to allow for closure of fonn jomts,

il
seulements of mudsills, shnnkage of lumber, and ~
elasnc shorterung and dead load deñecuons of form
members. Where appropnate, the dimen• sional value ofthe
expecied shorterung effects may be stated
m the formw ork design draw 1 ng..~.
Posruve means of adJusunent (wedges or jacks)
should be provided 10 pennn reahgnment or readpisunent Fnime Shorintl In stacked Shores
of shores Bnicecl Towers
1f settlement occurs. AdJusm1ent dunng or after
concrete plaeement shoutd not be performed,
5.6.1 Dunng and afier concrete plocemenr-Dunng
and after concrete placement, but before uuual set of F,g. 5.5./b--Jáll .1hor/1rg should be fully braced.
tlie lWcked single sl,ores III Mo or more uers 1s dangerous.
concrete, the elevanons, eamber, and plumbness of
form•
work systems should be checked using telltale devices.
sequences of erecuon and removal of shonng and
This informauon 1s useful for the next ume the forms are reshonng
on Lhe fonm~o1 k draw-
used 1n a smular conñgurauon, Fonnwork should be ings.
conunuousty watched so lita! any correcuve measures
5. 7 .2
found necessary can be promptly made. Fonn watchers Recommendatló/lS
should always work under safe condmons and estabüsh in 5.7.1.1 TI1e eng111eerlarch11ec1 should specify the
advance a method of commumcauon wuh the placmg crews nununum streneth of the concrete tita! should be
m case ofernergency, Sm11e eorrecnons lih.at may h~ possíMe reached before
are sto¡pp'tng excess leakage, slowi11g die rate of po111r for remo~al of forms or shores. The strength can be
vertkal membe;rs 11l111 show signs ofdísness, adding nes or determ111ed by tests. mi field.-oored specimens or on in-
hraemg from rhe outside of bulgi,ig forms, llig¡htetií.ng place co:ncre te. Other cmic<rete tests. ar pmcedures. (refer to
0

bracíeg, adrling b:radng, and
adding shores 10, preven! additlnnal
dellection.
5.7-iRemoval of fonns e.nd :su,p ports
5.7.1 Dlsc1,ss/o-Althm1gh the coatractcr is
generally responsible fo:r desigu, constractlon,
andsafetyoffomiw.ork,
concrete strength, age critería, or all, for remeval of
forms or shores should be specifi ed by die
e11gineer/arcl11tteci:. Tihe fo:nmvo:llk erigi neerlco1111racto:r
shou!d oommu111kate specific
ACI 228 .1 R) c-,an be used. sucb a.,; die maturity mediad,
pene.ttation res.is.tallre, or p11! !out tes1S, but 11hese methods.
should. be oo:~related. to ~he acrual co,ic;rete mixture used in
the ¡moject, period.ical1 ly veri• lied by jo~uted. specimens.,
and a:pp:roved by die engineerl ardütecl The
engineer/a:rchilec,t should. s.pecify who will make 11he
~hnens. and who will perform the tests.. Resutis of sueh
tests, includillg such values as q1.inder oomptes• si.ve
snrengdi, eyli.ttder size, a:ud cylinder \veiglil, as weH as.
teoo:rd'.s o.f \li<e.adier condithms ad odter pertin1mt infur•
matiom should. be reoorded by ihe co:ntracior or ~he
person
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16 GULDElO FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACI 347R-14)

INCORRECT: FQfU.15 Al'D

SHICJRINO STRIPPEO IN TH IS "ANNER
Vl!l l CAU SE STRFSS RFVl:RSAJ. 111 THF
r,<'l)lllf STR P

..;.., .

a
'
r 1
1
u
CORRECT: BYSlíllPf't NO ™E
IIO OLESTíl <'ftRST, Tl1E SLAB VIIU.
Ocr LECT AIIIO BE LQ,t, C>E O "'5 OE
SIONHl

F/g. 5. 7. 2.1-Smppmg sequencefor IWO-ll'á)' slabs.

designated m the contraer documents. lt should be
clearíy stated rf a rmrumum time after ptacemeer is a
requirement to stnp forms m adduion to the normal
1mn1mu111 compressive strength requrrement,
Deternunanon of the ume of' form removal should
be
based on the resulung effect on the concrete. When
forms are stnpped, ihere .should be no excessrve
deñecuon or disroruon and no evidence of damage to the
concrete due to euher removal ofsuppon orto the
smppmg operanon (F1g.
5.7 2.1) lf forms are removed before the speerñed cunng
1s completed, measures should be taken to connnue the
cunng and provrde adequate thermal proteeuon for the
concrete. Supporung forms and shores should not be
removed trom beams, ñoors, and walls unul these structural
unus are strong enough 10 carry thetr own \\e1gh1 and any
approved super• unposed load. In no case should
suppornng torms and shores be removed from horizontal
members before lhe concrete has achreved the stnppmg
str-ength specified by the engmeer/ arclutect, Shores
supporung post-tensioned consirucuon should 1101
removed unul sufficient 1en.~1011mg force 1s applted to
suppon the dead load, formwork, and anucipated
cousíruetiea loads,
As a general rule, die vertical fonm for coíumas,
walls,
beam sides, and piers can be removed befo:re ho:rizolltal
forms fur beams and slabs.. Fo:rm\vo:llk aad shoring
s.hould be censnueted so dial each can be easi ly and safely
tenrnved without impaci or shock, and pemlil die concrete
sent, The temperamre ofthe concrete whrle eunng, not
the ambient arr ternperature, 1s an imponam factor m the
strength gam of concrete fhe cunng ume and concrete
temperarure récords can serve as a basis to asstst the
engmeer/arclutect wuh revrew or approval of form
smpptng
5.7.l.3 Because tl1e nurumum smppmg ume is u_-.
¡ually a funcuon of concrete screngtlt, tl1e pret'erred
metllod of deterrrumng smpp1ng ume 1s a compa.nson
of the actual strengtll gamed 10 the strength requ1red for
stnpp1ng Lhe element. Walls, column.~, and beam s1des
can usually be stnpped at fa1rly low concrete strengths.
Soffits or slabs, beams, and otJ,er elevated wori need
grea1er streng1h to be self-supponmg and carry tmposed
COllSIJ1JCIIOll load..~. ACI 301 hsts tests of Job-cured
cylmders, severa! tests of concrete 1n place, and
evaluaoon by u,e matunty method as ncceptable methods
of detemrnung field strengtlL When Lhe contrae!
documents do no1 spec1fy the mm1mum concrete
strength requ1red at Lhe orne ofstnppmg, 1he engmeertarch1-
lec1 should be consulted and metltods d1SCussed m ACI 301
be should be used for determming appropnate form
removal criteria. The elapsed times shown tn Table
5.7.2.3 may be
used as guida:nce fo:r dererm.iuing s~rippirig time ror
ge~ieral
planning purposes. "íhe times. sbown rep:resent a
cumulaJtive
m1mbe1· of days, or hoors, nol ttecessaliily conserutive,
d111ri1ig, whidi ihe temperature of die air surmundillg the
co:ncre te is ahove 50"'F ( IOºC). lf high-e,arl;r-strength
0

ID c,arry its share of ihe load !'iradm1l ly aad un1i fo:nnly. cmic<rele is used, diese periods ca:t1 l>e teduced as approved
S. 7..l.2. The removal of furm.~ supports, and by die engilleerl arclütecl Conversely, ifambi.enl
pml~tive enetosures, and lhe disconnnuanon of heaJting lemperatures remain befow SCl"F ( 1 O~C), or if 11e tarding
0

and eurmg shoutd follow the reqnnements o,f dte
contraer documents. When standard. beam or cylinder tests
ate used to de te.mline strípping times, test specimens
0
should. be cured undee eondi• tions that are ,iot more
favorable than die most unfavorabte coedírlens for dte
ceeeeete that the test specimen-..¡ repre-
agents ate 111sed, dien these perioos should. be incteased
al dte .:lis.cretimi of die engi• neerlardhi~L Shoner
stripping times listed for Uve !oad to d:ead. load ratios.
gre,aler d1a:t1 1.0 a11e the tesult of mote tesetve s.tretigd:i
bei.ng availab!e fo:r dead load i.n absetice o,f li.ve load at die
time of s.tripping. 11 is important to note dial die
tempernru:re of the co:ncte.te is tlie key to s.t11e1ig,di gain,

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 mJJDETO FORMWUFUC FO~ 00:N:CREli E {AC I 347Ra14) 17

To.ble 5.7.2.3-Gu.idance for stripping time when contract documents do, not specify sttii,pping time
or a•ippin.g strength requi md
Slntcln..,;ll ll,·e l,;a>d nil'.I fl'l!at,,~ S111u<flm1JJ1 [lve l,;•d ~ illler th••
Strn,¡¡tnrlil ~tliM!•I ~ppon ell d1•• il]fD<lttifill 11..,;¡.d lüJi.d strn,¡¡tnrlll ll,;•d l~•d
\\'ali, 12 ha11r:s 12 hours
Colt1outi" 12 ha11r:s 12 hour s
Sides ofbeam.,, 01,di ginfilr" 12 hrn1r:s 12how.!l
l'on ji>i•t lbrrn,t
30 in. [7611 mrn) "ido or les• ) doys ) doy,.
Owr )O ¡.,_ (760 OIDI) wide 4 ,do}'S 4 doy,.
Arclt eerm!f!! 14 day• 1 doys.
Jaist, 11ea,n 0/f guoor sam1,
U~ 1 O ft l1 1n) cíear •PI!•
betwee. saruc,w,al •uPJJOrl• l day,: 4 doys.
IO to 20 11 (3 la 6 m) et.!or span bea,.""" strum,rol su¡,p,,ru. 14 ihys.: 1 doys.
Owr :20 fl (6 m¡ cleer spar, l>e1v.•ee:n struetura! supporl• 21 ihys.: 14days
Oti e-v.•ay ftoi>r •i,,bs
Ullikr IO ftl1 m) clear •PI!•
beN•ee. S1ruc1w,al <uPJJOr1• 4 day•: ) doys.
IO to 20 11 (3 la 6 rn) e!;,ar span bew.""" srnocrurol su¡,p,,ru. Owr :;o fl (6 l days= IOohys.; 4 doy,.
m¡ .::loar spa• l>t!:1"'••,m s11Ueturnl supporl.~ 1 doys.
'Iwo-way sial> sym,rns1 Rer,1,.,,al 1irne• ara 00111rnger,i or, placen>eot ofreshi>re• ~ere required,
RE:"11üre.s sl1üulll be plaeed •• soon a• pectic:ob'lo aftm sarip¡,iog operatio11S ""'
00111ple10 lltJt
~t laiet llla:n die md of LOO "'Olki•g .day in "'llii!'h sarip¡,ir,g eccurs. \Vltere
rasllüre.s
are req11ir.:d 1a u..p!.!1ne:ni ea1ly strippíng whllo minimizing !1.!l!l or ereep trotlll!:l'
than ll>r di<1ñbutioo of •LIJl"'irnpos,d ei>11S.1ruc1ioo li>ads "-• oov....i ¡., Sj¡l,
c:o¡"'city ....i SJl<l"lll;!!, i>fsui>h res11üre.s sliould be dl?sig1>ed hy iha fmmwo.,k
eoginei,,1/comrociar
aoo ..,..,¡.,.,..,.¡ by die
er,~i.n..,o':archiracc.
l'o,;1 c.,i,,ioi,ed •i,,b <yst...11 M s:oon as. po,;r-00115.Íooi•g opermioos l"'w b""11. co1'1Jlleied and Ol'J'l' O~-.d
'V.'l'lierc .suchi ÍDmt5.illsa .ni¡:p.,:rl ínmn. ot fur steb DI' bewn .sm&ls.. th~ TffllMiill lirm'Ji oí l~ httl!r .ihool d ga\ '-1511

tor~ l)pe lftnit Cml be ren eved Wlithmil tis tlab:in~ ÍIMim iTij!: m shDfiing .
tv.'b.erc faJ111!li CiJD be rern,m•.e::l 1,1,ithm.111 diJ'lurnlll,5 .sh.,,es., use half cd",ilhle,¡
.ihi:n.11 '0011 nnt l~ titan 3 dilys

'JR,efer ta S«t1<m i:S far spocizd oornlitaau, ilff~i:ta,g tt.e- rmrnl:fl' Dfflncn; to cm1aini sheeed ar reshL'imd.
not die amblent air temperamre, Ambient alr
temperature is. onlly used ill llhis. case to show a miniumm
ambient air temperarure dial \\•ill still allow concrete
temperanires to be adequate for proper cemenl hydratian.
Co:nc11ete tetti.perarure in,ide forms c:m vaiy depending on
die ty¡pe of fürms u!red and :my medioos diat are emp1oyed
to 11edure heat los, ftom unformed. surfares., s11ch as. the
top of a wall or to¡p of a s1ab. ACI 305R and ACI JlláR
prnvi.de furdter disc11s,icin o,íliow ambienl air lemperatu11e
affects oonc11ete s.t11e1igdl gain..
5.8=-Sh.or'ing and r,e.sh.orlng
mul,tistory
slructures
This s-ec,tion discus!res. methods of shoring attd
res.haring of multis.tory s.trucrures and pmvid.es gelleral
gu.i.:!!ance and consideratimis. ACI l47.2R e-xpand,.¡ 011
these cmiceplS and slim.dd be consulted íor furtlier
guidance on shoririg and res.ho:ring practires..
5.:8.1 Dlsctt.!'.tlo-sbores o:r failsevmrk a11e verlíicall cir
incl.ined s.upport ntembers des.igned to carry the Il'fig_bt
of formwo:llk, cotlorete, and cmistructioll loads, and 11esho11es
are sliores placed snugly u!lder a sllripped. concrete slab or
slirue• tural. rnember after the origillal forms. aiid s.ho:res.
llave been remoived íro,n ait le.1s.t ful I bays.. This requires
the new slab cir sm:icwral member to dellect and s.uppart
its own !Areight and exislling cmistruction loads. appli.ed
befüre the ins.tal laitron of the res.hares.. ll is a~umed that
ihe reshores cmry ,io load at the llime of installallion.
Aftetward, add.i.tio:nal oons.tnmtion
loads will be d.is~ribuled ammag all members oonnected
by res.ho11es.
Mulltistory work presents. SJ:l'Cdal oonditions.,
parllicularly
in :relatrma tci the remoival offorms and shci11es. Reuse
offo:rm material aiid. shores is an obvioos economy.
Furthermore, the s.peed of co111structimi in this ty¡pe of
wo:llk pemlits ollher tr:i.des to follow collcrele phcement
ciperations llrom lloar to
!loor as dose.Jy as possib1.e. lhe shoririg diat s11ppom:
1lres.hly
of placed and low-strength early-age ooncrete, however,
is s11ppa11ed by lower lloars diat were rmt ci11iginailly desij!
¡ned specifically for lihese loads.. The lciads i:mpoored
should nat exceed the s:afe capadty of each lloar providing
s11pport. For this reason, shori,ig o:r reshoring s.hould be
prm,jded für a s11 fficietit number offloors to distribute lihe
iinposed oo:n<.ittsuc• tion loads to !reveral slab levels
witlioot causin_g exre!<Sive stlles.!res, e-xres.<.iive slab
dellections, or both (Crundy and Kabarla 1 %l~ Agarwal
ami Gacrduer 1974; Slivams and Hal11orsen l 990l
Res.horing is used. to distliibute =~rue• llion lciads to llhe
lowe.r tlciors..
lt1 a cmnmo11 mediodofa1:1al;•sis (ACI 347.2R~ACJ SP-
4), while 11esllmfag remai.lL<i ill piare al grade leve!., e.1cli
level cif
11esho11es carries. lhe wei~ht of only die llew slab plus.
o~her
cmistructimi li.ve !ciads. Tite Vi<eight of intermed.iate slab.,¡
is not illcluded. bec.111~ ea.ch slab carr1es ils. ov..-n w·eighl
befo:re
11esho11es are put in
place.
Ollre die tier cif 11esho11es iri oontact w·id1 J?irade ba.<i
been
11emoved, ~fte assumption is made ruat the system of
s.labs
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1B GUlllf:ffl, FORMWORK FUR CO:N:ORETE,[ACl 347R-14)
be!iaves. elasncally The slabs intereonnected by resheres
will de,t1ert equall;• durmg add.i.tion o:r removal of loads,
Loads will be distributed amo:ng the s.lab.,; in preportion to
iheír developed stiffness.. The deflertion of ceeerete slab.,;
can be considered elasnc, that is, neglectmg shrinkage and
creep. Caution sbould be exereised \\1ien a oomp~essible
wood s.horing s.ystem is used, Such s.ystems tend to shift
most o,f
11he impesed oons.truction loads to the upper fíoors, 11,rl:ücli
have less strength.. Add.i.timi or removal of loads may be
due to eons eucnon activity or to remevtng sheres or
reshores in
11he sys.tem. Shote loads are determined. by NJ1Uilibri11m
o,f
forces at each ñoor
level,
5.:8.2 Ad.·muages of n:-shorlng-Sm-ippiug formwork
is more ecoeemlcal if alí die material ean be removed al
~he same time and moved. fmm rue atea befare pladllg
reshores, Slabs are allowed to s.u;ppo:rt dieir own weiif¡ht,
redudng the load in tlie reshores, Combluatloa of shores
and resheres us.uaMy requires fewer levels of
intereonnected slabs., ruu.-..¡ fteeing more areas for other
írades,
lf pteführicated. drep-head shores are used, tlie sheres
can beeome die reshores if a large area of shoríeg is
unloaded, permiuing the stnrcniral members 10 d:eflect
and support
11heirown we.ii@:lt. The drop-head shere has a bead that can
he lowered to remove fonning cemponents wimout
removing
11he shore or cha1ig¡i.ng its support for the ñoor system,
Later
11he shore may be retraeted and resnugged to act as a
reshore,
ll ean also be used as. a baeksbere or
preshore,
il-3 01he1· me11IM's-Od1er methods of suppo:rting
new
consnueden are less widely used aad involve leaving
the original shores ill place or replacieg 11hem
illd.ividually (badkshmfog and presboring), which prevents
the slab Erom det1ertillg aed ca~rying il:s own weiglit.
Preshnres and the p;;mels. they suppert remain in place
until rue remai.nd:er of
11he complete bay has beee stripped and backshored, a
s;mall area at a time. These meihods are not recommended
unless performed under careful supe;rvi:sio:u by rue
formwork engi• neerlcmim-actor a1id. wiru l'ievi.ew by rue
engineerlarchi~l beeaus.-e e-xces:sivel;•highslab
andshorestres:sesc-an develop.
5.8.4 Placl11g 1·e.rlw1~.t-\Vlhen us.-ed ill ruis. secllion, the
wo:rd "s.hore" refers. to either reshores or die original
shores.. Reshoring is one of 11he mos.t critic-.11 operatiom
i.n fonn• w·o:lik; cmisequently, die pmcedure should be
platmed ill ad.vanee by die for:m,vork engineer/contractor
and s.hould be tevi.ew·ed or apprnved by the-
e.tig¡i.nee.r/al'icbitert. Operatimis s.hould be performed so
tliat afea.,; of tiew 0011:swcllimi wil.l nol be l'iequired to
Sllpport combilled dead and oons.truction loads in excess
of 1heir capadty, a,; d1etermi1ied by des.ign load and
developed concte te strengtli at rue time of striipping a1id.
0
reshoriing.
Shores should nol be located s.o a,¡ to alter the pattem
of
stress. d:etermined in rue s.trucru:ral analysi:s o,f die
completed
s.trucrure o:r induce tens.ile stresses l'.rl:tel'ie l'ie4.nfo:rcillg
bars are not pMvided. Size and numher of s.ho= and
bracing, if requil'ied, should. prnvide a supporting s.ystem
capabl.e of
s.hores. befow, an a1ialys.is. s.hou!d be made to determine
l'.rl:te11her or not d:ebiimemal stresses are prnduced ill the
slab. Tihis. cond.itioll seldom oocurs ill res.ho:ring because the
be.tid.ing stresses llom~Hy c-aus.-ed by tlie o.ff:~l reshotes
ate nol large e11ougli to overcome tlie soces.'1- resulting
írmn the slab c-arryillg its o,wi dead load_ Wihel'ie slabs.
al'ie d:es.igned for liglit I ive loads or ori long span-..¡ whete
11he loads on the s.hores. ate heavy, care should be e-
xerdsed. ill pladng the s.ho:res. so tliat die loods o:n the
s.ho:res. do not cause exoessive
puncliring shear or beud.ing stre~ i.n the
slab.
Whil.e teshorillg is under way, no oons.truction loads
s.hould be permitted. on rue new oons.tructimi unless. it
ha,;
been determ.i.ned by die formwork engilleer/oontractor
~hal
11he llew oons.truction ca1i s:afoly s.u;pport the
cmistruction
loadit
Whe.ti placing reshores, care s.hould be taken not to
preload
tlie lower floor and not to remove rue normal deflertioll
o.f
11he slab above. llie teshote is simply a s.trut and
should be lli@:ltetied onl;• to 1he e-xtenl neres:sa~y to,
achieve good
bearing oontact wiiliout tra1isfenfog load. between upper
:md lo,wer l'loors..
5.8:S Removo.i of l'I:'shorlng-Shores s.hould nol be
removed unl!il tlie supported slab or member lia,¡
attained sufficient stre11gth to, support itself and al I
applied load.,;,_ S.ho:res. sliould be :removed or relea.sed
before teshote temoval. Premature re~ho:re removal. c-an
be dangemus. as il can tesult in overload.ing die slabs
above. Re.noval o¡pera• llion.-.¡ should. be canied oul i.n
accordance with a planned seque.ice s.o that the
slructute supported is. not s.ubjert to, impact or
:no:nsymmetric load pattems.
5.8.6 Pos1-ren.rlon/J1g effecN oo .tho1-l11g o.1ui 1-
e.thon'11g•
llie des.ign :md placeme.tit of shoraes :md. reshores fur po!
Sl• lensio:ned oonstrucllioo tequi.res. more consid:eration dian
for normal :reinforred cmic;rele. llie stres:sing of post-
tens.ionillg tendotL-<¡ caii c-.1use overloads to oocur in
s.hores, raeshotes, or odier tem;porary s.u;ppo:rts.. The
stressillg sequettoe lias. the gteatest effect \Vheti a s.lab is.
pos.t-lensio:ned, die fotce in
11he tendon generally produces a doM1ward l,ood al 11he
be.1m.
lfrue beam is. ~ho:red, dte shorillg should be desigiied to,
carry
11his add:ed load_ llie magiii.rude o.f die load. can appmadh
the
dead load of hal f the slab ~n ori boru s.ides of the beam.
U tlie tloor slab is. tensioned. before die supporting bea1tL<¡
:md girders, a c-areful. anal.ysis of tlie load tra1isfer to rue
be.1m or güd:er s.hores. or teshotes wi!I be required.
Additionally, s.;pecial attetition should. be give.ri to locatimis
\\1iere a post• let1:sio:ned bea1n intersects a po:st-stet1:sio:ned
gitder witli llO• col.umn al 11he intersection.. Post-ste.tisiolli.ng
forces. at these poillts due to a.ccumulated dead l,ood
tra1isfer can be subs.ta1i•
~ial and s.hou!d be aocounted for i.n the reshoring
desigll.. Sim.ilar load tr::tllsfer siruallion.,¡ oocur in po!Sl-
tensioned bridge cons.truction.
1CHAPT&:R 6-
MI.ATBAJALS
ca~rying anticipated loads. 6.1--General
\Vhere practic-.11, shol'ies should. be loe.11:ed in rue same posi- "íhe ~lecllio:n of materials suüabl.e für fo:rmwol1k
should
lli,o:n o:n each lfoor s.o that lliere will be oontilluous s.upport be based. 011 the price, safety during cons.truction, and
the fMm !loor to lfoor. When sliores above ate llOt direcdy over qual.ity requi~ed ill rue llnis.hed pmduct. Approval
of fomi-

