ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

UNIT 5.2
FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.2: FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM at 𝒅
𝑓 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [𝑎, 𝑐] 𝒅, 𝒇 𝒅 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
LOCAL/RELATIVE MAXIMUM
VALUE

ABSOLUTE MINIMUM at 𝒂
𝒂, 𝒇(𝒂) 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕

𝑓 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [𝑏, 𝑑]

LOCAL/RELATIVE MINIMUM
VALUE

• Local Maximum are 𝑓 𝑏 , 𝑓(𝑑) TAKE NOTE: Local/Relative extremum (maximum or minimum) value𝑓 can only occur
• Local Minimum are 𝑓 𝑐 , 𝑓(𝑒) at its critical number
How de we know if there is a relative maximum or relative minimum value at the critical number of the function?

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.2: FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTION (1 st Part)

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔

[A,B] [B,C] [C,D]

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0 = 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔

FOR INTERVAL [A,B] & [C,D]: FOR INTERVAL [B,C]:

• Tangent lines have positive slopes • Tangent lines have negative slopes
𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
(𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙) (𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.2: FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

falls rises
(-) (+)

rises falls
(+) (-)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.2: FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

Suppose 𝑥 = 𝑐 is critical number of 𝑓

(a)If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 > 0 , then 𝑓(𝑐) is a relative minimum value of 𝑓
(b)If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 < 0 , then 𝑓(𝑐) is a relative maximum value of 𝑓
(c)If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 , then no conclusion (use 1st derivative test)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.1: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

EXAMPLE 2 Find all relative extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝒙<𝟎 𝒙=𝟎 𝟎<𝒙<𝟐 𝒙=𝟐 𝒙>𝟐
Find all the critical numbers/points of the Value −1 1 3
function
Numerical Value
Get the first derivative of the function −9 3 −9
of 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑓′ 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 Sign − + −

Let 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 Negative to Positive to

Relationship
0 = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 Positive Negative

Factor/Evaluate the expression

0 = (−3𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)
−3𝑥 = 0 | 𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥 = 0|𝑥 =2
Thus, the critical numbers/points are 0, 2
𝑓 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
Since no domain restrictions are given, both numbers are 𝑓 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
your critical point of analysis.
Note: To get the ACTUAL POINTS of the relative or local minimum and maximum, just substitute the value of
the critical points (x) to the ORGINAL FUNCTION (not the derived one).

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.1: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

EXAMPLE 2 Find all relative extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
Find all the critical numbers/points of the
function
Suppose 𝑥 = 𝑐 is critical number of 𝑓
𝑥 = 0|𝑥 =2 𝑓′′(𝑥) = −6𝑥 + 6 𝒙=𝟎 𝒙=𝟐 (a) If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 > 0 , then 𝑓(𝑐) is a
Get the second derivative of the function Numerical Value relative minimum value of 𝑓
𝑓′ 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 of 𝑓′′(𝑥)
6 −6 (b) If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 < 0 , then 𝑓(𝑐) is a
𝑓′′(𝑥) = −6𝑥 + 6 relative maximum value of 𝑓
Sign + − (c) If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 , then no
conclusion (use 1st derivative
Relationship 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 > 0 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 < 0
test)
𝑎 𝑏

𝑓 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

𝑓 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.1: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

EXAMPLE 3 Find all relative extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 𝒙<𝟎 𝒙=𝟎 𝟎<𝒙<𝟑 𝒙=𝟑 𝒙>𝟑
Find all the critical numbers/points of the Value −1 1 4
function
Numerical Value of
Get the first derivative of the function 𝑓′(𝑥)
−26 −8 64
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3
𝑓′(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 Sign − − +
Negative to Negative to
Let 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 Relationship
Negative Positive
0 = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2
Factor/Evaluate the expression
0 = (4𝑥 2 )(𝑥 − 3)
4𝑥 2 = 0 | 𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑥 = 0|𝑥 =3
Thus, the critical numbers/points are 0, 3
𝑓 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑚
Since no domain restrictions are given, both numbers are 𝑓 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
your critical point of analysis.
Note: To get the ACTUAL POINTS of the relative or local minimum and maximum, just substitute the value of
the critical points (x) to the ORGINAL FUNCTION (not the derived one.

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIT 5.1: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

EXAMPLE 3 Find all relative extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
Find all the critical numbers/points of the 𝒙=𝟎 𝒙=𝟑 Suppose 𝑥 = 𝑐 is critical number of 𝑓
function (a) If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 > 0 , then 𝑓(𝑐) is a
Numerical Value of
𝑥 = 0|𝑥 =3 𝑓′′(𝑥)
0 36 relative minimum value of 𝑓
(b) If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 < 0 , then 𝑓(𝑐) is a
Get the first derivative of the function Sign +
relative maximum value of 𝑓
𝑓′(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 No (c) If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 , then no
Relationship 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 > 0
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 Conclusion conclusion (use 1st derivative
test)
𝑎 𝑏

𝑓 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑚

𝑓 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS