GB/T 18144-2008

玻璃应力测试方法
Test Method for Measurement of Stress in Glass
1 范围
1 Scope
本标准规定了玻璃表面应力、玻璃边缘应力测试的有关定义和测试方法.本标准中表
面应力测试方法适用于浮法玻璃制造的钢化玻璃、半钢化玻璃；边缘应力测试方法适用于
钢化玻璃、半钢化玻璃、汽车前风窗用夹层玻璃、热弯玻璃。
This standard specifies the relevant definitions of stress tests on glass surface and glass edge
and test methods of glass surface and glass edge stress. The surface stress test method in this
standard is applicable to tempered glass and semi-tempered glass made of float glass. The edge
stress test method is applicable to tempered glass, semi-tempered glass, laminated glass for
motor vehicle’s front windshield and hot bending glass.
化学钢化玻璃可参照使用本标准中表面应力测试方法。
For the chemically-strengthened glass, please refer to the surface stress test method in this
standard.
本测试方法为无损测量的测试方法。
This test method is a nondestructive measurement method.
2 规范性引用文件
2 Normative References
下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。 凡是注日期的引用文件，
其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本标准，然而，鼓励根据本
标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本 .凡是不注日期的引用文件，其
最新版本适用于本标准。
The provisions of the following documents constitute the provisions of this standard through
reference in this standard. For dated references, all the subsequent amendments (excluding errata
contents) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, each party in agreement with
this standard is encouraged to study whether the latest editions of these documents can be used.
JC/T 632 汽车安全玻璃术语
JC/T 632 Road Vehicles - Safety Glazing Materials - Terminology
3 术语和定义
3 Terms and Definitions
JC/T 632 确立的以及下列术语和定义适用于本标准。
The following terms and definitions and those defined by JC/T 632 are applicable to this
standard.
3.1
 起偏振片
Polarizer
一种光学装置，自然光通过它以后，变成为有一定振动方向的平面偏振光,通常被放
罝于光源与被渕试样之间。
It refers to an optical device through which natural light is converted into plane polarized
light in a certain vibration direction and is usually placed between the light source and the tested
sample.
3.2
检偏振片
Analyzer
一种光学装置，自然光通过它以后，变成为有一定振动方向的平面偏振光，通常被放
罝于观察者与被测试样之间，也称分析镜。
It refers to an optical device through which natural light is converted into plane polarized
light in a certain vibration direction and is usually placed between the observer and the tested
sample. It is also called an analyzing prism.
4 测试方法
4 Test Method
4.1 表面应力测试
4.1 Surface Stress Test
4.1.1 测试原理
4.1.1 Test principle
表面应力仪的测试原理是利用浮法玻璃表面锡扩散层的光波导效应来进行测进。 从
光源(白炽灯)发出的发散光经过狭缝，由髙折射率柱面棱镜汇聚后变成平行光，通过调节
光源位置，使一束平行光以临界角人射至玻璃与棱镜的交界面，由于玻璃表面存在应力，
光线分解成为两个振动面相互垂直的矢量光，即 O 光和 E 光，O 光和 E 光在浮法玻璃的
锡扩散层中传播速度不同，因此以不同的全反射角折射到棱镜。 从棱镜射出的光经反光
镜反射进入干涉滤光片，由望远物镜系统聚焦，再经过分析镜后在分划板成像而形成一个
清晰的明暗台阶图像。 通过测微目镜可以精确测录台阶的高度。
The test principle of surface stress meter is to use the optical waveguide effect of tin
diffusion layer on float glass surface for measurement. Divergent light emitted from a light
source (incandescent lamp) passes through a slit, and is converged by a cylindrical prism with a
high refractive index and converted into parallel light. A beam of parallel light is incident on the
interface between the glass and the prism at a critical angle through adjustment on the light
source position. Due to stress on the glass surface, the light is divided into vector lights with two
vibrating surfaces perpendicular to each other, namely O light and E light. O light and E light
have different propagation speeds on the tin diffusion layer of float glass and are thus refracted to
the prism at different total reflection angles. Light emitted from the prism is reflected by the
reflector into the interference filter, focused by the telescopic objective system, and imaged on
the reticle after passing through the analyzing prism to form a clear light and dark step image.
Height of the step can be accurately measured and recorded through the micrometer eyepiece.
4.1.2 测试用试剂
4.1.2 Reagent for testing
折射油：折射申应高于玻璃的折射率，但不大于仪器棱镜的折射率。 折射油不应对
仪器有腐蚀作用。
Refractive oil: The refractive index shall be higher than that of the glass but not be greater
than that of the instrument prism. Refractive oil shall not corrode the instrument.
4.1.3 测试装置
4.1.3 Test device
表面应力仪：由光源、柱面棱镜、望远物镜系统、测微目镜等构成，仪器的构造如图
1 所示。
Surface stress meter: It consists of light source, cylindrical prism, telescopic objective
system, micrometer eyepiece, etc. The instrument structure is shown in Fig. 1.