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 m Jlll E ,ro FORMWO RK FOR OON:CRETlE {ACI 347R-l4) 19
work llll:lt.erial-: by the eiig¡ineerlarcl1iteci, if required by e) Dimensional a,:,curacy aiid.
dte comract documents, should be based on how the stabili.ty
quality of material, alfects die quality of ñníshed d) Workability for c.utting, dril ling, and auaching
worl:. Whe:re dte concrete surface appearatlúe is. fasteners
critkal, die enginee:rl:m:ihi• teet should define their e) Weaight
expectations in die contraer docu• meers and refereace t) Cos.t and durabi
speciñc leeaaons where ~he critica! appearanceís] lity
applies, Refer to Chapter 7 fo:r arehitecmral coacrete g) Ability ro a,:,cmnmodaite ~equi.red contours and
prevtsions, shapes.

6.2.....Propenies of materials
6.2.1 Grmtral-ACI SP-4, Formwo.,·k fm·
Concrete,
describes die fürmwork materials oommonly used in
dte
lfnited States an.d provides extensive related data for
forrn d1esign. Useful speeiñcanon ami. desigo
i1ifümll:lllio:u is. also available from manufü.ctute.rs and
suppli.ers.. Table 6.2.l indieates specific seurees o,f
d.esign and speclñcatleu data fo:r formworL:: llll:lt.erial'l
This tabulared infümll:ltioti should not be imerpreted to
exclude dte use of any other materials that can meet
quality and sarety requirements eS1ablished. ter the
f\nished. work,
6.2..2 Sht'a!h/11g-Sl1earohing is the supporting layer
of
form1vo:llk dosest ro, the concrete, lt ean be i,i djreet
eontaet with the concrete or separated írom it by a
fenn hner, Sheathing consists oí wocd, píywood, metal,
píastie, nr other marerials capable of lran•.;f-erring
imposed eonseuc• tion leads to s.uppo:JStimg members,
sueh as joists o:r snids. t.íners are made ohvood, plasuc,
metal, cloth, or other mate• rlals selected to alter or
enhance llhe surface of the fi nished
concrete (ACI J4 7..JR).
lrn seleciing and using sheathing and lining
matenaís, important eonsiderations i,iclude:
a) S:neiigd:1
b) Stitlhes.s
e) Release
d) Reuse aed eost per
use
e) Surface eharaeteristics im;parted to die concrete such
as wood graín nansfer, decoranve pattems, gloss, or
paintability
1) Absorplli.veness. or abih.ty ro drain excess water írom
dte
concrete
surfaee
g) Resistance to meehanieal damage, such as foom
vibra•
tors. and abrasion from
sllpforming
b) Wolikabili.ty fo:r curting, drillirig, and anaching
fasteners
i) A.d!ap1:abili.ty to weatlie:r and extreme field.
ceaditions,
temperamre, and
moismre
j) Weight and ease of
h::mdling
6.2..3 Strt,c:lural .rnppo.ns--,Slrucl.Ural suppon
syslems should meet maiterial st11e1ig~ requi.remeuts ro
carry the imposed. cons~rucllion !oads that have been
lflntsfe~red thrnugh the shea~hing.
lmportant considerations
i.nclude:
a) Strengd:1
b) Stiffnes.,.
¡
6.3--
Aocessori:es
6..1,.1 Form 1le.i-A fonn tie is a tensife de\lfoe us.ed
to
hold. ,:,oncrete forms. agaimst spreading apart due ro die
lateral ptessure of ooncre,te. l1t1 general, it cmisists of
an i.nside tensite member and extemal holding devfoes.
Fmm ties are mad:e to a range of sp~ificatimis,
depe:nding on the manu• fü.rtute.r. lliese manufü.ctute.rs
ailso ¡,ublish tecommen.ded wo:llking 1.oads on ties fur use
in form des.ign. Tiheir suggested worudng loads range
fmm 1000 to more dian 50,000, lb (4.4'5 to 222.40 kNJ.
M.anufaüturers produ,:,e n111merou:.~ types of ti.es.
fordiffenmt forming oonditions.. Referto ACI SP4 for
a desclii;ptimi o,f oommonly avai laMe llie s.ystenis_
6..1,.2. Form airdw1'l'-Form anchms are deviúes
used. to
sec.ure formworl: to p:reviously placed ooncrete of
adequate
~t11eiig.d1. llie devi.ces a11e normally embedded. in a
p:revious comcrete plaoemenL or drill.ed in o:r fastened. ro,
a p:revious rnmcrel.e p1acemeiit o:r other suitable
soouctural member. llhe actual. load-ca~rying capadty of
tlie ancliors de¡,ends on dieir s.hape attd material, ~he
S1rength aiid ty¡pe o,f co:ncte,te ill !A~hidi diey are
embe:dded, the area of oontact between concrete and
anchor; .and dte depth of embedment and loea• tion i.n
the membe:r. Wben attchori,ig to other elements,
whether concrete, timbe:r lagging, sheet pili.ng, or H-
piles, rnmsideration should be giveri to effects of die
loads tmis• feroed. to di.ose elemeiits. Matmfacrurers
puhlisb des.ign data aiid. tes.t infürmallion to a~sist i.n the
selec.tion o,f proper form ancil:tor de\/ices..
6..1,..3 Form ltangen.-.Form hang.ers are devices
used
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lo suspe~id formwmk loads llrom s~ructural steel,
pteeast concrete, or odter member:it "íhe~• may be
fab:ricated. from wire, llat metal pr~es, plasllic, o:r
oombillations of lites.e materials.
6..1,.4 ReJ11forr:i11g bar .q,acer.~A reinfurcing bar
.pacer is
a device diat Hll:lintains ~he desired di:stance between a
fo:rm aiid. aii ilitemal. embedded or encased. el.emem. t-
lori.zonral reinfo:rci,ig. bar spaoers are ured a.-: reinfotcing
bar supports. Botli factory-made aiid. job-site-f.abrieated
deviúes barve been suruessliully used. Advantages. aiid.
disadvaiitages of die diffetetit ty¡,es are ex:plained. in
ACI SP4 and ill CRSI (2009) and RandaH and Counois
(1976). Con:sideration should be giiven to at1y
envifonmental effects on 11he rein• fo:rcirig bar .pacer
material, sudi a_,¡ co:~rosio:n, 3lid. lli:sibility o:n dte ex:pos.ed
co:ncrete s11rfaoe. Spa,:,ers may atfeci ~lte surl'a,:,e nrlli:sh
ap;pearanüe of the co1icrete.
6.3:S R'ecammendailo11.-The recmmneudoo füctors.
of safety for ties, attchors, aiid. hangers are giiven in 4.4.
l"ite
roo- or baiid-ty¡pe fünn tie aiid a ho!diiig dell/loe engagii ng
~he
exre:rioroftlie form, witli a suppleme,ital p:rovisiou for
main• tainirigthe.:li~taiice be:tweeti form faces, i~ the mos.t
com:mon type lL-s;ed for ligfit ,:,on~trnction.
"fhe dtreaded intemal dis,:,onneciimg ty¡pe of tie, taper
ties,
o:r deeved 1hroogli-rod. (alw called ihrougb tie) ate
o,íten u:sed fo:r build.ing co:n~. oouctio:n as well as hea\lj'
00:tts~ruc• tion, sucih as. heavy fuundatimis, bridges,
power liouses, rocks, dams, aiid. ardhitectural concrete.
Removabl.e portio1is of all ti.es. shoo!d be oh type dtal
can be read.ily removed without da1'1:1:age to dte concte,te
and dial l.eaves the snll:llles.t practicable holes ro be fil led_
Remo\'ab!e portions sbould be
(acíl
20 GUIDEffl F0RMWO RK FOl!l: CON:C:RETE (AOl 347R-14,)

Table 6.2.1-Form, materiats wtth dala seurees for desi,gn and specification,
M':ll.t,;rl:t!• P,r;nclp:ol •• .. D:Jil:11!1011~

PS20-IO; U.S. Deporu,,eot af Ag;ri~11l1we

Sa=·lunM Fom, hming, ,b..,hms. ru,d ,i>oring

(:201 O),. Ameri""o Woodl Coueeil (201 l),
ANSI/ AWC NIDS-20l2; A11,eriear, Dls.l illm,
oflímh!r
CllllSlnmioo (2012), llilyer ffi al. (2006)
[r,ginem,d woo.:f Fom, frarnir,g ar,d ,h,ming Smul,ti ( 1997); CSA-Ol!tí-~84
l'lywoodl Fom, ,1,...1,ing and pa:nil, l'Sl-00; APADSIO; Al'A VSIO. APA
VJ.45
Panel fnuning and hrae
Ú\g
A[SC 125-1 l;AL<;I 0100·08
Hoavy fonn., ood fsl"'"'GJK
Cohm,o a:rul jois.1 f.mn• ANSI A411. I; ANSI M8.2. CRSI [20091
S!eel S1a~-in-plloco Ject furm s ASTMA446
SlIDñog SEll}O.Uli'.l
S11!il jois.1, used as. lto1izo1nol •lwing SEII }01.00
Expanded rneial bulld,oa<fs, si•gl~-,idJ!d flmru. S!ee:l fois.t !nsli1uli! [2010)¡ Hurd (1997b)
Forn, I""'"" '1Iid fum, fu,"tiog tlli>rn "-8
Al11n1iJwn11 Tho Al11mio11n, M<oci31too 1201 O)
HoriZOJllal and wni""l "110ñog ~nd bracing
Rocoos.tiruJ•d wood panel produce;.: l'om, lin= :md sh""1hir,g ANSI A20&.I;
PSl0.10 los-tLlation maierials: Siay-in-pa~ fbnn lin;,rs ar shea1"ing
•) \\'ood libar 01 g'lass libar ACI SP-
4
b) OJher eemmercial producís Cold-weather prn1;,c1ioo ft>r lh,,J1001,c:'1!1e
Column and besm forn1,
l'iltl'l' ar la:miru1e;:I pspi!r pra!:Sl!d
lube, or ACI SP-4
farnt< \'oid fum,• fbr slah•, OO!llll.S., girda, 011d preeast
piles lnl@rnal ;111d under-stsb void fimll<
Carru!!"üld cardboasd Void forms i• beams 011d girders tnorrnany llil!!d ,. id, Ziverts (19641
ime:mal egg-craie
<tifll,:neu¡
Siay-in-placo fbml!.
Ooacrece ACl.ll8
Molds fbr precas. !
uni1,
Re3d)'-tlwfe rolwnn forms

Dim,e:s ood psns fbr eoncrere joi.si

C<llllStru<:tio•
G'las, liber-re:i•fbrcw pllosatic Hurd (1991,
1997a) Cu,1ili,1,rna,l\> fbml!. fllr •l"'C'iol OJchL1eierural effi>f:e;.

Fom, i;.,
l'om, lining and ins~fa1it>n
Cellular p1..,.,,. ACISP-4
S1ay-i~plaee Mll
fom1s
O!lier plassies, iocllidíog ABS, poly. Perm li•ers. 0011! rigid and fl~:ci!lle, fllr ofueGJ,ati,•o coeereta
pro1~yl~JLO, polyetlly~,,., polyvinyl Hurd
ll994)
c,hlaridB, poly,¡relha:ne Cbamll!r and nmi.,,.cion fom,er<
Holll fonnwü1I: socwe agoin.'!t lllifl ds and pre<sures ftom
Fmm úe<, oocll<11s, a:nd 1~1~ Saf\lcy fa~r< 1teomn1mood io 4.4; Hurd
(19911
elllll.cre1e aBd! 00B:S1ruc1l0Jl !ICl¡""¡tie:s.
Ma:in"'in eom>d disiaooe i..tw""• re:infbre<>lllJ>ru and f,mn
Side foon spacelll Randoll ai,d Courioi, (

io
1916) C(ll,'E:J fur
provide speciñed eimcr•••
~!!:el
PlaiSler Wa~e 11wld, fbr orcl!ic.eru:ral concrete ACI lll1R. ACI
SP-4
RJ>l"'""" "®'fil' and pm,ec,ti..., film,
H~lp praserve ftllrn fi!cing and fkllirsto relese Hurd
(1996)
~i•gs.
"Stru,:mral oompmibe' ]umber paducts ilI? ¡pmplil~tuy ilnd IDliqoe"lo il ¡paliti.cubr manufacttllff' Theyc.mnn~ be :inl:ftt!.han~ IJec.mg industl)-.wtd~ CMnmin gmdes. b."J.,-c [li).'I lbesl
e,;rabli YlOO lxl .s.e~ i!li a hi!!iis fi.T equi y.jJ~n~

