REPUBLI

COFZAMBI
A

SENI
ORSECONDARYSCHOOLCIVIC EDUCATI
ON
GRADE10-12NOTES.
2ND EDI
TION-
2020.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE.

PREPAREDBY:
MrChi
inda.L. (
SESO)Soci
alSci
ences-Nor
ther
nPr
ovi
nce.

Mr
s.KundaV.
K. (
H.O.
D)Soci
alSci
ences-KasamaGi
rl
sSec.

School
.

Mr
.Mwal
eB.
S. (
H.O.
D)Soci
alSci
ences-Chi
lekwaMwamba

DaySec.School
.

©2020-Nor
ther
nPr
ovi
nce.

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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Allri
ght
sr eserv
ed.Nopar toft
hispubli
cat
ionmaybereproducedorst or
edi nany
ret
ri
evalsy
st em wi
thoutt
heexpl
i
citper
missi
onoft
heProv
incialEducat
ionOffi
ce.

PREFACE

Thedevelopmentoft hi
st eachi
ng/lear
ningmateri
alwasnecessi
tat
edbecauseof
poorper
formanceoflearnersinpubl
icexaminat
ionsinNor
ther
nProvincewhi
chhas
beenasourceofconcernforsometimenow.

Thepr ovinci
aleducationofficei
nNorthernProvi
ncegeneratedst r
ategi
estoensur e
thatl earnersatalll evels can perform bett
erin publ
icexami nati
ons and t he
product i
onoft eaching/lear
ningmater
ial
si soneoft he strat
egiesintheprovincial
strategic plan whi
ch ai ms at i mpr
oving t he st
atus quo in as faras leaner
performancei sconcer ned.

Iti
shopef ult
hatthi
steaching/ l
ear
ningmateri
alwi
llprovi
dethebasi
sformeani
ngf
ul
experienceandef fect
iveteaching/
lear
ningthatwi
llform asoli
dfoundat
ionf
orour
pupilperformanceinourprovince.

…………………………………

Gr
aceKandekeSi
nkol
ongo.(
Mrs)

Pr
ovi
nci
alEducat
ionof
fi
cer
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE.

SYLLABUS OUTLI
NE FOR CI
VIC
CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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2
 EDUCATI
ON GRADES10-12.

GRADE 10.
10.
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VICEDUCATI
ON.

10.
2.CONSTI
TUTI
ON.

10.
3.GOVERNANCE.

10.
4.CI
TIZENSHI
P.

10.
5.I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHUMANRI
GHTS.

10.
6.CORRUPTI
ON.

10.
7.CULTURALSTUDI
ES.

10.
8.SUBSTANCEABUSE.

GRADE11.
11.1.THEZAMBI
ANBI
LLOFRI
GHTS.

11.
2.CI
VILSOCI
ETYANDMEDI
AINGOVERNANCE

11.
3.ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT

11.
4.ZAMBI
A’SLEGALSYSTEM.

11.
5.GENDEREQUI
TYANDEQUALI
TY.

11.
6.ACULTUREOFPEACE.

11.
7.SOCI
ALCHALLENGES.[
CHI
LDABUSE]

GRADE12.

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12.
1.I
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS.

12.
2.RI
GHTSOFACHI
LD.

12.
3.FAMI
LYLAW.

12.
4DEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG.

12.
5.POVERTYREDUCTI
ONI
NZAMBI
A.

12.
6.ENVI
RONMENTALEDUCATI
ON.

12.
7.GLOBALI
SSUES

GRADETEN
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I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VICEDUCATI
ON.
WHATI
SCI
VICEDUCATI
ON?

 I
tistheawarenessoft
hepubl
ici
nCiv i
cmat t
erssuchasgov
ernance,Pol
i
tics,
WorkCul
tur
e,HumanRight
sandSoci
o-economici
ssues.

 I
tisthei
mpar t
ingofknowl
edge,
abi
l
ityandcapaci
tyofCi
ti
zenst
omakesenseof
t
heirPol
i
tical
wor l
d.

 I
tisthei
mpart
ingofknowledget
opeopl
eoni
ssuesper
tai
ningt
onat
ionalaf
fai
rs
whichhi
ngeongover
nance.

 ThismeansthatCivi
ceducationmayal soref
ertotheactivepar
ti
cipat
ionand
engagementi
nself
-gover
nancebyt heci
ti
zensofthecount
ry.I
tcov
erstheri
ghts,
duti
es,obl
i
gat
ionsandresponsibi
l
iti
esofci
ti
zens.

I
MPORTANCEOFCI
VICEDUCATI
ON

 I
thel
pst
ofor
m compet
ent
,act
iveandr
esponsi
bleci
ti
zens.

