Smoke Detector Testing: Allen Hess - CFAA Presentation April 2011

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Smoke Detector Testing

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Allen Hess – CFAA Presentation

April 2011
CFAA April 2011 1 Building Technologies

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Agenda
Requirements
Consumer Needs
Challenges
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Howsiemens
a Detector
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Effects
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Maintenance Best Practices

Conclusion
CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

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What our Standard Prescribes
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What prescribes the testing and maintenance of Smoke

detectors?
CAN/ULC-S536-04
INSPECTION AND TESTING OF
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
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5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for
cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance
with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Siemens sans Ensure detector can and is operating

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5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by
introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting
chamber in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
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Ensure physical operability
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5.7.4.1 General
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5.7.4.1.3 Each
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within
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in Clause
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sans italic bold (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device
Testing-Legends
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Ensure calibration is within operating range
and
will respond as early as required

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5.7.4.1 General
Corrective Action
5.7.4.1.3 Each smoke detector shall be tested to confirm that it is
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rated operating range using a test method described
in Clause
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Testing-Legends
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5.7.4.1.4 A smoke
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required
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italic range shall be cleaned, retested in
accordance with Clause 5.7.4.1.3, and if still not within its
rated sensitivity, replaced with a compatible smoke detector.
(Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and
Notes.)

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5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness.
When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Provide evidence
5.7.4.1.3 Each smoke detector shall be tested to confirm that it is within
its rated
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5.7.4.1.6.
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Notes.)
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5.7.4.1.4 A smoke
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operating
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5.7.4.1.3,
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italic if still not within its rated sensitivity, replaced with a
compatible smoke detector. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device
Testing-Legends and Notes.)
5.7.4.1.5 Each smoke detector sensitivity measurement and if applicable,
the cleaning date shall be recorded on the individual device record.
(Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)
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5.7.4.1.6 Acceptable methods of determining the smoke

detector sensitivity are:
A Manufacturer’s recommended test instrument,

equipment, or method;
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B Installed control units or transponders designed to test
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the sensitivity of individual smoke detectors; or
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C Calibrated instruments that provide the operation as

described in CAN/ULC-S529, Standard for Smoke

Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems, for the purpose of
testing smoke detector sensitivity.

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What Consumers Need
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Role of Detection
• The six fire safety subsystems recognized in the SFPE
Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection
Analysis and Design of Buildings are [2007]:
–Fire initiation and development
–Spread, control, and management of smoke
–Fire detection
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–Fire suppression
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–Occupant behavior
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–Passive fire protection
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Fire detection is one of the six subsystems identified in the

SFPE Guide and hence is an essential component for
achieving fire safety goals

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Fire Development and Intervention
Flashover
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Consumers Needs
Early Warning
Benefit
Cost
Benefit
Cost
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Reliably
Affordably
Protect People and Valuables

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What is this Issue?
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Industry Feedback/Perceptions
Test tools Too many

not Approved test tools
Testing
Impractical
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Subjective evaluation
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of values more relevant
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Testing
Devices will
Meaningless Recommendations
false alarm in time
not acted on

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How A Detector Works
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Ionization Detector
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Ionization Detector
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Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)
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Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)
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Multi Sensor Photo Detector
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Automatic Smoke Detectors

Improvements in Quality and Quantity Newer Generation
Mio. Pcs.
40
ASA (False Alarm Immunity)

35
Backward scattering 30
25
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20
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15
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0
1943 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003

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ASA False Alarm Immunity
# of detectors
per false alarm
per year
Neural smoke
detector
3‘000
Neural
2'500 Wide spectrum smoke detector
Wide spectrum smoke detector
2'000 Siemens sans smoke detector
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1'500 siemens sans italic Lab results
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Standard
Smoke detector
500 Standards
requirements
0
System innovation

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Effects of Time on Detector Performance
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Environmental effects on detectors
Humidity
Dust, fibers, insects
Extreme
Arrangement Temperatures
of grid and protected
labyrinth electronic, high-
High-grade, grade components
patented
Artificial aerosols optic
and non-typical
Selectable
fire phenomena
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evaluation highly
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electronic
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circuitry Electro-
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selection
Sabotage
Vibration,
shock
Corrosive vapors