'"Sboulcl b:- n::iJdily wt:liiihle- iUld pmlootcd nszrim'I E.ill'llílDIC' ill:tlo.n ilLl:h: ¡poai1 ad°oontJ.ct v.lth :i;tcc:L lfru,-.ied il!li ill. íacing milh:rial inainlllCI wilh frc;h ooncrde., i~ :i;hoo1d be: Dan~c•
ln'!e' to ooncmle or oonc.retle' eooi\ainmgc.alcium m'lmriile-.
~C~d smfil~ mfflilM"l 'a'itti wel ooncreffe
Nnb?:: ).-fanufJMturtni' J'e'ClXll meaditin m., whrm ~by te511 ,data md 6e.1d ex~ri~noe., ~ il [Pfimal}· snur:-oe fa miln:t,· fmm m.lbmi1ls. bi addlllion, ~ tmuAonb, .stilndu:ds,
=
•¡:,,cilic.wn115, and od,,. iht, """""" cih>i b.en,io hotod 111 l1lllrO dotoil io IICI SP-4 and ., O.. roíer,,noe, citd in Cl1J111ter ~ ond Cho¡,tor I O aílhio
documm.
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 G'IJJDETO FORMWURIC FO~ oo:N:CRETlE (A<:I 3471'1-14)
removed unlessthe comraet documents
perm.i.ttheirrermining in píaee.A mínimum speciñcation fo:r
form tie, sheuldrequíre thaí the bearing area of exteruaí
holding deviees be adequate ro prevent exeessiee bearing
Slrie~ in the furm mesnbers. lt is import:;mt IO, ,uiuiímize
mottar leakage at fonn ties.
Fmm hangers should suppert a! 1 co1istructi01i
lcads imposed on the funnwork supported by the hangers,
For:m hangers sbeuld be symme-trically arranged on dte
supporting member aed loaded symmehiica! ly,
dtrough proper seqnencing of the concrete píacemeet, lo
miriimize rnristing or rotation oí the hanger or
supporliing members, For:m hangers sbeuld c1osely fü die
lfange or bearing surface of the supporting member so
d:tal applied !oads are transmiued properly as per the
manufaeturee's instructimis.
Where the concrete surface is exposed and
appeariillce i, important, die p:roper type of form ne or
hanger wil I not
!eave exposed metal at die surfaee. Nonoorresive
materials should be used when lli.e holes ate left unpatehed,
expos.ing the tie to possíble eorrosion
6.4-Fonn coatin.gs and release
agents
6.4.1 Cot1//11gs-Forn:1 coanngs or sealers are usually
applíed 1.n liquid form to ceatact surfaces eillier duríng
manu• facture or in the ñeld to serve one or more of die
fu! lowing
purposes
: 7.1.3 Fac10n f1, addirlM rn fonm,1:0J'k-Many
a) Alter die texmre of the contact sarfaee
b) lmprove dte durahíhry of'the eontaet surface
e) Facilitale releas-e fmm concrete dunng Sl!iipping
d) Seal die oontact sutface of ~he form from intrusion
of moisture
6..4..2. R'efe:tl!l~ agenn-Fonn release agents are applted
to
the fonn coetact surfaces lo prevent bond. and thus
radl.i• tate stripping, Titey may be appl.ied. permane.mly
lo eenam form material, during manufacrure, but al\e
normal ly appli.ed to the form before eaeh use. Wlien
applying in the field, be careful lo aveid coatíng a.:lja.cenl
construcnon joint surfaces or reirifurcing steel,
6.4. .3 Mam!filc(1.rers'
recomm~ml't1tlmu,_:,\ilanufact111\ers'
recommeedatiens should be followed in die use of coat•
ing,, sealers, and release agents, lndependeut
veeiñcarion of produci perforuiance i, reeommended
before use. Wlhen concrete surfaoe oolor is crillical1.,
effeets of the ooa.ting, sealiug, and release agent,
should. be evail.u:ated. Wbere suñaoe lreatme-tits s.uch
as paint, til.e adhesive, sealers, or othe r coollings are to
0
be appfüd lO for:med. coricrele surfaoes, be sure d:tat
ad.hesion of such surface tl\eatments will not be
irnpaired o:r preve11ted by use o,f the coatirig., sealers, or
releas-e agent Also, oons.ider bo:ru:!ing requirem1mts
ofsubse• quent oonc11e.te placements. Fo.How· the
manufac,ru:rer reoom•
:meudations \\1ien applying form 11elease age-tits.. A
common proble1n is applying too much material, whicli
c:m nega• th'ely affect ihe s.urface ofthe oo:t1c11ete.
CH!APiEiR 7-ARCHliEICiURAL OON,CRETIE
7.1-lntroduction
for
21
to arohitecrural ooncrete. Additional. information is avai
labl.e
in ACI Jlll, ACI JOJR, attdACI
347.3R.
This cliapter identifies aJ1d. emphasizes. ad.dillional
factors that can have a crillicall influe~ice on fo:rm\vo:cik
fo:r cast-in• place arcl1itectural concrete. Tilt-up, ptecas.t
arcliitecrural ooncrete, and 00:ttcrete receiving ooallings
or plaster. diat hide the surface co.lor iilld. texblre a11e not
considered herein. Concrete receiving ooallings or
plasters d:tat hide the surface oolo:r and t:exrul\e is riot
oons.idered al\chiteci:IJra!.
7.1..2 Facrors affec(lngfor,m,'Glhl--Atcliri.tecturail.
oonc11ete is ooncrete dial ·11~ 11 be pe11mne-1idy exposed
to view and therefore tequire, speciail. cal\e in d1e
seJ.ection of dte ooncrete ma.teriah, for:ming, placing, a,id.
f\nishing to obtain the desired atchitectural1. appearanoe.
A11d1ite00Jrail 00:ttcl\e,te
sbou!d be spedllcally desig¡tiated as such in 11he oontract
docm11ents. Partioolar care sho111ld. be talren in the
s.elec• tio:n of materials, desi!'ít1, and ootis1Jrucllio:t1 of die
formwork, and pladng aJid. oonrolidatioii of die
concrete to eliminare bulges, offüets, or ollier unsigbtly
featul\es in dte 6:nis.hed surtfaoe and to niaintain the
i.ntegrity of dte s.urface texture or conf\gura.tion. Tiie
characl-er of die ooncrete surface to be proouced ~hou!d
also be oons.tdered wheti ibe fom~ materials are selected.
Speciail. auenlli,on sho11ld be gi.ven to dosure ted:migues,
oonceahnenl of joints im formwork materials, and to the
sealíng oí fumL-.¡ to minimize manar leal::ag.e.
factors
other tlian furmwo:rk affecl die architec,tural effects.
achiered in roncre te surfaces" Tiiey starl at tlie design
0
s.tage and carry dirougb to dte oompl.el:ed pmjecL
Facto:rs atfec,ting the surface appearance of die oonctete
can airo iudude dte mixtul\e proportions. or aggregate,
ihe :me,thod of pladmg die l)(lncrete, the oonsolidation
rechnique, and the curing proce• dure. Cbemkals can
bave an el'feci: mi the final product,
\\1ietber used. as addi1ives in the mixtute~ a:pplied
d.irecdy to the ooncrete, such as curing cmn;pounds~ or
appli.ed iru:li• rectly, such a.~ form release age-tits.. Eveti after
dte smucblre is oomple ted, weather and air pollution will
0
al:Tect ihe appear• ance of tlie ooncrete. Tites.e aJid. odter
i.11fl11end1ig factors sbould be idenllilled attd dieir effects
evaluated during die inüial des.ign stages. Tite single
most impo:rtaJit factor for the succes.-..¡ of atcfii.tecturail.
00:ttctete cmis1ructim1 is quali.ty workmaJiship.
7.1.4 U11/form con.ttn.c1ion procea'ures-
Arehiteclllral
ooncrete s.hould :minimize oolor variallio:ns a!ld
differenoes in surfaoe f\rii:sb. Tite best way for the
oontractor !o achieve
this unifumlity is to maintain oonsis.te-ticy in all.
oonsm:tc• tio:n praclliües. Fo:rming materials s.hould
remain d1e saJne througbout ihe project, and tel.ease
agents should. be appli.ed unifunnly and oo:n~. i:stentlly.
Plaoement amd. oonrolida~io:n of the concrete s.hou!d be
s.taJida:rdi2.ed ro d1at uni fo:rm density is. achieved.
Slrippillg and curi.11g sequences sbo1dd be oonsistent
dtrou1:hout the wo:llk to 111ini111iz:e oolor variatimis.
7.2-Role of
arohitect
7.1.1 P~plmm/ng-Architectu.ral ooncrete is o.ften
su:uc-
rnral., but the formed oonctere s.urface genera! ly desited.
 7.1.l Ohjeai-ne 1:eneral requireme,il,¡ fo:r formwmk al\cbi.tecrural oonctete is ofa higherqualityihaii what
is cypi- pres.enLed ill p:receding cfiapters fur dte most pan also apply cal1 l;r s:alli:sfactory for s.trucmral concrete, and
mote cosdy.

Ame1ican Ccnciete lnsliluie - Copy1igil1Ed O Maie1ial - www.ooncre19.J atg (cici'l

22 GUll!lETO FO¡¡q:MWQRliC FU~ CO:N:Ol!I.ETE,(AOl 3471'1-14)
Tbe arnhiLecL can use the lates.t informaticm available in
the art oí form.ing and concrete technolegy dunng ihe
d:es.ign pmcess to keep plaes in hne wid1 ~he budget fur
~he struc• tare. lnlricacies and il'Jiegullarities, however, can
raise the hudge t to a point dial outwe40L,¡ tlie aesthedc
0
oonmbutions of dte ardhirecrural concrete. The al'tlliLecL
can make form reuse possible by standla11dizing build.ing
elemeats sueh a_,¡ columns, beams, and wmdows, and by
making unintenupted form áreas the same size wherever
possíble ro fücilitate tl1e use of S1andla11d furm gangs. or
modules. Tbe ineeeased size oí diese unintereupted areas
wil I cmilrihute to furming eoo:nomy and g11eater
uniformity o,f appearance. A prehid conference witll
qualíñed contractors \\•ill. bnng out many praetieal
eonsideratiens before ~he desige is f\nalired.
7.2.2 ü:mtrm::1 docttme11is and amiance: approval.t-
The arehnect should p11epare cmilract documents that
li'ully instruct tlie bidder as. Lo dte leeanon aed desired
appearanee of architecnrral surfaces, as. we! 1 a_,¡ odier
specifie require• ments listed in 7 .2.J ro 7 .2. 7. Specifying_
a preoeastnreden moekup prepared and finished by tlie
contraetor for approval by dte arehitect using p11opos.-ed
furm materials; jointing tecb• niques; aud. form surface
treatments such as. Ivetting, oiling, or lacquerjng should be
a requirement fur alí archhectural coeeeete. Once such a
mockup bas been comple ted. to dte s:allisfactio:n of tlie
0 inm'Odueed ro, give a smaller pan-em. Artuall joints between
a11cl1itect and owner, it should 11e11iain al tl1e síte fo:r ~fte
duranon oí die work as. a standard with wh icli tl1e rest oftl1e
work should eomply
Design refereeee samples, which are smaller
specimens
of concrete 1\•idi the proposed surface appearance, may
also he created fo:r appreval by the arcJiitect that can help
define wl:tal is required fo:r dte modkup. Small samples
like dtese, kept al die joh site fur refereeee, are not as.
good a_,¡ a ful 1- scale moekup, hut can be he.Apli'ul i.n d:efining
mockep reqnne• mena. Tbe samples should be lar-ge
enough to adequarely represent dte surfaee oí the
ooncrete des.i11ed_ Tihe sa111ples are to be u~d as. a
hasis far the mockup o:nly. Several s:ftould be made to
repres.enL tlie variations. dial c-an oocur in the final
füiish. lt would he he!pli'ul fur all architecrural c01ic;rete to
include a required. modkup so dtaL the cmim-acto:rs can
d:emorisLrate they are capahle of pmdudng the desi11ed
11esults. Tite mockup s:ftould be apprnved in writing by
the al'tllitecl attd ow1ier.
lt can be he!pful to, specify viewi.t1g oonditions under
wlücli tlie oonc11e.te surfares. will be evalluated fur oompli•
alllce witli ~he approved mockup.
7.2.3 1oleram:es-The arohitect s.hould specit'Y
dime1i• s.ionall ro.l.era1ires. considered esse1itiall lo the
suecessful execulli.o:n oí dte des.ign, keeping in mind dt:il
tolerattoes in exre~,¡ oí dto.'ie specified. i.n AC 1 11 7 need
to he necess:ary, adhievable, and economicailly fe.asible.
ACI 303R a1id. 117 may he oo:nsulted. fo:r furtlier
discuss.ions. ooncemi,ig toler• alllres. fo:r a11chiterturall
ooncrete.
7.2A Cambe.r-The oontractor shmild. c-.:imber
form•
wol1k to compens:ate far d:elfoction of die fo:rmwol1k
d:uririg_
couc;rete placeme.it llie architec,t should, however,
spedfy any addillio:nal camber 11equi.red to oompens:ate far
strucrural
defüction or optkal sag (die illusion dial a períecllly
hori-
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2.01ital lo:ng-span member is s:agging_l Tite al'tlütecL should
he aware 1hat horizo:uta1 rnetnbers. a11e chedlred for compli•
a1ice v.rith ro.l.era1ires. attd camber befo11e lite removal of
the forms and s.ho11es.. De.termitting dte oorrect amouttt of
camher is not an exacL sciettee. 1 f die c-alrulated c-amber
für a specific memher does nm 11esult i.n i1s d:ellection to a
straig¡ht line, the
11esult v.ri II be a couvex o:r concave c011c;rete
surfüoe.
7.2.• 5 Jol1m mui J~tafü-Loc-allio:n, numher, and
details of items. ruch a_,¡ opetiings, con~ction joinls,
oonstruc• lli.o:n joints, and expansio:n joinl'i should be
s.howu 01i the desig¡i drawings. or ihe al'tltitect shoul.d
s.ped fy a review of the pmpos.-ed locaJtion of all of dtese
d:etails as. shown m1 die fü11nv.•orik drawfog.-.. (Some
gu.idance mi joint locallio:n.~ can be fomtd in ACI 224R,
303 R, and 332. 1 R.) Because il is impossibl.e to disguise
dte pres.ence of joints in dte form füce, il is important fo:r
the4.r positions. to be p11edetennined a1id, ifpo.'isibl.e,
platmed as pan ofthe architec,rural effect.
The architect can pl:m joittt locatious hetv.<een surfüoe
are.as. on a se.ale :md. mod:u!e su.itabl.e 10 tlie si.ze of
available
materfals a1id. prevail.ing Cio:t!Slruclio:n p:ractices" Jf dtis. is.
nol aesdtellicailly satisfüctory, dummy joinls caJi he
sheathing materials c-.:in be masked. by means of
rusllicaJtion strips attacihed lo the form faee. R1.1sllicaJtion
s.trips at horizontal a1id. rerllicall oonstruction joints cat!J also
craeate oris.p edg,es aroe1ited by shadow lines inste.:id o.f
the porenllial ragged edg.e oí a coustructioii joint left
e;x¡posed to ful I view. Spedal care should he tak.en during
plaeemenl and vihriilion to mini• mi.ze surfaoe votds
(bugholes) attd honeyoomhing. that form when air is
trapped beneath horizo:utal rustrcations.
Smtte.times oo:nstructio:n joints in beams. cat!J be oo:noealed
above the support columtL,¡ and joints. in floors above
dteir suppo:11:ing_ beams. insLead of in 1he mo:re oo.stomary
11egiio:ns of low shear in beams attd dabs, us.uaMy die
middle dii11d o,f tliespan.
7.2.•6 'fi'e.f m1d lnserl.,-Form ties a1id. aecompanyillg
lli.e holes are a1i almo!SI. i.ttescapable patt oí wal I
surfaces. Alrchitects fre:iuentlly inregrate lli.e holes into die
visuall desig_n quality oí 111:te surface. lf this is plaimed and
a1iy effects or materfals other dian thos.-e provided. in 7.J .4
a11e desired, they s.hou!d he clearly s.pedñed as. to hotli
l.ocaJtion aud. type..
\Vhere lli.e ho!es. a11e to he patcihed or fiHed, die arohitecl
s.hould specify tlie treabnenL d:es.i11ed attd s.peci fy
examples ofdie patdhes. as. pan ofdte modkup.
7.2.7 ür,1er owr rel11fatrl11g sre:ef:-Adequaite oove r over
0
11e4.ufo:roemen1, as. requi11ed. by codes, is needed. far prntec•
llio11 of s.teel attd long_-term durallil.ity oí the ooncrete.
Refafo:roemenL tliat is. properly located is. important in the
corilrol oí suñaee cradking. F or positive oonlml. of
requi11ed cover, the a11clütect c-an specify app:rop:riate side
fü11n s.p.acers as defined. i.n 6.3.4.
The a11chitect should. specify sufficient oorer to allow
for a1iy roouctio:n that will 11esult Erom die incorporation
o,f gmoves or indented. de tails and li'rom surfaoe t11eatments.
0
sucl1 as aggregale exposu11e attd i:ooling. llie maximum
thicikin~ of at1Jy material to he removed s.hou!d be
added to bas.ic tequired col\ler.
 GlJlDE'ro FORMWURK FOR oo:N:CRETlE {ACI 347R-i4) 23
7.3-Materials and is. a chance tllat tlle leg.,¡ of the sp:aoers can lea ve imprillts
aecessorles in
7.3.1 ~"itfi!athlng ru· fon» /ddng-Arcl:i.ita:rural 1he she:athing dtat will rresult in visible spaoers. There is.
concrete also
form s.headi.ing shoald be of appmpriate guality to main• a ~lanoe tllat dle funmvork itseff ca:1:JJ be dis.torted by
tain the specified uniformity of ceeeeete surfaees diese forces. With arrcllite001rall funnwork, it is
thmugh multiple uses and to control deñectien widlin advisabl.e not to
specified limits, P1lywood, steel, glass fiber-:reinfo:rred
plasnc, ajuminum, and othe.r s.uitable marerials can all be
used as. s.head:1ing or facing materíals, SeJ.ec.t tlle grade or
class of material needed for p:ressure, framing, and
deñecdon reqnjremenrs. Be sure tllat the ehosen material
meets die specification requiremems for the eoncrete
surface texmre, Proeedures for oontm1 ling die ru-sting of
steel forms shnald be carefully fo!lo\ved.
7.3.2. Stri1c111mlji"dml11g-f'orm facing ca:1:JJ be supported
with lumber, steel, or ailuminum members siraight and
rugid eneugh ro meet the architeetural speclñcatíces.
7.3.3 FMm ll11ers-A form liner is. a material
artaehed to the i.n.<dde face of die form to alter or
imprnl\fe surfaee texnne o:r quallity of the concrete, U is.
not required struc• turally. Wood, rigiid plasdc, elastomene
materials, and glass fibe:r-:reinfurced plastlcs are alí suitable
liner materials when carefully detai led and fabricared,
Plasncs shou!d be handled and assembled wírh care to
avoíd distoruon caused by daiily temperature cyeles ;JJt the
[ob slte,
7.3.4 FMm 11~-Fo:rm-lli.e assemblles for arehltecmral
concrete sbculd pennit llighte.11i.ng of fumL<: and leave no
metal eloser to the surface ruan 1-1/2 in.. (]8 mm) fur
steel ties and 1 in, (2.S mm) fo:r stainless steel ties, The tles
should not be füted with lugs, eones, washers, or otller
deviees tliat wi II leave depressions in the concrete less
than ~he diameter of the device, unless speciñed, TIes
should be tight fitting or tie holes in the fom, should be
sealed to minimize leakage :at the holes, lf te-xturred.
surfaces are to be furmed, ties should be carefujly
evalaated with regard to fil, p;JJtte.m, mortar leakage-, and
aesthetlcs,
7.3.:5 Side form spacers-,Si.de form spacers, as
defíned
in 6.3.4, are parllicularly importanl in architeerural
concrete to maíntain adequate eover over reinforacing
steel and to prevent development o,f rust s.treaking Oll
ooncrete suñaoes. Plas.tic, plastic-prntec,ted, rubber-ri;p:ped,
or mher noncor• roding ~ce:rs should. be attached. to die
rreinforcing bar so th;JJt diey do llOt beoome dislodged
dulii.ng oo:ncrrete plare• me.rit and vibrallio:n. Tihe number
and locai:ion of lile side fonn ~cers should. be adNtuate
for joll cmlditiolls.
A oo:ntributing factor to reinforrcing space.f"S being
visibl.e
al ex¡posed ooncrete s.urfaces is tlle amount of load
tllat
exisls be,tween dle reillfurcing s.teel, tlle spacer, :md
die fonn fadng. lf d:te reinfurcing steel is. install.ed
plumb,
s~raight, attd wid1 lile oo~rect spacing v.rllere it
p:rotrudes írom prreviou.s.: c-as.ti1lgs, lhere should not be :m
extraordinary amount of furce required bet.ween diese
eleme1lts and ~he spaoer s.hould be di.erre only to prevent
the rreinforcing bar írom being dis¡ilaoed. duri.ng concrete
plarement operatimis.
1 f, 011 die odter ba:nd, die fo:nmvo:llk a.lld. spaoers a:re
being
u.sed ro furcibl;• push die reinforrdng bar into pos.i~ion,
dlere
start e.rrectillg or clos.ing formwork unllil tlle reinfurcing
s.teel is. i.n its corrrec,t l,ocation, i.n a relaxed st:ate-, so thal:
it does not re.Ay Oll tlle furmwork to, pus.h it into 0011rect
position. Contract:ors are encouraged to experiment v.~th
difl'erent types of spacers for difl'erent exposed. elements
tci de,termine v.•hi ch are be!:I. für die various. applic;JJtions.
on a pmjec,t. Tite same sparers dtat wil!. be used. 011 the
fi:nis.hed wolik s.hould be irncorporated in die modup.
7.J,.6 Rfi!l11forc/ng acceuorlfi!s ami rlfi! \1•/.re-
Monoo1.U1Sive
types of tie wire :md accessories should be u~d for
arohi• L'eclllral ooncrete-, especia! !y wl:ten close to or in
oo:ntac,t with tlle forms. Su.itabl.e marerials include
s.tai.nless. steel, epoxy• coated. material, orp1.as.tie-0oated
niaLeria!; useoftllese items needs to be specified. St:ainless
s.teel is often die best choire as wire sllli;p:pings often fall.
into the forms and arre difficult to rremove before placing
collc;reLe.
'24-
Desi.gn
7.4.1 S¡,ec/al ct.m.slderarlons-Tihe ge1leral desig¡t1
prore•
dure v.rill follow the prirlciples outl.ined in Chapt.er 4.
Tite fo:rmwork e1lgfoeerloontract:or, hol\rever, will.
Erequelltl)' need. to work willh limit:atim1s im;posed by lhe
arohiteclllral des.ign. Some of tllese 001tsiderai1:ions.
include lli.e spacing and s.íze, form fadng preferenoes,
locatioll and special tre:at• mellt of fonn joints., s.pedal
tole:rances, and use of admix• rures. Because these-
facrors c-an influe1lre funn design, 1hey sbould be fully
rreviewed ;JJt die beginning ofdie fo:mi design p.rocess.
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7.4.2 La.rerol ¡,l'f!.m1re ofco11cre1-Arohitecrural
rom:rete can be subjec,ted to extema11. vibratioll,
revibratioll, set retardillg adm.ixtures, high-nmg,e
1vater-:reducing admix• rures, and slumps. grealer 1hat1J
tho~ ass.umed fur deter• mi.ning tlie lateral pressurre as.
noted in 4.2 .2. Parllicular care sbould be exerrci:sed in dlese
c-a~s. to desigll tlle fum1:s for die increased li!Jteral1. pressures
ruat may result frnin diese effects, higll rates ofpour, or
ímin othe-'1' effects lloted in 4.2.2.
7.4.3 Srrocri.mt cruis!demrlon.i-Because deflections.
in the colltact surfare of die formwork diraertl:,• inílue1lre
die
appearanre of ñnished. s.urfaces viewed under varyhlg
lif¡ht conditimis, forms for architecrural c;o:ncrre,te sho11l.d be
calcu• l;JJte.d and eval1.uated c-arrefully to minimize
dellecllio:ns. In mo!:I. cases, delfoctions. gol\fem desig¡n
rather tliat!J bending (flexura! s.trress.) or she:ar. Deflec,timls
of s.heathing, st.uds, and wales should be desig¡ned so tliat
ihe llllri:sbed surf:i.re meets the architecrural specificai:ions.
Limilli.ng these dellec• tio:ns.: to l/400, wherre i is die dear
spa:1:JJ betv.•een s.uppo:rts., is satisfaclory for 111os!
arolüta:lllral fo:nnwork (rrel'er to ACI
301 :md.ACI Jll]ll). Fom1s bow witll reuse; dlereforre-, mo:re
bulging v.~11 occur in die formed suñaoe after several
uses of the s:ame fu1m. T1his. effect should. be oo:nsiderred.
wihen desiiµling forms.
\Vhetl tie size and ~dng arre l.imited. by tlle arrcliitert,
the fo:rmwo:llk e1lg¡it1eerloonlracror may have to trelrer~
die usual pmcedure to arrive al a bal1anced fo:rm des.ign.
Ghren the cap:acity of ihe avai!able lli.e and tlle area it
supports, die formwork engineerlconlractor can find dle
allowable ptes• sute, design s.up-po:rti1tg me.u1bers., alld.
es.tabl.is.h a rate of ooncrete placing.
 cumc "° ro l'tldWORK ro~ co:N:mu:n:
\Vhere wood fonns. are used, stress-graded lumber
( or equ.i,vale:ut) li'ree of nvists and warps. should, be used,
for s.truerural members. Form niareriall, should, be s.iz:ed a1id
pos.i• llioned to limil d1e~ections. wi.thin the re.iuitements
o,f the pmjecl .;pedllc-.alli.o:n. Joints. of sheathillg materials
should be badk:ed witli strucillrall, members. rn miuimi.ze
offseK
7.4.4 ne ami rea1u:lmr des!gn-11e layout should,
be
planned. lf die ho.l,es are rn be ex¡posed a_,¡ pan o,f tlie
archi• teclllral concte te, 1ie plaoemenl shmlld lle
0
symme tric-.al witli respec,t to the member formed. [f tie
0
holes are not to be exposed, ties should be located, at
rustk.allio:n mal1ks, co1iocol joints, o:r otlier p.oints \,rhere dte
visual elfert will, be miuim.i.zed.
Extemally braced fomis c-.an be 1.1sed, ins.tead of a1iy of
the
afuremetitioned methods to avoid objertimiable
lllemishes iri the ll:uis.hed surfüoe. Eicteru:ially braoed
fo:rms, ho\!,\ever, can be more difficult and more oos.tly to
huild_
Con.,;ideration should be g¡iven to re-anobori.ng fumL-.
¡ ill
ptereding or adjacenl p1acemeuts to adii,eve a tight fü
a1id
miuimi.ze ~rout leakage al diese poi,iK ·nes should, be
located a_-.¡ clase as p.ossibl,e to the co1istrurtio1i joint to
fadli• late re-ancbooi.ng the funn rn adjace:ut plaoemenl:s.
7.4.5 Jo/1I1.r mul detalls-ln architecrural cmicrele,
joints
s.hould, \li~ie:re fe.as.ible, be locared al the juu0tiou of
the
formwork p:mels.. AJt coiilraction -or cmistrurtimi joints,
rus.tk.allio:n shiips s.hould be provided a1id, faste:ued rn die
faoe or badk:-fastetied to the forms.
Co:mers. should be c-.ate-fully detail,ed lo, minimiz:e
gmul
le.akag.e. Sharp oomers. s1tould, wherever poss.ible, be-
elimi• nated ~• llie use of chamf'er MJ:l<.¡ exce:pt \li1ie:n
prohihited by pmjecl specitic:lJtions..
7.4.6 1olerimces-The formwork enginee,r/oontractor
s.hould dheok fo:r dimensional, to.lera1ires. s.pedlled lly the
arcltitecl dial ca1i llave a bea,fag o:n die des.ign o,f dte
fom11t [f no special toleraooes are !!Jiven, dte formworfl::
engineer/ cmim-aetor ca1i use ACI 1 17 tol,emices fo:r
s.trucrural oonerete.
7..5-ConsD'uction
sheathing
7..'5.1 Gé'11erol-Forms s.hould be carefull;• bu.ilt to res.i,t
re.iuite die p1essures to !A'hidh diey wil!, be subjevted, and, to l.imit
air llhat ca1i defle0tions to, a practicable minimum Ivithi.11 the rnlerances
s.pecHied. Joiut, in strucillrall, members s.hould be lrepl to a
be
miuimum and, where necessary, S:!1ould be suitallly spliced
be.:;ause or ollie:m~se constructed to maintaim continuity.
random le:ictures, Pour podk:ets for vibrating or placing concte,te should be
Furthenno:re, tlie gfout platmed to facilitate careful p1aceme.rit attd collsoli&allio:n of
textured liuer a1id, the rnp of die cmmrete to, minimi.ze se!!¡regation, honeycomb, sattding,
orce.Id joiuts. in dte roncte.te. 11 shoulld lle noted dtat if pour
pookets. afie re.iuited on the furnL-.¡ für architecmral ooncrete,
ooal-
lliey wil I normall ly leave a mark on the ll1ttished ooncrete.
teittforcing
11ie !ocation of pour pockets. shou!d be oooJidinated, with ihe
avoid
arcltitecl
tefafo:roe,menl Altadhmeflt of i.n.<1erts., rus.tk.alio:n s.trips, and ornamental
stain llie ooncrete or te1iefs should be plattned so diat fumL-.¡ can be tetnoved
widiout eKerting ptess.ure Oll these attadhments. or c-.ausing
,¡ Am !!l<l'!'R--1.t)
lWo-way joist systems) in ateas that are consldered
archi• tecmral, the architect and engjneer should
eoordinare dteir requirements to be sure tlie arehitecmral
effeet is. eonsistent w·itli dte forming mediod and material
speeiñed,
Fonns diat will be reased should be carefully insperted
aad cíeaned after each use to ensure dial ~ey have nol
beeome damaged, dísterted, d.isassembled, or otherwlse
unable to perform as designed
7.5..l Shet11hl11g mul Jo/11(/ng-Contart surfaces of
the
formwork should be carefully installed to produce neat
and symmetrieal joint paneras, unless otherwise specified
Joints should be elther vertical or horizontal and, where
pos.-sible, should be staggered to maintain strucniral
continui,ty.
Mailing should be done with care using hammers
widi s.mootli and well-dressed, beads to preveet maming
of the form surfaces, Whe.ii required, box naíls should be
used mi die oontact surface and sheuld be placed in a
neat p:lJttem_ Screws are o,ften used re fasten rhe
sbe.atliing. Badk: fa,;tening should be used if die imprints
fmm nail or sctew heads are objecnonable,
Wherever pesslble, sbeathing ar panel joints sbould be
pos.ilianed at rustlcatioa s~rip.s. or o~her embedded
fe.alllres diat can cenceal or minimiz:e the jojm,
Construction joiats sbould be formed witli a grade
stdp
anaehed to the form to defíne a clean socaight l.ine en
the jeint of the formed surface, Fo:rmwol1k sheuld be
tighlened ar a censuuetioe joint befare the nexr placement
to minjmize seepage of water and martar betweeu the
form and preví• ous.ly placed, concrete surfaces,
Arehhecmeal concrete fonas should be desígned to
11tini•
mize water leakage- and avoid d.isoo!oration. One metl:tod
to
minimize water [oss from llie concrete al die joints
between secnons of the fu1mwork and ar ceusnuetion
joiets is. to
attadh a gasket ofllexible mareríal to the edge of each
panel. The gasket is compressed wben dte furmwork is.
assembled or placed agaíest dte existing ceaeeete. Caulk,
tape, joinl cempound, or eombieatiees ef these ean lle
used to seal
joints, [n ali c-.a~s.. un.,;upported joinls be tween
0
s.heets should be badk:ed by framing. 11-i~t forms
more care during vibration lO remove eutrapped,
cause surfaoe voids (bugho.l,es).
·rextuJied, surfaoes on 11mllli,-lift cmistrurtimi shou!d
s.eparated wid1 rusticalio:n soci_rs ar b:road revealls
accumu!alli,o:n of con~truction to.ler:mces.,
or bodt, preve.rits te-xrure matching.
~all, between dte botto:m of a
die previous p1acemenl is
in:i;p:racücal wi.thm.11 llhe rusticatiou
,trip.
7_u, Ciean.i11g. coal/Jrg, and l'Ttlea.w agtms-Fonn
ings o:r releasing a~nts sbould be appli,ed befote
steel is placed and s.hou!d be appli,ed carefully to
coutacting adjacenl oons.trucüon joints o:r
Tiie fo:rm coating to be used s.hould nol
im;pair tlie adl:tes.ion ofpaints o:r
o~er s.urface m-eatmeuts and
shou!d be sullmitted to die aJichitect for approval.
da111age to the fumts" Fonn sea!ers should, be tes.ted, to ens.ure thal they \li~ 11
nol
\Vhere .;pecial fo:rmirig systems. are .;pedlled by dte engi- ad,versely affecl ihe textute \li1ien a funn lilli.ng
material is neer of dte project fo:r ,true.rural p.uiposes (sudh as one- and used.

{acfJ Ameñcan Cancra!e lnstilule - Cqpyrighte,d O l.lale1ial - www.oot001ete.0Jg

 G'IJIDElO FORMWURK FOR: oo:N:CRE1iE (A<ll 347R-14) 25
Ties thar are ro be pulled from the wall should be place, 11:tmvever, ilie darik.er ~he ooncrete Il"ill beoome. Tlhe
comed with no:n<.itaini ng bond breaker or encased in engineer/architec,t s:ftou!d s.;ped fy wltat ooncte te s.trength
0

sleeves to faci1- ltate removal, is required beforre stripping can !aire placa~.
Forms should be careful ly cíeaned and repaired between
uses to prevent deterioration of the quality of surfaee
fonned,
Film or sp1atter of bard'ened concrete shoutd be
oompl.etely removed.
7.5..4 Urnamemal Unen tlll.d detal!-Olltlamentail
eoncrete is. usually fenned by elastemeríe molds or
wood, plasnc, or plaster waste molds, Members makmg
u;p weod molds sbeuld be kerfed mi die back whetever
such members can beceme wedged betweee p:rojertions in
füe ornament, Molds sbeuíd be coastmcred so 11hat joint:s
will not be opened by sl.ight movemeet erswelllngof'dse
woed, J(lillts in themolds should be mad'e íeeonspicueus
by realing.
The molds should be eareful ly set in the forms and
securely
held in posíríen to reproduce the design shewn en 11he
plans.
\Vhere woed forms adjo,in molds, the weod sbould be
neatly
ñtted to the prnfile of the mo!d :md. ail I joints sheuld be
care•
fi:tlly seajed, Tbe molds and tlie adjaceut wood forms
shoujd be detañed so tliat the wood forms can be
strípped wídiout
.:li,t11rbi1ig ~'he molds, The edge of tlie mold or pauern
strip should be tapered to a slight draft to pennit
removing the de1ail material wi.thmn damagmg ~he
concrete. Speeial provismns should be made for early
fo:nn removal, retar• danon, or bcth, when saudblasnng,
wire brusbi.ug, or other treatments ate requlred,
Fonn liners shoutd be attached seeurely witli fasteners
or
glue recommended by ilie manufaemrer. The form
behind the liner should hotd die fasteners, The surfaces
shculd be cleaned and dri.ed lltoroughly so lhat 11he glue
will bond. Do not use glue at temperarures. lower dian
these reeommended by the manufü.oourer.

7.6.....,Fo rm removal
7.6.1 Altdidlngdamage-When ceneeete surfaees are to
be
!eft a,¡ east, it is importan! not to damage or scar the
eoncrete
tace durillg shiipping. Forms shoutd be supported so
diat
they do not f.all. bad: or against dte ar,cbiteOOirail s111rface.
Tite use of pry bars and odier s~rippi,ig tools ~'hould be
s~rictly supervired. [n no case should. pry hars be placed.
directly agaittst ~he ooncrete. Evet1 ~he use o.f1vood or
plastic Ivedges does. not ettsure that dam.age will not
occur. Ouce formwork is. removed, the ar,c1bite001rail.
surfaces. should be prntected Erom continuillg
rottstruction operations. as. specified ill ihe oonlract
dorume~its.
7.6.2 Ct»re~te smMg1h-lL is. desirable far
arnhitec•
rural ooncrete to have a higher com;p:ressive s.treugd1
dtan no:rmail. far s~rippillg.. nis can be acoompfühed hy
adjusting the mim.ire p:ropo1.41ioris or lt-avillg fürm.<i i.n
place longer. lf conc;rere is. ttot s.trong enou~h to
overoome the adhes.ion between tlie form s.urface and die
ooncrete, ooncrete e;an ~aile
o:r s.pall. Therefo:re, a gooo quality surface m.ight requite
ilie
fo:rms. to s.tay i.n place longer. The lo:n§Cr the fümts stay
in
 7.6..3 U11ift»"mlry-fo maxim:il!e surfüoe quality,
unifür•
mi.ty i.n s.tripping llime and curing p:ractices arre
essential.
\Vhere die objertive is. to produce as. corisi:stent illl
appear• ance as poss.ible, it is betielkiail. to p:rotert tlie
conc;rete by fearving die fon11worik in place somewhat
longer tlian normal. Ea111y expos.ure of COllürete rn 11be air
affecis die millirier in
\\1ücli die ~urf.ace dries" Ambieut oonditions. :md.
sunli~ht
exposur,e can i1iflueuce die eve.rirual color of die
ooncrete.
7.6.4 A'rm!dfüg lhermal .rhock-Cold.-weather
co:ncte te
0
placement requires that s.;pecial attenlli,o:n lle paid. to
~'he sudd1en temperarure chillige of co:ncte te. "fa avoid
0
iliem~al shock and cmisequent crazing o,f llie crnic;rere
surface, ~he chillig_e in temperarure of the coric;rete should.
be oontmll.ed widi1it1 tlie limits outli.ned in ACI JOJll_
T1his. can be accom• pli:shed by heating llte wo:rk ar,ea,
lt>avillg die forms in place to oonlain the hea.t
o,fhydrallion, ar by i.nsulating ilie co:ncte te atl'er die
0
forms have been temmred (refer to ACI JCl6R). Po-
sitive s.teps shoold be !airen to i.n<. ¡pecl, record, illld. docu•
ment ilie p:rooedures ured to rure the conc;rere. ]t s.'hould
be noted that it is dte remperature of dte conc;rete that is.
impor• t:mt to proper curing, llOt the ambient aü
temperarure.
CH!APiER 8,....S PECfAL STRUCTU
RES
8.1-
Discussion,
Fonnworlk für ali slrucrures. should. be
designed,
Ame,ican C<>ncrele lnsl ilule - Copy,ightE<:t 11) Malerial -
www.ooncrete..019
oons.tructed, aru:I maintained. in aocordmtce wi.th
recommen• d:ati ons. in Chapters 1 to 6. Tilis clhapter deals.
wiffi the adcli• tiornal requiremenl:s for formwork for
several speciail. dasses ofworlc ACI J72R and J7JR
cmitain informatron on des.ign and COJ1<.itruclli0ti of
circular pres1ressed---0oncrete structu11es.
8.2-Brid~s an.d viaduots, incr.udi ng hig,h
piers
U.. l D1.~e11n/on-T11e oons.truction and removal
ofform• worlk sbould be plillmed in advance. Fo:nns. and
supports shou!d lle suffidentlly rigid to ens.ure iltat ~'he
finished. slJruc• tl.lre w·il! fillfil!. its intend1ed structurail.
filnction attd tliat exposed. coric;rete finishes will prese~it
a pl.easillg appt>arillice to ihe pulllic.
U..2, Sltorlng ,md ,cemen'11g-Reoommended. practice
in
5 .5 and 5. 7 für e rec1lion ancl removal should be
0
füllmved. lrn continuous. s~ruclllres, support should. ttot be
released in any s.pan mitil. ilie first illld. recond. adjoinillg
~pans. mi each si.de llave reached tlie s.;pedfied str,e~igdi.
For pos.t-tettsi.o:ned bridges, tlie shore design ~'hou!d
consider dte tesulting redistrilmllion of loads on ~he
shores s.imi lar lo tlie effecl:s discusred in 5.1!.6.
8..2..J, Fonm-Fom1s can be of any of a lar§C
mmmber of materialls but ilie mos.t common ate wood
or metal. They should be built mmtar-tight of s.ouncl
material s.trong enough to preven! d.isto:lilimi during
pladng and. curillg of the ooncrete.
8,,3,...;Structures desig,ned for composi.te
action
8..J,.. l Re1eo111me1rdari01a-Strurturres o:r members that
are des.igiied so that the coric;rete acts oompositely wiru
otlter mate.rfals or with odter pa1.41s of dte strurtute
p:rerent special fo:rmi.ng prnb!.ems tliat should be
anllicipated. i.n ihe de:sigii of
i
~
ac1¡,,
26 üUll!lE 110 FO RMWURlt. FUR lJUN:GRETE ,fAGI ,347R-14,)

tlie strucnrre. Requirements fer shoring or odier deñecnon
control of llhe formwork should be clearly presented by
llhe e,iig¡ineen:udiítert in llhe speeiñeatlons. Where
suceessjve placements are to acr compositeíy in die
eompleted struc• mre, deñecnon cmittul beeomes critieal,
Sboring, witli or witliout cambenng porlJio:n..¡ of 11be
snuc• ture durfog placemeet and. curing of'the ceacrete,
sbcuíd be allalyz:ed sepa.rately for tlie effects of dead
load of newly placed ceeerere and für the effecL ofother
construetlea !oads
11bat can be imposed. befüre llhe concrete artains its
d:es.ign stre.ngd1.
8.3. .2, De:sig11-F ormwork members. aed shores should.
be
desigiied to limit deflertimis Lo a praotic-,al minimum
cousis• tent with the strucniral member being eonsuucted
Where ca:mber is specíñed für previous.ly installed
compo:nents of
11be snucmre, allowance should be mad:e for die
resuhant
pteloading of 1he sbores before application of the dead
l.oad of ceaeeete.
ln members consnucted in several sueoessive
placements,
such as bm:-girder snucmres, fürmworli: cemponeets
should
be sized, positimied, supported, or alí diree, to minimi.ze 8.4-sFolded prates, thín shells, and long-span
roof
pmgtess.ive increases in deñecnon ofdie snucture diat would
struclures
exeessively pteJoad 1he rei,iforcing steeí or odter portions of 8.4.1 Dl.f!:u.t.fio11-For long-s;pan and s;pace
snucmres
11be oompesite member.
and
ln 11ttullli:s1ory work where shoring of composhe members
design, is requited, considerallion should. be give.u to the number o,f
should be done storíes o,f sbores Decess:ary, i.n conjullrtioll wíth tbe speed o,f
t1ecessary special qua.li- censnuetíen and concrete sireagths, to miním.i.ze deJl!ertimis
f-ormwork engieeers should dae to suceessive loadiags, Di:stinction should. be made ill
llhe engiDeeriarchitect to make such analyses between shores posted to relallivelyunyieldí1ig
surfares. will conf-onn to llie engineer.f SUJ)'po:rts., such as fo1mdatious, and shores pos.ted Lo, smic-
ruresor members lliat are alre,ady elasllicailly supponed (refer
s.hould. be
to 5.l!J_
documents:
Co:mpos.ite cmistrurtioll can incorporate beams. of te.fa-
lli.vely light c;ro:ss sertiolls dtat are fill!y a.deq;ume whe~i
fail:sework is construotimi is comp1.ete. Durillg oousuucllio:n, boweiver,
11bese beams may require laterail. suppon mim 1he formwork.
include
llie engineerlardhitecl s.hou!d ail.en die oontraotor to this
documents a_.¡
cmidüiom i.tt ge-1ieral notes. on die s.mmural dr11\\rings. or in
s.y:srem m notes on applic-,able dra,vings \\1iere this oornfüion exists.
llie formwork erigiinee.r/ocmlraclor slmu!d be alert lO this
form- po~ibili.ty and. provide shoring or laterail. suppon ,vb.e~e
basis of a. need:ed.
vertical area
8.3.3 Erecrlon-Co:nsúrucllion of permanent elemenL<;,
such a.~
erecllioo o,f fo:rmwol1k, or botb, for oomposite oousúruc-
wind
lion follows. ba~ic teoommen.d!allio:n..¡ oontained i,i Chapter
cotisidered.
5. Shori.ng of members lh:it wil I act cmnpositely wüh ~he
be
comc;rete to be plared should. be dome wid1 gteat c-,ate to
plan:ning.
etisute suffidenL bearing, rigii.dity, and tighhl~ to praeveut
fonnwork
seLtlemenL or dellecllio:n:s beyo:nd allowable limiK Wedges,
ptepared ~' s.hims, ;md jaciks should be pmvided to, permit 2djustmelll if
Where cambe.r is. required, a. dis.tinctiom should. be
111:ade ben\'een d1e part thaLisan allowarire fürsettllement
ord:eflec• llio:n of fo:rmwol1k or s.ho:ring and llhe po:rtioti of
camber lihaL is p:rovided for desig¡n loadings. llhe fonner
s.hould generally be dte respousibility of tlie fo:rmwo:llk
engineer/contractor
,vho d:esigns. the fünm and. suppons unless füch camber
is s.tipulated by the eugineer/ardiriteot. Mea.sureme,iit of
camber pmvided fo:r strurn1rail. d:es.ign loa.dings should be
111:ade afler hardening of llhe concrete bUL before removail.
of die supports (tefer to 3.2.5). Tilis. is ~a.use the
srouctural deflertion ocooi1ring u;pon temoval of the
suppons is a ñmotiou of the s.trucnural desig¡n and catmot
be oo:utmlled by tlie contracL-or.
8..J.4 Remom.1-F orms, supports, or both, should
be te.moved only a.fter tests :md. specífied curing
operalliou..¡ ind.icate, to tlie sa.tisfüotiou of die
eugineer/aichitert, llhat die mos.t iece.ntlly pla.red
couorete has. attained die sttengtli tequ.i.red to d:evelo¡p
composite action, and the-1i only afler approival o,I' the
eugiineerlaichitert. Tite sequenoe of suc1b temoval
should. be appmved. by the eiig¡ineerlaichitert.
tequ.i.ring a complex, duee-dime-1isiotial desígn analysís,
p1ese-1iting tbree-dimensional. problenL<¡ in furmwork
erecnon, and. remeval, fonnwork pl:mni.ng
by formwerk englneers having 1.be
fications. a1id. expeeience. Tbese
cousult and cooperare with
sure íhat the resulting
ardlilecl's desig¡n.
8.4.2, ~.r/gn-The fol!o\\~_ng are items. ihat
included i.n the oo:ntrart
a) The engiineerlaracbitert sbm1!d specify limilli.ng values
:;md. direcdons. of the tea.ctive foraces when llhe
S.UJ)'ported. by the pemi:anent smicrure.
b) Whe-1i applic-,able, die engineer.farchitect shoo!d
a. d:ecentering sequettoe plan 'l'lrith the bidding
a basis f-or die desig¡n o,1' die forming and suppon
be used. ~' 11he cmilractor.
e) [n d:eLermini.ng 11he laterail. forces acting on llhe
,vollk, the wind. load sbou!d be calcu!aLed on llhe
minimum of 15 lblrtl (O,_ 72 kPa) of_prqj~ted
as sp,edñed for wall. forms. im 4.2.3. For structures
domes, negati.ve forces. d:ue to surtion c;reated by the
on die feeward sid:e ofdie srou.cblre shou!d be
d) Tite recommeridations of 4.1.1 aud 4.J s.hou!d
followed in formwork
Formwo:llk design load:!: s,hou!d be sho\Vrn mi die
drawi,igs. Cm11.;p!ete stress analyses d1ould be
strucrural engineers experhmced in diese
types of soocrures, tequired befote or d:uring concrete plaoemenl., as v.<ell as to ;md the maximum and minimum
v211ues. o,f sttes.:s, imcluding permiL te.rnoval witliout jaming or i1npacting the con1.;ple ted
0 reiver:sal of stress, shmdd.
be s.ho\\1i für ea.eh me.mber for comstrurtion.. Provision s.hould be ma.de fo:r read.i ly checldng die mosL seivere
loadi11g roudillio:n,.;,_ Co:nsid:eration should tlie aocuracy of position and. grade duri.ng placemeut. Eren be giiven to
unsymmetriical. or eooetilric loa.dings that mighL tlioogh adjustment of fo:rms. may be possibl.e duri.ng or after ocoor
during cmic;rele p1acemetit aud during erecllio:n, dece1i- pladng, it is not recommended. ;md ni:ay o:nly be aLtempted
tering, or 1noving oftraive!ers. llie venical or laLeral d:eflec- prior to initiall set oftlie concrete.
tioo ofllhe mwi.ng fo:rms. o:r 1raveler.,., as. well as die stabifüy

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 GWlDEffl FOFIMWO RK FOR OONCFIETlE (A<ll 347R- l4)
under vanous loads, shcmld. be i11veS1Jiga1ed to oeañrm
11hat the fo:nmvotik wil!. ñmction s:lJtisfac,toril;• and diat di.e
sped• fied tolerances will be me-t.
Pa!Jlirular e-afie shmlld. lle take.ri in the desiga and
de tail.ing of indiviidu:al members and connecdens.
0
Wihefie miss
systems are used, connecdons should be designed IO keep
eceemncities as small a.~ possible Lo m.i.nim.il!e
deftections o:r distornons,
Because die 1veight of the formwork c11:11 be equal to
or
greater rhan the design live load ofdie snueture, fo:rm
details should be designed to aveid the formwork
h:mg¡ing up and overloading die snucune duriug
deceeterieg,
Due to the special shapes involved, tolerances should
be
speciñed by d:te engineerlarcliit:ecl i,i the bidding
decumems,
8.4.3 Drdw·i11g:~~Whet1 required, the funnwork
engineerl connacter should. submit detailed dmvings of
di.e formwork fo:r apptovall of 1he engineerlarchirect.
These drawings should show the proposed concrete
placing sequence and the resuhing leads, fo ensure íhat
the
struetare can assume in. deflected shape wiihout damage,
the decentenng or handling sequettoe of ~fte fmmwork
should be s.howu on dte drawirigs. The fo:rmwo:lik des.ign,
drawings, and proeedures sheald oomp1y widi federal a,id
local sal'ety laws., as. well a~ dte contract decuments,
Defilecllion o,f diese struetures can cause binding
between the form and the concrete during decentering. F
ormwork drawings. and fum1 d:etails sheuld be planned to
prevent bindhig and facilit:ate socippirig of forms,
Drawings. should show such detaíls as 11he iype oi
inserts and joints in sheatlii.ng, where spreading of'the
form can resuh in the fo:rm becommg keyed mto the
eoncrete,
8.4.4 Appr,wal-The engineerlarcliit:ecl should
review the deslgn and drawíngs fo:r di.e funnwork and
die proee• dures. fur cmistructimi 10 ensure ~fte smicmral
inte.r¡rity of dte permanent stracnire, Tite
engineerlarcliit:ect shou !d app:rove in Wiri1fog the loads
imposed by lhe funiiwork, di.e s.eque~ice of d:te concrete
placing operations, and ihe lim ing and proce• dures. of
decente.ri.ng aad s.tliipping.
8.4-~ Connn.c1lo11-Jn planning :md. erecting
formwork, provisions s.hould. be made far adequate means
ofadjustment during placing where neress:ary. Telltail.es.
sbou.ld be install.ed to check aligiimenl :md. .r¡rade during
placemenL Where dte fo:rming ~ystem is. based. on a
oertairi placirig sequence, diat sequence s.hould be
clearly defi:ned by di.e formwork engi• tteerloontractor
and adheredl to i.n the field.
8.4.6 Removt11 of /t1rm¾'OH:°-Formwork should
be remol\led and. decentered in aocordanoe wi.th the
pfocedure and sequerice s.;pecilied on the furm
drawi.ngs or mi di.e conlracl dorume.rits.. Decenlering
methods. used should be plamied so a~ 10 prevenl
unanticip:lJted concentr:lJted lieac• tions o:n the permanent
s.tructulie.. Due to the la:rg.e defilec• timis attd tlie high
dead !oad.-ilO--live load ratio oommon to this type of
s.tnmrure, deoenlering and fo:rm removall. s.hou!d ttot be
penniued until. specified. tests demo:nsnrale th:lJt di.e
ooncrete sirength and the modulus. o,f e1as.ticity specified
in oonlracl documenls have bee,ii lieached_ Altliough
liequired
27
to ACI 334. IR, 5_2.J). DecenLering should begin al
poinls of mmdmum defilecllio:n :md. pro.r¡ress towalid points.
of minimum d:ellection, widi die decenteri.ng of edge
members p:roceeding simult1meous.ly willi ~he adjoining
sheJI.
8,.S,.,-sM:ass ooncret.e
structures:
8..5.1 Dlsct,.ulon-Mass roncrnte occurs. iii heavy
civi 1
e11gi1ttee.1fog cmistruction, sucih as in gravity dlams, arch
dlam.,.;, gravity-Jietaim.ng waills., locl:: walls, pmver-plant
sliruc• tures, attd larg.e building found:lJtions. (AC [ 107.1 R).
Special p:rovisimis afie u~uaHy made to rontrnl lite
tem;perarure ris.e in the ni.a~.¡ by the use of ceme.rll or
ceme.rititious. mmrial combin:lJtions. poss.es.s.ing low or
moderate he.al-gener:lJting characteris.-llics., by pos.tcooling
(coo.l.ing di.e fresh ronc1ie te) or by plac-ing sequence. t-
0
leal rise i.n ,ii.ass oo:nclie-te is rnos.t ofte~i rontmlled by
replaceme.rit o,,f cemeut with pozzol::ms, parti.cularl;• lly
ash.
Fomm•ork for ll:ta!'.!. concrete follls into two disnncl
cmgo•
ries: low l.ifi aJld high litl. lo•w-lift funnwork, for
lieighls
of S to l O ft ( l.S to J m), usu.ally oons.is.ts. of mu111i-use
s.teel cantilever fum:1 units diat inoorpo:rate thefr ow1i
work plat• fo:rms attd, on ooc:asio:n, li fting devices. t-1i~1-
lift formwork is. comparable ro the s.ingle-suse wood fum:L~
ured extensively fo:r structural conctete.
8.5..2, larerol plT?.ls11re o/ c-,mc1~1e-Ti1e l:lJteral
press.ure formulas. for coucrete placed in waills. c-an be
used fur m:ass concrete (rerer 1:o 4.2._2.). Tite funnwotik
engfoeer need:s to carefully review dte concrete m.ixtulie
pmpol"llion to deter• mine the ap¡p:ro¡p:riare fommla from
4.2.2. Co.nc~ete additives or cement s11bs11i .tu1es can
rmp:rove he:lJt geueralli.on clharaoter• is.tics., bul the same
m:lJterials. c-an incliease cmicrete s.el tinte and inclieru:e
lmra1 pre-.sures..
Co:nsideration should. be giveu to p1acing sequenoe in
d:te
determinati.on ofp:ressure. Frequen11ly, ooncrete is layered
in such a way d:tauhe llres.h cmic-;rete rate o,f placement
locall ly is. s.ubstanllially glieater dtan die average rate of
placement. Local laternl pressures ca:t1 be greater i1tan
would be esti• mated. on tibe b:asis o,ftlie average rate
ofp1acement. l1t1 addi• do:n, lite use of large ronc1e te 0
buckets wir1h rapid d.iscll:targe of concrete can c-aus.e high
impaot load:s near die fonns.
8.:5.J, Deslgn cOJ1-sJdero.rlon.t-M:ass concrete formi,ig
ran require s.;pecfal funn tie and aJlclho:r desigii.. Forming
sloping sui.faoes liequires ties or andiors ro resist
praesfüres. th:lJt are perpendicular 10 the face of di.e fum:1.
Therefo:re, only us.ing horizontall ties wi!I l.eave the ve11ic-al
oompouent of pliess.ure unli.ed. Vertical (hold.-down)
anchors should be used_ Forms tied or artcho~ed. to, a mck
face require palilicular care. O lren, rock anchor.~ afie
placed befure the fumis are erected. This requires. the
fonn d:es.igner to a.ccommodlate de alld. anchor
misaligJimenL llie fo:m11A•olik engineer/rontractor s.hould
check ID a.sure th:lJt load:s res.ulttng fro:m dte tie spa.cings
do ttol exoeed the working c-apacity o,f the mok auchors..
Bendirig and weld.ing of hi§1:1-,te1isil.e-s.tfiengru sreel
li.e
00th should nol be permitted. \\'lthout the ap¡m:wall of the
lli.e
mam:ifac.rurer. Any app:roved we1ding s.hould be by a
welder oenified. by rue Ame.rican Welding Society
(AWSJ us.ing
oompressive may all.ready have been appMved wriin-en welding procedufies.
s.tfietigd:t~. :lJttained,
moduli. o,f e1as.ticity can conm-ol time o,,f decenteri.ng (refer