图 1 表面应力仪的光学系统
Fig. 1 Optical System of Surface Stress Meter
4.1.4 试样的制备和保存
4.1.4 Preparation and preservation of samples
以制品为试样。 如果试样锡扩散层的表面有涂层(如幕墙玻璃、汽车后挡玻璃的釉而
涂层)，应先用氢氟酸或砂布除去涂层，在除去涂层的部位作为试样的应力检测点。 为了
避免热应力的产生，试样的内、外温度应一致并与周围的环境温度相同。
Products are regarded as samples. If there is a coating on the surface of the tin diffusion
layer of the sample (e.g. glaze coatings of curtain wall glass and rear windshield of motor
vehicle), this coating shall be removed with hydrofluoric acid or abrasive cloth first. Position
where the coating is removed is regarded as the stress test point of the sample. In order to avoid
generation of thermal stress, the internal and external temperatures of the sample should be
consistent and the same as the ambient temperature.
4.1.5 表面应力测量点的确定
4.1.5 Determination of surface stress measurement point
表面应力测量点由产品标准确定。
The surface stress measurement point is determined by the product standard.
4.1.6 测试程序
4.1.6 Test procedure
a)将被测试样的锡扩散层朝上水平平稳放置；
a) Place the tin diffusion layer of the tested sample upwards horizontally and stably;
b)将玻璃表面擦拭干净，在被测点滴上 1 滴〜2 滴折射油；
b) Wipe the glass surface clean, and drip 1~2 drops of refractive oil on the tested point;
c)将仪器棱镜部位与被测点处可靠接触；
c) Contact the instrument prism position with the tested point reliably;
d)调整光源的位罝、狭缝位罝以及反光镜角度，使视场内出现清晰的明暗台阶图像；
d) Adjust the light source position, slit position and reflector angle so as to form a clear light
and dark step image in the view field;
e)由测微目镜读出台阶的高度 d，精确到 0.01mm；
e) Use the micrometer eyepiece to read the step height d to an accuracy of 0.01 mm;
f)压应力和拉应力由图 2 确定。
f) Compressive stress and tensile stress are determined in Fig. 2.

没有应力 拉应力 压应力

No stress Tensile stress Compressive stress

图 2 表面应力仪的视场中不同应力状态示意图
Fig. 2 Diagram of Different Stress States in the View Field of the Surface Stress Meter
4.1.7 测试结果计算
4.1.7 Calculation of test results
表面应力的计算公式如式(1):
Calculation of the surface stress is shown in formula (1):
 式中：
Where,
σ——表面应力，MPa;
σ- Surface stress, MPa
K——仪器常数，MPa/mm；
K - Instrument constant, MPa/mm;
d——台阶高度，mm。
d - Step height, mm.
仪器常数的计算公式如式(2):
Calculation of the instrument constant is shown in formula (2):

