SEMESTER TERMINAL EXAMINATION, AUTUM 2020

M.A. T.Edu (4th Semester)

NAME: MAHAM MUNIR Course Name: Text Book Development I

ROLL NO: BV559039 Course Code: 6552

Q1. Criticize the GTZ model for developing science textbooks in the scenario of Pakistan. How
elaboration theory as a procedure for developing and designing books can be helpful for textbook
developers.

GTZ Model

To understand the role of GTZ model let’s first have a look what it is. GTZ is The German Technical
Cooperation which works for UNESCO for gaining its global sustainable goals one of which is to give
quality education to underdeveloped countries. That’s why GTZ Peshawar started a project of textbook
development in KPK textbook board. This organization also developed some concept based books for
experimental use. The elements included in these science textbooks are

 Text
 Oral questions
 Written exercised
 Questioning for lesson learnt
 Meaning of difficult words
 Active, live and proportional illustrations
 Objectives
 Teacher guides

By considering the above information the GTZ model for science textbook development is good in fact
efficient cause it includes all the necessary details of a chapter. In science textbook the chapter starts
with objectives than a detail background information is given which links learners’ previous knowledge
to the new topic to get a better understanding of new topics. The introduction of topic is further
elaborated by figures. The new devices and concepts are introduce are through pictures of them to get
learner a better understanding. They put easy concepts first and then gradually move to complex
concepts. They also includes different activities that can easily be arranged in class with the description
what material required and how to use them effectively in our Pakistani classroom scenario. Time is also
described earlier for every activity. The language used in textbooks is not so difficult but can easily be
understandable. The examples used in the textbooks are from real life situations to get a better
understanding of text and concepts. So overall this is a good model of textbook development if is it
implemented in the classroom as it is planned and written in the textbook.

Elaboration theory as a procedure for developing and designing books can be helpful for textbook
developers

Elaboration theory was developed to integrate knowledge at macro level. Macro means at huge level
which relates to more than one idea. It considered the selection of content, sequence of content,
delineation of important ideas relationships and at the last systematic review of ideas. The procedure to
design effective, efficient and appealing instruction material elaboration theory is very helpful. It helps
us choose between three organization of material which known as conceptual, theoretical and
procedural material for textbook. These all three can be generalized in seven steps as follows

1. Select and sequence the organizing content ideas

 First of all Select the kinds of organizing content ideas then
 List all the important organizing content ideas
 Arrange organizing content ideas into elaborative sequence and groups.
 Allocate organizing content of chapter
2. Select the supporting content for each chapter and sequencing content within chapter
 List all the supporting ideas for each chapter
 Sequence all the organizing and supporting content within each chapter.
3. Select strategies for relating new knowledge to the previous knowledge of students
 Decide what and where to synthesize within the chapter
 Decide what and where to include cumulative synthesis
 Decide what student experiences will be used
 Decide what and where to include analogies
 Decide what and where to include motivational components
4. Select the review strategy
 Decide what to review in chapter
 Decide where to put cumulative review and where to put them
5. Select macro strategies for each idea
 Select the appropriate micro model for each idea
 Decide appropriate level of richness for that model
 Write the test items as well as primary and secondary strategy components for each idea
6. Write the remaining strategy components
 Write the integrated test items
 Write the synthesizers
 Write the reviews
 Write the analogies
 Write any remaining motivational components
7. Decide how to format all the instructions
 Separate and label all idea
 Format other aspect of instruction

Motivational, clear and easy to produce layout is always essential for easy, meaningful learning and
good retention. No matter how instructionally useful each idea is and no matter how well organized
those instructional ideas are, they might not serve their function if they are not presented to the learner
in the best possible format. This is how elaboration theory works for designing and developing of
textbook by giving a model of textbook development.

Q2. Analyze the gaps of collaboration mechanism adopted by curriculum and textbook developers for
mapping the curriculum while designing textbook. Develop criteria for the collaboration of curriculum
and textbook boards in developing effective textbook.
Curriculum mapping is a process of bringing change in term of identifying gaps and address them in
order to make curriculum and text book understandable for teacher regarding its effective use.
Collaboration design adopted by curriculum and textbook developers for the mapping the curriculum
during designing textbook affects positively in the professional development of teachers as well as a
source to bring curriculum change which also brings change in teachers’ competencies, abilities and
understanding of being the basic unit of change. Following are the gaps of collaboration mechanism
adopted by curriculum and textbook developers for the mapping the curriculum while designing
textbook.

1. Subject specialist do not have much autonomy in curriculum mapping.

2. Within the board the chairman is the executive head who receives policies from superior
quarters. Which is why policy making regarding curriculum mapping is not considered as
continual process and normally haphazard decisions take place in boards.
3. There is much control by federal and provincial government in policy decisions of the text book
boards affairs especially in curriculum mapping.
4. Boards are legally autonomous bodies but they are not enjoying this status due to the
interference of the higher authorities.
5. Textbook development is the specialized process but the policy making is in the hands of the
bureaucrats or technocrats that has a bad influence on the curriculum mapping.
6. Teachers have an incomplete role in developing and designing task and need support. There’s a
need to define teachers’ role in the process of curriculum and textbook development. They
should be given a clear picture of what they are expected to do and what kind of process and
product should be developed by the teachers in this whole process.
7. External support is missing.
8. Textbook boards experts are rarely appointed on the committee of curriculum development.
9. The provincial boards person enjoying the powers of decision making within the board is
actually a layman.
10. Absence of leadership involvement in the process of collaborative design during mapping the
curriculum is another important factor which makes curriculum least effective. Leadership
understanding regarding how the curriculum design works and how much time it will take to
complete and how this will be implemented is an important aspect for making the
implementation of the curriculum most effective.
11. Lack of other stakeholders involvement such as students their parents is another important
area which needs a little more attention.