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
obeawar
eoft
hei
rfundament
alr
ight
sandf
reedoms.

 I
tenablesci
ti
zenstopartici
patei
nv ol
unt
aryorganizat
ionssuchaswor
ker
s
uni
ons,
women’sassoci
ati
ons,communit
yorgani
sat
ions,etc.

 I
thel
psci
ti
zenstoacqui
repr
ofi
ciencyi
nmoni
tor
ingandcor
rect
ingpol
i
ciesand
l
awsoft
hei
rcountr
y.

 I
thel
pst
ofaci
l
itat
ethedev
elopmentofknowl
edge,
ski
l
lsandv
aluesi
npupi
l
s.

 I
tenabl es to pr
oduce knowl
edgeabl
elear
ners who ar
e aware,can make
deci
sions,
judgeandactbasedonhumanri
ghtsandsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

 I
tenabl
esciti
zenstobeanalyt
ical,innov
ative,creat
iveandconst
ruct
ivemi
nd
whi
chwil
lcher
ishandsaf
eguar
di ndiv
iduall
ibert
iesandhumanright
s.

 Ithelpstoproducelearnerswhocanexpressone’
sowni deasf
reel
y,ex
erci
se
tol
eranceforotherpeople’
sviewsandmai
ntai
ndisci
pli
neandhar
dwor kfort
he
sakeofpersonalandnational
devel
opment
.

 Itenables pupi
lsto cont
ri
butetot
he pr
omoti
on ofdemocr at
icvalues and
sustenanceofdemocr at
icsyst
emsbymakingthem under
stand,cheri
shand
defenditsequal
i
ty.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
l
sto under
stand,cher
ish,pr
omot
e and pr
otectt
he equal
i
ty

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 bet
ween men and women,human r
ight
s,t
he r
ule ofl
aw,r
epr
esent
ati
ve
gover
nanceet
c.

 Itenables pupi
lsto cont
ri
butetot
he pr
omoti
on ofdemocr at
icvalues and
sustenanceofdemocr at
icsyst
emsbymakingthem under
stand,cheri
shand
defenditsequal
i
ty.

 I
tenables pupi
lst
o under
stand,cher
ish,pr
omote and pr
otectthe equal
i
ty
bet
ween men and women,human r ight
s,the r
ule oflaw,represent
ati
ve
gover
nanceetc.

THECONSTI
TUTI
ON.
 AConst i
tut
ioni sasyst
em oflaws, customsandpr inci
plesusuallywri
ttendown,
accordi
ngtowhi chacountryoranor ganizati
oni sgoverned.
 Cust omsr efertoacceptedtradi
tionsandhabi tsoft hepeopl einasoci et
y.A
consti
tut
ionistheSupremeLawt owhi challotherlawsar esubordinat
e.
 Anat ionneedsaconst i
tut
ioninordertor egulatetheactivi
ti
esofitsciti
zens.
TYPESOFCONSTI TUTI ONS
 Wr it
tenconst i
tuti
onsandunwr i
tt
enconst i
tuti
ons.

1.WRI
TTENCONSTI TUTION
 Thisis a const i
tuti
on in which mostoft he provisi
ons orcont ent
s ar
e
document edi
nasi ngl
ef or
mal writ
tendocument.
 Iti
sasetofr ulesthatthecit
izensofanat i
oncontr
ibut
et o,di
scussandagreet
o
begovernedby.
 Countri
es with wr i
tten consti
tuti
ons incl
ude Zambia,Bot swana,Tanzani
a,
Namibi
a, Sout
hAf r
ica,andAmer ica.

Adv
ant
agesofaWr i
tt
enConst ituti
on
 I
tisusuallydrawnupwi t hgreatcareanddeli
berat
ions
 I
tisclearanddef i
nit
e.
 Theyar establ
eandst eady .
 Theyar efr
eef r
om mani pulati
onbyt heJudi
ciar
y.
 I
taffordspr ot
ecti
ontot heindivi
dualsandguarant
eepeopl
e’
sri
ght
s.

Di
sadv
antagesofaWr i
ttenConsti
tuti
on
 Theyarenoteasi
lyadaptabl
et oemer genci
esandchangingneedsinsoci
et y
.
 Itt
endst ocompressi
ntoonedocumental lt
heideal
sandpoliti
calpr
inci
plesofa
nati
on.
 Iti
sdiff
icul
ttoamendwhenr igidi
tyandconservat
ism ar
ecarri
edtoofar.