式中：
Where,
L——仪器望远镜系统焦距，mm;
L - focal length of instrument telescope system, mm;
n——仪被测玻璃折射率；
n - refractive index of tested glass;
N——仪仪器棱镜折射率；
N - refractive index of instrument prism;
C——玻璃的应力光学常数，MPa-1。 钠钙硅玻璃的应力光学常数取 2.6X10-6MPa-1。
C - stress optical constant of glass, MPa -1. The stress optical constant of soda-lime-silica
glass is 2.6×10-6 MPa-1.
4.1.8 测试报告
4.1.8 Test report
报告应包括如下内容：
The report shall include the following contents:
a)试样名称、规格、种类、厚度和编号；
a) Sample name, specifications, type, thickness and number;
b）测量点的位置或编号；
b) Position or number of measurement point;
 c）每个测量位置的台阶高度值和计算的应力值；
c) Step height value and calculated stress value of each measuring position;
d）测试单位、测试日期及测试人员、审核人员签字；
d) Test unit, test date and signatures of test personnel and auditor;
e）仪器的型号及编号。
e) Instrument model and number.
4.2 不含涂层的玻璃边缘应力测试
4.2 Stress Test on Edge of Glass Without Coating
4.2.1 测试原理
4.2.1 Test principle
将试样置入平面偏振光场中，旋转起偏振片及检偏振片，使两偏振轴保持正交并与试
样主应力方向成 45°角，试样的主应力方向与试样边部平行或垂直。 将一块 1/4 波片置入
靠近检偏振片左端光路中，并使其快、慢轴与偏振轴平行。 通过转动检偏镜进行补偿，
得到补偿角度。
Place the sample in the plane polarized light field, and rotate the polarizer and the analyzer
to keep two polarized axes orthometric and to form an angle of 45° with the main stress direction
of the sample. The main stress direction of the sample is parallel or perpendicular to the sample
edge. Place one 1/4 wave plate in the light path near the left end of the analyzer, and keep its fast
and slow axes parallel to the polarized axis. Compensation is conducted by rotating the
polarization analyzer, and the compensation angle is obtained.
4.2.2 测试装置
4.2.2 Test device
边缘应力仪：主要由光源、起偏振片、检偏振片、1/4 波片等四部分构成。 仪器的构
造如图 3 所示。
Edge stress meter: It mainly consists of light source, polarizer, analyzer and 1/4 wave plate.
The instrument structure is shown in Fig. 3.

1——光源；
1 - Light source;
2——磨砂玻璃;
2 - Ground glass;
 3——起偏振片；
3 - Polarizer;
4——被测玻璃；
4 - Tested glass;
5——1/4 波片；
5 - 1/4 wave plate;
6——检偏振片。
6 - Analyzer.
图 3 边缘应力仪的光学系统
Fig. 3 Optical System of Edge Stress Meter
4.2.3 试样
4.2.3 Sample
以制品为试样。 为了避免热应力的产生，试样的内、外温度应一致并与周围的环境
温度相同。
Products are regarded as samples. In order to avoid generation of thermal stress, the internal
and external temperatures of the sample should be consistent and the same as the ambient
temperature.
4.2.4 边缘应力测量点的确定
4.2.4 Determination of edge stress measurement point
边缘应力测量点取每条边的中心位置。
The center position of each edge is taken as the edge stress measurement point.
4.2.5 测试程序
4.2.5 Test procedure
a) 接通仪器光源，使起偏振片和检偏振片相互垂直并处于初始位置，此时视场为均
匀黑暗。
a) Turn on the instrument light source so that the polarizer and the analyzer are
perpendicular to each other and at the initial positions. In this case, the view field is
uniform and dark.
b) 在起偏振片和 1/4 波片之间放入被测试样。 使试样主应力方向与偏振轴方向成
45°角。 此时在视场中可以看到试样边缘由于应力而产生的光干涉图，见图
4a)。 距边缘一定距离处有一条与边缘相平行的粗黑条纹，这是应力为零的区域 。
黑条纹下方区域的综合应力为压应力，黑条纹上方区域的综合应力为拉应力。
拉应力或压应力方向也可由检偏振片补偿时的旋转方向来确定。 检偏振片往
“+”号方向旋转表示所测应力为拉应力，反之，往“-”方向旋转表示所测应力为
压应力。
b) Place the tested sample between the polarizer and the 1/4 wave plate. In this way, an
 angle of 45° between the main stress direction of the sample and the polarized axis
direction is formed. At this time, a light interference image generated by stress at the
sample edge can be seen in the view field, as shown in Fig. 4a). At a certain distance
from the edge, there is a thick black stripe parallel to the edge, which is an area under
no stress. The comprehensive stress in the area below the black stripe is the
compressive stress, and the comprehensive stress in the area above the black stripe is
the tensile stress. The direction of tensile stress or compressive stress can also be
determined by the rotation direction when the analyzer is compensated. Rotation of the
analyzer towards the “+” direction indicates that the measured stress is the tensile stress.
On the contrary, rotation towards the “-” direction indicates that the measured stress is
the compressive stress.
c) 向“-”方向旋转检偏振片，使黑色零级条纹的中心线移动到试样的边缘，见图
4b)。 此时得到最大边缘压应力对应的转角 θ。 如果试样的边部经过磨边或倒角
处理，无法直接得到 θ，可以采取距离试样边部等间距处测量，得到转角，通过
延 长 线 的 方 法 得 到 θ 。 ( 例 如 ， 磨 边 厚 度 距 边 部 0.4mm ， 则 可 以 在 距 边 部
0.5mm，l.0mm,1.5mm,2.0mm,2.5mm 处测量，得到相应的角度，通过光滑曲线将
各点连接并延长与 θ 轴相交于 θ，见图 5。)
c) Rotate the analyzer towards the “-” direction to move the center line of the black zero-
order stripe to the sample edge, as shown in Fig. 4b). At this time, the rotation angle θ
corresponding to the maximum edge compressive stress is obtained. If the sample edge
is subject to edge grinding or chamfering and θ cannot be directly obtained, the rotation
angle can be obtained by measurement at the equal distance from the sample edge, and
θ can be obtained in the line extending method. (For example, if the thickness of the
ground edge is 0.4 mm from the edge, measurement can be carried out at 0.5 mm, l.0
mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm from the edge to obtain the corresponding angle.
Points are connected through a smooth curve and this curve is extended to intersect with
the θ axis so as to obtain θ as shown in Fig. 5.)
d) 向“+”方向旋转检偏振片，使黑色零级条纹远离边部，直至黑色零级条纹的上方
狭长区域变为最暗为止，见图 4c)。 此时得到最大边缘张应力对转角 θ。
d) Rotate the analyzer towards the “+” direction so that the black zero-order stripe is far
away from the edge until the long and narrow area above the black zero-order stripe
becomes darkest as shown in Fig. 4c). At this time, the rotation angle θ corresponding
to the maximum edge tensile stress is obtained.
e) 当试样边部出现多级条纹时，零级条纹为黑色，以后条纹颜色变化由红到紫，再
变为黑，其颜色会重复出现，依次出现的紫色条纹级数依次为 1 级，2 级，3 级…
…。 移动靠近测量点的高级紫色条纹到所需的测量点，得到转角 θ’。 如果彩色
条纹有两条，紫色条纹的整级数应为 2，见图 4d)。 此时角度 θ 的计算公式如式
(3):
e) When multi-order stripes appear on the sample edge, the zero-order stripes are black,
and the colors of the post-zero-order stripes turn from red to purple and then to black.
the colors of the stripes will appear repeatedly, and the purple stripes will appear in the
sequence of Order 1, Order 2, Order 3 . Move the high-order purple stripe close to
the measurement point till this strip reaches the required measurement point, and the
 rotation angle θ’ is obtained. If there are two colored stripes, the whole order of purple
stripes shall be 2, as shown in Fig. 4d). At this time, calculation of angle θ is as shown
in formula (3):

