Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An Introduction
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JUNE 2019
CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Who is a designer? 3
Safety in design 4
The three Cs 8
Step 6: Review 20
Your checklist 20
Other resources 20
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INTRODUCTION
This guide is designed to help you as a designer of In developing this approach and implementing it
structures, and those that work with you, understand efficiently, the costs of every stage of a project, as well
the basics of safety in design, so your work will not put as its long-term costs, tend to be reduced. A safe design
anyone’s health and safety at risk. requires a good understanding of human behaviour - it’s
not just about reducing injuries and deaths; it also leads
As a person conducting a business or undertaking to better staff morale for those who will work on and with
(PCBU) in design, it is good business practice, and a your designs, higher productivity and reduced ongoing
legal requirement, for you to create designs that will costs for you and your client.
reduce risk to the safety of clients, builders, users, those
who service and maintain the structure, and any other Other PCBUs, such as clients and contractors, will also
people who could be affected by your work. The best and find this guide useful in helping to ensure the designers
most cost-effective way to do this is to plan for health they have engaged are meeting their duties and
and safety right from the start, when design decisions delivering a quality project.
can most proactively influence the way buildings and
structures are constructed, used and maintained – Safety The Health and Safety at Work Act requirement is the
in Design. designer must, so far as is practicable, ensure that the
plant, substance or structure is designed to be without
Safety in design is about changing the health and safety risks to the health and safety of persons.
outcomes throughout the lifecycle of a project or asset.
This is achieved by embedding safety concepts at the
earliest stages of project development.
WHO IS A DESIGNER?
Designers include those who direct, constrain, undertake
or alter designs. The following groups can have
responsibilities as a designer to a greater or lesser extent
depending on their involvement:
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SAFETY IN DESIGN
As “upstream PCBUs”, designers are in a prime position Under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015, the end
to influence the health and safety aspects of the products users – the workers who will work in or with a building
and structures they design before they are built and used or structure you design, and/or anyone who will be
in work situations. As the lifecycle of a design project affected by it — have the right to the best level of health
progresses, the ability to influence the design for health and safety protection that is reasonably practicable.
and safety decreases and the cost of incorporating health Foreseeing and managing potential health and safety
and safety strategies increases, as shown in Figure 1. risks early in the design stage is far cheaper and much
more effective than mitigating risks during construction,
or retrofitting for health and safety later in the lifecycle of
Ability to Cost to manage
a design project.
influence safety health and
of the design safety risks
Maintenance
Construction
Operation &
Preliminary
Demolition
Detail of
Concept
Design
Design
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BENEFITS OF SAFETY IN DESIGN
There are many benefits from safety in design, some of Safety in design is NOT about:
which include:
›› Stifling the creativity of designers; rather it
✓✓ Significant reductions in work-related ill health and encourages imagination and innovation
injuries – particularly during the construction and
maintenance stages of a project lifecycle ›› Requiring designers to specify standard construction
processes
✓✓ Improvement in the health and wellbeing of workers
›› Requiring designers to take into account
✓✓ Reductions in damage to property and the unforeseeable hazards
environment – with associated reductions in
related costs ›› Requiring designers to spend meaningless time on
paperwork; efficient and transparent procedures will
✓✓ Elimination of potential hazards at the beginning of minimise effort and paperwork
the project – which is often cheaper and easier than
minimising their effects later in the lifecycle ›› Developing site safety plans which address typical
construction risks. This is expected to be the
✓✓ More efficient and effective risk management at the responsibility of the contractor once appointed.
design stage rather than retrofitting for health and
safety during the use and maintenance stages
✓✓ Reductions in operational maintenance and litigation
costs when things go wrong
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PERSON CONDUCTING A BUSINESS OR UNDERTAKING (PCBU)
Duties of PCBUs
All PCBUs have a range of duties that they must, so far as
is reasonably practicable, meet as shown in the following
figure.
Provide and maintain a work environment that is without risk to health and safety
Ensure safe use, handling and storage of plant, substances and structures used for work
Provide information, training instruction and/or supervision to protect all persons from
risk to health and safety
Monitor the health and safety of workers and conditions at the workplace for the
purpose of preventing injury and illness.
Engage workers and/or their representatives about decisions on health and safety in
the workplace
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Provide adequate facilities for the welfare of the workers at work.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF UPSTREAM PCBUS
Designers may also be what is known as ‘upstream
PCBUs’. These designers have specific duties as PCBUs as
shown in the following figure.