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2.UNWRI TTENCONSTI TUTION
 ThisisaConst it
uti
ont hathasmostofi tsprovisi
onsnotfoundinasingle
documentbuti nacol l
ecti
onofdocuments,stat
utesandtr
aditi
onalpr
act
ices
thataregener
all
yacceptedasgover
ninganati
on.
 TheBr i
ti
shconsti
tut
ionisonesuchexampl
e.

Adv
ant
agesofUnwr i
ttenConst
it
uti
on
 I
tiseasilyadaptabl
etochangingcondit
ionsofadynamicsociet
y.
 I
tcanbebentt omeetnati
onal emer
gencieswit
houtbreaki
ngtheirf
ramework.
 I
t provides legalmeans f or sati
sfyi
ng popul
ar passions and prev
enti
ng
rev
olut
ions.

Di
sadv
antagesofUnwr i
ttenConstit
uti
on
 Iti
sunst ableasitcanbebentort wistedeasily.
 Itcanbechangedoramendedaccor di
ngt oi ndi
vi
dualsorparty
’swi
shesand
desir
es.
 Iti
sv aguebecausei tisuncl
earandi ndef
ini
te.
 Itrequir
esahi ghdegr eeofpoliti
calconsci ousnessinordertounder
standi
t
amongt hepeopl e.
 Iti
stakenf orguaranteedthati
texists,ev
ent houghitisnotwri
tt
en.
 Itcaneasilybemani pulat
edbytheJudi ci
ary

FORMSOFCONSTITUTIONS
Thet
woty
pesofconst
it
uti
onscanei
therbeFl
exi
bleorRi
gid.

1.FLEXIBLECONSTI TUTION
 Thisisaf orm ofaconst i
tut
ionthatcaneasilybeamendedorchangedbyt he
maj or
it
yofeli
gibleci
ti
zenswithoutcall
i
ngforar ef
erendum.
 ARef erendum isasituati
onwhenci ti
zensareaskedt ovoteYESorNOonan
importantnat
ionali
ssue,suchasv ot
ingwhethertoaboli
shthedeat
hsent
enceor
not.

2.RIGI
DCONSTI TUTION
 Thisisaf or
m ofaConst i
tuti
onthatcannoteasi
lybeamended.
 Thist y
peofaconst itut
ionisusuall
yamendedbyadi ff
erentbodysuchasthe
Nat i
onalConstituti
onConf erence(NCC)asi st hecasei nZambia,andalso
throughaConst i
tuentAssembl y(C.
A)andaRef erendum,whichhaveaspecial
statusthanordinaryinst
itut
ionsorParl
iament.

STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHEZAMBI ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 TheZambianConst
it
uti
onbegi
nswi
thaPreambl
ewhi
chi
sani
ntr
oduct
iont
othe

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 document .
 The pr eamble stat
es,‘ We,t he people ofZambi a by ourr epr
esent
ati
ves,
assembl edinourParliament,havi
ngsolemnl yresolv
edt omai ntainZambi
aasa
soverei
gnDemocr at
icRepubl i
candt hatZambi ashallforev
err emainaunitar
y,
i
ndivisi
ble,mult
ipart
yandDemocr ati
cSov erei
gnSt at
e;doher ebyenactandgive
ourselv
est hi
sConstituti
on’
.

STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHE1996ZAMBI ANCONSTI TUTI ON

PART TITLE CONTENT
i
. NATI ONAL SOVEREIGNTY  Decl ar ati
onofZambi aasaSov ereignstat e.
ANDTHESTATE
ii
.  Deal swi tht hequal if
icationf orZambi anci tizenship
CITIZENSHIP and condi ti
ons whi ch can l ead t o wi thdrawalof
Zambi anci tizenshi p.
i
ii
. PROTECTI ON OF THE  Deal swi tht heRi ghtsandFr eedomsofi ndi vi
duals
FUNDAMENTAL RI
GHTS whichar epr ot ect ed.St atingt hepr otectionofr ights
AND FREEDOMS OF THE andf reedomsofi ndividual s.
I
NDI VIDUAL
i
v. THEEXECUTI VE  Deal swi thel ect i
on,t enur eofof f
iceandr emov alof
thepr esidentf rom of f
ice;f unct ionsoft hepr esi
dent,
Minister s and Deput y Mi ni
ster s,Secr et aryt ot he
Cabinet ,Attor neyGener al,Sol icitorGener al,Di r
ector
ofPubl i
cPr osecut ionsandAdv isoryCommi ttee.
v THELEGI SLATURE  Deal swi thqual ifi
cat i
onsf orel ect i
ont ot heNat i
onal
Assembl y; l egi slative power s, member ship of
parl
iamentandcomposi ti
onofnat i
onalassembl y.
Vi
i THEJUDI CATURE  Deal swi thcour t
sandappoi ntmentofj udges,Hi gh
court, Supr eme Cour t
, Chai rman and Deput y
ChairmanofI ndust ri
alRel ationsCour t.
Vi
i DEFENCE AND NATI ONAL  Deal s wi t
ht he f unctions oft he Zambi a Def ense
SECURI TY Forces,t he Zambi a Pol ice Ser vi
ce,t he Pr i
sons
Serviceandt heZambi aSecur i
tyI ntell
i
genceSer v
ices.
Vi
i LOCAL GOVERNMENT  Deal s wi t
ht he st r
uct ure and f unctions of l ocal
SYSTEM counci ls.

