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FIRST QUARTER
GRADE 10 SCIENCE
Foreword
Hi, Grade 10 student! Welcome to the new
normal! This is modular distance learning and I
welcome you to the first quarter of Grade 10
Science.
The entire quarter covers 7 modules being
compressed and designed just for you. If you have questions,
please address your
concerns through messenger or message directly
---Ma’am Lou
The lithosphere (solid part of the Earth) is composed of three major layers, the crust (outermost layer),
the mantle (the middles layer), and the core (the innermost layer).
The Earth’s crust is composed of several broken plates that move continuously. These movements
are caused by the properties and processes that occur in the Earth’s interior.
Due to intense heat in the Earth’s interior, the molten rock (magma) in the mantle moves in a cyclic
pattern forming convection cells (Figure 1.1). In the convection cell, the warmer material from the
lower layer of the mantle near the core rises. As it rises, moving away from the core, it slowly cools
down and eventually sinks again and is replaced by the rising warmer material forming a
neverending cycle. This movement is extremely slow that its effects can only be discerned after
thousands or millions of years.
It was Alfred Wegener, an Austrian climatologist, who first noted the theory on the movement of the
Earth’s land masses known as Plate Tectonic Theory. It states that Earth’s crust is composed of
several broken plates that continuously move either away, past, or towards each other. He also
observed in 1990s that it looks like jigsaw puzzle pieces that fit to each other and inferred that the
Earth could have once been composed of only one continent and was split into several smaller
continents due to lithospheric processes through time.
Theories on the movement of the lithosphere (the solid part of the earth):
1. Continental Drift theory
- This theory states that the Earth was once composed of only one supercontinent called
Pangaea.
- Through time, this supercontinent split into two sub-continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
Million years further, Laurasia split into a few smaller continents forming the continents in the
northern hemisphere of the Earth. This includes Asia, Europe, North America, South
America, and Africa. On the other hand, the continents of the southern hemisphere, Australia
and Antarctica, are the two continents divided from Gondwanaland.
2. Seafloor Spreading Theory
- Proposed by Harry Hess of Princeton University
- States that the seafloor is continuously spreading and the extra crust gets recycled into the
mantle
3. Plate Tectonics Theory
- States that the crust is composed of different plates which move either towards, away or past
each other.
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- The modern version of the Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener
Activity 1:
Jumbled Word. Arrange the following letters to form a word that describes the distribution of active
volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory. Write your
answers on the ANSWER SHEET attached on this module.
Perhaps, the most known tectonic boundaries that consist of many active volcanoes and where frequent
earthquakes occur is the Pacific Ring of Fire. The “ring” is composed of the boundaries of the Pacific Plate,
Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate.
Performance Task 1. TECTONIC PLATES. Examine the figure below, identify and list down the different
tectonic plates in the world (15 points).
Activity 2.
Matching Type: Relate each statement in column A to the options in column B. Write the letter of your
answer on THE ANSWER SHEET.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____ 1. The first layer of the lithosphere a. convection cell
_____ 2. The Earth layer where magma come from b. core
_____ 3. The cyclic pattern of the molten rock in the mantle c. crust
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_____ 4. Currently the biggest continent d. Asia
_____ 5. The innermost layer of the lithosphere e. mantle
_____ 6. The formation of new crust on the ocean floor f. Pangaea
_____ 7. A long narrow chain of underwater hills or mountains g. Gondwanaland
_____ 8. Boundary formed where two plates bump into each other h. convection
currents
SCIENCE 10, 1ST QUARTER
Page 6 of 16
_____ 9. Boundary found where plates are moving apart at mid-ocean i. Plate Tectonic theory
ridges
_____ 10. Wegner’s large continent j. Laurasia
_____ 11. A theory stating that the Earth’s surface is broken into many k. colliding boundary
pieces
_____ 12. Melted material that rises from the mantle l. magma
_____ 13. The single continent million years ago made up of the southern m. ridge
continents
_____ 14. Forces responsible for the movement of plates n. spreading boundary
_____ 15. The northern continental group formed million years ago o. rift
p. seafloor spreading
LESSON 2. VOLCANOES
Volcanoes are generally described as mountains that emit volcanic products like lava, rocks, ashes,
and gases from the interior of the Earth through its vents.
