illustrate the construction of the diagonal scale. Let us first consider Problem 47.

The following problems

to read three units, i.e., metres, decimetres and centimetres.

Problem 4.16 Constructa sealeof1:40 to read metres, decimetres and centimetres and long enough
to measure up to 6 m. Mark a distance it.
of 4.76 m on

4.76 m
C
D
10
8

B
1 5

Decimetre Metre

RF 1:40

Fig 4.11
 4.11
Scales

Refer to Fig. 4.11.

Construction
1 Given (a) RF = 1/40. (6) maximum length = 6 m and (c) least count = I cm.

2 .Length of scale. L, = RFx Maximum length = x 6 x 100 cm = 15 cm

3. Draw a rectangle of length AB = 15 cm and width AD either 30 or 40 mm.

4, Here line AB represents 6 m. Divide AB into six equal parts so that each part represents I metre. Erect

perpendicular lines through them to meet line CD. Mark the main units.
5. Divide the first division A0 into 10 equal subdivisions. Each subdivision represents 1 decimetre. Mark
second unit on the scale. Also erect diagonal lines through them as shown.
6. Divide AD into 10 equal parts. Draw horizontal lines through each of them to meet BC. Mark third
unit of the scale as shown.
7. Write the value of RF below the scale.
8. Mark a length of 4.76 m on the scale, i.e, 4 m on the right side of the zero mark, 7 dm on the left
side of zero mark and move up along the diagonal line to six divisions.

Problem 4.17 If1 cm long line on a map represents a real length of 4 m, calculate the RF and drawv
a diagonal scale long enough to measure up to 50 metres. Show a distance of 44.5 m on it.

44.5 m

B
A010 8 6 4 2 10 20 30 40
Metre
Metre
RF 1:400

Pig 4.12
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.12.
I cm I cm
. RF
4 m 4x 100 cm 400
the least count as 0.1 m.
. Since scale has to show a distance of 44.5 m, assume

x 50 x 100 = 12.5 cm
3.
Length of scale, L, =
RF x Maximum
400 length =

or 40 mm.
AB 12.5 cm and width AD either 30
. Draw a rectangle ABCD of length
=

five equal parts that each part represents 10 metres.

.Here line AB represents 50 m. Divide AB into
so

to meet line CD. Mark the main

units.
Erect perpendicular lines through them
0. Divide the first division 40 into 10 equal
subdivisions. Each subdivision represents I m. Mark second
them as shown.
unit on the scale. Also erect diagonal lines through
 4.12 Engineering Drawina
7. Divide AD into 10 equal parts. Draw horizontal lines through each of them to meet BC. Mark thies
unit of the scale as shown. third
Write the value of RF below the scale.
Mark a length of 44.5 m on the scale, i.e., 40 metres on the right side of the zero mark, 4 m on t
left side of zero mark and move up along the diagonal line to five divisions. the

Problem 418 The distance between twostations by road is 200 km and it is represented on a
certain map by a 5 cm long line. Find the RF and construct a diagonal seale showing single kilometre
and long enough to measure up to 600 km. Show a distance of 467 km on this scale.

467 km
C
10

100 80 60 40 20 0 100 200 300 400 500

B
Kilometre
Kilometre
RF 1:4x106
Fig.4.13
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.13.
5cm 5 cm
1. RF=
200 km 200x 10 cm 4x 10°
2. Length of the scale, L, RF 1
=
x Maximum length =

x600x 10
4 x10
cm =15 cm
3. Draw a
rectangle
ABCD of length AB 15 =
cm and width AD either 30 or 40 mm.
4. Divide AB into six
equal parts so that each part represents 100 km. Erect
them to meet the line CD. Mark the
main unit. perpendicular lines throug
5. Divide first division 40 into 10
equal subdivisions, each representing 10 km. Mark second unit on e
scale. Also erect diagonal lines
6. Divide AD into 10
through them as shown.
equal parts and draw horizontal lines
third unit of the scale
along it as shown.
through each of them to meet line BC.
7. Write the value of RF below
the scale.
8. Mark a
length 467 km on the scale, i.e., 400 km on
the right side of the zero
side of zero mark and move mark, 60 km on the
up along the diagonal line seven by divisions.
Problen 4.19 The distance between two
points on a is 15 cm. The real
is 20 km. Draw a
diagonal scale to measure up to 25 kmmap
and showa distance
distance between teem
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.14. of 18.6 km on it.
15 cm 15 cm 3
1.
1. RF =
20 km 20x 10 cm 4x 10
2. Since scale has to show a distance of 13.6 km,
assume the least count as 0.1 km.
 4.13
Scales

18.6km

3 2 1 0 10 15 20
Kilometre Kilometre
RF 3:4x10

Fe4.14
RF Maximum length 25 x 10° cm = 18.75 cm
L, x =

3. Length of scale, =
x
4x 10

rectangle ABCD of length 18.75 cm and width either 30 or 40

mm.
4. Draw a
5 km. Erect perpendicular lines through
Divide AB into five equal parts so that each part may represent
them to meet the line CD. lines
40 into five equal subdivisions, each representing 1 km. Erect diagonal
6. Divide first division
through them as shown.
to meet at BC.
Divide AD into 10 equal parts and draw horizontal lines through each of them
7.
unit and the value of RF.
8. Write main unit, second unit, third 3 km the
15 km on the right side of the zero mark,
on

