Isaure de Zélicourt

 little organic molecules

 Highly poisonous
 Teratogens: deform unborn foetus
 Small quantities: wood burned
 Large quantities: waste incineration plants
 Chemically stable = remain for a long time in
the environment
 Cl Cl
O

O
Cl Cl

 2 benzene rings joined by two ether links

 Hard to degrade in the environment
 Found in polluted water
 Find their way into the food chain
 Effect on nervous system
 Accumulate in the liver
 Used for transformers
 Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl
 Uncontrolled use of pesticides
 Infiltrates the ground water
 Herbicides and insecticides
 Enters the food chain
 DDT: on type of pesticides that attacks the
nervous system of insects and kills them right
away
 Cl H CCl3
C

Despite consequences on
the environment, it saved
millions of lives as it is
sprayed over areas
suffering of malaria
Cl
 Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, Zinc, Chromium.
 Either compound or elemental form
 toxic at high levels, especially to babies
because they have less stomach acid than
adults, can cause blue baby syndrome

 Blue baby syndrome: decreased oxygen

carrying capacity of hemoglobin in babies
leading to death
 Bar screens remove large objects and
debris from the surface of the water and
remove floating solids.
 Grit chambers are used to settle out
sand, grit, and small objects from the water;
these particles are then sent to landfills.
Sedimentation tanks: Alum Ca(OH)2 and
Al2(SO4)3precipitates out and carry with
them solid suspended particles
 Activated sludge process:

 Air is bubbled into sewage which has been mixed with

bacteria-laden sludge.
 Aerobic bacteria oxidize organic material in the sewage.
 Water-containing decomposed suspended particles are
passed through the sedimentation tanks where the activated
sludge is collected.
 Some of the sludge is recycled, and some is sent to landfills.
 Removes 90% of organic oxygen-demanding waste, 50% of
nitrogen, and 30% of phosphates
 Charcoal filtering:
- removes organic pollutants through
absorption.
- Filter can be regenerated by using heat to
drive off organics

 Precipitation:
- get rid of heavy metal ions or phosphate ions
- ions are added
- forms insoluble precipitates with phosphate
anions or metal cations
- solids can then be filtered out
 Desalination is not easy and is expensive
 Can be done by reverse osmosis
 Osmosis is found in biological systems
 Osmosis: if two solutions are separated by a
semi permeable membrane, then any solvent
will move across that membrane towards the
side of higher solute concentration
 if two solutions are separated by a semi
permeable membrane, then any solvent will
move across that membrane towards the side
of higher solute concentration

 Hence, water will move to dilute a salty

solution
 Seawater Fresh water

Diluted Seawater

 This is the last thing you want if your aim is

fresh water!
 Seawater Fresh water

Concentrated
sea water More fresh water

•Salty solution put under high pressure

• pressure pushes the water molecules into the fresh water
• initial solution is left more concentrated
 Distillation: the process that allows the
sepatation of a volatile liquid (ex. water)
from a non-volatile material (ex. Salt)
 Grit Chamber: Tank in which the flow of wastewater is slowed, allowing heavy
solid materials such as pebbles, sand, coffee grounds and eggshells to sink to the
bottom.

 Sedimentation: a physical water treatment process used to settle out suspended

solids in water under the influence of gravity.
 http://images.google.de/imgres?
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113&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbar%2Bscreens%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

 http://images.google.de/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.sandiego.gov/mwwd/kids/graphics/grit.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sandiego.gov/
mwwd/kids/learnit/dirtywords.shtml&usg=__ThSJbCWnDPaHA6VWnYYKerGHOQo=&h=105&w=140&sz
=8&hl=de&start=9&um=1&tbnid=evqdd0r1E7O_yM:&tbnh=70&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgrit
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 IB chemistry course companion
 IB chemistry Option E study guide