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i
x DIRECTI
VE PRI
NCIPLES OF  Deal s wi th dev elopment of nat i
onal , pol i
cies,
STATE POLICY AND THE i
mpl ement at i
on of nat ionalpol i
cies,maki ng and
DUTIESOFACITIZEN enactmentofl aws; andappl i
cat i
onoft heconst ituti
on
andanyot herl aw.
x FINANCE  Deal swi tht axat ion,wi t
hdrawalofmoni esf r
om t he
generalrev enues,f inanci alrepor t
s,r emuner ati
onsof
offi
cers,publ icdebtandt heAudi torGener al.
xi SERVICECOMMISSIONS  Deal s wi th commi ssions, pensi on l aws and
protecti
on.
xi
i HUMAN RI
GHTS  Deal s wi tht he est ablishment ,the i ndependence,
COMMI SSI
ON functi
ons,power s,composi ti
on and pr ocedur es of
HumanRi ght sCommi ssion.
xi
ii CHIEFS AND HOUSE OF  Deal swi thi nst itutionsofchi efs,HouseofChi efs,it
s
CHIEFS functi
onsandcomposi ti
on.
xi
v MISCELLANEOUS  Resi gnati
ons, re-appoint ments, concur r
ent
appointment s.
THESTRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHE2016AMENDEDCONSTI TUTION
PART TI
TLE CONTENT
i. SUPREMACY OF THE  Thi sConst it
utioni st hesupr emel awoft heRepubl icof
CONSTITUTION. Zambi aandanyot herwr ittenl aw, customar ylawand
customar ypract i
cet hati si nconsistentwi thitspr ovisi
ons
i
sv oidtot heext entoft hei nconsi stency.

 ThisConst
it
utionshal
lbi
ndallper
sonsi
nZambi
a,St
ate
organsandStatei
nsti
tut
ions.

 Amatterr
elat
ingtothi
sConst
it
uti
onshal
lbehear
dbyt
he
Const
it
uti
onalCourt
.

i
i. NATI
ONAL VALUES, Thenat
ionalval
uesandpri
nci
plesare:
PRI
NCIPLESAND ECONOMIC
POLI
CIES. (a)mor
ali
tyandethi
cs;(
b)pat
riot
ism andnat
ional
uni
ty;

(c)democracyandconst i
tut
ionalism;(d)humandigni
ty,
equi
ty,
socialj
usti
ce,equal
ityandnon-discri
minati
on;(
e)good
governanceandintegri
tyand(
; f
)sust ai
nabledevel
opment

i
ii
.  Dealswi t
ht heprot
ectionoft hef undamentalright
sand
BI
LLOFRI
GHTS. fr
eedomsofi ndi
vi
dualciti
zens.St at
ingandpr otect
ionof
ri
ghtsandf r
eedomsofi ndi
vi
dual s.
 .Dealswiththequal
if
icati
onforZambi anci
ti
zenshipand
condit
ionswhichcanleadtowi thdrawalofZambian

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 i
v. CI
TIZENSHI
P ci
ti
zenshi
p

 Aper sonbornoutsi
deZambi aisaci
ti
zenbydescentif,
at
thedateofthatperson’
sbir
th,atl
eastoneparentoft
hat
personisorwasaci ti
zenbybirt
hordescent
.

v
. REPRESENTATI
ON OF THE  Theelect
oralsyst
emsprov
idedfori
nArti
cle47forthe
PEOPLE. [
ELECTORAL el
ecti
onofPr esi
dent
,MemberofParl
iamentorcounci
ll
or
SYSTEMS] shal
lensure:

(a)t
hatciti
zensarefreetoexerci
setheirpol
it
icalr
ight (
s;b)
univ
ersaladultsuff
ragebasedont heequali
tyofav ot
e;(c)fai
r
repr
esentati
onoft hevar
iousint
erestgroupsinsociet
y;(d)
genderequit
yi ntheNati
onalAssemblyorcouncil