›› design things for use at a ›› provide all relevant information about their designs
workplace, or ›› consult, cooperate and coordinate with other PCBUs
›› install, build or commission plant, ›› ensure their designs comply with all relevant legislation
or structures that will be used
as a workplace
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THE THREE CS
Overarching principles as you work to achieve safety in to influence or control the direction and outcomes of a
design are for you to consult, coordinate and cooperate design. In this case, a designer should seek to agree and
with your client and other PCBUs involved in the design clearly document the extent of its influence or control
of the project. A designer may not have management and responsibilities towards the design development.
responsibilities for, or control of, the construction work, Each practice involved in the design will owe a duty as a
but the designer still has duty as a PCBU to consult, designer. Where proprietary parts of projects such as roof
co-operate and co-ordinate, so far as is reasonably trusses, glazing, air-conditioning and curtain walling are
practicable, with the other PCBUs involved in the project. designed by contractors and/or sub-contractors, or the
design changed in the course of construction, the PCBU
More than one PCBU typically has duties around the that has designed each independent part will owe a duty
specific or general matters of a design. In practical terms, as a designer.
this means designers should provide information on how
health and safety considerations have been incorporated In addition, anyone undertaking, constraining, directing,
into a design, which risks have been identified through or altering a design must consult all others who are
the design process, how they have been eliminated or currently or have been involved in the development of the
otherwise mitigated, and list any residual risks. design. This includes changes to design arrangements or
materials that often occur during construction. It is also
In complex projects, there may be several PCBUs, each worth noting that there is an implied requirement in the
with overlapping duties and obligations towards the legislation for the client/owner to select suitably qualified
design. The lead consultant is likely to have more ability persons to undertake the design and construction.
PCBUs
Consultation
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STEPS TO ENSURING SAFETY IN DESIGN
1.
Engage with your client to help you
understand the health and safety risks
of the project
2.
best options for each stage of the
project’s lifecycle – consider both the
introduced factors (if any) from the
client, as well as your design response
to the brief
3.
Scope, assess and understand the
health and safety risks throughout the
lifecycle of your design project
5.
to your client and any other PCBUs
involved in the project on the mitigating
measures which have been introduced
as well as any residual risks that remain
6.
Review your design for health and
safety learnings at the end of the project
which could be applied in future work
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STEP 1 - ENGAGE WITH YOUR CLIENT
The first step towards delivering a healthy and safe 4. What hazards may be involved in those processes, for
design is to understand the project. You need to engage example:
with your client to develop your understanding of what
they need and want from your design. ›› use of hazardous substances
1. Make sure you get a thorough brief from your client ›› access and egress for people and products
covering such things as: 5. Are there process-specific and/or site-specific
›› what the building or structure will be used for potential safety hazards, for example:
›› noisy work that needs to be dampened Remember – planning for health and safety at the
very earliest stages of project development results in
›› work at heights that may be able to be reduced costs for your client down the track.
designed out
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STEP 3 - UNDERSTAND HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS
THROUGHOUT THE LIFECYCLE OF YOUR DESIGN
Think about:
Think about how each of these groups of people may be
›› who will construct the structure or product affected by each aspect of the structure, plant or product.
›› who will work in it, inspect it and/or maintain it Think about what aspects of the product or structure
could pose health and safety risks in what circumstances
›› who might visit it, or live or work near it
and how.
›› who will be affected in extreme conditions
As far as is reasonably practicable, incorporate health and
›› who will eventually demolish it safety concepts and eliminate or minimise risks.
Decommission
Procurement
Lifecycle
Maintain
Design
Commission/use
Construct/manufacture
Install/supply
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Risk Assessment and Hazard Management
One aspect of the Safety in Design process is to incorporate ›› Hazard and Operability studies (Hazop)
within the design development process risk assessments
and hazard management. The most effective means of ›› Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
controlling risk is to eliminate hazards; this approach is ›› Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
often cheaper and more practicable to achieve at the
design or planning stage. Eliminating potential hazards at ›› Fault Mode Effects analysis (FMEA)
the beginning of the project is often cheaper and easier
than minimising their effects later in the lifecycle. ›› Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
The activity or
Various distinct Realistic worst-case
equipment with the
causes of the top outcomes of the top
potential to cause
event event
harm
Measures to prevent
or mitigate a threat
Prevention Mitigation
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Steps to Assess Risk
1. Identify the hazard 2. Assess — what the level of risk is for each
Identify potential health and safety hazards at each stage hazard identified:
of the lifecycle including risks from extreme conditions ›› how severe could the potential harm be (for example
such as: wind, flood, fire and earthquakes and normal minor or short-term injury, permanent injury or illness,
operating conditions such as: death)?
