WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Group Assignment of Modern Construction Technology

Title: - Defect on Building structure

Group -1 section “A”

Name ID No
1. Alfia Hussien------------------------------------4664
2. Kidist Liku---------------------------------------4695
3. Meron Alemu------------------------------------9093
4. Miheret Anetneh-------------------------------4838
5. Nardos W/Mikael-------------------------------4921
6. Samrawit Delelegn-----------------------------5001
7. Senait Tibebu------------------------------------5014
8. Tsinat Shimels----------------------------------6581

Submitted to: Ms. Tishager Z.

Submission date: 21/10/2013

 Defect on Building structure

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First thanks to the Almighty, then we would like to thank our teacher for giving us such kind of
interesting assignment.

Thanks

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 Defect on Building structure

CONTENTS
Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................I

List Of Figures...............................................................................................................................III

Chapter One.....................................................................................................................................1

Defect On Building Structure..........................................................................................................1

1.1 Defect....................................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Construction Defects.......................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Causes Of Defects...........................................................................................................2

1.2 What Is Building Defect?.......................................................................................................3

1.2.1 Types Of Building Defect...............................................................................................3

1.3 Causes Of Building Defects...................................................................................................7

1.4 Effect Of The Building Defect...............................................................................................7

Referance.........................................................................................................................................9

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1Erosion Of Mortar..............................................................................................................4
Figure 2 Peeling Paint......................................................................................................................4
Figure 3 Cracking Of Walls / Leaning Walls..................................................................................5
Figure 4 Unstable Foundations........................................................................................................5
Figure 5 Roof Defects......................................................................................................................6
Figure 6 Dampness..........................................................................................................................6

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 Defect on Building structure

CHAPTER ONE
Defect on Building structure

1.1 Defect
The construction industry all around the world is getting modern, advance and growing day by
day. In spite of the development, construction industry is dealing with one problem i.e. building
defects. Structural engineer are always striving to overcome challenge of defects in buildings but
it is difficult to deal with it completely.

Construction defects are always the key concern of the construction industry. Different
constructed facilities generate different types of defects and demand different levels and types of
quality, depending on the functions, system types, and materials used.

A defect is a building flaw or design mistake that reduces the value of the building, and cause a
dangerous condition. A construction defect can arise due to many factors such as poor workman
ship or use of inferior materials. Building defects do not appear to have been minimized despite
recent advancements in building technology. Some common defect caused by agents such as
atmospheric pollution, poor workmanship or the use of inferior materials and climatic condition
are more frequent. Defective building construction not only contributes to the final cost of the
product but also to the cost of maintenance, which can be substantial.

1.1.1 Construction Defects

Construction defects can be the result of design error by the architect, a manufacturing flaw,
defective materials, improper use or installation of materials, lack of adherence to the blueprint
by the contractor, or any combination thereof. Common types of construction defects include:
 structural defects resulting in cracks or collapse
 defective or faulty electrical wiring and/or lighting
 defective or faulty plumbing; inadequate or faulty drainage systems
 inadequate or faulty ventilation, cooling or heating systems
 inadequate insulation or sound proofing, and
 Inadequate fire protection/suppression systems.

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Defects in construction can typically be grouped into four which is design deficiencies, material
deficiencies, construction deficiencies and geotechnical problem (Nur Nabihah Abd Razak et al,
2015).

1.1.2 Causes of Defects

Defects occurs either because of poor design, low quality workmanship or because the building
was not constructed according to the design or because it has been subject to factors not allowed
for in the design.
Simple example of causes and effects such as poor workmanship in construction could cause
penetration of dampness shown up by a damp patch on the wall, the resulting defects which are a
change in appearance also due to insufficient attention to foundation design could lead to ground
movement indicated by cracks in the brick walls, a change in construction; perhaps also with a
sagging roof, a change in shape.
However, there are two aspects that are seldom taken into consideration which is the build ability
of the design which determines whether good workmanship can ever be achieved if the necessary
reasonable care and skill are present. Secondly, the durability of the materials which represent the
life span of each material in given environment before it deteriorates, either partially or
wholly[ CITATION Nur15 \l 1033 ].

1.1.2.1 Defects in Material

Products made with cement such as precast, in situ concrete and concrete blocks will shrink
irreversibly. To attach expanding brick slips to a shrinking concrete beam with an inflexible
adhesive, for example, is to invite trouble. Materials have differing coefficients of thermal and
moisture expansion and when they are used in combination it is necessary to accommodate the
varying movement[ CITATION Nur15 \l 1033 ].

1.1.2.2 Construction Faults

Most are due to failing standards of workmanship, inadequate understanding of how non-
traditional materials should be worked and installed, together with poor supervision; although
genuine mistakes are sometimes deliberately hidden so as to avoid the cost and embarrassment of
remedial work[ CITATION Nur15 \l 1033 ].

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1.2 What is building Defect?

Webster word reference characterizes building absconds as an inadequacy; an insufficiency
intends to be needing, ailing in some quality important for fulfillment. likewise characterizes
building deserts as a disappointment of building or any segment to be raised in a sensibly
workmanlike way or to play out the way planned by the producer or sensibly expected by the
purchaser which roughly makes harm the structure[ CITATION Aki10 \l 1033 ]..

