Shakedown skills and drills for the start of the

season
After a long break the skipper may need to knock the rust off a few skills, as well as getting
the boat working, says James Stevens
Come spring, when most of us start sailing again, we suffer from a bit of skill fade, especially
this year after being locked down for so long.
Theory knowledge which was red hot the day we took the test is probably not so near the
mark.
Practical skills such as boat handling tend more towards ponderous than slick.
So it’s worth starting the season with your own refresher course.
Fortunately some knowledge and skills always stick.
You don’t normally have to revise how to put on a lifejacket, raise the mainsail or the basic
sailing rules and buoyage.
What you might have forgotten is what is inside the lifejacket, how to prepare the sails for
heavy weather and the less common Colregs.
Modern plotters have made pencils and plastic plotting instruments almost redundant, but a
little revision on how to estimate a position or shape a course on a paper chart might make
a big difference if the electrics fail.
On the chart it is not too important if you are unable to distinguish between a castle and a
fort but it is more serious if you confuse a rock which is not a hazard with one that is.
As chartplotters and instruments gain ever more functions, knowing how to use them is an
important part of navigation too.
Skills such as interrogating features on a vector chart, generating routes and setting alarms
need to be revised, as well as more traditional skills such as how to plot a visual fix on
screen or on paper, and knowing what isophase and occulting lights look like.
After such a long break, some boat handling practice is worth the effort and might save a
fibreglass repair.
Practising manoeuvres is best done with a crew who get involved and have a go.
It is mind-numbingly boring to sit on a deck watching the helm miss buoys or MOB
dummies, unless you know you’re next.
Whether sailing alone, as a couple or with a crew, you’ll get much more from your
shakedown sail exercise by analysing what happened using the principle, Brief, Task, and
Debrief.
Choose a manoeuvre to practise, taking it in turns and providing feedback, starting with
what went well, what didn’t and finally what to do to improve.
Credit should be given not just for technical skills, but also the artistic impression of
handling the exercise without drama or shouting.
If the manoeuvre didn’t work, don’t worry.
Morale will be improved by practice and success.

Shakedown skills & drills: Navigation and electronics

Firstly, your charts should be up to date, and hopefully you’ll have done this over winter.
If not, plug your chart numbers into the publisher’s website to check for updates, and for
electronic charts, check that you’ve downloaded the relevant updates, or automatic updates
have been made, then check your local area; last year’s route might be this year’s sandbank.
If you don’t carry paper charts, you need a backup system for navigation, with correct charts
and position-fixing capability.
The same applies to your instruments; many yacht skippers sail for years without calibrating
their depth, log and wind instruments.
The days of paper instruction manuals have gone, so before you leave home download or
print the instructions for instruments and plotter.
While you are at it download the engine manual as well.
Spend half a day working out how to calibrate the depth, adjust the backlighting, correct the
wind angle and a multitude of other untouched functions for which you’ve paid a fortune.
Some of the calibration has to be done at sea, for example, swinging the electronic compass
to reduce deviation in the autopilot, calibrating the wind angle and speed through the
water.
Switch on the plotter, AIS and radar and practise using functions such as gain, EBL
(Electronic Bearing Line) and VRM (Variable Range Marker) and relating the real world to
the electronic world.
Toggle the various overlays to see the vessels which do not show up on AIS.

Shakedown skills before you head out

 Conditions Don’t forget to check the tide times, heights and streams, and the
weather forecast.
 Engine Give the engine a good once-over – belts, fuel and oil levels, coolant and
water filter.
Inspect for fuel bug or water in the fuel if possible. Open the raw water inlet and fire
up the engine. Check for exhaust water and no more than a wisp of white smoke
once she’s running. Leave her ticking over for a while to get warm. Engage the
throttle in forward and astern to check rudder, prop and gearbox.
 Electrics Switch on and go through the main systems – instruments, VHF radio (a
start of season radio check is acceptable, but not every sail). Run the fridge, cabin
lights and check navigation lights are all working too. Put your log transducer in, or if
you’ve left it in, take it out for a quick clean with a soft plastic pan scourer. Have a
sponge on hand to cover the through hull and mop up the water.
 Water If you haven’t already, run the fresh water through and fill up with fresh.
Check the water smells and tastes drinkable.
  Safety Get lifejackets out and inspect the cylinders – cartridges showing green, no
corrosion and screwed in tight – and make sure they still fit you after a winter as a
landlubber. Check the tethers, hooks and jackstays are all in good condition and
other safety gear is in good condition and properly mounted.
 On deck Look up at your rig. Is the sacrificial strip attached to the genoa, are the
halyards running free and not twisted? With a pair of binoculars, check the rigging,
wind instruments and masthead sheaves all look in good order. Check your rigging
terminals are all secure, with split pins in and the tension is roughly right. You can
fine- tune this out on the water. With the echosounder on, drop a lead line (any rope
with a weight will do) to check your actual depth.