Types of Volcanoes in Terms of Structure
1. Cinder Cone Volcano→ Steep slope; Emits ash during eruption
2. Shield Volcano→ Wide base; emits lava; looks like a shield
3. Composite Volcano or Stratovolcano→ Half-way of having steep slope and wide base; emits both
ash and lava
In the Philippines, volcanoes and volcanic activities are classified and monitored by the Philippines
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). There are three classifications of volcanoes in
the Philippines according to its eruptive history.
1. Active Volcanoes – Erupted within historic times (within the last 600 years).
2. Potentially Active Volcanoes/Dormant– Morphologically young-looking but with no
historical or analytical records of eruption. Ex. Mt. Pulag as Luzon’s highest peak.
3. Inactive Volcanoes – No recorded eruptions.
The table below identifies the 24 active volcanoes and its provinces. Read and study them.
When the tectonic plates move apart (diverge), magma will ooze out from the cracks and fissures of the
crust that are moving apart forming vents. These will then lead to formation of new land masses,
volcanoes and volcanic activities. On the other hand, when the plates move towards each other
(converge), upon collision, the plate that sinks (subducts) will melt in the mantle. And where there is
melting of the plates, formation of volcanoes occurs.
Activity 3. In the Philippines, there are twenty-four active volcanoes as listed by Delos Reyes et. al. (2018).
Can you mention these on your Answer sheet?
Activity 4. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is not that describes the distribution of
active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory. Write your
answers on the answer sheet.
1. Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano.
2. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in Luzon.
3. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines
4. Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the one of the most destructive volcanic eruptions recorded in the
Philippines.
5. Early January this year, Mt. Taal has erupted.
6. Mountains emit volcanic products like lava.
7. Potentially Active Volcanoes are morphologically young-looking but with no historical or
analytical records of eruption.
8. When the tectonic plates move apart, volcano will ooze out from the cracks and fissures of the
crust that are moving apart forming vents.
LESSON 4. EARTHQUAKE
As an earthquake occurs, energy moves out in all directions from the focus. The energy that is released is
carried by a vibration called seismic waves.
PERFORMANCE TASK 2. Just this year, Philippines has been faced in different challenges. Create a
slogan (you may use ¼ cartolina or bond paper) pertaining on how to be resilient despite of the natural
catastrophes attacking our nation. Use the rubrics below for your guide.
RUBRICS ON SLOGAN MAKING: FILIPINOS RESILIENCY DESPITE THE NATURAL CATASTROPHE
5 4 3 2
CATEGORY
Writing - Each section in Almost all sections Most sections of Less than half of
Organization the slogan has a of the slogan have the slogan have a the slogan have a
clear beginning, a clear beginning, clear beginning, clear beginning,
middle, and end. middle and end. middle and end. middle and end.
Content - Accuracy All facts in the 99-90% of the facts 89-80% of the facts Fewer than 80% of
slogan are accurate. in the slogan are in the slogan are the facts in the
accurate. accurate. slogan are
accurate.
Divergent boundaries are the region where crustal plates are moving away from each other and in
opposite directions.
There are two major types of divergent boundaries:
1. continental and continental-- When continental plates diverge, the breaking of the crust into several
segments leads to the formation of down faulted valleys called rift valleys. As the valleys continue to
spread it will develop into a linear sea.
2. oceanic-oceanic boundaries--occur where two oceanic plates move away from one another,
this is where seafloor spreading takes place the most common example is the mid-ocean
ridge.
Transform fault or transform boundary is a fault along a plate boundary where the
motion is predominantly horizontal, two plates are sliding past each other,
this forms a transform plate boundary.
2. This is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal, two plates are
sliding past each other, this forms a transform plate boundary.
3. The breaking of the crust into several segments leads to the formation of down faulted valleys.
4. It is a deep elongated cavity bordering a continent.
5. Crust’s melting point leads to the formation of.
Plate movements is a scientific theory describing the large- scale motion of seven large plates and the
movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth’s lithosphere. This movement processes
began on Earth between 3.3 and 3.5 billion years ago.
The inside of the Earth is filled with unimaginable force and energy. Several forces within it are key factors
for plate movements.
GLOSSARY
✓ Convection Current—current in the mantle due to the heat from the inner layers of the Earth and is
force that drives the plates to move around
✓ Lithosphere—The topmost, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several plates
✓ Mid-ocean ridge—Area in the middle of the ocean where new ocean floor is formed
✓ Seafloor spreading—a process by which new ocean floor is formed near the mid-ocean ridge and
moves outward
✓ Subduction—the process in which the crust plunges back into the Earth
✓ Tectonics—branch of geology that deals with the movements that shape the Earth’s crust.
