Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-SEC SCI 1-1STSEM-2020-2021
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Bayombong Campus
DEGREE BSED COURSE NO. SEC SCI 1

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION Mathematics COURSE TITLE Trigonometry
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 6 WK NO. 14-15 IM NO. 07
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE:

Chapter 8 – Inverse Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs
II. LESSON TITLE:

1. Inverse trigonometric functions
2. Evaluation of inverse trigonometric functions
3. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
4. Inverse trigonometric equation
III. LESSON OVERVIEW:

This chapter deals with the inverse functions of trigonometric functions. The
discussions will focus on the graphs of inverse functions, finding solutions of inverse
trigonometric equations and proving inverse trigonometric equations.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Define an inverse trigonometric function
2. Differentiate general values and principal values of the inverse trigonometric
functions
3. Define interval of the principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions
4. Evaluate the inverse trigonometric function
5. Solve and prove inverse trigonometric equations
V. LESSON CONTENT:
Lesson 1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Introduction:
If the value of trigonometric function sine of angle θ equals k, that is, sin θ = k,
then, it is equivalent to saying angle θ is the angle having sine function of value equal to
k. In symbol,
θ = arcsin k or θ = sin-1 k
Symbol “sin-1k” read as ‘the inverse of sine k”, interpreted as the angle having
sine value equal to k. Hence, an inverse trigonometric function represents an angle.
This symbolism for the inverse functions should not be confused with negative
exponents. The superscript”-1” is NOT an exponent, but a conventional notation for the
inverse function. To avoid confusion, arcsin k is used instead. Hence, sin -1k does not
1
mean (sin k)-1. Recall that (sin k)-1 is equivalent to =csc k .
sin k
The inverse trigonometric functions may be classified as general values or

principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions.
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 12
A. Principal Values of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Distinction between general values and principal value of the inverse

trigonometric function is made on the way they are written. These are indicated by
the capital letter A on “Arc” or a capital letter S on “Sine” to mean principal value.
Principal values of inverse trigonometric function are defined as follows:
Function Domain Range

Sin-1x [-1, 1] −π π
[ ,
2 2 ]
Cos-1x [-1, 1] [0, π ]
Tan-1x (-∞ , ∞ ¿ −π π
[ ,
2 2 ]
Cot x-1
(-∞ , ∞ ¿ (0, π )
Sec-1x (-∞ , -1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) ¿
Csc-1x (-∞ , -1] ∪ [1, ∞ ] ¿
In Calculus, Sin-1x, Cos-1x and Tan-1x are the most important inverse
trigonometric functions. However, there is often disagreement in the choice of
principal value of inverse secant and inverse cosecant. Some authors define the
π
value as between – π and - for negative value of trigonometric function secant
2
and cosecant. Relative to this and as much that they are seldom used, these
inverse trigonometric functions may be conveniently avoided.
The table above reveals the following:
1. If given value, x, of the trigonometric function is positive, the inverse

−π
trigonometric function ranges from 0o to .
2
2. If given value, x, of the trigonometric function is negative, for:
π
a. Sin-1x, Tan-1x, Csc-1x, value is from 0o to - ;
2
π
b. Cos-1x, Cot-1x, Sec-1x is from to π .
2
B. General Values of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

These include all the possible angles having value of the trigonometric function
equal to x. In writing, they are indicated by the small letter a on “arc” or small letter s
on “sine”. Thus, arcsin x or sin-1x is interpreted as general values of the inverse
trigonometric function. Evaluation of the general values of the inverse trigonometric
function is done using the succeeding table.
Inverse Trigonometric Function General Values

arcsin x and arccsc x n π + (-1)n θ
arcos x and arcsec x 2n π ± θ
arctan x and arccot x nπ + θ
Where θ is the principal value and n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …
Lesson 2. Evaluation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Evaluation of inverse trigonometric function is done using the table on general

value and principal values previously presented. To illustrate, consider the following
examples.
Evaluate without the use of table or calculator.
Example1. Arcsin (1/2)