Boat handling under power

A good maxim is to engage brain, helm and throttle in that order.
Every crew member should know how to start the engine and the basic controls including
how to stop it.
Turning the boat in its own length or as near as you can is an essential skill to get out of a
tight corner.
Practise without the bow thruster if fitted so you understand the forces and could cope if it
fails.
Use the minimum necessary power; winding the revs up in the marina rarely ends well.
You need to find a reasonably enclosed space outside the channel; if there is some wind,
even better.
The prop kick is key so turn whichever way uses it to pull the stern round.
The boat will turn most effectively when stopped with the helm hard over and with a burst
of power ahead.
As soon as the yacht starts moving forward, go into neutral.
In a confined space you will have to engage astern.
As the yacht starts moving backwards you can reverse the helm to steer astern.
At this moment go into neutral again and give it a burst ahead.
When the boat is stationary and there is no pressure on the helm, put it right over and the
yacht will turn.
If there is a breeze, use it to blow the bow off the wind.
You hardly need to touch the throttle, but the half-turn to bring the bow back into the wind
will require more power.
Alongside berths
Marinas and harbourmasters are usually fine about allowing yachts to practise on a quiet
pontoon away from anything expensive.
For inexperienced skippers the first and last 30m of the trip can be the most stressful.
When coming alongside hammerheads or mid-channel pontoons the tidal stream is your
friend if you know how to use it.
Conversely it’s going to end in tears if you don’t.
Practise coming alongside into the stream ahead and astern.
Start the approach from a good distance away and use minimum power.
No one minds if you take it slowly, least of all the yacht next to you.
The crew needs to be ready to step ashore from the part of the boat which will make
contact first.
If going ahead and the pontoon is to windward this will be near the shrouds.
For a berth to leeward it is further aft.
If there is only one crew, a central line secured quickly is the best plan, but the helm needs
to identify a cleat and stop next to it.
It is not the crews’ job to stop the boat.
Practising on finger pontoons ahead and astern is time well spent and so is springing off a
leeward berth.
If the berth is downtide, with the water flowing into the berth, it is sometimes preferable to
approach astern because without a bow thruster you have more control when you engage
ahead to stop.
Either way it requires a positive manoeuvre if approaching from across the stream between
a row of pontoons.
While the boat is going ahead in a confined space the crew can sit on the coachroof rather
than stand by the rail in a line blocking the view like footballers defending a free kick.
If you want a challenge, the hardest berth is in slack tide to windward with large yachts each
end, strong wind 45º off the bow and against the prop kick.
If you are thinking of trying it you need to know the stopping distance because it has to be
done faster than normal with a very positive helm movement to steer away from the
pontoon at the last moment to counteract the kick.

Shakedown skills: Sailing manoeuvres

Once the sails are up, a few tacks will remind the crew which way the sheets go round the
winches and the importance of making up the lazy sheet for the new tack.
Any mistakes will be obvious.
Gybing is more hazardous on a windy day and some coordination is required.
Someone at the stern calling the manoeuvre will ensure that sheets are not wrapped
around the windlass, the main is pulled in, heads are down and the helm is put over at the
right moment for the gybe.

Moorings
If you can find a mooring in reasonably clear water there are a number of boat-handling
exercises which will help helm and crew work together.
First is approaching as if to moor under sail.
With wind and tide together this is done with the main up, approaching on a close reach,
spilling and filling the main to adjust the speed.
Many boats also require the jib to provide enough power if there is a strong tidal stream
running.
The skill here is judging the start point.
In a really strong tide the yacht will be almost abeam of the mooring to counteract the tide
and at the moment of pick up the yacht is stationary over the ground but still has boat
speed through the water.
To save time when practising simply get close enough for the crew on the bow to tap the
buoy with the boat hook and hand over to the next helm.
A variation of this when handed the helm is to return to the buoy with one tack and one
gybe in either order.
This really concentrates the mind on wind awareness and identifying the approach point
and gives plenty of crewing practice.
Wind against tide moorings are left and picked up under jib alone into the tide.
This is a much easier manoeuvre and a roller furling jib makes speeding up and slowing
down very simple.
Sometimes even under bare poles the tide is too weak to slow the boat down, so zigzagging
towards the buoy will put the keel across the stream and reduce the ground speed.

Shakedown skills: Underway

 Check the instruments are showing boat speed and speed over ground.
 Unfurl the genoa and hoist the main, looking out for snags. A spray of dry lubricant
might help the main go up.
 Head upwind and sheet in and give the sails a good visual inspection. Check if more
rig tension is needed.
 Check the genoa cars move freely, the winches work smoothly and all blocks are
running free.
 Set the downwind sails to check all is in good order.