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Effects of time on conventional Ionization detectors
• Dirt builds up in Reduces

chamber causing detection
leakage capability
• Airborne dusts Creates false
absorb ions alarms
decreasing current
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Conclusion
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Without compensation or maintenance/cleaning:
siemens black italic - most likely will experience increase in false
alarms with time

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Effects of time on conventional Photoelectric detectors
• Dust accumulates on Reduces

transmitter/receiver sensitivity to
reducing signal smoke
• Dirt builds up on Creates false
labyrinth causing signals
reflections
• Airborne dusts cause Creates false
reflects light signals
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- may become less or more sensitive
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“U.S. EXPERIENCE WITH SMOKE ALARMS AND OTHER FIRE

DETECTION/ALARM EQUIPMENT 2007”
“Nuisance alarms were the leading cause of disabled alarms”.

“Problems associated with smoke alarm age may
Include:
– “sensitivity drift,” which refers to a shift in the range of visibility
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obscuration or
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– particulate density that will activate the smoke alarm.
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Such a shift can mean either an
increase in nuisance activations (if sensitivity increases) or a
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decreased ability to react promptly to real fires (if sensitivity
decreases)”.

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Maintenance Best Practices
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Detector Revision Process (Cleaning)
Detector sensitivity Detector sensitivity

after 4 years field exploration after revision process
Production
Production
limits
limits
# Detectors
# Detectors
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out of the limits
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Sensitivity [%/m]
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Optical components Optical components
after 4 years field exploration after revision process

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Best Practices, Global Comparison
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International Standards Comparison
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Conclusion
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Conclusions
• Canadian detector testing and maintenance

Standards are consistent with global standards.
• Calibration (Sensitivity) testing continues to be
important to ensure performance.
• Canada is lacking in defined intervals for detector
replacement
• Shorter interval for replacement would reduce
both the relevance and challenge of sensitivity
testing
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solution for detector replacement
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end consumer
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Thank you for your attention!
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© Siemens AG 2009. All rights reserved


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Smoke Detector Testing

Allen Hess – CFAA Presentation

CFAA April 2011 1 Building Technologies

Maintenance Best Practices

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

What our Standard Prescribes

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

What prescribes the testing and maintenance of Smoke

CFAA April 2011 4 Building Technologies

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

Siemens sans Ensure detector can and is operating

CFAA April 2011 5 Building Technologies

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

CFAA April 2011 6 Building Technologies

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

CFAA April 2011 7 Building Technologies

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

CFAA April 2011 8 Building Technologies

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

5.7.4.1.6 Acceptable methods of determining the smoke

A Manufacturer’s recommended test instrument,

C Calibrated instruments that provide the operation as

described in CAN/ULC-S529, Standard for Smoke

CFAA April 2011 10 Building Technologies

What Consumers Need

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

Fire detection is one of the six subsystems identified in the

CFAA April 2011 12 Building Technologies

Fire Development and Intervention

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

What is this Issue?

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

Test tools Too many

CFAA April 2011 16 Building Technologies

How A Detector Works

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

CFAA April 2011 18 Building Technologies

CFAA April 2011 19 Building Technologies

Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)

CFAA April 2011 20 Building Technologies

Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)

CFAA April 2011 21 Building Technologies

Multi Sensor Photo Detector

CFAA April 2011 22 Building Technologies

Automatic Smoke Detectors

ASA (False Alarm Immunity)

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

ASA False Alarm Immunity

1'000 siemens sans black

CFAA April 2011 24 Building Technologies

Effects of Time on Detector Performance

CFAA April 2011 Building Technologies

Environmental effects on detectors

CFAA April 2011 26 Building Technologies

Effects of time on conventional Ionization detectors

• Dirt builds up in Reduces

CFAA April 2011 27 Building Technologies

Effects of time on conventional Photoelectric detectors

• Dust accumulates on Reduces

CFAA April 2011 28 Building Technologies