›› confined spaces ›› how likely is each potential hazard to actually cause
harm?
›› energy sources
Use a risk matrix to help with the risk assessment.
›› hazardous substances
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3. Control
So far as is reasonably practicable, develop designs
that are inherently safe and eliminate hazards. Where
hazards cannot be eliminated, design to minimise their
effects using the hierarchy of controls. Use a hierarchy of
control chart to help identify the level of control required
for each hazard identified. The better the level of control,
the lower the residual level of risk. The best control is to
use safety in design to eliminate hazards from the project
right from the start.
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
4. Reassess 5. Review
Go back and reassess the impact of the proposed controls When the design has been accepted and constructed,
on the identified risks. Adjust or add controls, so far as is review all aspects of the design to gain insight for use in
reasonably practicable to further eliminate or minimise future design projects. Where possible, a designer should
residual risks. Record any remaining risks which need to continue to review the project throughout its lifecycle to
be managed by other PCBUs. learn as much as possible for application to other projects
and research.
As part of the safety in design process, this reassessment
should continue throughout design development for the
project, and should address new hazards as they arise
through changes to the design, through work processes,
or undertaking construction work using the design.
Develop structural arrangements that are inherently Use engineering control measures to minimise the
safe, for example; eliminate confined spaces, risk, for example; include adequate ventilation and
minimise heavy components hanging from ceilings lighting in the design, designing and positioning
such as heavy HVAC systems, site structures permanent anchorage and hoisting points into
above flood levels, provide adequate safe access buildings for cleaning (windows) and maintenance
to roofs and exterior surfaces for maintenance, work to be undertaken at height.
provide adequate head room for safe passage.
Design components that facilitate pre-fabrication
on the ground to avoid working at height during
construction thereby eliminating the risk of falls. Administrative controls
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EXAMPLES OF SAFETY IN DESIGN
Air conditioning units located at ground level, rather than Design safe access methods to service areas such as roofs.
at height.
Fold down lighting eliminates the risk of working at height. Windows that open inwards rather than outwards.
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STEP 4 – SENSE CHECK/TEST FOR SAFETY
As the designer, you have a duty to develop a design
that incorporates safety principles. You must carry out
calculations, analyses, tests or examinations needed
to make sure the structure you design is, so far as is
reasonably practicable, without health and safety risks.
Follow approved codes, standards and regulations.
›› Any design changes to eliminate or minimise ›› Any conditions necessary to ensure that the
identified risks structure is without risks when used for the
purpose for which it is designed or when carrying
›› The designer’s risk assessment and safe design out any activity in relation to the structure such as
report/the risk register construction, maintenance and demolition
›› Correspondence between stakeholders It could also include a health and safety checklist such as
is shown in the Appendix of this guide.
›› Details of any consultation or research that has
been undertaken
The safe design report can also help designers fulfill part
of their duties to consult with other duty holders and
transfer information to relevant people such as the client,
other designers, the principal contractor, maintenance
contractors and demolition contractors.
For larger projects, the review may be carried out in a ›› Risk Management 101 Guide
post-construction workshop attended by all relevant
›› The Managing Contractors Guide
parties involved in the project.
›› SiteWise
Subsequent feedback from users to assist designers in
improving their future designs may be provided through: ›› Risk Management course
›› Post occupancy evaluations for buildings ›› Health and Safety in Contracting course
›› Defect reports ›› Foundation Passport – Consultants
›› Accident investigation reports ›› Consultancy
›› Information regarding modifications ›› Auditing
›› User difficulties
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APPENDIX – EXAMPLE SAFETY IN DESIGN CHECKLIST (CONT.)
Falls prevention
☐☐ Guard rails
☐☐ Window heights and cleaning
☐☐ Anchorage points for building maintenance and
cleaning
☐☐ Access to working spaces for construction,
cleaning, maintenance and repairs
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