Take note that the value of sine function is ½, thus, the principal value is
a positive angle in quadrant I. Thus,
π
Arcsin(1/2) =
6
Example 2. Arccos (-1)

Recall that is the value of cosine is negative, the principal value ranges
π
from to π .
2
Hence,
Arccos (-1) = π
Example 3. Arctan (-1)

π
If the domain of Tan-1x is negative, the principal value is in the interval -
2
< Arctan < 0. Therefore, tan x < 0.
π
Hence, Arctan (-1) = -
4
Example 4. Arccsc ¿
Likewise, for the inverse function Csc-1x, if x < 0, the principal value lies in
π
the interval - ≤ Arccsc x <0.
2
Hence,
π
Arccsc = ¿ = -
4
1
Example 5. sin arccot (√3 )
1 π
Let A = arccot = or 60o
√3 3
1 √3
Thus, sin arccot( √ )
3
= sin A = sin 60o =
2
Example 6. cos (2Arccos ⅓)

π
Let A = Arccos ⅓, where 0 < A <
2
Hence, cos (2Arccos ⅓) = cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1

This came from: cos 2A = cos2A – sin2 A
= 2 (⅓)2 – 1 = 2/9 – 1 = - 7/9
Example 7. tan (2Arcsin 1)

π
Let A = Arcsin 1 = or 90o
2
Therefore, tan (2Arcsin 1) = tan 2(90o) = tan 180o = 0
Example 8. cos ( π2 −Arcsec (1))

Let A = Arcsec(1) =0
Thus, cos ( π2 −Arcsec (1)) = cos π2 = 0

3
(
Example 9. sin arcsin (−1 ) +arccos
5 )
Let A = Arcsin (-1) = -90o
3
B = Arccos
5
3
(
Hence, sin arcsin (−1 ) +arccos
5 )
= sin(-90o + B)
= sin(-90o) cosB + cos(-90o)sinB
3 3
= (-1)( ) + (0)( ¿
5 5
3
=-
5
√ 5 +arctan ( −3 )
Example 10. tan arccos ( 3 4 )
Let A = arccos
√5 and B = arctan (
−3
)
3 4
32 √ 5−12 ( 5 ) −48+18 √ 5
=
16 ( 5 )−36
50 √ 5−108
=
44
1
= (25 √ 5−54 )
22
Example 11.
We use the formula arccos x = 2n π ± θ, where θ = Arccos ½ = 60o.
Therefore, arccos ½ = 2n π ± 60o = 2(360o) n ± 60o.
To name some of the general values, we assume values of n. Thus,
when n = 0, arccos ½ = ± 60o
when n = 1, arccos ½ = 2 (360o) ± 60o = 780o and 660o
when n = 2, arccos ½ = 2 (360o) (2) ± 60o = 1500o and 1380o
Lesson 3. Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The arcsine function
The arcsine function is inverse function of trigonometric sine function. From the
−π π
plot of sine function, it is clear that an interval between and includes all possible
2 2
values of sine function only once. Note that end points are included.
Graph of sine function
−π π
The domain of the inverse function is [-1, 1] and the range [ , ].
2 2
All positive values of x will yield a 1st quadrant angle and all negative values will
yield a 4th quadrant angle.
The arccosine function

The arccosine function is inverse function of trigonometric cosine function. From
the plot of cosine function, it is clear that an interval between 0 and π includes all
possible values of cosine function only once. Note that end points are included.
The domain of the inverse cosine functions is [-1,1] and the range is [0, π ]. That
means a positive value of x will yield a 1 st quadrant angle and a negative value will yield
a 2nd quadrant angle.
The arctangent function
The arctangent function is the inverse of trigonometric tangent function. From

−π π
the plot of the tangent function, it is clear that an interval between and includes
2 2
all possible values of tangent only once. Note that end points are excluded.
Graph of Tangent Function
π
The domain of the inverse tangent function is (−∞ , ∞) and the range is ¿ , ].
2
The inverse of the tangent function will yield values in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
The arccosecant function
The arccosecant function is inverse function of trigonometric cosecant function.