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28 GUll!JE TO FORMWORliC FUR CO:NORET E,(AOJ 347R-l4)
The capaeity of anchors and form tles embedded in
previ• ous.ly placed concrete is dependent on die strength
of the ceneeete, whidh is. ve:ry low at early ages.. The
embedded stJie-1igd1 slimi!d be sufñcient to sust:ain design
loadi,igs Erom die new ptaeement aed i.nillial bol.ting
stresses.
8.6-Underground
svuctures
8.6.1 D/sct1s.tlon-Undergrmmd snuenires differ Erom
cerrespeedíng sarfaee mstal lations in dtat die
eonsnuc• non takes place mside an excavatíen mstead of
in die open, p1iese-1iting uneque problems in haud.ling
and supponirig formwork and in the assocíared plaeement
o,f concrete. A.,¡ a result, four faetors usually make ilie
design of formwork for underground snuennes e:ntirely
diífereet ihan fo:r 111:1.eir above-ground oeunterpans. Firs.t,
coeeeete to ll II otherwise inaocessibl.e areas can be placed
pnemtll:lllical ly or by posi• lli.ve dísplacement pum.;p and
pipe.J.ine. Seeond, rock is sorne• limes used as. a form
b:i.ciking, perminíng the use of rock anehors and tie rods
instead. of externa! bracing and sheres. llii.rd, die limits of
die exc-,avation demaud. special handlirig equipment tliat
adds partirular emp!iasis to ilie removal and reuse ef
forms.. Foul1h, reek surfaees can someomes lle used for
attadhing hoísung deviees,
Wheri píacement is done by pneumanc or pos.illi.ve
clis.place• ment pump and pipesline rne iliods, the plastlic
0
concrete is forced under pliess.me inl:O a vold, sueh as the
crown of a umnel lini.ng. Fer more inform:atrmi cm the
pumping precess, Jiefer to ACI J04.2R.
8.6.2 De.tlgn lrlrlds
8.6.2.1 Venlca/ foads~Ve:rtic-,al and construcnon
loads
assumed tn ~he deslgn of formwmk for undergmand
snuc•
mres afie similar to tliose fo:r surface strucaires, widi
the exrepllion o,funus.ual vertical loads occarnng near the
crown of arch or runneJ forms and l'lm:atiou or
lluoyruicy effect lle.rie,atli nmnel fonns,
In placing eoncrere in die cmwns of tunnel forms,
plies• sures up to JOOO lb/IV (l44 kPa) have beee induced in
ateas of overbreak and near vertical bulkheads fmm
concrete placed pneumatieally or by posítive
displacement pump (ACI SP-4). Overbreak is the
excess Jiemoval of rock or other excawted nll:lteriail
above the forms beyond the Jiegu.i.red rutmel lini.ng
dii.ckness.. Ut1til. more definite Jieoom• mendallion.,¡ crui be
rnade, di.e itll:lgnirude and disocillutio:u o,f pliess.ure sbould
be d.etermined. by the formwork engineer. Tile a,¡sumed
pressuJie should ttot be less. dtan 1 500 lll/ft2 (72 kPa) ac.ting
norm:all;r to llhe form plu.-s; tlie dead. !Areight ofthe collcirete
placed pneuitll:lllically or by pump (ACI SP-4).
- .
8.6..2.1 UJleral /aa.dr-For s.hafls and e!(IBrior
walls
against mok, ~he values. listed in 4-2.2 s.hou!d
apply.
Wheu die sltafi form reli.es. on the single s.hear value
o,f embedded. anchor.~ in ilie pfevious placeme:m as a
meruis
of suppo:rt, the minimum time lapse between
sucres.shre plaoemenLS (or minimum ooncrete strength)
ruid. m:aximum al !owable !oad.ing in additio,i to di.e dead
weight of ihe form s.hould be specified.
For arch forms and portion-. s; of llm.nel forms above
the
ma:ximum ho:rizontal dime1isimi or spring line o,f dte
fo:rm,
die p:res.sure should be compallible widt the p:ressures
discusred under ve:rtk,al loads. in 8.6.2. L
8.6.3 Dm11•/11gs-ln addition to tlie prnvisiotL<:
ofCh:apt.ers J, 4, and 5, die fü11owing data should. be
inch1ded. on the drawings for specialized formwork attd
formwmk for wmiels.:
a) AH pliesrnre diagrams used. i.n the d:es.ign of tlie
form,
including diagrams fo:r upl.ift, unhalanoed. lateral or
\'e:rtk,al loru!s, pliess.urized ooncrete, or any otlie:r load
applic:i.bl.e to die parllicular ins.tal lation
b) Reconrme.rided rnedtod of suppleme.rital strutting
or llr:i.cing lo be employed in areas Ivl:tere form
pliess.ures. can
exceed di.ose listed d'ue IO ab:no:rmal
oondiliom;
e) Handli.ng diagrams a1id. proredures showi.ng
the
ptoposed me-di.od of handling die farm during eJieciiou
or inst:allation fo:r ooncrete plareme:nt plus ~he method
o,f llracing and. attchorage dming normal operatimi
d) Co:ttcJiete pl:i.remenl method :md, for lmmel aJicli
fontL<;,
whetlie:r the design is. has.,ed on tlie bulkhe:ad s.ystem
of
cmicireLe plareme:nt or di.e oonti,mously advandng
s.lope method
e) The capadty a1id. wo:rking p:res.'.,llre of ~e pump aJid
s.ize, le~iglh, and maximum emlledmenl ofdie discharge
line when placemenl by pum;ping is aJitkipatecl
8.6.4 Cmmruc{lon-The two basic rne-dtods of
pladng cmicireLe in a m:mnel arcli e:tttai I pmblems. in die
cotistruciiou of die formwo:!il,: thal re(J¡UiJie special.
p:rovisions. to pennit proper reus.,e_ Tiiese two basic
methods. are commonly lmovm as the bulkhead method
and the continuoudy ad.va:ndng dope metliod.
The fonner is usecl excl:usively \\1ie:re poor grmmd.
oondi•
lliotL<: exis.t, Jieguiring tlie lining to be placed
ooncurre:utly witli wmiel d.riving operations.. Jt is also
used when some factor, s.uch as. dte si.ze ofilie runneJ, ilie
inlroduotiou ofreiri• fordng steel., or the loc,allio:n of
oo:nswcllion joints predudes die advancing slope 111.elliod.
llie a.dvancing slope melliod• a ootttitmou.-s; mediod of
plareme:nt-is usual ly pliefurred for wmiels. drive:n thmugh
oornpetenl rock, ra1ig¡ing between 10 a1id. 25 ft (3 and 8 m)
1
in diamete:r and at l.east I mi ( 1.6 km) in lengtli_
The aJidi fonn fo:r the bulkhe:ad meiliod is. u.--iually
fabri• cated. into a singl.e unit be:twee.ri 50 and 150 ft (15
and 45 m) long, whicih is stripped, moved ahead, and
re--eJiecied using scJiew jacks or hydrauHc rams.. These are
perma1ie:utly attacihed to tlie fom1 and supponing
traveling gaJitty. The arrh farm fur llhe continuously
adwndng slope metlmd us.ually oo:nsi:sts ofeight or morae
rections. ~hat ra1ige betweeii
. - . . . .
15 aJid 30 1
ft (5 and 9 m) in lengtlL lliese afie
s.ucres.sively
stripped or collapsed, telescoped. ilirough die other
seclion.-.;,
a1id. re-erecied. using a form
traveler.
Ahhough ilie minimum socippirig time fo:r runnel
aJicli
forms is. us.ually established on the hasis of experieure, it
caJi be s:afely predetermhied by res.ts.. At die stan ofa
runnel aJicli concirete plaremettt operallio:n, the
recommended rninimum s.tripping time is 12 hours. for
exposed surfares. ancl 8 hours for co1isnütian joi11K Jf
the specillcations pmvide far a fedured minimum
s.tripping time based. mi site experienoe, such reducllion.,¡
sbould lle i.n llime increments of J(I minutes
Ame rican 0:m crale lnstilule - Cqpyrightect O Ma terial - wwvrn0100rete.org
 G'UJDE ro FORMWORK FO R oo:N:CRETlE (ACI 34TIM 4)
or less and sheuld be estabfished by laboratory tests,
visual mspecnon, aiid. surface scratching of sait1ple
areas exposed by opening llhe fonn access eovers. Afcli
forms shosld not be stt'ipped. ¡,11emat.urely whet1 uaveated
groundwater !reepage
00111d beeome llrapped between die rock surface and
the
concrete
l.ining..
8.6.5 Matertals-«The choice of.rnarerials fur
uaderground
formwork is lypical ly predlcated 011 the shape, degree
of reuse and mobility ofthe form, and die 111:agnirude of
pump or pneumanc press111es to wihicii il is subjected.
U~ll::llly, nmne.J. and shaft forms are made of steel or a
oempesue of wood. and steel, Experíence i~ imponanl in
the design and fabrieanon of a satisfactory nmnel form
d111e to 11he namre of die pressu11es developed by die
coeerete, placmg 1edh11iques, and die high degree of
mobili.ty required,
\Vhe.ti reuse is not a factor, plywood and long11e--
and•
groove lumber are somethnes used for exposed
surfaee firnisbes_ High humidity in undergreund
ccusrruction usueíly alleviates normal ~hrinkage and
w-arping of wood form n1arerials.
CHAP11ER 9--SPECIAL METHOl>S OF
CONSTRUCTION
9.1-Preplaoed-aggr,egate
conor,ete
9.l.l Dl.tcu.m",:m-Prep1.ace<l..agg11egate oo:nc11ete is
madc
by injecting (i.tttrudillg) mo:rtar inlo the voids of a
preplaced n1ass of cleau, graded aggregai:c_ For nomtal
0011,trueation, the preplaoed agr¡regares: are vilnared
llhowuJ?¡hly inlO forms and arouud reirifordng aiid. dten
we tted and lrepl wet until the iujertion of mon.ar into
0 s111ríaoes, mortar~tiglit fonns. of steel or p1.)'\\'0od. are
die voids is rotnpleted_ in under•
\\'ate.r oo:ns~rucli.o:n, the motilar displaces the water and
fi lls the 1roid_~ In both lypes of oo.tis~ruc~iot1, ibis
proce~ c,an create roncre re widi a high conrent of
0
ooarse aggre.gate_
'.íhe iujerted mortar contairis water, füie sand,
portlland
oe1ucn1., po:zzolan, and a cliemical admixtme de,igned to
inc.re,a~ the pene tt'allion aiid. pumpabi lity of the monar_
0
29
form, ]lljection pipes spaeed 5 to 6 fl (LS to Ul m)
apart, peneaan ng the faee of dte for:m, requlre that llhc
fo:rm be cheeked for smrcmral inleJ?¡ril:y as well as a
means nf plug• ging er slmttillg off the o¡pcnirigs when
lhe i.nj,ectio11 pipes are removed. Sorne of diese
probíems are redaced where mortar ca,i be i11jec.ted
venrcally in open top forms_
Forms:, tíes, and bradng should be designed for the sum
of:
a) The lateral p:res:_~ure of the coarse aggregate as
deter• mi1ied from the equivalent fluid lateral p11ess.ure
of the dry aggregate using the Rankine or Coulomb
theories for fíl"aD• u!ar materials, or a re.Jiab1.e bin acaon
tbeory (refer to d1eo• ries aiid refereeces preseuted i,i ACJ
J ll)
b) The lateral and uplift pres:sure of the injected
menar,
asan equivalen! lluid; die mortar eonnally weJ!?Jhs 130
lblfl1
1 3
(21 kNl'm , blill can weigh a.,; much as 200 lb/fl (.32
kNl'm1 ) )
for hlgh-densíty
mortars
"lhe lime requir,ed. für die inicial. set ofthe fluidized
mortar and die rate o,f rise should. be ascertained_ 11ie
maximum height ofíluid. to be a~,;umed in determining
the lal-eral pr,es• sure ofthemomrr is 1he product ofthe
rate ofri~ (ft/h (m/h)) and die lime of inilial set in
hours._ 11ie lateral press1111e for the desigri offurmwork
:i.t :my poillt is the ~um ol' die pr,es• sures dete.nnined
from Step,; (a) and (b) fo:r lhe giveri hei!?Jl:tt_
9.1..3 üi1m111c1/0J1-In addi.tiori to die
i.nfo:rmaiion
p:re.senle.d in Chapt.er 5, ihe fo:rms should. be mortar-li@.tt
and effertively vented because p.replaced.-aggregare
roncr,ete. cnlails fordng mortar iuto the voids a:rouud
ihe ooarse aggregate.
9.1.4 Male1·Jals for /ornn.. -ork-For u11.exposed
aoce,ptab!c_ Absorpti11e füm1 lming~ are ,iot
11eoommende.d bec-,au!re they permit the coorse aggregate
to indent die lini.ng and fonn an inregular rurface. Fmm
lillings, sudi a.,; bardooaid o:ti oommmi sbeadiing, are
nol ~uocessful became diey do ttot n-an~mil die externa!.
forni villration nomi:ally used for cns.uring a \'Oid-free
finished surface_ Fo:nmvo:rk sllonkl bie de.s.igne<l fo:r the
effecis of externa!. ,•ibmion_

The socucwral coarse aggregate is similar to coarse

aggre.gate for
conventionall co:ni:r,ete._ Jt is well washed aJid.fíraded fmm 112 9,,2----:Slipforms
in_ (1 J mm,) to die largest s.i2.e. practicable.. Aier cornpac,tion 9.2.1 DüctL~S!tl'1~ efer lO ACI J lJ for silo
oonsm:rc-
in lhe fomis, it usuallly ba~ 11 void oontenl rangi,ig ffom JS to !io:n. Sl.ipforming is a quasi.-coritinuous forming p:rooes,
in
45 petcent (ACI 304.1 R). wbicli a special. form assernbly slips or moves in the appm-
9.1.2 .D<!sign cOJ1slde:ro.1Jon.'í-Due to the medtod ol'pl:i.ce- p:riate d.irection, le:i.ving die fo:rmed. concrete in
place_ 7rihe me.nt, die lateral. prer.sures o:n form"•ork are oons.iderably p:rooess is, ill some ways, s.im.ilar to aii
extrusiori pmcess_ difforent from diose developed fü:r oo:nvenlional oo:ncr,ete., Pfaslic co11r,rele is. placed in dte
forms, aiid ihe forms cat1 bie as. des.:sribed in 4-2-2_ llie fo:rmwo:rk cngiiieer/oo:ntraotor tho11ght of as. moving dies
to shape die oonc.rete_ l.lhe rate of sho11ld be ale.ned to the unique problems diat may occur in movemelll of dte
fornis is. regulated. so the fomL<; l.eave ihe p:replaced. aggregate plaoemcnl:S_ lltl mass placements., heat concrete ori
ly al'ter it is. stiffcnough to, retai.t1 its s.hape whil.c of hydration and drying shrillkage are importan! constdet"-
s11pporting its own weiJ?¡1lt aiid llhe lateral forces c,aused by
alion,. Ditfe11eutiall. pr,es~ures. 1my occur in die fonn ~true.rore wi nd and. ~uipment_
;
\\1ien motilar illjection varies g11eatly from one form face to "fhe vertical o:r bori.zonlal movemcnl of forms.
c-,an bie a
anotlier_ For add.itional inforniatio11, 11efer toACJ 207J R and contin11ou, proces.,.; or a plan:ned s~uence of finite
place- AC[ SP-J4_ Becauseo,ftheprer.sw-e crealedd'uring aggrega.te ment.. Slipfurms used on s.trucru~ sucfi as
nrn:ncls and padking and mortar pumpi1ig, fümL<; dial mo:tstar is injected sbafls ~hould follow 8 .6. Slipforms
used rni mas.,.; oouc11e tc lhm11gh should be aiidhored and braced far more !recurely
0
strucrures., sudh as d!ams,
s.hould follow ILS_
lhaii fo:r oradinary corierete. Particular altention should bie 9.2..2. Venlca/
slipforms
paid 10 uplii: pressures cre,aled in baucred. fumis_ Pmvisions 9.2...2.1 SlipfomL<; c-,an be med for ve.nical
strur,tu11es, s.uch sbo11ld be made to prohibit even dte sli~htest uplifl: of the as ,ilos, storage bins, b11.ildillg
oor,es, be,aring walll b11.ild-

