CREATED BY :- Nilesh Sarkar

CONTENT
 Weir And Barrages
 Reservoir And Dams
 Comparison Between Weir & Barrage
 Notches
 Difference Between Orifice And Mouthpiece
 Storage And Diversion Head Mark
 Layout Of A Diversion Head Works
Definition
A Barrage is a barrier with low crest provided with series of Gates across the river to regulate water
surface level and pattern of flow upstream.
An artificial Structural obstruction placed in river or water course, to increase the depth of
water, so that the water can be diverted into canals is called barrage.
A barrage is a type of low-head, diversion dam which consists of a number of large gates that
can be opened or closed to control the amount of water.

Tidal Barrages
It is a dam that impounds seawater from the rising tide
in a tidal basin or estuary. The seawater is held in the
basin until low tide then it is released to power hydro
turbines to generate electricity.
Function of a Barrage
 Function of a Barrage is similar to a weir.
 There is no solid obstruction across river (dams and weirs
have a solid obstruction across the river).
 Raising of water level for diversion in to a canal is done by
gates alone and are responsible for supporting the water
load.
 Crest level in barrage is kept low.
 Barrages are much more costlier than the weirs.
 Can be used to regulate water flow in a lagoon or estuary.
Definition
If major part or the entire ponding of water is
achieved by a raised crest and a smaller part
of it is achieved by the shutters, then this
barrier is known as weir.

Working of Weir
 Normally the water level of any perennial river is such that it cannot be diverted to the
irrigation canal.
 The bed level of the canal may be higher than the existing water level of the river.
 In such cases weir is constructed across the river to raise the water level.
 Surplus water pass over the crest of weir.
 Adjustable shutters are provided on the crest to raise the water level to some required
height.
WEIR BARRAGE
Low Cost High Cost

Low control on flow. Relatively high control on flow and water

levels by operation of gates.

No provision for transport, communication a road or a rail bridge can be conveniently

across the river. and economically combined with a barrage
wherever necessary.

Chances of silting on the upstream is more. Silting may be controlled by judicial operation
of gates.

Afflux created is high due to relatively high Due to low crest of the weirs (the ponding
weir crest. being done mostly by gate operation), the
afflux during high floods is low.
 Definition
A notch may be defined as an opening provided in one side
of a tank or a reservoir, with upstream liquid level below the
top edge of the opening.
A notch may have only the bottom edge and sides. The bottom edge over which the liquid flows is
known as Sill or crest. The sheet of liquid flowing over a notch is known as Nappe or vein.
A notch is usually made of a metallic plate and is used to measure discharge of a small stream or canal.
Difference between Notches and Weirs
NOTCHES WEIRS
It’s an opening in one side of a reservoir, like a It’s a structure used to dam up a stream or
large orifice with the upstream liquid level river, over which the water flows.
below the flow of fluid.
Can be found in narrow sections of rivers or in In areas near dams one can see the use of V-
the lower ranges of the dams. shaped, rectangular notches.
The notch is of a small size. The weir is of a bigger size.
A notch is usually made in a plate. a weirs is made of masonry or concrete.
ORIFICE FLOW
Fluid is flowing through
the small opening of any
cross section on the side
or at the bottom of the
tank.
An orifice is a small
aperture through which
the fluid passes. The liquid
is discharged through
small orifice at side.
Since the dimension of
orifice is small so, flow
through orifice is very
small.
MOUTHPIECE FLOW
Fluid is flowing through a short
length of a pipe which is 2-3 times
its diameter, fitted in a tank
containing the fluid which is
called mouthpiece.
Discharge through an orifice is
increased by fitting a short length
of pipe to the outside known as
mouthpiece.
Dimension of mouthpiece is
bigger than orifice. so, flow
through mouthpiece is quiet
large.
Storage Head Works
An impervious high barrier or wall constructed across a river at a suitable site for the purpose of
collecting water, which can be used as and when required. E.g. dam.
Diversion Head Works
The works, which are conducted at the head of the canal in order to divert the river water towards the
canal so as to ensure a regulated continuous supply of silt-free water with a certain minimum head into
the canal, are known as Diversion Head Works, Eg. Weir.
Purpose of storage work
 Storage and control of water for irrigation and domestic use
 Water supplied for industrial uses
 Development of hydroelectric power
 Increasing water depths for navigation
 Storage space for flood control
 Reclamation of low-lying lands
 Debris control
 Preservation and cultivation of useful aquatic life
 Recreation
Storage Weir
If a weir also stores water for tiding over
small periods of short supplied, it is called
a storage weir. The main difference
between a storage weir and a dam is only
in height and the duration for which the
supply is stored. a dam stores the supply
for a comparatively longer duration.

Layout of a diversion Head Works

 Weir proper
 Under-sluices
 Divide wall
 River training works
 Fish ladder
 Canal Head Regulator
 Weir’s ancillary works
 Silt Regulation Works
Fish Ladder
It is provided to allow fish to go from upstream to downstream
of dam and vice versa this fish-way consists of an inclined
chute from dam to the downstream river bed and divided into
compartments by cross walls.

Under-sluices
The weir is constructed in the
middle portion of the diversion
headwork. At the ends, under
sluice section are provided
adjacent to the canal head
regulators. If the canal takes
off only from one side, the
under sluice section is
provided near that end only.
The function of under sluices may be summarized as follows:
 They maintain a well-defined river channel near the canal head regulator.
 They are used to scour away the silt deposited in front of the head regulator.
 They can be used to pass small floods to the downstream, without dropping the shutters of the
main weir.
 They may be designed to pass a portion of flood during rainy season.
 They are useful for quick lowering the upstream high flood level.
 Because the discharge intensity over the sluice portion is greater than that in the weir portion.
 To create a still pocket of water near the head regulator, and, therefore, the effect of the main
river current on the head regulator is minimized.
Canal Head Regulator
A canal head regulator is provided at the head of each
main canal. The canal head regulator should be aligned
so as to reduce silt entry into the canal and to avoid
backflow and the formation of stagnant zones in the
river pocket. The axis of the head regulator usually
makes an angle of 90º to 120º with the axis of the weir.

Functions of Canal Head Regulator:

 It regulates the supply of water into the canal.
 It control the entry of silt into the canal.
 It prevents the river floods from entering the canal.
 It can be used to stop the canal supplies when the silt
charge in the river water exceeds a certain limit.
Divide wall
A divide wall is constructed parallel to the
direction of flow of river to separate the weir
proper section and the under sluices
section. If there are under sluice at both the
sides, there are two divide walls. The divide
walls should extend on the upstream to a
point little upstream of the point opposite to
the head regulator.
Functions of Divide wall:
 It separate the floor of the scouring sluice from that of the weir proper which is at a higher level.
 It provides a comparatively still pocket in front of the canal head regulator so that silt gets
deposited in it.
 It isolates the pocket upstream of the head regulator to facilitate scouring operations.
 It prevents formation of cross currents.
 It helps in concentrating the scour action of the under sluice for flushing out the deposited silt.
 It helps in minimizing the effect of the main river current.
Guide Banks
They are provided on either side of the
diversion headworks in alluvial soils for a
smooth non-tortuous approach to the
diversion headworks and to prevent the
river from outflanking the work. The length,
alignment and shape of the guide banks
are usually determined after conducting
model studies

Groynes or Spurs
They are provided on either bank of the river
of diversion headword in alluvial soils to
protect the land and property which is likely
to be submerged during ponding of water of
during floods. They extend from bank of the
river. They may be of repelling type or
attracting types.