Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-SEC SCI 1-1STSEM-2020-2021
College of Teacher Education

College
DEGREE PROGRAM BSED COURSE NO. SEC SCI 1
SPECIALIZATION MATH COURSE TITLE TRIGONOMETRY
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 6 WK NO. 6-7 IM NO. 04
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Chapter 4 – Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
II. LESSON TITLE

1. Definition of Terms
2. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
3. Unit Circle
4. Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles
5. Trigonometric Functions of (-θ)
6. Reference Angle
7. Reduction Formula
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This chapter discusses on how to find the trigonometric functions of any angle of
a right triangle. We will be also talking about angles in standard position, co-terminal
angles, quadrantal angles, unit circle, and evaluate expression involving trigonometric
functions of angles that can be expressed in terms of the special acute angles.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Define angles in standard position;
2. Identify the quadrant of given angles;
3. Define trigonometric functions of any angle;
4. Define unit circle;
5. Define co-terminal angles;
6. Define trigonometric functions of quadrantal angles; and
7. Evaluate expression involving trigonometric functions of quadrantal angles and any
angles that can be expressed in terms of the special acute angles.
V. LESSON CONTENT
Lesson 1. Definition of Terms
a. An Angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side
lies on the positive x-axis.
ᾳ(positive angle in standard position)
θ (negative angle in standard position)
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b. Quadrantal Angle is an angle in standard position having its terminal side on
an axis.
Examples: 00, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600, 6300, -900, -1800, -8100
c. Co-Terminal Angles are angles in standard position having a common

terminal side.
Lesson 2. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

Consider any angle θ in standard position generated by rotating line OP in the
counterclockwise direction. Let P(x,y) be a point on its terminal side. The distance of
OP from the origin is called a radius vector r, and it is always positive for all angles.
Where: r2 = x2 + y2
We define now the trigonometric functions of θ in any quadrant in terms of x, y

and r as follows:
y x y r r x
sin θ= cos θ= tanθ= cscθ= sec θ= cot θ=
r r x y x y
Example 1. Find the trigonometric functions of angle A in standard position whose

terminal side contains point (3,- 4).
Solution: From the coordinates of the point (3, -4) on the terminal side of A, we say that
A terminates in quadrant IV. Thus, x = 3, y = -4. We now compute for r.
r 2 = x2 + y2
r2 = 32 + (-4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
r=5
Defining the trigonometric functions of A, we have:

−4 3 −4 5 5 3
sin A= cos A= tan A= csc A= sec A= cot A=
5 5 3 −4 3 −4
Example 2. Find the trigonometric functions of β, an angle in standard position whose

terminal side has point (-1, -√3).
Solution: The quadrant of angle β is III. With x = -1 and y = -√3, it follows that by
Pythagorean Theorem, r = 2.
−√ 3 −1 −√ 3 2 2
sin β= cos β= tan β= =√ 3 csc β= sec β= =−2
2 2 −1 −√ 3 −1
−1 1
cot β= =
−√ 3 √ 3
Lesson 3. The Unit Circle

A unit circle is a circle of radius one unit having its center at the origin of the
rectangular coordinate system. Figure below shows a unit circle r = 1 cutting the axes at
points A, B, C and D with their corresponding coordinates.
Lesson 4. Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles

Substituting r = 1 to the formulas in Lesson 2, we obtain the definitions of the
trigonometric functions of quadrantal angle θ.
y 1 1 x
sin θ= y cos θ=x tanθ= cscθ= sec θ= cot θ=
x y x y
From the above definitions, we can derive the trigonometric functions of the quadrantal
angles as shown on the table below.
Trigonometric functions of θ 00 900 1800 2700 3600
sin 0 1 0 -1 0
cos 1 0 -1 0 1
tan 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
csc ∞ 1 ∞ -1 ∞
sec 1 ∞ -1 ∞ 1
cot ∞ 0 −∞ 0 ∞
The symbol ∞ , called infinity is not a number. It merely indicates that the value of the
fraction increases without limit as the denominator approaches zero.
Lesson 5. Trigonometric Functions of (-θ)
sin (-θ) = - sin θ csc (-θ) = -csc θ
cos (-θ) = cos θ sec (-θ) = sec θ
tan (-θ) = -tan θ cot (-θ) = - cot θ
From the above definitions, it follows that:

sin (-450) = - sin 450 csc (-5400) = -csc 5400
cos (- π /3) = cos ( π /3 ¿ sec (-2 π ¿ = sec 2 π
7π
tan (-600) = - tan 600 cot (-7 π /6 ¿ = - cot( )
6
Lesson 6. Reference Angle
Reference angle of θ is the acute angle θ1, that the terminal side of θ makes with
the positive or negative x-axis.
a. For 900 ¿ θ<360 °
REMINDER: If 00 ¿ θ<90 ° , then θ1 = θ.
b. For all θ>360 °∨θ< 0 °

Determine the angle between 00 and 3600 that is co-terminal with θ and then,
apply the summary given above. These co-terminal angles have the same reference
angle.
For example, -1200 and 2400 are co-terminal angles. They have a common
reference angle which is 600.
Example 1. Determine the reference angle of angle θ1 of the angles given below.
a. 650 b. 2900 c. -1500 d. 6000
Solution:
a. θ1 = θ = 650, since θ terminates in Q1.
b. θ is in QII and from the figure below, θ1 = 1800 – 1350 = 450
Lesson 7. Reduction Formula

Let θ be any angle and θ1 be its reference angle. Generally, θ can be written in
the form
θ = k ∙ 900 ±θ1
where: k = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Reminders:
 If k is an even number, any trigonometric function of θ equals the same function
of θ1.
 If k is an odd number, any trigonometric function of θ equals the co-function of θ1.
 The ± sign to be affixed depends on the sign of the original function in the
quadrant where the original angle θ lies.
Example 1. Express each of the following functions in terms of a positive angle less
than 900.
a. cos 3100 b. csc (-2100)
Solution:
a. Method 1.
cos 3100 = cos 3 ∙ 900 + 400 where: k = 3 (odd), θ1 = 400
0 0
cos 310 = + sin 40
Note: cos 3100 is given a positive sign since the original function (cosine) of the given
angle (3100) is positive in QIV.
Method 2.
cos 3100 = cos 4 ∙ 900 - 500 where: k = 4 (even) θ1 = 500
cos 3100 = cos 500
Observe that cos 3100 = sin 400 = cos 500. Recall that sin 400 = cos 500 since 400 and
500 are complementary angles, thus, their co-functions are equal.
Thus, cos 3100 = +sin 400 = + cos 500 (answer)
b. Method 1:
csc (-2100) = csc –(2 ∙ 900 + 300) where: k = 2 (even) θ1 = 300
csc (-2100) = +csc 300
Example 2. Evaluate the following functions without using calculator. Use the reference
angle and recall the function values of the special acute angles 300, 450, and 600, or, use
reduction formula.
a. sin 2400 b. sec (-4200)
Solution:
We use the reduction formula to find the values of the given functions.
a. sin 2400 = sin (2∙ 900 + 600)
= sin 600
=-
√3
2
or
sin 2400 = sin (3 ∙ 900 + 600)

= -cos 300
=-
√3
2
b. sec (-4200) = sec –(4 ∙ 900 + 600) or sec (-4200) = sec -(5 ∙ 900 – 300)
= sec 600 = + csc 300
=+2 =+2
Note: In QIV, secant is positive.
Example 3. Express each of the following functions to a function of the acute angle θ by
using the reduction formula.
a. sin (2700 + θ) b. cot (6300 – θ)
Solution:
a. sin (2700 + θ) = sin (3 ∙ 900 + θ) = - cos θ
We use cosine since k is an odd number, and negative sign is taken because the
given function, sine, in the QIV of the given angle (2700 + θ), is negative.
b. cot (6300 – θ) = cot (7 ∙ 900 – θ) = + tan θ

