Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• clumped (=aggregated)
• uniform (=regular)
• random
Population of organisms: characteristics
2. Demography
►Decline
• mortalities
• emigration
►Growth
• birth
• immigration
Life history (Type I vs Type II vs Type III) varies from one population to another.
Why?
But in reality, not all offpsrings and adults will survive. Why?
Because trade-offs do happen between offspring survival and
reproductive success of adults.
Population of organisms: characteristics: life history
Trade-offs are common between survival of offsprings and reproductive
success of adults because of:
(1) limitations of available resources and,
(2) un-predictability of environmental conditions.
semelparity
iteroparity
Therefore, the life history of a population is shaped by natural selection to ensure the
survival of offsprings who will eventually become adults and mate.
Population of organisms: exponential growth
dN/dt = r.N
Population of organisms: logistic growth
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834): the tendency for exponential growth of the
human population will always exceed what existing food supply can
support, resulting in the decimation of the young and old people, and the
degradation of the quality of human life.
Human population growth: history: birth and death rates
When birth rates decline, the age structure shifts to more working-age
adults, thus accelerating economic growth by increasing labor
productivity and household income levels, and reducing the expense
for basic social services to care for a young population.
Human population growth: demographic transition: Thailand vs Philippines
Human population growth: demographic transition: aggressive vs. weak
reproductive health policies
Thailand, Malaysia
Philippines
Human population growth: megacity of metro Manila
Metro Manila (16 satellite cities over a 620 km2 land area)
• City of Manila alone is populated by 13.5 million pax and swells to 15 million
more pax during daytime hours of working days!!
• world’s most densely populated city (ca. 45,000 pax per km2!!)
Human population growth
The bigger the footprint, the higher the impact on biodiverse resources!!
Human population growth: ecological footprint
Q. How much of the Earth’s area is needed for the human species to exist?
Human population growth: ecological footprint
Q. Are we living within the limits provided by the planet Earth’s biodiverse
resources?
It now takes more than one year and two months for the Earth to regenerate
what we use in a single year! OR, the biodiverse resources provided by 2-4
planet Earths are required to support our present lifestyle!!
Human population growth: is there a carrying capacity for Homo sapiens?
Common sense tells us that the present human population growth must
not and should not continue for long.