 Deals wi
t h quali
fi
cat
ions forel ect
ion t
ot he Nati
onal
Assembly;legisl
ati
vepower s,member shi
pofpar l
i
ament
andcomposi t
ionofnationalassembly
v
i. LEGI
SLATURE.  Thelegi
slati
veauthori
tyoftheRepublicder
ivesf
rom

t
hepeopl
eofZambi
aandshal
lbeexer
cisedi
na

mannert
hatpr
otect
sthi
sConst
it
uti
on

 Dealswit
hel ecti
on,tenureofofficeandremovaloft he
presi
dentfr
om of fi
ce;functi
onsoft hepr
esident,
Mi nist
ers
andDeputyMi nist
ers,Secretar
yt otheCabinet
,Attorney
v
ii
. EXECUTI
VE. General
,Soli
citorGeneral,Di
rectorofPubli
cProsecut i
ons
andAdv i
soryCommi tt
ee.

 Theexecuti
veaut horit
yoftheSt atevestsi
nthePr esi
dent
and,subj
ecttothisConst i
tuti
on,shallbeexerci
sed
di
rectl
ybythePr esidentorthroughpublicoff
icer
sorot her
personsappoi
ntedbyt hePresident.

 Deal
swi t
hcourtsandappoint
mentofj
udges,
Highcour
t,
Supr
emeCour t,
ChairmanandDeputyChai
rmanof
I
ndustr
ialRel
ati
onsCourt.

v
ii
i. JUDI
CIARY  I
nexer
cisi
ngj
udi
cialaut
hori
ty,
thecour
tsshal
lbegui
ded
byt
hefoll
owi
ngpr
incipl
es:

(a)j
ust
iceshal
lbedonetoall
,wi
thoutdi
scr
imi
nat
i (
on;b)j
ust
ice
shal
lnotbedel
ayed;(
c)adequat
ecompensati
onshal
lbe

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 awarded,wher
epay abl (
e;d)alt
ernati
vef
ormsofdi
spute
resol
uti
on,i
ncl
udingtradit
ional
disputer
esol
uti
onmechani
sms,
shall
bepromoted,

 Thedif
fer
entl
evelsofgovernmentshal
lobser
veand
adher
etothefol
lowingpr
incipl
es:

GENERAL PRI PLES OF (

NCI a)goodgov ernance, t
hroughdemocr ati
c,ef
fectiv
eandcoherent
i
x DEVOLVEDGOVERNANCE. governancesystemsandi nst
itut
ions;(b)respectforthe
consti
tuti
onaljur
isdicti
onofeachl evel ofgovernment;(c)
autonomyoft hesub- st
ructur
es;and( d)equitabledist
ri
buti
onand
appli
cati
onofnat ionalResourcestothesub- struct
ures

PROVINCES, DISTRI
CTS,  ThePresi
dentmay,subjecttot
heappr
ovaloftheNat
ional
x WARDS AND PROVI NCIAL Assembly
,creat
eordivideaProvi
nceormergetwoor
ADMINISTRATI
ON. moreProvi
nces,asprescri
bed.

 AProv
ince,di
str
ictandwar
dshal
lbedel
i
mit
ed,
as
pr
escr
ibed.

 Deal
swi
tht
heest
abl
i
shmentofl
ocal
gov
ernmentsy
stem

Wher
e: (
a)f
unct
ions,
responsi
bil
i
tiesandr
esour
cesf
rom
t
he
xi LOCALGOVERNMENT. national Gov ernmentandpr ovi
ncialadmi ni
str
ati
onare
transferredt othelocalauthori
ti
esi naco- ordi
natedmanner;(b)
co-oper ativ
egov er
nancewi t
hthenat ionalGov er
nment ,
provinci
al
admi nistrati
onandl ocalauthori
ti
esi spr omotedtosupportand
enhancet hedev elopmentalrol
eofl ocal gover
nment;(c)the
capaci t
yofl ocalauthor
it
iestoini
tiate,plan,manageandexecut e
polici
esi nr espectofmat ter
sthataf fectthepeoplewi
thintheir
respect i
vedi stri
ctsisenhanced

 Inst
it
uti
onofchi
efs,
Houseofchi
efs,
funct
ionsand
xi
i CHI
EFTAI
NCYANDHOUSEOF compositi
on
CHI
EFS.
 Theinsti
tuti
onofchief
taincyandtradi
tional
inst
it
utions
areguaranteedandshallexisti
naccordancewiththe
cult
ure,
cust omsandtradit
ionsofthepeopletowhom
theyapply.