Congratulations!
You have completed the coverage for thest 1Quarter.
Now, you are ready for the assessment on the last 2 pages.
Department of Education
REGION X
DIVISION OF ILIGAN CITY
ESPIRIDION F. ENCABO I MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Puga-an, Iligan City
ASSESSMENT. Write your answer on THE ANSWER SHEET provided for you.
1. What do we call molten hot liquid rock once it erupts to the Earth’s surface?
a. Cinder b. Igneous c. Lava d. Magma
2. What do we call molten hot liquid while it is still below the Earth’s surface?
a. Cinder b. Igneous c. Lava d. Magma
3. Which of the following is expected to form parallel to a trench?
a. hot spot b. ocean ridge
c. rift valley d. volcanic arc
4. Which of the following describes the convection current?
a. Hot magma rises and is cooled and sinks again to be heated.
b. Cold magma rises and is heated and sinks again to be cooled.
c. Volcanoes pull the magma out of the Earth and it becomes lava.
d. The Earth spins and not all of the magma spins at the same rate.
5. What is Pangaea?
a. A deep-ocean trench
b. The name a dinosaur fossil
c. A microorganism that grows at hydrothermal vents
d. A single continent that existed 250 million years ago 6. What are tectonic plates
composed of?
a. Oceanic crust and mountains
b. The outer core and the mantle
c. Continental crust and the upper mantle
d. Continental and/oceanic crust plus a small part of the upper mantle 7. Which of
the following describes the convection current?
a. Hot magma rises and is cooled and sinks again to be heated.
b. Cold magma rises and is heated and sinks again to be cooled.
c. Volcanoes pull the magma out of the Earth and it becomes lava.
d. The Earth spins and not all of the magma spins at the same rate.
8. What is volcanic lava?
a. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface.
b. Gas clouds created by volcanoes.
c. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust.
d. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid.
9. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related?
a. They have nothing to do with one another.
b. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean.
c. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans.
d. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere else.
10. Why are plate tectonics important?
a. Plates cover the whole earth.
b. Plate boundary is significant in geologic activities.
c. Plates crashed together to make mountains.
d. All of the above.
11. How does the structure of the Earth affect plate tectonics?
14. Which of the following has similar shape of tectonic plates? a. Big rocks
b. Broken Rocks
c. Like a cracked eggshell
d. Like a whole eggshell
15. Which of the following refers to the tectonic plates movement? a. Titanic shift
b. Tectonic shift
c. Tictactonics shift
d. Tiktok shift
16. Which of the following is expected to form parallel to a trench?
b. hot spot b. ocean ridge c. rift valley d. volcanic arc
17. Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava
alternate with layers of ash. a. Cinder-cone volcano
b. Composite volcano
c. Shield volcano
d. Stratovolcano
18. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into large slowly
moving pieces?
a. Big Bang Theory
b. Gravitational Theory
c. Plate Tectonics Theory
d. Theory of Relativity
19. How does the structure of the Earth affect plate tectonics?
a. Oceanic and continental plates separate and create valley.
b. Oceanic and continental plates boundaries are stable.
c. Oceanic and continental plates interact at boundaries
d. Oceanic and continental plates join together and build mountains
ACTIVITY 5
PERFORMANCE TASK 1. PERFORMANCE TASK 2.
(IDENTIFICATI
ON) TECTONIC PLATES SLOGAN MAKING
1.
Continen 1. Eurasian plate Writing – Organization (5-point)
tal-
continent 2.North American plate Content – Accuracy (5-point)
al
converge 3. Juan de fuca plate Attractiveness & Organization (5-point)
nt plate
2. 4. Philippine plate SCORE
Oceanic-
oceanic 5. Cocos plate
boundari
es 6. Caribbean plate
3. Rift
valleys 7. Arabian plate
4. Ridge
trench 8. Indian plate PERFORMANCE TASK 3.
boundari
SCRAPBOOK MAKING
es 9. African plate
5.
Oceanm 10. Australian plate CONTENT (30)
g-ocean
11. Pacific plate • BEFORE
SCORE: SCORE
1. C. 6. C. 11. D. 16. D.
2. D. 7. A. 12. A. 17. A.
3. D. 8. C. 13. A. 18. C.
4. A. 9. D. 14. A. 19. D.
5. D. 10. D. 15. B. 20. D.
Slogan