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30 GUI.DETO FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACI 347R-14)
Ftr sftefs'
Sco'fcfó
Ftg. 92-]_ l-Tip1cal verucul shpform wuh tleck and
work
platforms supported 011
wales.
mgs, piers, clumneys, shaft hnmgs, commumcnuon and
observanon towers, nuclear shield walls, and sumlar
struc• nires. Vemcal shpforms, wnh concrete placed
wh1le nsmg, are usually moved 1n small mcrements by
jacks that propel themselves on smooth steel rods or
mbmg embedded in or anached 10 the hardened concrete,
A verucal slrpform sysiem (refer 10 F1g_ 9.2.2.1) has
five main eomponems. sheathmg, wales, yokes, jacks, and
jack• rods, and working or storage decks and
seaffotdmg. The sheatlung or verucal forms can be wood
staves, plywood, metal, glass fiber-remforced plasnc,
wood, ora combmauon of'these matenals. The füncuon
of'the sheaihmg 1s to contara and shape the concrete.
wates have three mam functíons:
a) Support :;md hoid the siieatiitng ¡n place
b)Transmiuhe lifting furre fmm
~heyokestothesheathing
and to the o~her eíements of'the
füm1
e) Provide support for various platforms and scaffolding
Yokes suppon the wales at tegular intervals witli theír
legs,
1ran.,;mi1 d:te l.ifü.ng forces fMm the jacks to the wales,
and
resíst the larerall forre of plasllic concrete within the
form, Tbe jadies, mstal led mi the yoke·s beams, climb up
d:te jack• rods and pmvide die force needed ro raise d:te
ennre sli.pfomi system, Variou,.; píarforms, deeks, aad
scaffolding complete lile slipfonn system, Tbey pmvide
space for storíng concrete, tefofo:rcing steel, aed
embedments, and serve as a worudng area for placiug and
füiisbi.ng.
9.2.2.2 Destgn and construcuon considerauons-«
Shpforms should be designed by engmeers familiar "1111
shpfonn construcuon.. Construcuon of the shpform and
shppmg should be carned out under the immediate
super• vssion of a person expenenced m shpfonn work.
Drawings should be prepared by a shpform engrneer
relamed by the contractor, The drawmgs should show the
jack layout, form• work, workmg decks, and scaffolds. A
developed elevanon of the structure should be prepared,
showing the locanon of all opemngs and embedments. The
shpform engmeer should be expenenced m the use of the
exact brand of equipment to be used by the contractor
because l11ere are s1gmfic.an1 vana• uons tn eqwpment
bet\~een manufacturers.
9.2.2.3 l'er11cal load.'i-ln addmon to de.ad loads, hve
load_~ asswned for me des1gn oí ded.s should not be
less llian the tbllowmg:
Shea1hing a11d JOlSlS, Of con~mra1ed buggy \\heel loads,
"luchever is grea1er -·-------·-------·-------·-------· 75 lblff (3_6
J...Pa) BerullS, rru.~es, and wales so lblft1 (2-
4 kPa)
L1ght-ducy fin1shers· scaffoldmg 25 lbJ!P ( 1.2 J...Pa)
9.2.2.4 Lateral pr~ssure o/concre1e--The la1eral
pressure offresl1 concrete to be used m des1gnmg fom1S,
bractng, and wales can be calculated as follows_
Co-c,+
(lLS cus1omary umt~)
6000R --
where c1 - 100 lb!ft1
524R
e -e+--• (SI unns)
cp -
1
T+l7_8
"here c1 - -k8
kPa
The value of c1 - lblft1 (4.8 kPa) 1s JUst1fied
100
because
v1brauon 1s shgh1 m sllpfonn \\ork, me concrete 1s
placed
in shallow layers of 6 to 1 O rn. ( 150 10 250 nuu) with no
rev1brat1on. For some apphcauons, such as gas-ught or
contammenl structures, addttlonal v1brauon can be requ1red
to achieve max1mum dens1cy of l11e concre1e. ln such
cases, l11e value of c1 should be increa_~ 10 150 lb/ft~ (7 2
kPa)-
9.2..2.5 Tolera11cl!l-Prescnbed 1oleranc.es for shpfonn
cons1rucuon ofbwldmg elemenis are hsted m ACI 117.
9.2..2.6 S/1d111g opertwon-The ma'(tmum rme of
shde should be hm11ed by 1he rate lbr wh1ch the
forms are des1g,ned. In addmon, bo1h mai,.1mwn and
m1111mum rates of
slide should be determined by an ex:peJJ"ienced slipform
supeJJ'• visor tíl acoommod!ate dhanges i,i Iveadter,
001tctete slump, initial set of oottctete, wotikabil.ity, :;md
the rn:my demands tliat arise during 11 slide and cannot be
acc.urately predioted befürehand_ A person expe~ienced in
dipform coiistruction should be presenl mi the deck at ali
llimes during the sl.ide operation..
IJuriing d:te initial. p1aci.ng ohhe concrete i.n d:te
sl.ipform,
die pl~dng rare shou!d nol exoeed that for whicli d:te
form
I\'OS designed. ldeally, ooncmte should be placed. i.n
approxi• mately 6, to S in_ ( l 5CI to 200 mm) lifts
drrouf)tout the slip• form operation.
-rhe level of hardened. co11crete i.n die fürm should
be
cliecked. fre,:iuendy by the use of 11 probing rod to
estah"
l!.mertcan Cancrale lnstilule - Cqpyrtghtect O Mate1ial - www.C1H001eta.o¡-g
 G11JJDE'IIO FORI.IIWO RIC FOR CON:CREli E (ACI 3471M4)
lish safe lifting rates, Form.s shmlld. be leveled befare
llhey are füled and should be maintained level uníess
otherwise requlred for eut-of-tolerance eorrecnons. Care
should be taken to preveet drifüng of die forms ful1n
alignmerit or designed dlmensions and te! prevent torsíonal
movement,
Experience has shown diat a phmib lille, optical
plummet, laser; OIJ' combinallion ofthese u~ in eonjuneticn
with a water level s.ystein is effeetíve in maimalning dae
form 01i lille and grade and fur pos.itioning openings end
embedded ítems.
The ali.l?itlnleiit and píumbness ofa snueture should
prefer•
ably lle cheeked every 2 heurs b111t at a minimum ouee
during every 4! hours diat the slide is iri operation, ln
work dial is done i.n separare intemiittent slip¡ping
operations, a check of alignrne.rit aad plumbnes.,.; should
be made ar die beg¡i.nning of eaeh sl.ipping operaaon.
More frequent readlngs should be taken 011 síngle tal
1 fonn ·s perfomll:lllce in tlae fi:nislted structure.
snucmres wilh relatively small plan sectlons, a.,; the
fo:rm system in diese suucmres tends lo twist and go out
uf'plumb more readíly,
Suffident ehecks of pfumbness should be pmvided to
read.ily derect and evalúate movemems of the form fo:r
all siipformed structures so tliat appmpriate adjustme.tit
can be made in suffieient time by experienced personnel,
Detai !ed reoords of bodi venieal aud lateral. form
move-
ments should be rrnintairied throughout the slipform
operation,
9.2.J Hortzonta! Jl/p/or,m-Hori20J1tal
slipfunning lends itse.:lf to con orele snucrures sueh as
tunnel l inings, water condaits, drainage channels,
precast elemenrs, canal lirlings, highway mediaJi baníers,
pavemeets, curbs, sboulder barríers, and retaining wajls,
Horizontal sl ipfomis generally move on a rai I system,
tractor treads, wheels, and other similar means resting o,i a
shaped berm, \Vorkirig and storage decks and. fi:nisher·s.
scaffo.l.ding are attaehed to and camed by die nmvirig
formwork,
The general provlslons of 4.1.4 should be met and ~he
formwork engineerlconlractor should submit drawings
of the slipfurm for revlew and aJ)'proval by ~1:te
engineerlarcl:1i• tect, These drawíngs should show ~he
handling díagrams, die placing procedure, and die
provisions íor ensuriug attain• meat ofthe required.
oonctete surfaces..
91.3,....P,e rmanent forms
9.3.1 Dl~i:'IL~S!<ll!-Permanent fomu, or sta:,r-i.n'i)!ace
forms., ate forms left in place dial rna;r or may not
become an inte§ral pan of die structurall frame. Tihe~
forms. c-.an be rigid,-sucli as. metal dedk, praec-.ast cmicrete,
wood, plastics, and various types. ofl'\berboard-o:r 11he
flexible ty¡:,e-rnch as. reinforced, water-repellen!,
corrugated paper, or \VI.re mesh witli waterproof paper
backing.
\Vhe1i die permaJient form is. 111~d as. a deck fo:rm, it
is
supporred fro:m the maill structural frame with o:r
widiout an i.ntermediate system o,f tempo:rary supports. U
temporary supports are raequ.i.red under, or to p:rovide
s.truc.ru:ral slability for, d:te structurall Erame members. Lo
support d:1e weifiht of the fraesh concrete without
e;ausing exoessive deflectimi or member i.n.stabifüy, s11cl:i
informatiou should be specilled by the engineerlarchitecl
American Concrete lnslituie - Copy,ighled O Ms.ierial - www.ooncrete.. D1Q
31
9.3,.l .lks!g,r c<ll!s!d~ro.,io,u-lhhe sta.y-in'i)lace funn
is not covered in 11he contra.et specification,.; bee;au~ it
has no function i.n die finislied structllte., the form
rnaJmfacrurer·s specific-.allion,.; should be u~d; lhe
manufacfürer·s terom• merided practice s.hould be
followed for size, span, l'asten• ings, an.d odter special
rearures pertinetit ro diis type of form, s11ch a.,; bieing
water-repelle111 and pmtected again.,;t diem• ical auacik
from 1vet cmicreLe (iefer ro Chapters 4 aJid. :5).
Particular e.ate s.hould be taken i.n d:te des.ign of sm:h
fornas by die formwork engineerfconb'acto:r ro, n:1ini1nize
disronion o:r deformatimi ofthe form or supponing
n1embers uiider die oonstructio,i loads..
The etiginee.r/aicbitect who specifies die u~
ofpermaJient rigid forms should. corisider ill the
s~rucrural anallysi.s both the construction dead and li.ve
load.,; mi llhe form a.,; we:11 as. d:le slrucblre ·s. S1abili.ty
during cons.truction, in addition to conüde-ration of the
Whe1i metal. deck is u~d as a permanent form and d:te
deck wi!I beconie aJi integral par.1 ofthe s.trucru.re, die
deck's shape, d.epth, gauge, ooa11.ng, physkail
dh11ensions., pmpe.r• ties, and intermed.iate tem;po:rary
sup;po:11 S:l:tould be a.~ e;al!ed fo:r in contract dorumetits. 1 f
structurail. coutinuity is a!:S111t1ed in d:le desrgn of 1'.he
form, the engineer of the permaJient structure shmild
spedfy llhe req11ired number oí pem1aJient suppo:tts. O\lef'
whicll die fomi mate.fiial s.hould be oontirmous. Whe~i
oomposire me,tal deck req111ires shoring to minimize
iL,; deflectroii d111e tCl the ooncfe!e plaoemenl, 11he camber
of
the members supporti.ng the oompleted. oornpos.ite slab
and d:eck sbould be cons.ide,red. lf d:le supporlling
members are cambered for d:1e de.ad load o,f the
ci:morete, aJid thait load is preve.tlled. llrorn being applied to
the supporting member.s due to the presence of Éhe
shoring, diere may be excess camber lell: i.n tl!e
supporlli.ng members. The engineerlaichitect who
des.igned the sooclllre sliou!d consider d1is effect and
adjust the camher appmprfately.
9.J,.J, Jnnallo.tlem
9.J,.J,.l Shop drawl11gs-'.l"he fonnworik engineerl
oon~ractor should. submit fully detailed shop dra1vings. for
aill permaneiil deck fornas to die etigiineerlarohitecl for
rae.view, appfoval, orboth, as applic-.able tothepmject
Shop drawings
sbould slmw aill fomi ruicikllesses, metal. gauges,
phys.ical dimensions and pro¡perti.es, acces.sooies:, llnishes,
melllmds of attadimeril to die various. clas~s. o,f die work,
and tempo:rary sboring tequ.i.rements..
9.3.3.2, Fa:~1e11./11gI~Tlie pentll:lne~ll deck fom1 sho111ld
be properly fas.te~ied to supporlli.ng memlle.rs aJld to
adjacent secli ons. of deck forna aJad pr,operly lapped, iri
accoradaJice widi manufacrurer.s' raerommetldallions, lo
pmvide a li§ltt Joi.nt diat wil I pievettt loss of 1110:lilar
dmfag tlie placement of roncte te. Witete required, etid
0
clo.,u; res fo:r ooftrugated or fluted. fornas s.hould be
provided, tog.ether wiih fill pieces
\\1iere a tight fil is required. To preven! buckl.ing, allow
for e>::pansion of metal. decik forms after fasteni.ng and
befare
oonc.rete
placement.
Ffo>::ible types of furms (diose diat depe1id. 011
s11pporting
members for lateral s.tiffness.) should be tightily joined.
for propet' inS1allatim'.L Adeq11ate temporary bracing or
ancJiors
(cicil"
92 GUlaf::ffl, FORMWORiC FO.~ CO:N:O~ETE,(AOl 947R-i4)
shoutd be prnvided i.n 1he píane of dte 1o¡p ehord of
the s.uppo:tting members to preveet laiteral bucklíug and
rotatiori of diese supperts and to 1tiaintai1i dte requaed
tens.ion i,i the flexibl.e form,
Paper or metal forms used lo fo:nn voids in concrete
cousnuctien should be prnperly placed and anchored to the
teinforoement and IO sille or decik forms wi~ wire lli.es.
or odier app.roved. methods to prevent di~lacement or
llota• non d1111i.ng placing of concrete, Waiter should be
preveeted from entering voids. \Vhere water intrusion is.
possible, \li'eel) holes should be provlded to reduce
emrapment of'water.
9.3.4 Dejlec/Jrms-The vertical and lateral deñecnons
of
11he pennaneet furm betweea supports under dte load. of
fresh ceeeeete sheuld be investigated by füe
e.tngineer/arohitecL Temporary supports, suc;h as shorfog
and smngers, should be specified, if necessary, to keep
deñeetion widiin desired
toleranees.
·9.4--sFonns for pre.sU'essed concrete con.sU'uctioni
9.4.1 DJscttnlon-The e.ngi1ieer/archite0t ~ftould. indi•
cate in dte contraer doeumeets any speelal requirements
fur presiressed eoncrete ceusnuction,
lt may be neces.sary to provide ap:prop:riare means
of lowe.rn.ng or 11emoving the formwmk before full.
preslres.-..¡ is appl.ied Lo prevenl damage. P11e tens.ioning or
0
pos.t-tensioning of strands, cables, or rods. can be doue
wiru or wi.thmn side
forms ofthe me,1nber iri place, as in 9.4-2. Boltom
cliscus.~.
forms and supponing sho11es o:r fals.ework should. retitaill durillg preslres.sing or casti.ng oper:JJtions..
in pla,:;e unllil the membe.r is. c.ipable of supporlli.ng its de.ad
l.oad
a1id. anticipated co1istruction 1.oads, as well as. any formwmk
precasting
ca~ried. by dte memlle.r.
für
The eoncrete placement !rel'.jlle.iice für eertairi strurtlllles
load.- s.hou!d al~o be pla1med so dtat oonc11e.re is nol subjected lo
uses_
be.uding socess c-au!red by detlertiou of ~he formwmk.
used
9.4.2 Des/gn
the
9.4.2.1 Wliere dte side füm~ cannot be couvenie~itly
appearanee. te.moved fmm the bottom o:r sofüt form afte.r oonc11e te has
cast members set, sudi forms s.hou!d be desif'itted wi.th slip joints or v.rith
Ivltere differences added panel a1id. cmmecllio:t1 strength fo:r addillio:ttal axial or
wsib!e, care shool.d be be.iiding loadls thait ca1i be supe.liimpos.ed mi the.in durillg the
fo:rtm o:r fo:rm li.ners. a11e of p1estressirig operallion.
9.4.2..2 Side forms that terttaill ill IJ1ace durin~ tlie tra1isfer
1ied
ofp:res.t11ess.ing force s.hou!d be des.igned to al low fo:r vertical
reeom- a1id horizo:utal movements of dte cast member durn.ng dte
praestressillg o¡pe.raition. Ti1e funn s.1tould be desif'illed to mini-
da~
mi.ze tlie res.traint lo ela~tic shortenillg i,i ~he p:res.t11essing
e1is1111e operatimL For examp1e, ~mal I furming cmnpo:nents ~hould
o¡pe.nings, cllbluts, be pla1med for removall to, reli.eve load. o:n s.ide fo:rms. as
eonnertimi devices req11.i.red to
!Arell as. to eliminare dieir testraint d11rfog prest11ess.ing. ]n
serurely
all cases, tlie restraint to s.hrinkage of oonc~e te s.hould be
0 a1idhored i,i ~fte
formwork.
kept to a mi.nim11m, and !he detlertiolls of membe.rs. due m
lifl
dead load. of the memher remajns en 11be fo:rmwo:llk during
presiressiug, displaee.ment of ~he dead. load towani. eed
s.uppotts. should be censídered tn design of lile funns
and s.ho:ring, illcl11di1ig si!ls. or other füulldatimi support.
9.4.3 ConnructJon acce.r.rnr/ttl,-Ho!d-do11m or
push•
down devices fur deflected cables or sjrands should be
pmvided tn che caslling bed or fonrnt AH openings.,
o,ffse ts, braekets, .md ali o~he.r ítems required ill dte
0
ccneeete worl( should be proiyiJed for ill die formworl(_
Bearing plates, a1idho:rage assemblies, presnessing steel,
eonduas, rabe eeelosures, and lifl:ing deviees shown o:r
speeifíed lo be set in concrete should be aecurately
located widi fümm•orik templates and anehored to
remaiu wi.thill the tolerances gíven ori cmim-act
deeumeets, Quali.ty and s~rengtli of these aeoessorles
should be as speciñed,
9.4.4 Tole1·anc.-.s,-Prescribed ranges of tolerances
für
job-site preeast and plant-manufacrured preeast-
presuessed
concrete members are given in AC 1 11 7 and PCI
MNL
135--00.
9.4.5 Ctrr/ng-\Vhere meeess:ary to, allow early ~euse
of forms, prnvisions. s.hould be niade to use aroelerared
curillg pmcesses sudl:1 a_,¡ s.team c11ri1ig, v:i.ruum pmcessing.,
or othe.r apprn...ed medtods.
9.4.6 ffi:irker safery-Sa.l"ety shi.elds sbo1.1lcl be
p:rovided
ait end anchorages of pres~re~ing beds or wil:tete
necessa11y for the p:rotertimi of workers or equ.i;pme,it
against po..sib!e
breakage ol' presmming strand,, cable,, or othe-r assemblies
·9.5-sForms for site
9.5.1 Di.«:u.rsion-F omis for s.ite p:recasting a11e 11sed.
ptec-as.t eoncrete ilems thait can be eidte.r load.- or no:n-
bearing members for s.truc,mral or archirecrural
9.5.2 Ü:mMn,c1lo11-Exte.liio:r braoes o:nly shoold be
w1hen exposed. m1e1al or fü!ed.-in pocke ts res11hillg frmn
0
us.e ofmelal lies would p:res.ent a1i objeclio:nable
0 ·ro ens11re uniformity of appearance in die
or units, particularl.y in adjace.rit units
in texwre, colo:r, or bo~. would be
taken tliat tlie ,:;ontact surfaces. of
unifunn q¡uality a1id. textllre.
Fonn oi 1 (no:nstailli.n~. if req.11iredl_ should be ª1!1?
unifürmly and i11 :i.uotd:mce wid1 manufacrurers.·
mendallio:n.,¡ fur 1his parllicular da,¡s ofw·o:tk.
9_'\.3 ,kce.l'.rnrJ,;,s-'Il is. pattirularly intporta1it i.t1 lli:is
of work dtat pos.in.ve and rigid. devices be 11!red to
proper loc-allio:t1 of reillfurcement. Ali
offsets., in~rts, lift rings., and
be set in eoncrete should be aecurate1y located. and
The finis.hed s11rl"aees of me.mbers s.hould be t-ee of
ptestressillg forace attd die elaslk deformatimi of fo:rms or ri11gs attd otlter erec,tion items. 1vlte.te it will be
exposed, fail:sework should be oo:nsideted. i.n die des.ign and remov-al illterfere witli die pmpe.r pladng of ptec-ast
me.mbe.rs. or other oftlie fonns. mate 11als, or be s1.1bjec,t lO mnosion.
0

S11ch item_-.¡ should

9.4.2.J For reasons. of safety, \li1ien usillg pos.t-tensioned, be temoved so that ,io, remaining metail. will be s11bjec1
to
cast-in-place el.evared s.labs, the oontrartorshould be careful
COITilsimt.
lo ens1.1re thait s1.1pporting ~hores do not faill out d1.1e to lifting The q¡uali.ty a1id. sirength oftliese acres:5ori.es. should be
a.~
of tlie s.lab during tensio:ning. For large s.tructures whete the tequired by die oontract dooumeuts, b111 the li fti,ig
de vices or

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 GllJJDE TO F0RMWORK FO R 00.N:CREli E {ACI 347R-i 4) 33
other aecessories not ealled für in the contraer documems the interface betweeiii form p::11iel and snructure coricrete;
are 3) a combinaition o,f ltems. l and
the responsíbiñty of tlie 2; ami. 4) use of paint-mi or spray-on bondirig
comractor; cbemicals.
95..4 Tofitronet's-PJiescribed toleranoes for
preeast•
concrete eonseucnon afie listed in ACI 11 7.
95..5 Remo11t1.l ef/omu-PJiec-a,t members or uaits
should
be removed ñom forms on!.y after the ceeeeete has
reaehed
a specified slrengtli, as determined by tlie ñeld-cured
test
cylinders or beams and job histo:ry of concrete
ruring.
\Vhere required lo al!ow early reuse of fonns,
provi•
sions can be made 10 use aceelerated eurmg proeesses
such as. steam curing or other appreved metheds.
Methods of lifting preeast units from forms should be
approved. ~• the engineeriarchitect

9.~se of preeast con.crete for forms

9.6.1 DJsctts.tlon-Precast ceneeete panels or molds
bave
been used a.~ forms for east-ie-piace and preeast
concrete, either as. pennaneet forms, integrated forms, or
as remov• able, reu:sab!e forms, They ha\'e been used für
bo1h smic• rsraí aed archlteetural concrete, designed as
snuetural ly composire widi the cast-ie-place material or
to pmvide a des.iJied. qu:aMty o,f outer surface and, iu some
cases, l'O serve both of ~hes.;e purposes, Concrete form
unlts can be plain, rehifereed, or prestressed, and eíther
east in die fac,to:r.y or al lhe [ob slte, The most ccmmon
u.~ of precast concrete fo:rm unas has. been fo:r elevated
slabs aenng oompositely with topping concrete, a, in
bridge ami eommercial or insti• tllllio:nal ceusnuetien,
Precast units are also common as ground-holding
sysrems iri tllnnel.ing a1id as. stay-in-plaee forms for
rehabilitalli.o:n of navigatlen lock Ivalbt Match casting
is a pmcess where a prevlously east element is used as. 1he
bufkhead fo:r the casnng of a subseqnem elemenr to
assure ~i~t fít, Match casnug is oñen used in tlie pfocess
of casting units for s.egmenlal bridge construction
9.6.2 Deslgn
9.6.:U Res¡,on.rlhlllty far dt!!.tlgn-\Vhere die
integrated form is to act compesitely with die strucrure
concrete, ~ forrn panel should be designed. by tlie
e.riginee.r/architeci, who shou!d also mdieate whar
add.itioual extemal s.u¡Jpo:rt i~ required fur rhe
permanem forms. Fo:r pennanent forms intended to
achieve a desired. architecrural effe.:1, dte
engineeriarchitect cau s.pecify s.urface llni:sb and
desired n1inimum diickne:s~ of allcliitemral 11~terial.
Des.ign and layo11t of temporary forms and supporlli.ug
systems S:ltou!d normail ly be the re,;po:n~. ibili.ty of 1he
formwork engineert
oontractor
.
9.6.2..2. Co1mec1lon.-cmme.:llio:n details. s.1:tould
be
pla1med to ove.f"COme probl.ems ofmaiting pfiec-as.t
members to each otlier and to the exis.ti,ig or cas.t-i,i-
place sttucbJre.
9.6.2.J, 8ortd!11g .com::r'itle form 10 cortcn1e
s1:rucri1re• Effeciive bond betweeu precast funn uniL
and the co:ncJie te s~ructure is e:ss.en~ial and caii be
0