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 Thegui
dingv
aluesandpr
inci
plesoft
hepubl
i
cser
vice
xi
ii
PUBLI
CSERVI
CE. i
ncl udet
hefoll
owing: ( a)maint
enanceandpr omotionofthe
highestst
andardsofprofessi
onalethi
csandintegr
it
y;eff
ecti
ve
andeconomi cuseofnationalr
esour (
ces;b)eff
ecti
ve,imparti
al,
fairandequi
tabl
eprovisi
onofpublicserv
i (
ces;c)accountabi
li
ty
foradminist
rat
iveact
s

 Anemployee,i
ncl
udi
ngapubl
i
coff
icerandConst
it
uti
onal
PENSI
ONBENEFI
TS. of
fi
ceholder,
hasari
ghtt
oapensi
onbenefi
t.
xi
v
 Apensi
onbenefitshal
lnotbewi
thhel
doral
ter
edt
othat
empl
oyee’
sdisadvantage.

xv DEFENCE AND NATI

ONAL  Dealswi
ththefuncti
onsoft heZambiaDefenseForces,
SECURI
TY. theZambiaPoli
ceSer v
ice,theCor
rect
ionalSer
viceand
theZambiaSecuri
tyIntel
li
genceServi
ces.

 TheDef
enceFor
ceandnat
ional
secur
it
yser
vices

Shall
:( a)benat
ional
isti
c,patri
otic,
professional
,
di
sci
plinedandcompet ent
;(b)benon- part
isan;(c)notfurt
herthe
i
nter
estsorcauseofapar ti
cularorganisati
on;and( d)notact
agai
nstapol i
ti
cali
nter
estorcauseper mi t
tedinthisConstit
uti
on
orasprescri
bed.

 Thegui
dingpr
inci
plesofpubl
i
cfi
nancei
ncl
udet
he
xv
i PUBLI
C FI
NANCE AND
BUDGET. f
oll
owi
ng:
(a)t
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
ityi
nthe
dev
elopment

orf
ormul
ationofmacro-economi
cframewor
ks,socioeconomic
pl
ansandt ;(
hebudget b)promoti
onofapubli
cfinancesystem.

xv
ii CENTRALBANK.  Thef
unct
ionsoft
heBankofZambi
aar
eto:

(a)issuethecurr
encyoft c;(
heRepubl
i b)deter
mi nemonetar
y
pol
icy;and (
c)regul
atebanki
ngandfinanci
alser
vices,
banks,

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 Fi
nanci
alandnon-
banki
ngi
nst
it
uti
ons,
aspr
escr
ibed

 Acommi ssi
onshall:(
a)besubj ectonlytothis
SERVI
CES, COMMI SSI
ONS Consti
tutionand
xv
ii
i AND OTHER I
NDEPENDENT
OFFI
CERS. thelaw; (
b)bei ndependentandnotbesubj ecttothecontrolofa
per
sonoranaut hor i
tyi
ntheper for
manceofi tsfuncti
ons;(c)act
wit
hdi gni
ty,pr
of essi
onali
sm, propr
iet
yandi ntegri
ty(
;d)benon-
par
tisan;and (e)bei mpart
ialintheexerci
seofi t
saut hor
it
y

 Landshal
lbehel
d,usedandmanagedi
naccor
dancewi
th
the
LAND, ENVI
RONMENT AND
xi
x NATURALRESOURCES. foll
owingpr i
nciples:(a)equi t
ableaccesst ol andandassoci at
ed
resources;(b)secur i
tyoft enuref orlawfullandhol ders;(c)
recogniti
onofindi genouscul tural r
it
es;(d)sust ainableuseof
and (
l e)t r
anspar ent,effecti
veandef fi
cientadmi ni
strat
ionof
l
and; (
f)effecti
veandef fici
entset tl
ementofl anddi sput (
es;g)
ri
verfrontages,islands,lakeshor esandecol ogicall
yaswel las
cult
urall
ysensitivear eas.

 Theoffi
ciall
anguageofZambi aisEngli
sh.
(i
) Al anguage, ot
herthanEngli
sh,maybeusedasa
medi um ofi
nstruct
ionineducat
ionali
nstit
utionsor
forlegi
slat
ive,
admi ni
str
ati
veorjudi
cialpurposes,as
xx GENERALPROVI
SIONS. prescri
bed.

(
ii
) TheStateshal
lrespect
,pr
omoteandprot
ectt
he
di
ver
sityofthel
anguagesoft
hepeopleofZambi
a.

NOTE:
Thi
sconst
it
uti
onhas20par
tsorsect
ions.