9. Mark the distance 18.6 km on the scale, i.e.,

the diagonal line by six divisions.
left side of zero mark and move up along

in a drawing. What is the RF of

this scale?
of 1 mm is enlarged 20 times
Problem 4.20 A length
count and marka distance of
7.83 mm on it.
Draw a diagonal scale of 0.01 mm least
7.83 mmn

2 Millimetre
10 8 6 4 20
One-tenth
Millimetre RF 20:1

Fiy. 415
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.15.
0.01 mm. should be at least 8 mm.
.RF=20:1; least count
=

mm, the
maximum length
show a distance of 7.83 16 cm
c e scale has to 20x8 mm 160 mm
=
=

length
=

B. Maximum
RF x
Cgth ofscale, L, 40 mm.
=

cm and
width either 30 or
4 16
aW a rectangle ABCD of length
4.14
Engineering Drawiwinng
.Divide AB into 8 equal parts so that each part may represent mm. Erect perpendicular lines thr
them to meet the line CD hrough
6. Divide first division 0.I Erect
40 into 10 equal subdivisions, each representing
lines
mm.
diagonal
through them as shown.
7. Divide AD into 10 equal parts and draw horizontal lines through each of them to meet at
BC
8.Write main unit, second unit, third unit and the value of RE.
9. Mark the distance 7.83 mm on the scale, i.e., 7 mm on the right side
ofthe zero mark, 0.8 mm on
left side of zero mark and move up along the diagonal line by three divisions.

Problem 4.21 The distance between two stations is 100 km and on a road map it is shown by
30 cm. Drawa diagonal scale and mark 46.8 km and 32.4 km on it.

46.8 km
32.4 km
D
10

AOLLL
10 8 6 4 2 0 B
10 20 30 40
Kilometre
Kilometre
RF 3:10
Fig, 4.16
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.16.
1. RF=30cm 30 cm 3
100 km 100x10 cm 10
2. Since scale has to show a distance of 46.8 km, the maximum
least count 0.1 km. length should be at least 50 km and the

3. Length of scale, L, =
RF 3
x Maximum length =

x 50 x 10' em 15
=
cm
10
4. Draw a
rectangle ABCD of length 15 cm and width either 30 or 40 mm.
5. Divide AB into five
equal parts, each representing 10 km. Erect
meet the line CD. perpendicular lines through them
6. Divide first division A0 into 10
equal subdivisions, each representing 1 km. Erect
them as shown. diagonal lines throu
7. Divide AD into 10
equal parts and draw horizontal lines
8. Write main unit, second unit, third through each of them to meet at BC.
unit and the value of RF.
9. Mark 46.8 km and 32.4 km as shown.

Problem 4.22 Construct a scale to measure kilometre,

kilometre, in which 1 km is represented by 3 cm. Mark on 1/8th ofa kilometre and 1/40th of a
this scale a distance 4.825 km.
of
 4.15

Sules
4.825 km
D
5/40
4/40
3/40
2/40
1/40
A0
1 6/8 4/8 2/8 0D
Kilometre
Kilometre
RF 3:10°

4.17.
Construction Refer to Fig.

RF=
3 cm 3 cm 3
1km 1x10 cm 10 least 5 km.
to show a distance of 4,.825 km, the maximum length should be at
Since scale has
3
RF x Maximum length =
x5x10° cm 1 5 cm
3. Length of scale, L,
=

10
ABCD of length 15 and width either 30 or 40 mm.
cm
a rectangle
4. Draw
each representing 1 km. Erect perpendicular
lines through them to
5. Divide AB into fíve equal parts,
meet the line CD.
km (i.e., 0.125 km). Erect diagonal
each representing 1/8
6. Divide OA into eight equal subdivisions,
lines through them as shown. Draw horizontal lines
each representing 1/40 km (i.e., 0.025 km).
7. Divide AD into five equal parts,
meet BC.
through each of them to value of RF.
8. Write main unit, second unit, third unit and the
4 km +6x km + 3xkm. Therefore,take 4 km on
the right side of thezero
9. The breakup of4.825 km is
up along the diagonal
line by three divisions.
the left side of zero mark and move
mark, six subdivisions on

area of 25 square
on a map represents an
Problem 4.23 An area of 400 square centimetres to show a distance of
scale to measure
Construct up to 5 km and capable
Kilometres on a field. a

3.56 km. Indicate this distance on the scale,

3.56 km
C

AOL 1
10 8 6 4 Kilometre
Hectometre
RF 1:25000

Pig 4.18
4.16
Engineering Drawina
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.18.
. We know that RF is the ratio of
lengths. therefore,
RF= V400 cm 20 cm
25 km 5x 10' em 25000

Since scale has to show a distance of 3.56 km, assume the least count as 0.01 km.