adhieved by: 1 ) spedal treatment, sucb as. l?írooving or

rou¡jheni,ig the fünn face in co:ntact widi tlie slmcture
conc;rete; 2) use of ::11idho:ring devices. e-xtending acfiO!'.<.;
Lifting hooh in a fom1 ulllit can be des.igned to serve
also as
::11iclho:rs or shear
oonnectors.
9.6.lA Code req1.tnme11l.i-PJiec-ast ooncrete fümts
used in compo:s.ite design with cast-in-place ooncJiete in
bu.i !dings s.hou!d be desil?ítted iri aocordance widlACI
318.
9.6.j, l)j1n·11g ami ajkr co11cre1e placemem
9.6.j,.l nbra1io11-Tiho:rou~h cousolidalli011 of site-c-
as.t
conc,rete is Jiequfred to p:reve..ill voids.; tliat woo!d
intenupt tite bond of die funn lo s.lructure concrete,
but s111'fident care s.hould be u.:sed to prevent damage
of co:ncJiete panels by co11tact \lirith vibratori.
9.6.j,.2, /'ro/ecl!r:m qf archileclural finüh-Care shou!d
be
!airen to avoid spilli.ng llres.h concrete 01i expo~. ed
surfaoes, aiid any spilled or leaked cmic;rere s.hou!d
be dto:rou~ly removed before it ha.~ hardened. A fter
couc;rete placement, pmtecllion of precast ardhitecrural
coricrete fom1 facings ma.y need to be considered.
9.7-,Fonns for concrete ptaced under
water
9.7.1 Di'sl'l1U!ill!-l1iere are two basic approadhes to
~l1e pmblem of placi,ig concrete uuder water: die
ooncrete can be m.ixed iri die conve.rilional. manner
mtd dten placed. by
~cial methods., or the pfiep1aced a~regaite me tl.od can
0 to mie mil.de above water, thus. los.ing die offsetlli.ng water
be used.
In the- firs.t apprnach, placement cau be made by
eid1er pump, underwater buckel, or lremie. Tile
lrem.ie is. a s.teel pipe s.u:spended verticall.y m the water
witli a hopper aittadhed to, the upper end above the water
surface. Tihe l.ower end of die pipe, widl rui ejectallle
Ame1ican Concrete illlSÍituie - Gop'fTigh1ect
(cicil
p!ug, e-xtends to dle bottoi111 of die area where concrete
is to be plaoed. l.lhis pipe is charged witli concrete from
tlte surface. Once tlie pipe is fill.ed widi co:ncJie.re, ic is.
kept fu!I ::11id ir:s boirom s:l1ould be kept immersed i.11 the-
ñesh Cio:ttcrete.
In tlie s,econd. a1proacb, the fo:nm are fi lled \lirith
ooar:<ie aggregate, ,vhicli is then gmlilled so thaJt llhe voids
arouttd ~l1e aggregate are fil!ed, as disc111ssed in 9.1. 11ie
J)írout is intro• dueed. at the bouom and the water is
displaced. u¡n.-.,ard as. t!ie
§ffiUl ri:ses..
9.7.2 U1utt!!n,.'ater buckl!r a.mi rremie
9.7.2.l D;oslgn-Fo:ruL~ fur miderwateJJ' cmic;rere
plare•
me.nt are des.igned with the s:ame corisiderallio:ns
as other fünm covered in 4.2, except dial tlie den~. ity
of ~l1e submerged concfieate can be redured by die
weighl o,f d1e wate r displaoed. Bec-au~ of large local
0
p:ress11res thait can devel.op due to 1he head of co:ncJie te
0
in llhe tfiemie-, the loc-a-
tion of the lremie and. poss.ible resullling loads on die
fo:rm should be evalualed by experienoed. persrumel.
l§noring llhe efiec;ts of s.ub:mergeiice wi II Jie:sult i.n a
pracEicail. co:nsel'11'3Ei.ve des.ign dtat is. s.tuJidy euough to
wühs.t::11id. the extra rigor, of unde.JWaJter conditions.
In tidal rones., fumts s.hould be desi§ned for dte low·es.t
po.~sible water level. c.1tanges in co:n-s~ruclion
scliedu!e:s caii transfürm a plamied s.ub:me.rged placen1enl
pressuJie-.
9.7.2...2 G:>rtstn1c1lo1i-Unde.f'!...,aiter forms s.hould be
built o:n dte surface in large unüs bec-aus.e llrial
positioning and lltuing 1"11en do:ne under water by divers
is s.low and coSllly. For this rea.~ori, fü1mdatious s.1:tould be
kepl simple in shape,
11) Ma!erial - www.ooocre1e.!org
34 GUIOE ro FOf!q'MWO RIC FOR: CON:OR.ET E ,(ACI 3471'1- 14)
and fonns should be free oí complex braclng and eonnec• ACI JO\l-2R-\18-lde.titification and Gonll"ol of Visible
tio:n details, Thmugh-llies, t\lihicli could interfere with the Effeets of Consolidation on Formed Ccnerete Surfaces
concrete placíng, should be avoided. Forces imposed mi (Reapproved 2005)
preassembted forms during l.ifüng should be eonsidered in ACI 3 l l AR-05-(iuide fur Concrete
die form design, lnspection
Fonns sbould be carefuñy firted and secured to adj aeent ACI JB-9'7-Standarad Pracnee für Des.ign and
materials or consnuction lo aveid loss of mortar under pres• Construction of Conerete Silos a1id. Stadking. Tubes für
sure develeped 1 f 1here is any water current tlow past the Storing Gra1i11lar Materials
fonn, small cpenings in 11he form should be avoided, as ACI J 1&-11-Bu:ilding Code Requirements. for Struoru.ral
llhey Concrete and Commentary
wil! permit washing or s,couri,ig of die ftesh ACI 332.lR-06-Guide to Resi.tenllial Concrete
concrete. Construction
Whe4i it is íntended lo permit concrete to ove.rt"'!ow the ACI JJ4. I R-92-<..filtcraete SheJI Structuraes Prac,tice
fonn and screed it off to grade, it is esseetial that llhe a1id
form Commenta:ry ( Reappro,,.e,d 2002)
is positioned lo the ptoper grade and is. detailed so that the ACI 372R-03-Design a1id. Coustruction ofCircular Wirae
overflow will not mterfere with the proposed method and Stra:nd Wra:pped Pre!'ltressed Concrete S1ructures
and devices for stripping, ACI 37JR-97-Des;ign attd Cons.truütion of
Fenns should be well. detailed, and sudi details shoeld be Circular
scrupulously followed so that divers employed to remove Flresttess.ed Concrete Struc.mres with Cimm1ferential "fendo:ns
the form can visualize and plan their worik before ACI 347.2R-05-Guide for S11ori11glResbooiug
descending, of
Multi-11t<;e forms can have special devices tor posltioning Concrete Multistory Buil.:lings.
fonns froJ111 above water and special s~ripping devices, sueh ACI 347.J R-1 J--Ci11.id:e for Fonned. Concrete Surfaoes
a.<; ACI SP-2(07)-1\.tanual. ofConcrete
hydraulicpcks, diatpe1mi.t releasingtbe fonn fromthe lnspection
surface, ACI SP-4-Form,,•orik for (."'.o.t1cte te, seve.iillh
0

9..7.3 Preplaeed aggregtue edition

9..7.3.l Deslg,r-llie formwork should be designed whh ACI SP-34-Conc.rete fur N11dea.r Reactors
the same consíderanons as menuoned previcmsly in 9.1.2.
9..7.3.2 Ct111.-nrocc/on-lt is imponam IO ensere diat sllt Ame11ca1i J1u1Uwe o/Sreel Con.t1r11c!
is exeladed fmm 1he forms because stlt diokes 1he volds ion
i.t1 the aggregare and interferes wid1 the 1'11nv of grout. AISC 325-11-Steel Co:tmrucllio:t1 Manual
Silt, if left adhering ro die aggregate, ean reduce the
bond berween the aggregate and the grout. Ame11ctm Jron and
The mspecilon of llhe forms before concrete S1etl.füs1/1u1e
placement should ve.rify dial die perímeters ofthe forms AJSI. DI 00-08-Cold-.F ormed Stee1 aesign
are effeetively sealed agahist die leakage of grour or die Manual
intmsicn of silt or other fines.
Ame11ca1i Naii(ma/ SJa,1da1:ds
ln.t/11.we
OHAPTER 1I0-RBFERBNCES
Comminee deeuments are listed ñrst by document number ANSI A4&. 1-19&6-Fonn.<; for One-way Concrete
and yea.r of publication foHowed by authored documents Joist
listed alphabetically. Con~truction
ANSI A4&.2-19&6-Fontu for Tw0-Way Concrete Joist
Ame11ca1i Ctmcre1e hmiln1e
Construction
ACI l l 7-1 O-S:pecilkallio:11 for ·ro.l.eranres. fo:r
ANSI A208. l-200\I-JPartideboarad
Concrete
Cons.truction : md Materials. and Commenta:ry Ame1'/cmi Socltry ofClvil
ACI 207 .1 R-05-Guide 10 Mass Concrete (Rea:pp:roved Eliglneers
20l2)
a1id. Odier Smucwres
ACI 224R-01-CmilrolofCrackingi.n ConcreteS1ruct11res
ASCEISEI ]7-02-0es.ign Load.<; mi Struct1111es during
(Rea:pp:roved
Cons.truction
2008)
ACI 22&. I R-O~In-Plare Me&od.~ 10 Estimate
Concrete Amerlcmi .Wood CouncJl
St11eiiig.dl ANSI/ AWC N aS-20 l 2-.'\lalio:t1.al Des.ign
ACI 237R-Ol7-Self-Co11solidatirig ConcreLe Specificatioti for \Vood Constructicm
ACI 301-10-Specificatim~s for Strucrural Concrete
ACI 30JR-12--Ciu.i.te lo Cm-in-Place APA-l'lte Englneered ~:fuod As.todat/on
Architecrural APA D510-2012-Panel Desigll Specificatimi
Concrete Practire APA VJ45-2(112-0es.ign/Constructimi Grnide: Conc.rete
ACI 304.1 R-lfl--Gui.te for Use of Preplaced-Aggraegate Forming
Concrete far S1ructurail. and Mas.s Concrete APA Y5 10-1998-Pl;=od Des.ign S:pedlkallion
A¡pplkallion.~
ACI 304.2R-%-Placing Concrete by Pumping Mediods ASTM h,1ema1Jo,1al
(Rea:pp:roved ASTM: A446- 76( 1 \18 l )-StaDdard Specification for
2008) Steel Sheel, Zinc-Cooted (Galvanrized} by die Mot-füp
ACI 305R-10-Guide to Hol Weather Cottcraeting Prnres.<. ¡, Strucrural (Phys.ical) Quali.ty
ACI 306R-10-Guide to, Ca.Id Wead:ter Concreting

(cicil Ame rican Can crsle lnsfilule - Oqpyrigh te.d ID Ma teriBI - www .CJOIOOf ete..o.rg
 G'IJIDE'ro FORMWOJUC: FO~ OON:CRETlE {ACI 347R-U) !15
ASTM Cl6111Cl61 I M-09--Sta:ndard Test Me dtod 0
ofCons.tructio11, Depan• ment ofCivil Engineering, Nortli
for Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Oet., 90 PP-
Slump Flow ofS.elf-Corisolidalli.ng Bames, J. M ., and Johnston, D. W., 2003, "Fresh
Co:nctere Concrete Lateral Pressure on Formwork,., Proceedings
of1he ASCE-Cl Co11.tlmctfo11 Research Congreu, S. pp.
CanadJa,z SM1tdaro.r A..~soclat/0,1 Brillish Cement As.,;ociariori, 1992, "lii-Rib
CSA-08.6M-84!-Engineering Design in Wood Permanent
Formwolik Triats," Repon aed Appendix
Deutsches hml/111fer Normw1g RELOJLOU BCA, Slough, UK, Feb., 22 pp., aad July, 9
D.IN 182li!:2010-01-Fliisdhbetomdrudk auf Loteecbte pp.
Schalungen ( Pressure of Fresh Concrete on B.ryer, D.; Fridley Jr., K.; and Poi !ock, K. C., 2006,
Vertical Formwork] Deslg11
o/ Waad Stl"t,c:lu~, s.ixdi edi~ion, McGraw-Hill, I02S pp.
I'rffa.r1/Pres1re.tied Concrete füsli/111e
MNL lJS-00-To.l.enmce. Manuall for Preca:st
and
Presteessed Concrete
Coustructiou

&affoldll1g. Shorll1g. and Forming hWhtde

SH JOl-OJ-Horimntal Shoring Be.am Safety Rules
SH 304-00-Recommeuded Frame Shoring
Erection
Proeedure

U.S. Deparlmem of Commen:e, Na1Jo,1al hmil111e

o/
Srn11dard.~ tmd
TedmoJogy
PS l-09-Cons.truc,tion and ]ndustliial Plywood
PS2ú- l O-Perfom1ance Standard for Wood-
Bared
S~rucllilral-Use
Panels

U.S. Depanme11t of Labor, Occ:1,pa1Jo1111l Safe1y

a.wJ
Heahñ
Admtmsuutio»
OSHA l 926-07-Safüry :md Health Regularions
for
Conseucno
n

Aufflored references
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Prac•
tices," A CT Jattrna/ Proc:eedi11fµ, V. SJ, No. 12, June,
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1105-Hll!.
ACI Committee 622, 1958, "Pressures mi
Formwork,"
A CT Jounra.l Proc:eed!"ng.~, V. SS, No. 2, Aug., pp. 173-
190.
Agarwal, R. K., and Gardner, N. J., 1974, ~Form and
Shore
Requireme.ril,¡ for Mulllisto:ry Flat Slall Type Bui!dings," A
C1
Jt1ttrna!Proaedl11gs, V. 71,No. 11,Nov.,pp.559-
569.
American .lnSIJitute ofTimber Coustructiori, 2012,
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American Wood Counci], 2-012, Wood Frame
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1it:m Mcmual, Leesburg, VA.
Bames, J. M., a1id. Johns.ton,D. W., 1999,
"Modification Factors for Improved Prediction of Fresh
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 Clear, C. A., and Hamson, 1". A., 1985, "Concrete Grundy, P-, and Kabaila, A., l 96], "Co:t:1:Snrucllion Loads.
Pres• on
sure on Fom,work,~ CIRfA Rtp1Jn No. IO!ll, Sl:mswith Shoted Fmmwork i.t1 Multistory Build.ings,''
Construction ACI Jo11r11a.l Pmceedl11gs, V. 60, No. 12, Dec., pp. 1 729-
111.dus.try Research and ]rifurmallion Associanon, 173 S..
London, t-lurd, M. K., 1993, "No:nme tall.ic Fo:rm Ti.es.," Concl'r!
0

UK, 32
pp.
CRSI, 2009, Manual ef" ~}andam f;>¡,ae1Jct, 28.th
edhíoa,
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C,mc:rere huenta1fo11al., V. 32, No. 6, June, pp. 2'7-29.
Dullstori, P: S.; Jobnsten, D. W.; and Mc<.". ain, P: P.,
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Set
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Gardner; N. J., 1980, "Pressure of Concrete against
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Gardner, N. l., 1981, "discussion mi "!>~<;Ore
o,fConcte,te
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Ga:rdner, N. J., 1985, "Pressure of Concrete on
Fo:r.m• work-A Revi.ew," ACi .l1J11ntal Proceeding.r, V.
82, No. 5, July-Aug., pp. 744-753.
Gardner, N. J., and Ho, P. T.-J., 1979, "Lateral
Ptess.ure
of Fres.h Conc:rete,., ACI Joumal Proceedi11gs, V. 76, No.
7, Ju ly, pp. &09-&20.
Gardner, N. .J.; Keller,L.; Qu:auirodocchi, R.~and
Chaliitou, G., 20l2, "FieM lnvestigalli,on of Fonnwork
Pressutes us.ing SelíCo:n".!01.idaring Concrnte," Concrete
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le
Ct»1s11·uc/lon, V. 38, No. IOi, pp. 695-
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t-lurd, M. K., 1994, "P,las.tic FOlln Liners,.,
Conc1\'!:le
Ct»1s11·uc1Jon, V. 39, No. 11, Nov., pp. 847-
&53.
t-lurd, M. K., l 996, "Choosing and Us.ing a FOlln
Rele.ase
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736.
t-lurd, M. K., 1997a, "Using Glass.--Fiber-Reinfürred•
Plasllic Fo:rms.;· Concrete Ct»1-s1roc1lon, V. 42, No. 9,
pp.
68.9-692.
t-lurd, M. K, 1.997b, "Ex¡pand Your Forming
Optio11s.,"
C,mc:rere Co1Wl"ttc:ll1JJ1, V. 42, No. 9, Sept., pp. 725-728.
Jolmstrni, D. W., 201 O, "Field Mea:sureme~it of
Concte,te
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CT Cm1s1ruc//on R.-.fearr::h Congress, pp. 1335-1344.
Jolmston, D. W.; K.ahn, K. P:~ a1id. Phill.ip.s., J. B., l
989, "Formwork Pressures i.n Talll a:ttd Ulick ConcreLe
\Va!ls.,"
Jatmral of Corulr11c1io11 Elig/ntel"i11g 11.11d
,Wanage• mer1r, V. l 15, No. 3, Sept., pp. 444-46 L
doi: IO. 1 Oó 11 (ASC.E.)0733-9364( 198.9)115:3(444)
Khayat, K. H., a1id. Dmra1i, A. F., 2011, "Fi.esld
Verification of Fonnwork Pressure Prediclli.on Mod.els.;·
Cor1creu Tllter• nar/onal, V. 33, No. 6, Jame, pp. 33-39.
Lmge, D. A.~ Birdh, B.; Henschetl, J.~ Liu, Y.-S.;
Tejeda•
Dominque-.z, F.; aud. S1rubl.e, L. J., 2008, "Modeling Fo:mi•
wo:tik Ptess.ure ofSCC," Proceed/Jrgs ofthe 3rd Norlh
Amer• ican Gmfere1rc:e a,, D.-.~{g11 and Ute 1Jf &lf
Ct111sollda1/Jrg O:mc:rere (SCC2'008), 6 pp.

Ame,icsn C<>11crete lnsl ituie - Copl'rigntad C Ma.le,ial - www.ooncre1e..otg

36 GUICE TiO FOR'MWO RK FO~ CON:C:RETE,jAOI 347R-l4)
Nool.e, J., l 975, "Stop Ciuessing at Reshore
Loads•
Measu11e Them," Cemc:l'l!!te C1J11s- 1:ruc(/011, V. 20, No,.
7, pp.
277-280.
Proske, T., and Graubner, C.-A., 2-00&, "Formwork
P11es• sure Usi.ng Self-Gompaclling Concrete," Tecfoii:scl:te
Univer• sitat Darmstadt, lnstinit fur Mas:si.vbau, 25 pp.
Randall Jr., F A., and Counols, P: D .• 1976, "Side
Form Spacers,'' A Cl Joarno! Pmc.2:edJ1rgs, V. 7J, No. 2,
Feb., pp. lló-12O.
Smutski, S., ed., 1997, Engineered Wood Prn.duc:/s:
A 508 pp. WYlW. fp!. fs, fed.u.~documnts/fplgtr/ljpl_gtrl 90.pdf
Gulde /1Jr Spec!fiers, .lks!g,rers, dlr.d Users, PFS
Research
Founda tion, Madiso:n, WI, 33 O pp,
Steel Jcist ínsnmre, 201 O, "Standard Speciñcatioas
a.iid
Load and Weighl Tables fo:r Steel Jossts and Joist
Gi11ders,"
4JKI edltíon, Florence, Se, 77 pp.
Stivaros, P. C., and Halversen, G. T., l 99tl, "S!
toringl Reshoring Operatious for Mullli:sto:ry Build.ings.''
AC1 Struc:• t1,rol Joarnai, V. 87, No. 5, Sept-Oet., pp.
589-596.
The Al1.1mim1m Asseeiadon, 201 O, Alwn/Jrt,m
Des/g¡;
M,{JJrttal, Arl.ingro11, VA.
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Hdlrdbt)llk:
~fü1J.d asan Eligl1teeri11g Material, Geueral 'Ieehnical
Repon
FPl..-GTR-190, Forest Pmducts Laboratory, Madíso», WJ,
Ziverts, G, J., 1964, "A Srudy of Cardboard Voids fur
Pres.t11essed Concrete Box Slabs.," PC1 Jonriu1I, V. 9, No.
3, pp. 66-9J, and V. 9, No. 4, pp. JJ-68.