Characterizes a building imperfection as any blame in the parts or entire of a building which
sterns the execution of the building part in which it happens. A building or development
imperfection is a deformity or lack in the outline, development, or materials on a development
extend. Extensively, incorporating deserts fall with two (2) classifications: surrenders that
influence the execution of the structure, and deformities that influence the presence of the
structure[ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

From the lawful point of view, a building imperfection is characterized in fairly extraordinary
terms. Lawfully, a building imperfection is an infringement of the relevant construction law, an
infringement of the standard of care in the group in which the venture is found, or an
infringement of the producer's proposals[ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

Defect is the dissention of a part with a standard or determined trademark. Imperfection is

utilized some of the time as an equivalent word for "disappointment", yet the favored
significance is to demonstrate just a deviation from a few (saw) standard that may, however won't
really, result in disappointment [ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

1.2.1 Types of building Defect

1.2.1.1 Erosion of Mortar

Joints Basically, the principle capacity of a mortar joint is to try and out abnormalities of
individual squares, regardless of whether they are of stones or blocks. In the meantime, it gives
some grip between the pieces. Rotted mortar can be expelled persuasively by the utilization of a
mechanical plate or deliberately raked out by utilizing a blade or spike physically [ CITATION
Top17 \l 1033 ].

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 Defect on Building structure

Figure 1Erosion of Mortar

1.2.1.2 Peeling Paint

Peeling paint for the most part happens on building veneers, principally on put dividers, segments
and different regions which are presented to unnecessary rain and suddenness. A few structures
situated close to the ocean may confront a substantially more serious hazard once the indications
of peeling paint are obvious on the outside dividers[ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

Figure 2 Peeling paint

1.2.1.3 CRACKING OF WALLS / LEANING WALLS

Aside from conveying loads from rooftops and floors to establishments, outer dividers might be
unsafe to a building on the off chance that they are fundamentally unsound. Splits in divider,

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either vertical or corner to corner, are regular indications of basic unsteadiness [ CITATION Top17 \l
1033 ].

Figure 3 cracking of walls / leaning walls

1.2.1.4 UNSTABLE FOUNDATIONS

Establishments are a piece of a building which disseminates loads from rooftops, dividers and
floors on to the earth beneath. They are fundamentally vital to the lasting of a building and if this
is missing there is no point of spending substantial wholes of cash on other shallow reclamation
work[ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

Figure 4 unstable foundations

1.2.1.5 ROOF DEFECTS

Other than being one of the principle structures in a building, rooftop may go about as a climate
shield, offering assurance to clients or tenants from rain and sun. Subsequently, it is critical to
treat any maturing rooftop tiles[ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

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Figure 5 roof defects

1.2.1.6 DAMPNESS
Dampness can be a genuine matter, especially to structures situated close water sources. Does it
break down building structures as well as harms to decorations. The primary driver of
clamminess is water entering a working through various courses. Water infiltration happens
usually through dividers presented to winning wet wind or rain. With the presence of gravity,
water may infiltrate through vessels or splits between mortar joints, and blocks or squares before
working up trap dampness behind hard renders. Water may likewise drive additionally up the
divider to rise at a more elevated amount. Clamminess additionally happens in dividers because
of different components, for example, spilling canals or down funnels, faulty channels, burst
pipes and buildup because of lacking ventilation[ CITATION Top17 \l 1033 ].

Figure 6 dampness

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1.3 Causes of Building defects

Building surrenders emerges through improper or poor plan, detail and development and in
addition lacking consideration given to building support. It can certainly be said that no building
is free from deformities, not even another one, close supervision on quality procedures will
diminishes the quantity of imperfections and great review will uncover any undeniable
deformity. A deformity alludes to the unmistakable proof of an undesirable condition in progress
influencing serviceability, basic condition or appearance.

Damaged building development not just adds to the last cost of the item additionally to the cost
of support which can be generous. Deficient development incorporates exercises, for example,
compaction not done to detail prompting ground subsidence and in the end early crumbling of
each segment of the building, this may prompt finish disappointment of a structure with high cost
of support on the long run. Deserts bringing about off base development can be maintained a
strategic distance from by guaranteeing that appropriate examination instruments are set up.
(Adeyeye, 2009) expressed in this respects most nearby working in Nigeria experiences
avoidable deformities.

As per the National Building Agency (1985), deserts happen either in light of poor plan, or low
quality workmanship, or on the grounds that the building was not built by the outline, or on the
grounds that it has been liable to elements not took into consideration in the plan. These essential
drivers may work separately or in blend and result in imperfections demonstrated by changes in
organization of materials; in the development itself; in the size, shape or weight of materials; or
basically in appearances

1.4 Effect of the Building defect

According to (Atkinson, 1999) Building defect can decrease and affect the value of the buildings.
defects are developments in construction that reduces the project`s value instead of adding to it.
Other than reduces the project value, where the building defect apparent, it also can cause the
project totally delay which mean not complete with in the period state in the contract. Cost
overrun can be known as one of the effects when the construction defects happen in the
construction site. Building defect will also affect society at large due to possible danger posed

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and result in direct and indirect cost in repairs, abnormally high maintenance dispute and possible
loss of building[ CITATION Ket20 \l 1033 ]
 Project delay ,Construction cost overrun ,
 Decrease the value of project,
 Risk of possible danger on the tenant and/or passenger,
 High maintenance cost, High disputes and possible loss of building,
 Decrease project functionality and it negatively affects contractor and/or consultant
reputation.

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REFERANCE
1. Akinsola, K. (2010). Building Survey Practice (1st ed.). Lagos.

2. Ketama Fayera Tolera*, M.Vignesh Kumar**. (2020). Study on Causes, Effects and
Remedial Measures of Building Defects in Case of Public Building Project in Nekemte
Town, Ethiopia. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 9(12), 40-48.

3. Nur Nabihah Abd Razak et al. ( 2015, December 28 ). MINIMIZING DEFECTS IN

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. Jurnal Teknologi, 79-84.

4. Okuntade, T. (2017). Common Building Defects. Causes, Types, and Examples.