HI
STORYOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESSI
NZAMBI
A

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  WhenZambi agoti ndependenceon24th Oct
ober,1964,itinheri
tedt heNor t
hern
Rhodesiaself-gover
nmentconst it
uti
onof1963.
 Thepr ovi
sionsi nthatconst i
tuti
onweremeantt osafeguar dthei nt
erest
sof
whit
eset t
lers.
 Theref
ore,si nce 1964 to 2016,Zambia has had five Constitut
ionalRev iew
Commi ssi
ons( CRCs)withtheviewofimprovi
ngitsconsti
tuti
on.

CONSTITUTIONREVIEW COMMI SSIONSINZAMBIASI

NCEINDEPENDENCE
 TheConst i
tut
ionalRev
iew Commissi
onsi
nZambiaar
eusuall
ynamedaf
tert
he
chai
rper
sonsofthecommission.

1.CHONACONSTI TUTI ONREVI EW COMMI SSIONOF1972

 Thiswast hefirstConst ituti
onalRev iew Commi ssionandi trecommendedt he
establi
shmentofaOnePar tySt at
e.
 Thismeantt hatal lotherpol it
icalparti
eswer ebannedandnotal l
owedtoexist
exceptUNI P(Uni tedNat ionalIndependencePar t
y )whichPresidentKaundawas
heading.Itbecamei l
legal t
of orm anyotherpolit
ical par
ty.
 Thisrecommendat i
onwasadopt edi n1973andt hiswast hebeginni
ngoft he
SecondRepubl ic.
 Aconst it
utionthatout l
aws( banns)t heformationofpol i
ti
calparti
esdoesnot
encourage f r
ee el ectoralpar tici
pation and infringes on peopler i
ghts and
fr
eedomssuchasFr eedom ofAssoci ati
on,Freedom ofConsci ence,et
c.

2.MVUNGACONSTI TUTIONREVIEW COMMI SSIONOF1991

 Thiswast hesecondConst i
tut
ionalReview Commi ssi
onanditr
ecommended
t
hatZambiashoul
drevertt
o,orreint
roducemul t
ipar
tydemocr
acy.
 Thismarkedthebegi
nningoftheThirdRepubli
c.

3.MWANAKATWECONSTI TUTI ONREVI EW COMMI SSIONSOF1995

 Thiswast hethir
dConst i
tut
ionalRevi
ew Commi ssionanditsmainamendment
totheZambi anconstit
utionwast heparent
ageofper sonscont
estingpresidency
ofZambia.
 Itrecommendedt hatonl ypersonswhosepar entswer ebothbor ni nZambi a
could be el
igibl
e( all
owed)t o stand forpresidency.As a result,the then
presi
denti
alaspir
antDr .KennethKaundawasaut omat i
cal
lydi
squalif
iedsincehis
parentswerenotbor ninZambi a.

4.MUNG’OMBACONSTI TUTI
ONREVI EW COMMI SSI
ONOF2005
Thi
sisthef ourt
hConsti
tut
ionalRev
iew Commissi
onandi
tsr
ecommendat
ions
werenotadopted.

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5.ANNELSI
LUNGWETECHNI CALCOMMI TTEEONTHECONSTI TUTIONOF
2012.
 Themember softhiscommi t
teewereappointedbyPr esi
dentMi chael
Chil
ufy
aSat ain2012, undert
heInquir
iesAct.
 Thei
rmai nterm ofref
erencewast ousethereport
sf r
om t heprevious
Consti
tuti
onalReviewCommi ssi
onstocomeupwi t
honef inal
document.
 Thei
rfinaldraf
tconstit
uti
onispartl
ywhatculminatedi nt
ot he2016
AmendedConst i
tuti
on.

6.THETECHNI CALCOMMI TTEEONTHE2016CONSTI TUTION.

 Thiswasagr oupofexper tsont heconstitut
iontaskedt ocomewi t
hthedraft
constit
utionf rom ther ecommendat i
onsoft hepr evi
ousConst itut
ionalRevi
ew
Commi ssions.
 Someoft her ecommendat i
onsinclude:
 Ther unningmat etobedi rectl
yel
ect edbythepeopl e,
[
VicePr esi
dent].
 Dual citi
zenshi p,whereaZambi ancoul dhavetwonat ional
it
ies.
 Nocr ossi ngov erofthefloor.
 Thef i
ftypl usoneper centf oronet owi nt hegener alelecti
ons.[
Presi
denti
al
el
ectionsonl y]
 Theirrecommendat i
onsledt otheenact mentoft hecur r
entAmendedZambi an
Constituti
onort heConstituti
onAmendmentActNumber2of2016.