3. Length of scale. L, = RF x Maximum length = -x5x 10 cm = 20 cm

25000
4. Draw a rectangle ABCD of length 20 cm and width either 30 or 40 mm.
5. Divide AB into five
equal parts, each representing 1 km. Erect perpendicular lines through them tot
meet the line CD.
6. Divide first division A0 into 10
subdivisions, each representing I hm. Erect diagonal lines throueh
equal
them as shown.
7. Divide AD into 10 equal
parts and draw horizontal lines through each of them to meet at BC.
8. Write main unit, second unit, third unit and the value of
RF.
9. Mark a distance of 3.56 km as shown.

Problem4.24
w wwwwwwwwww

A rectangular
field of 0.54 hectares is represented on a map by a rectangle of 3 cm x
2 cm. Calculate the RE Draw a
diagonal scale to read up to a single metre and long enough to measure
up to 500 m. Show a distance of 438 m on

438 km

AOL
100 80 60 40 20 0
100 200
Metre
300 400

Metre
RF 1:3000
Fi 4.19
Construction Refer to Fig 4.19.
. We know that RF is the ratio
of lengths, therefore,
RF =
3x2 cm 6 cm
0.54 x10 m 0.54x10 100 cm 3000
2. Length of scale, L, =
RF x Maximum length x 500 x 100 cm
3000
=
16.7 em
3. Draw a rectangle ABCD of
length 16.7 and width either 30 or 40
cm
4. Divide AB into five equal mm.
parts, each representing 100 m. Erect
meet the line CD. perpendicular lines through them
5. Divide first
division A0 into 10 equal subdivisions, each
them as shown. representing 10m. Erect diagonal lines throug
 4.17
Sls
Dinide 4l) into 10 cqual parts and draw horizontal lines through each of them to meet at BC.
Write main unit. cond unit, third unit and the value of RF.
of 458 m as shown.
Mark a distance

A room of 1728 cubic metres volume is shown by a cube of 4 cm side. Find the RF and
oblem4.255
measure up to 50 m. Indicate a distance of 37.6 m the scale.
a scale to
7 s t r u e t
on

37.6 m

A010 8 6 4 2 0 10 20 30 40
Metre
Metre
RF 1:300

20
Comstruction Refer to Fig. 4.20.
4 cm 4 cm 1
of lengths, therefore, RF=-
1. We know that RF is the ratio 12x 100 300
1728 m cm

x 50x 100 cm = 16.67 cm

RF Maximum length
2 Length of scale, L,
=
=
x
300
30 40
rectangle ABCD of length 16.67 cm and width either
or mm.
3. Draw a
lines through them to
4 Divide AB into five equal parts, each representing 10 m. Erect perpendicular
meet the line CD.
5. Divide first division A0 into 10 equal subdivisions, each representing I m. Erect diagonal lines through
them as shown.
of them to meet at BC.
6. Divide AD into 10 equal parts and draw horizontal lines through each
1. Write main unit, second unit, third unit and the value of RF.
8. Mark a distance of 37.6 m as shown.

miles, furlongs and chains and long

Problem 4.26 Construct a diagonal scale of 1:63360 to read 2 chains on it.
ough to measure up to 6 miles. Show
3 a distance of 4 miles furlongs
Construction Refer to Fig. 4.21.
chain
Given (a) RF =1/63360, (b) maximum length 6 miles and (c) least count =I
2Length of scale, L, = RF x Maximum length

x6x8x 10x 22x3x 12 inches

= 6 inches =
15.24 cm
63360
and width AD either 40 or 50 mmn.

W rectangle of length AB 15.24 cm

=
a
I mile. Erect perpendicular lines through them
Ide
to
AB into six equal parts, each part may represent
meet the line CD.
4.18 Engineering Drawin
4 miles 3 furlongs 2 chains

10

AOL
8 6 4 2 0 2 3

Furlong
RF 1:63360 Mile

Fig 4.21
5. Divide first division 40 into eight equal subdivisions, each representing 1 furlong. Erect
through them as shown. diagonal lines
6. Divide AD into 10
equal parts to represent 1 chain. Draw horizontal lines
meet at BC. through each of them to
7. Write main unit, second
unit, third unit and the value of RF.
8. Mark a distance of 4
miles 3 2 chains as furlongs shown.
Problem 4.27 Construct a diagonal scale
showing yards, feet and inches in which 2 inches
represents 1.25 yards and is
long long line
4 yards 2
feet 8 inches.
enough to measure up to 5 yards. Find RF and mark a
distance of
4 yards 2 feet 8 inches

AO
2
0
Foot
3

Fig, 4.22 RF 2:45

Yard

Construction Refer to Fig, 4.22.

1. RF= inches 2 inches
1.25 yards 1.25x3 x12 inches 2
45
2. Length of scale, L, =
RF x
Maximum length 2
3. Draw a
rectangle of length AB =20.32 em =x5
45 x3x12 inches =8
inches 20.32 cm
4. Divide AB into five and width AD either 36
meet line CD. equal parts to
represent 1 yard or 48
each. Erect mm.
perpendicular lines through the