Displacement, Time, Average Velocity, Instantaneous Velocity

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of position, time, distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, and
instantaneous velocity.

Learning Competencies
The learners shall be able to:
1. Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform acceleration in one dimension into a
mathematical description;
2. Differentiate average velocity from instantaneous velocity;
3. Recognize whether or not a physical situation involves constant velocity or constant acceleration;
4. Interpret displacement and velocity , respectively, as areas under velocity versus-time and acceleration-versus-time
curves;

Specific Learning Outcomes

The learners should be able to convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform acceleration in one
dimension into a mathematical description; differentiate average velocity from instantaneous velocity; introduce
acceleration; recognize whether or not a physical situation involves constant velocity or constant acceleration; and
interpret displacement and velocity , respectively, as areas under velocity-versus-time and acceleration-versus-time
curves.
Displacement, Time, Average Velocity, Instantaneous Velocity

Speed velocity
is a vector quantity; it is
being a scalar quantity, is the rate at
direction-aware.
which an object covers distance.

The average speed is the the rate at which the position

distance (a scalar quantity) per changes.
time ratio. ...

𝑑 ∆𝑑
𝑠= 𝑣=
𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑑 = the change of displacement
𝑠 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∆𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑 = the distance
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
 POSITION VS. TIME GRAPH
MOTION IN ONE DIRECTION
S=0
V = 0 ,CONSTANT
DIR = 0

8
4
3 S=-
6 S=0 S=+ V = - ,CONSTANT
POSITION (m)

V = 0 ,CONSTANT V = + ,CONSTANT DIR = -

DIR = 0 DIR = +
4
1 2 5

2 S=+
V = + ,CONSTANT
DIR = +
TIME (s)
5 10 15 25
20

𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 ∆𝒚 ∆𝒅 𝐦 ∆𝒅
SLOPE = = = = = 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 v=
𝐑𝐔𝐍 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝐬 ∆𝒕
 POSITION VS. TIME GRAPH
SECTION 1
MOTION IN ONE DIRECTION
𝒅𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑳 −𝒅𝒊𝑵𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳
𝑽=
∆𝒕
4 𝟒𝒎 −𝟐𝒎
8 𝑽=
𝟓 𝒔 − 𝟎𝒔
𝑽 = +𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
POSITION (m)

6 3
SECTION 5
2 5 𝒅𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑳 −𝒅𝒊𝑵𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳
4 𝑽=
∆𝒕
1 𝟎𝒎 −𝟖𝒎
𝑽=
𝟐𝟓 𝒔 − 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒔
2
𝑽 = −𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

TIME (s)
5 10 15 25
20
EXAMPLE The position-time graph illustrates the motion of a jogger moving along a straight path.

4. Calculate the jogger’s displacement for the

following time intervals.
POSITION VS. TIME GRAPH a. 0 to 200 s
MOTION IN ONE DIRECTION
b. 100 s to 300 s
c. 300 s to 500 s
d. 0 to 500 s
C 5. Solve the Velocity at the paths A, B, C, D.
POSITION (m)

750 6. What was the total distance traveled by the

B jogger?
D
500
A
250

0
TIME (s)
100 200 300 400 500
Look at the graph above and answer the following questions:
1. When was the jogger running fastest?
2. What was the farthest distance reached by the jogger?
3. When did the jogger rest?
 4. Jogger’s displacement during time interval.
a . 0 to 200 s
∆ 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑 𝑖
= 750 – 0
= 750 m
b . 100 S to 300 s
∆ 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑 𝑖
= 750 – 500
= 250 m
c . 300 s to 500 s
∆ 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑 𝑖
= 0 – 750
= - 750 m
c . 0 s to 500 s
∆ 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑 𝑖
SOLUTION: = 0–0
1. Since the A has the steepest slope, it represents the interval during =0m
which the jogger run fastest.
2. 750 m
3. Section C or between 200 s to 300 s. The jogger’s did not change.
Hence, the jogger must be resting during this time interval.
 PATH C
𝑑𝑓 −𝑑 𝑖
𝑉=
𝑡𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖
750 − 750
= = 0 𝑚/𝑠
300 − 200

PATH D
𝑑𝑓 −𝑑 𝑖
𝑉=
𝑡𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖
0 − 750
= = −3.75 𝑚/𝑠
500 − 300
INTERVALS A AND B MOVE AWAY FROM ITS
STARTING POINT POSITION. THE JOGGER REST IN
SECTION C AND RETURNS TO THE STARTING
SOLUTION: POSTION AT INTERVAL D.