Man overboard
Yachtmaster examiners love throwing buckets and fenders over the side to simulate a man
overboard.
Not only does this put candidates in the position of thinking what they are going to do with
a crew member in the water, it is also a good test of boat handling and wind awareness
under pressure.
If you are practising, the bucket and fender can go in when the helm is ready.
Brief the crew beforehand and have someone whose sole job is to point at the MOB.
Under Sail
This is only going to work if the boat is stopped next to the bucket with the main flapping.
We’ve all watched boats sail past MOB dummies at several knots with the main drawing.
As soon as the MOB goes in the boat needs to be stopped by tacking into the heave to
position and the dan buoy and lifebelt deployed.
In a real emergency, unless you are sure you are going to retrieve the MOB (or even if
you’re sure) a distress call should be made.
Every member of the crew should understand how to use the VHF radio and a script of what
to say should be displayed near the radio.
Sail away with the wind just aft of the beam checking the wind indicator.
About seven or eight boat lengths away, tack.
You should be on a close reach and you may want to roll up the jib depending on how well
the boat sails without it.
Point the boat at the man and free the main to check it will flap.
If it doesn’t, steer downwind slightly and check again.
Spill and fill and aim to pick up on the leeward side – you’ll drift away if you put the MOB to
windward.
On a windy day you will have to aim upwind because as the boat slows it will make leeway.
Aim to pick up just aft of the shrouds but forward of the boom.
Under power
This is probably the quickest way of retrieving a MOB, and speed is essential in cold water.
Throw the MOB in. Heave to, roll up the jib, check for lines in the water and start the
engine.
Sheet in the main and steer to the downwind position.
Mind the gybe.
Motor upwind to the MOB with the main flapping.
It is easier to arrive slightly on the upwind side.
Keep the prop well clear of the MOB.
This is all fairly straightforward when practising but remember when it happens for real
there will, by definition, be one less crew and a rope around the prop can be fatal.
Every skipper should also have thought how to retrieve the MOB from the water.
Easy enough if they are fit enough to climb up a ladder, but really hard if the cold has
sapped their strength.
It’s worth practising the recovery in a calm anchorage in summer, and make sure your plan
works for a solo sailor if you sail as a couple.
It is far from easy to lift a waterlogged person from the water, however strong you are.

Anchoring
Before anchoring for the night it is important to ensure the yacht is going to stay afloat at
low water.
This is a simple problem but a surprising number of people struggle with it by introducing
the charted depth into the calculation.
Obviously the chart needs to be consulted before dropping the anchor to check the sea bed
is suitable, but the information you need is: the amount the tide will drop to low water + the
draft of the yacht + the clearance you would like.
Make sure you anchor somewhere where the depth at that time is greater than the sum of
these three numbers.
The amount the tide will rise is only relevant for calculating how much chain to put out.
You have more choice where you stop when anchoring than mooring.
Under sail it’s straightforward under main alone or jib alone depending on the direction of
the wind and tide.
For wind-with-tide with the main up, come to a halt by easing the mainsheet on a close
reach and as soon as the anchor is over the bow drop the main before it draws.
Some skippers always anchor under jib alone to avoid this problem.

Reefing
You can easily tear a sail if the crew is not coordinated when putting in a reef.
The most common mistake is forgetting to ease the kicker which is necessary because the
boom is usually higher when the sail is reefed.
Traditional slab reefing requires a crew member at the mast, on the windward side.
The mainsheet is eased to depower the sail, the kicker eased; topping lift raised and the
main is lowered until the mast crew indicates the reef cringle is in line with the ram’s horn
at the gooseneck.
The cringle is attached and the main halyard can then be tightened.
The reefing pennant is tensioned.
It’s important to hoist the sail before tensioning the clew.
Topping lift off and kicker on. Sheet in and secure the reef.

Shakedown skills: On the water

 Break up the sail by dropping the hook to find out if the windlass is working as it
should.
 Turn on the gas, and put the kettle on to test the stove and a cup of tea will be
welcome by now in any case.
 Open the seacocks to the heads and give it a couple of flushes to make sure none of
the valves have seized.
  Now the engine has been on for a while, have you got hot water if a calorifier is
fitted?

Shakedown skills: Back in harbour

 Check your bilges are dry and there are no unexpected leaks.
 Give the decks a wash down and have someone inside to check for leaks around
hatches.

And don’t forget

These shakedown exercises don’t have to be a chore, you are allowed to smile and nailing
them is satisfying – but more important it makes your cruising safer, and the better you are
the more you relax and the more fun you have.