From the plot of the cosecant function, it is clear that union of two disjoined intervals
−π −π
between and 0 and 0 and includes all possible values of cosecant function only
2 2
−π
∧π
once. Note that zero is excluded, but 2 are included.
2
The arcsecant function
The arcsecant function is inverse function of trigonometric secant function. From

the plot of secant function, it is clear that union of two disjointed intervals between 0 and
π −π π
and and π includes all possible values of secant function only once. Note that
2 2 2
is excluded.
The arccotangent function
The arccotangent function is inverse function o trigonometric cotangent function.

From the plot of cotangent function it is clear that an interval between 0 and π includes
all possible values of cotangent function only once. Note that endpoints are excluded.
Lesson 4. Inverse Trigonometric Equation
Equation that contains at least one inverse trigonometric function is termed an

inverse trigonometric equation. Finding solution of an inverse trigonometric identity often
requires representation of an inverse trigonometric function by an arbitrarily chosen letter
or symbol. Consider the illustrative examples.
A. Find the solution of the following inverse trigonometric equations.
Example 1. Arctan x + arctan 3 = 900, x > 0

Let A = Arctan
B = Arctan 3
Thus, the given inverse trigonometric equation noe becomes A + B = 900

We choose any trigonometric function, say cosine, and then, get cosine o both sides
of the above equation.
cos (A + B) = cos 900
Next, we apply the appropriate trigonometric identity.
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos 900
Using the reference triangles shown for the needed values of the trigonometric
functions, we get
( √110 )( √1+1 x )−( √310 )( √1+x x )=0

2 2
1−3 x
=0
√ 10 ( √1+ x 2 )
1 – 3x = 0
x=⅓
x 3 π
Example 2. Arcsin + Arctan =
5 x 2
x 3
Let A = Arcsin and B = Arctan
5 x
π
A+B=
2
π
Choosing trigonometric function cosine, since cos = 0 will result into a simpler
2
radical equation.
π
cos (A + B) = cos
2
π
Expanding, cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos
2
√ 25−x 2 x x 3
( 5 )( √ ) ( √ )
9+ x 2
−
5 9+ x 2
=0
x √ 25−x 2−3 x
=0
5 √ 9+ x 2
x √25−x 2=3 x
Squaring both sides of the above equation and expanding will yield
x2(25 – x2) = 9x2

25x2 – x4 – 9x2 = 0
16x2 – x4 = 0
x2 = 0 and 16 – x2 = 0
x=0 (4 + x)(4 – x)= 0
x = -4 (reject) x=4
We reject x = -4 since it does not satisfy the original or the given inverse
trigonometric equation. Thus, solutions of the given equation are x = 0 and x = 4.
B. Prove that the given inverse trigonometric equations are true.
−1 −π
Example 3. Arctan ¿ )+ Arctan ( )=
6 4
−5 −1
Let A =Arctan( ) B = Arctan ( )
7 6
Choosing tangent, we get tangent of both sides of the given equation.

−π
tan (A + B) = tan
4
tan A+ tan B −π
=tan
1−tan A tan B 4
−5 −1
7
+( )
6
=−1
−5 −1
1− ( )( )
7 6
−30−7
42
=−1
42−5
42
−37
=−1
−37
−1=−1
Therefore, the given inverse trigonometric equation is true.
1 3 4
Example 4. Arcsin + Arccos = Arccot
√5 √ 13 7
1 3 4
Let A = Arcsin B = Arccos C = Arccot
√5 √ 13 7
With the representations done for the given inverse trigonometric functions, given
equations is reduced to A + B = C
Choosing a trigonometric function, say sine, will yield

sin A cos B + cos A sin B = sin C
Taking values of the trigonometric functions from the reference triangles drawn
above, we will get
( √15 )( √313 )+( √25 )( √223 ) =

7
√ 65
3+ 4 7
=
√5 (13) √ 65
7 7
=
√65 √ 65
Thus, the given equation is true.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. Evaluate the following:

1. Arcsin(-1/2)
2. Arcos 0
3. Arccot (-√ 3)
4. Arcsec (√ 2 ¿¿
24
[ ( )
5. Cos arcsin
25
−arccos
−3
5 ( )]
B. Solve the following inverse trigonometric equations.