5. The velocity at the paths A, B, C, AND D. 5. TOTAL DISTANCE COVERED

PATH A ∆𝑑 = ∆𝑑 𝐴 + ∆𝑑 𝐵 + ∆𝑑 𝐶 +∆𝑑 𝐷
PATH B
𝑑𝑓 −𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑓 −𝑑 𝑖
𝑉= 𝑉= ∆𝑑 = 500 𝑚 + 250 𝑚+ 0 𝑚 +750 𝑚
𝑡𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖
500 − 0 750 − 500 ∆𝑑 = 1, 500 𝑚
= = 5 𝑚/𝑠 = = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠
100 − 0 200 − 100
 VELOCITY VS. TIME GRAPH
MOTION IN ONE DIRECTION

S=0
a=0
Vel CONSTANT since a = 0
12
2 3
S=+ S=-
9 a=+ a=-
VELOCITY (m/s)

DIR = + DIR = -
All V + 6 m/s, 9 m/s 12 m/s v=+
6
1 4
S=0
3 a=0
Vel CONSTANT since a = 0

TIME (s)
2 4 6 12
8
𝒎
𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 ∆𝒚 ∆𝒗 𝒔 𝒎 ∆𝒗
SLOPE = = = = = = 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 a = ∆𝒕
𝐑𝐔𝐍 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝒔 𝒔𝟐
 VELOCITY VS. TIME GRAPH
MOTION IN ONE DIRECTION SECTION 4
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂=
𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
12 𝒂=
𝟏𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟖𝒔
2 3 𝒎
𝒂 = −𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝟐
9 𝒔
VELOCITY (m/s)

6
1 4

TIME (s)
2 4 6 12
8
Summary
•Instantaneous velocity is a continuous function of time and gives the velocity
at any point in time during a particle’s motion. We can calculate the
instantaneous velocity at a specific time by taking the derivative of the
position function, which gives us the functional form of instantaneous velocity
v(t).
•Instantaneous velocity is a vector and can be negative.
•Instantaneous speed is found by taking the absolute value of instantaneous
velocity, and it is always positive.
•Average speed is total distance traveled divided by elapsed time.
•The slope of a position-versus-time graph at a specific time gives
instantaneous velocity at that time.
Example 1: What is the average velocity of a sprinter who runs 100 m [North] in 12 seconds?

Given:
∆x = 100 m
t = 12 s
Required:
V=?

Solution:

Average Velocity = ∆x/t

= 100 m[North]/12s
= 8.3 m/s [North]
Example 2: The race director notices Formula One racing Car that has a velocity of 360 km/h [North West]. What
displacement will the racing car make in 30 seconds before the race director checks its position?
Given:
V = 360 km/h [North West].
t = 30 s
Required:
∆x = ?

Solution:

∆x = v*t
= 360 km/h [North West]* 30 s * 1hr/3,600s
= 3 km
= 3,000 m
Example 3: A car travels with uniform motion from a position of 2.0 kM [North] to a position of 20 km [South] in 0.50
hrs. Solve for the following:
a. Displacement covered
b. Velocity of a car
c. Distance traveled by the car
d. Speed of the car
Given:
x1 = 2.0 kM [North]; x2 = 20 km [South]; t = 0.5 hrs
Required:
∆x = ?; v = ?; x = ?; s=?
Solution:
a. Displacement: Consider [North] as + and [South] as -.
∆x = x 2 – x1 c. Distance traveled by the car
∆x = -20 kM - 2 km x = 2.0 km + 20 km = 22 km
= -22 km or 22 km [South]
b. Velocity of a car c. Speed of the car
v = ∆ x/ ∆ t s = x/ t
= - 22 km/ 0.5 hrs = 22 km/0.5hr
= - 44 km/hr or 44 km/hr [South] = 44 km/hr