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PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date 2021‐06‐30

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Literature Review :
Even with the growing studies on water and conflicts in international river basins, very less work has been done to verify
those commonly reported conclusions. To point this problem and assess all the reported events of conflicts or either the
cooperation between the countries over water resources during the time of last 50 years, and then using the information
and data of these events to identify those basins that are at greater risk due to political stresses and are near to failure in
﴾5‐10 years﴿.
Thus, the study was divides into three portions:
* To compile and assess the relevant socioeconomic, geopolitical and biophysical data in a GIS software, and use this data
and the factors to identify the history indicators that might cause future tension in international waterways.
* To use these indicators, to identify the basins that are at risk in the coming decade/years.
* To identify and assess the potential of those factors that can be used to mitigate the risk and new technologies that may
result in a different future as predicted by the history indicators.
Globally, the water demands are increasing and the groundwater levels are falling, watershed areas and bodies are
increasing in contamination and deliverance of the water, and the treatment infrastructure is also becoming worse. In the
history, there were no wars for water, although there are signs that the lack of freshwater has caused intense political
stability tremble and very less violence happened over the water as a result. But as the quality of water becomes worse and
the quantity is decreased, this might cause unsettling effect on the stability of a region.
The duration period of the study was 1948‐1999; the interaction of every two nations that was reported was compiled
whether conflictive or cooperative. A total of 1831 events were examined in this study and found that no events were
extreme, which means there has been no war in modern times; the single historical example of water war was 4500 years
back that was between the city states of Lagash and Umma on the Tigris‐Euphrates. Conflictive events are half as of the
cooperative events, there are 507 conflictive events and 1228 cooperative events, 96 events were declared as neutral or
non‐significant.
The basins that were identified as the potential for political/conflicting stresses in the next 5‐10 years were the Ganges–
Brahmaputra, Han, Incomati, Kunene, Kura‐Araks, Lake Chad, La Plata, Lempa, Limpopo, Mekong, Ob ﴾Ertis﴿, Okavango,
Orange, Salween, Senegal, Tumen and Zambezi. These include currently in conflict or in the middle of active negotiation
e.g. the Aral, Jordan, Nile and Tigris–Euphrates.
It was concluded that most of the parameters that were identified as indicators of water conflict were merely linked to
dispute. These parameters include: climate, water stress, population; dependence on hydropower, dams or development,
level of development etc.

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Title: International waters: identifying basins at risk | Water Policy ...
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https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/5/1/29/11563/International‐waters‐identifying‐basins‐at‐risk