图 4 边缘应力仪的视场中应力干涉图像
Fig. 4 Stress Interference Image in View Field of Edge Stress Meter
式中：
Where,
n——条纹整级数；
N - Whole order of stripe;
θ’ ——试样边部出现多级条纹时,测量点处对应的转角。
θ’ - Rotation angle corresponding to measurement point when there are multi-order stripes
on the sample edge
注：如条纹级数超过二级以上时，可增加干涉滤光片以便观察。
Note: If the stripe order exceeds over two, the interference filter can be added to make it
convenient for observation.
 距试样边部距离/mm
Distance from Sample Edge /mm
图 5 延长线法求最大边缘压应力转角
Fig. 5 Rotation Angle Corresponding to the Maximum Edge Compressive Stress in Line
Extending Method
4.2.6 测试结果计算
4.2.6 Calculation of test results
边缘应力的计算公式如式(4):
Calculation of the edge stress is shown in formula (4):

式中：
Where,
σ——试样测量点处的边缘应力，MPa;
σ - Edge stress at the sample measurement point, MPa;
K——仪器常数，MPa•mm/(°);
K - Instrument constant, MPa mm/(°);
θ——试样测量点处对应的转角，(°);
θ - Rotation angle corresponding to sample measurement point, (°);
t——试样测量点处的厚度，mm。
T - Thickness of sample measurement point, mm.
注：夹层玻璃测量点处的厚度应为试样总厚度减去胶片厚度。
Note: The thickness of the laminated glass measurement point shall be the total thickness of
the sample minus the film thickness.
仪器常数的计算公式如式(5):
 Calculation of the instrument constant is shown in formula (5):