Criteria for the collaboration of curriculum and textbook boards in developing effective textbook.

1. We need an educationist necessarily a good manager with a creative thinking for innovation in
the role of policy making in text book development seems to be initial and one of the most
important step.
2. We need to appoint and involve more subject specialist in the process of curriculum mapping.
3. We need to work on appoint roles more effectively like who will plan, who will supervise, who
will analyze, who will who will insert, who will structure, who will decide readable and non-
readable material.
4. No external power or superior power should interfere in no ones work unnecessarily specially
political influencers and bureaucrats.
 5. The chairman shall exercise control over the office as the principle executer officer and shall do
all the acts to ensure the officers and the staff properly perform the duties entrusted to them.
6. Subject specialist should be given appropriate autonomy.

It is claimed that the elaboration approach results in the formation of more stable cognitive structures
and therefore better retention and transfer, increased motivation through the creation of meaningful
learning contexts, and the provision of information about the content that allows informed learner.

Q3. How Brain functioning is associated with learning? Discuss its implementation for textbook design
and development. Compare the scope of adopt and adapt model for designing textbook in Pakistan.

The brain is an organ of human body which composes of cells neurons and many other cells. The brain
functions is one of the main and most effective aspect in learning. If brain works well learning will be
lifelong if brain does not work well there will be no learning or short timed learning which will be
forgotten after short period of time so the purpose of education will no longer exist. That’s why learning
is directly associated with brain function. Brain function can be explained in terms of learning is as
follows

1. Short term memory

The short term memory is also known as working memory it last for one quarter second to an hour
without rehearsal whereas with rehearsal it lost for eight hours. Short term memory is committed to
long term memory. When a person give attention to several set of stimuli the electrical wave pattern
detected in different areas of short term memory in brain. If a person reads, writes or learn from a
certain text some areas of learning become active such as Written and verbal inputs, Visuals in pictorial
forms, Manual drawing if reader takes notes, Attitudinal information from experiences, audio inputs etc.
This is how the short term memory involves brain in the process of learning.

2. Long term memory

Long term memory is multiply encoded that means input as learning is stored in various locations in the
brain and that happens when input has various aspect of that experience. The more type of stimuli used
in learning the more sites in brain become active to store information. Long term memory stores
information which has more clarity, visualized, practically performed, more vivid, verbalized, combine
into one piece and written information and presented information by learner is more likely make its
place in long term memory. This is how lifelong learning take places.

Implementation of brain function in textbook design and development

Limbic system which deals with the memory of human brain can be tapped through reward, novelty and
sensory experiences. We can use these techniques in designing text of the textbooks to make it more
learner centered as well as motivators which make textbook more alive.

1. Our brain hippo campus is a part which actives when human being feels something important.
Hippo campus helps in generating the information in long term memory and short term
memory.
2. The feeling of mastering a new information, skill or text is a reward in textbooks. To reach this
phase we can add some brain storming activities such as put some analytical questions, fact
 oriented question, inductive, deductive questions. When brain senses something is rewarding it
actives hippo campus which will help in learning the textbook more effectively.
3. The brains remembers things more easily which are interesting. Using this technique in textbook
is known as novelty which includes using clever stories, graphics, lyrics, poems and humorous
examples can make textbook more effective.
4. Our brains remembers things whole life if human being practices it. It means sensory experience
of text material leads to lifelong learning. Using this technique in textbooks as different activities
and practical examples, videos etc make an effective learning experience.

Comparison of scope of adopt and adapt model for designing textbook in Pakistan

To get a better insight which one is more effective in Pakistan let see what these two models are.

Adopt

Adopt means to take someone’s child as one’s own which means to import textbooks from other
countries rather than publishing it. It means using others textbooks as it is made by experts. In
adaptation the high quality textbooks are available. Guaranteed durability because it is made by experts
from developed countries. Good content can be accessible to the pupils. Curriculum, syllabus are
already planned and fully covered as well as books are immediately available.

There are many problems to adopted curriculum in term of religion and context of the country
as well as our culture. In foreign countries they use so many things in their textbooks which are not
appropriate regarding our religion. So that’s why this model is not suitable for the ideology of Pakistan.

Adapt

Adapt means to take something but change or alter this regarding our own values, tradition, religion,
objectives and context of country as well as the ideology of Pakistan. This model of textbook
development requires to alter or change the existing text for new use. This alteration or adaptation
must go through the evaluation phase regarding its advantages and disadvantages. The example of
adapting medical and engineering textbooks from lower to high level in Pakistan from 1970 till now.

This model is more suitable in Pakistan because of the fact we can change it regarding our aspects. It
provides initial structure as guideline. It is a quicker and cheaper way of developing textbook. It also
provides good quality textbooks.

It is concluded that brain functioning is so much helpful and a necessary aspect of learning. So it is
concluded that adaption is a more suitable and better option for a country like Pakistan rather than
adopt as it is someone else ideology.