Since k is odd number, we use the co-function, tangent, of the angle θ. The
positive sign is taken in as much that the given function, cotangent, is positive in QIII
of given angle (6300 – θ).
Example 4. Express the function of acute angle θ and simplify the result.
sin ( 90°+θ ) ∙ sec (360 °−θ)
a.
cos ( 540 °−θ ) ∙ tan(−180 °−θ)
Solution: Using the reduction formula, we express the given functions as function of
acute angle θ.
 sin (900 + θ) = sin (1 ∙ 900 + θ) = + cos θ
 sec (3600 – θ) = sec (4 ∙ 900 - θ) = + sec θ
 cos (5400 – θ) = cos (6 ∙ 900 – θ) = - cos θ
 tan (-1800 – θ) = tan –(1800 + θ) = tan –(2 ∙ 900 + θ) = - tan θ
Substituting,
¿¿
sin θ
From your high school trigonometry, recall that tanθ=¿ ¿
cos θ
= ¿¿
1
=
sin θ
= csc θ
Therefore, the simplified form of the given expression is csc θ.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. Complete the table by reducing each of the given functions to a function of a positive
angle less than 450. Number 1 is done or you.
Given Function Quadrant of Sign of the given Reference Final
the given function in the Angle (Acute Answer
function quadrant o the given angle less than
angle 450)
0
tan 165 II - 150 -tan 150
0
sec 298
sin 3450
cos 2460
cos (-6780)
cot (-1100)
csc 11 π /3
sec 23 π /6
B. Complete the table by evaluating the following function without the use of calculator.
Number 1 is done for you.
Given Quadrant of Sign of the Positive acute Value of the
Function the given given function angle given
angle in the trigonometric
quadrant of function
the given
angle
tan 6000 III + 600 +√ 3
sec 4950
csc 6900
sin (-930)0
cos (-10350)
sec 10 π /3
cot(21 π /6 ¿
csc (-13 π /4 ¿
C. Evaluate the given expressions without the use of calculator.

1. tan 1350 + 4 cot 3150 – cos π + tan (-450) – cos (-600)
12 tan 45 °−sin 90 ° +cos 0 °
2.
sin2 225 °
csc120 ° sin(−300 ° )
3.
2 cos 9 π
π
( csc ) ( cos 600° ) tan (−120 ° ) sin ⁡(−3 ⁡ π )
2
4. 4
+
2
cos 12 π √3
VII. ASSIGNMENT
VIII. EVALUATION
IX. REFERENCES
Catolos, E.C., Feniquito, I. A., Amado, V. P., Avecilla, L. A., Alba, Ma. S., and
Valderama, J. S. Plane Spherical Trigonometry. Mutya Publishing House, Inc..
Quezon City. 2013
Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN
School Year
Semester
Course Number
e.g.:
IM-COURSE NO-SEMESTER-SCHOOL YEAR
IM-MCB180-1STSEM-2020-2021

Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

Lesson 1. Definition of Terms

ᾳ(positive angle in standard position)

θ (negative angle in standard position)

c. Co-Terminal Angles are angles in standard position having a common

Lesson 2. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

We define now the trigonometric functions of θ in any quadrant in terms of x, y

Example 1. Find the trigonometric functions of angle A in standard position whose

Defining the trigonometric functions of A, we have:

Example 2. Find the trigonometric functions of β, an angle in standard position whose

Lesson 3. The Unit Circle

Lesson 4. Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles

Lesson 5. Trigonometric Functions of (-θ)

From the above definitions, it follows that:

Lesson 6. Reference Angle

REMINDER: If 00 ¿ θ<90 ° , then θ1 = θ.

b. For all θ>360 °∨θ< 0 °

Lesson 7. Reduction Formula

Thus, cos 3100 = +sin 400 = + cos 500 (answer)

sin 2400 = sin (3 ∙ 900 + 600)

b. cot (6300 – θ) = cot (7 ∙ 900 – θ) = + tan θ

Therefore, the simplified form of the given expression is csc θ.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

C. Evaluate the given expressions without the use of calculator.

Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN

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