式中：
Where,
λ——光源的波长，nm;
λ - Wavelength of light source, nm;
C——被测玻璃光学应力常数，MPa-1。
C - Optical stress constant of the tested glass, MPa-1.
4.2.7 测试报告
4.2.7 Test report
报告应包括如下内容：
The report shall include the following contents:
a) 试样名称、种类、厚度和编号；
a) Sample name, type, thickness and number;
b) 测量点的位置；
b) Position of measurement point;
c) 每个测量位置的转角和被测点的厚度；
c) Rotation angle of each measuring position and thickness of measured point;
d) 计算的应力值；
d) Stress value calculated;
e) 测试单位、测试日期及测试人员签字。
e) Test unit, test date and signature of test personnel;
4.3 含涂层的玻璃边缘应力测试
4.3 Stress Test on Edge of Glass With Coating
4.3.1 测试原理
4.3.1 Test principle
利用反射式光路，将聚光系统、起偏振片及接受反射光的检偏振片置于试样的同侧，
使偏振光线射入玻璃后被其背面的涂层反射回来，再次通过被测玻璃试样。 本试验方法
的测试原理与 4.2.1 相同，不同之处仅在于偏振光线在玻璃的厚度方向上两次通过被测玻
璃试样。
Use a reflective light path to place the light concentrator system, polarizer and analyzer
receiving the reflected light on the same side of the sample, so that the polarized light is reflected
back by the coating on the back of the glass after this polarized light is injected to the glass, and
then the polarized light passes through the tested glass sample. The test principle of this test
method is the same as that in 4.2.1. The only difference lies in that the polarized light passes
through the tested glass sample twice in the glass thickness direction.
4.3.2 测试装置
4.3.2 Test device
反射式边缘应力仪：主要由聚光系统、起偏振片、检偏振片、1/4 波片等四部份构成，
仪器的构造如图 6 所示。
Reflective edge stress meter: It mainly consists of light concentrator system, polarizer,
analyzer and 1/4 wave plate. The instrument structure is shown in Fig. 6.

1——聚光系统；
1 - Light concentrator system;
2——起偏振片；
2 - Polarizer;
3——被测玻璃试样；
3 - Tested glass sample
4——反射涂层；
4 - Reflective coating;
5——1/4 波片；
5 - 1/4 wave plate;
6——检偏振片。
6 - Analyzer.
 图 6 反射式边缘应力仪的光学系统
Fig. 6 Optical System of Reflective Edge Stress Meter
4.3.3 试样
4.3.3 Sample
以制品为试样，试样一侧的边部应含有涂层(如幕墙玻璃、汽车用安全玻璃的轴面)。
为了避免热应力的产生，试样的内、外温度应一致并与周围的环境温度相同。
Products are regarded as samples, and one side of sample edge shall have a coating (e.g.,
glaze surfaces of curtain wall glass and safety glass of motor vehicle). In order to avoid
generation of thermal stress, the internal and external temperatures of the sample should be
consistent and the same as the ambient temperature.
4.3.4 边缘应力测量点的确定
4.3.4 Determination of edge stress measurement point
与 4.2.4 相同。
It is the same as that in 4.2.4.
4.3.5 测试程序
4.3.5 Test procedure
测试程序如下：
The test procedure is shown below:
a) 接通仪器电源，调整起偏振片与检偏振片的相对位置，使玻璃试样的入射光线与
反射光线有适当的夹角，并将玻璃试样表面的光照直径调节到约 100mm。
a) Turn on the instrument power supply, adjust the relative positions of the polarizer and
the analyzer to form a proper angle between the incident light and the reflected light of
the glass sample, and adjust the illumination diameter on the glass sample surface to
about 100 mm.
b) 调整起偏振片和检偏振片的光轴，使其相互垂直并与试样的主应力方向成 45°。
b) Adjust the optical axes of the polarizer and the analyzer to make them perpendicular to
each other and form an angle of 45° with the main stress direction of the sample.
c) 同 4.2.5c)〜f)。
c) They are the same as those in 4.2.5c)~f).
4.3.6 测试结果计算
4.3.6 Calculation of test results
边缘应力的计算依据式(5)和(6)：
Calculation of edge stress is based on formulas (5) and (6):
 式中：
Where,
K，θ，t 的含义与式(4)和式(5)中的参数意义相同。
Meanings of K, θ and t are the same as those parameters in formulas (4) and (5).
4.3.7 测试报告
4.3.7 Test report
同 4.2.7。
It is the same as that in 4.2.7.
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