1. Arccos x+2 Arcsin (1) = 2 π
π
2. 2 Arctan x – Arccot 7 = ,x>0
4
π
3. Arctan (1 + x) + Arctan (1 – x) =
4
C. Prove that the following inverse trigonometric equations are true.

11 π
1. 2 Arccos ½ - Arctan (-1)¿
12
−√ 3 5π
2. Arccos + Arcsin (-1) – Arccot (-1) = -
2 12
x
3. Arccos = Arccot x, x ≥ 0
√1+ x 2
2 −3 −24
4. 2 Arcsin
√5
– Arctan
4
= Arccos
25 ( )
VII. ASSIGNMENT
VIII. EVALUATION
IX. REFERENCES
Catolos, E.C., Feniquito, I. A., Amado, V. P., Avecilla, L. A., Alba, Ma. S., and
Valderama, J. S. Plane Spherical Trigonometry. Mutya Publishing House,
Inc.. Quezon City. 2013
Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN
School Year
Semester
Course Number
e.g.:
IM-COURSE NO-SEMESTER-SCHOOL YEAR
IM-MCB180-1STSEM-2020-2021

Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

DEGREE BSED COURSE NO. SEC SCI 1

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE:

II. LESSON TITLE:

III. LESSON OVERVIEW:

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Lesson 1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The inverse trigonometric functions may be classified as general values or

A. Principal Values of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Distinction between general values and principal value of the inverse

Function Domain Range

The table above reveals the following:

1. If given value, x, of the trigonometric function is positive, the inverse

B. General Values of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Function General Values

Where θ is the principal value and n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …

Lesson 2. Evaluation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Evaluation of inverse trigonometric function is done using the table on general

Example1. Arcsin (1/2)

Example 2. Arccos (-1)

Example 3. Arctan (-1)

Example 6. cos (2Arccos ⅓)

Hence, cos (2Arccos ⅓) = cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1

= 2 (⅓)2 – 1 = 2/9 – 1 = - 7/9

Example 7. tan (2Arcsin 1)

Therefore, tan (2Arcsin 1) = tan 2(90o) = tan 180o = 0

Example 8. cos ( π2 −Arcsec (1))

Thus, cos ( π2 −Arcsec (1)) = cos π2 = 0

Lesson 3. Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The arcsine function

Graph of sine function

The arccosine function

The arctangent function

The arctangent function is the inverse of trigonometric tangent function. From

Graph of Tangent Function

The arccosecant function

The arccosecant function is inverse function of trigonometric cosecant function.

The arcsecant function

The arcsecant function is inverse function of trigonometric secant function. From

The arccotangent function

The arccotangent function is inverse function o trigonometric cotangent function.

Lesson 4. Inverse Trigonometric Equation

Equation that contains at least one inverse trigonometric function is termed an

A. Find the solution of the following inverse trigonometric equations.

Example 1. Arctan x + arctan 3 = 900, x > 0

Thus, the given inverse trigonometric equation noe becomes A + B = 900

Next, we apply the appropriate trigonometric identity.

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos 900

( √110 )( √1+1 x )−( √310 )( √1+x x )=0

x2(25 – x2) = 9x2

B. Prove that the given inverse trigonometric equations are true.

Choosing tangent, we get tangent of both sides of the given equation.

Therefore, the given inverse trigonometric equation is true.

Choosing a trigonometric function, say sine, will yield

( √15 )( √313 )+( √25 )( √223 ) =

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. Evaluate the following:

B. Solve the following inverse trigonometric equations.

C. Prove that the following inverse trigonometric equations are true.

Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN

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