CONSTITUTI ONMAKI NGANDADOPTI ONPROCESSES

CONSTI TUTI ONMAKI NGPROCESS
 Thi si sal egallyaccept ablepr ocesswhi chacount ryusest omakei tssupreme
l
awoft helandorconst it
ution.
 Aconst it
utioncanbemadet hroughaConst i
tuentAssembl yandConst i
tuti
onal
ReviewCommi ssion[CRC]
ACONSTI TUENTASSEMBLY
 isa bodyofr epresentativesel ected byt heirr espect i
vei nter
estgr oupst o
for
mul ate,amendoradoptaconst i
tut i
onofacount ry
 Repr esent ativesar edr awnf rom Chur ches,l earningi nsti
tuti
ons,Tr adeUnions,
theCi vilSociety,Studentbodi esandSpeci ali
nt erestgroups
ACONSTI TUTI ONALREVI EW COMMI SSI ON
 Thi si sagr oupofpeopl eappoi nt
edbyt hePr esidentt ocol l
ectv i
ewsf rom the
gener al publi
conwhatshoul dbecont ainedi nt heconst itut
ion.
 InZambi a,theEx ecutivewi ngofgov ernmenti ni t
iatesthemaki ngoftheNat i
onal
Const it
ut i
on.
 Ther epublicanpr esidentusi ng theI nqui r
iesAct sappoi nt
saConst it
uti
onal
Review Commi ssiont ocol lectv i
ewsf rom ci tizenst hroughsi tti
ngsconduct ed

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 countrywi dewer eci
ti
zensmakesubmi ssi
onsorall
yori nwri
ti
ngasgr oupsor
i
ndividuals.
 Thereafter,theConst
it
uti
onalRev
iewCommi ssi
onpr oducesadraf
tconsti
tuti
on.
The Inqui r
ies Actisal aw which gi
ves t
he presidentpowerto appointa
commi ssionofenquiry.

CONSTI
TUTI ONADOPTI ONPROCESS
 Thisisaprocessofappr
ovi
ngthecopyofadraf
tconst
it
uti
onsothati
tbecomes
anoffici
aldocument
.
 Therearet womainmethodswhichareusedtoadoptaconst
it
uti
onandt hese
are;

THROUGHPARLI AMENT
 Undert hi
smet hod,t
hedraftconstit
uti
onissubmitted t
o Parl
i
ament
,whi ch
debatesthedr
aftConst
it
uti
onbeforeadopti
ngandsendingi
ttothepr
esi
dentfor
assent(si
gni
ng).
 Zambi ausedthismet
hodfort
hef i
rstt
hreeConst
it
uti
onalRevi
ewCommissions.

THROUGHACONSTI TUENTASSEMBLY( CA)

 AConst ituentAssembl yisabodyofr epresentati
vesel ectedbyt heirrespect i
ve
i
nterestgr oupst oformul ate, amendoradoptaconst it
utionofanycount ry.
 Repr esent ativesmaybedr awnf rom churches,learninginstituti
ons, tr
adeuni ons,
civ
ilsoci et y,et c.Themosti mpor t
antthingi sthatev eryci t
izenr egar dl
essof
gender,r eligion,et hnici
ty,creed,sex,ageandbel iefsidentifi
eswi tht hei nter
ests
beingexpr essedbyamemberormember sofaConst i
tuentAssembl y.
 Thi sist hebestwayofadopt i
ngaconst i
tuti
onasi tismor erepresent ativ
et han
parli
ament .
 I ti
si ndependentandal sof reef rom cont r
oloft hegov ernmentoranyper son.
Countriesl ikeI ndia,Nami bia,Et hiopi
a,Sout h Af r
ica,Amer ica,adopt ed thei
r
constit
ut ionst hrought hispr ocess.
 Nat i
onalConst i
tuti
onalConf erence( NCC)i ssimi l
art oConst it
uentAssembl y
exceptt hatundert heNat i
onal Constit
uti
onal Conference, t
headopt i
oni sdoneby
parli
ament ,whi chcandeci deei thertoadoptorr ejectthedr aftconst i
tution.

CHARACTERISTICSOFAGOODCONSTI TUTION
 Itmustbecl earasthelanguageusedi nthedocumentmustnotbet oot
echni
cal
forordi
nar yciti
zensotherthanlawyerstounderstandandinter
pretit
.
 Mustpr otecttheRightsandf reedomsofcitizens.
 Mustcat erfort hei
nterest
sofv ari
ousgroupsi nsoci
ety.
 Mustpr otectand r espond tot he soci
al,economi c and poli
ti
calneeds of
cit
izens.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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  Mustbestabl
eandst andat estoft i
me( usef
ulov
eral ongperiodofti
me).It
mustnoteasi
lybechangedatt hepleasureofanypresi
dentwhocomesi nt
o
power.
 I
tmustbenei t
hertoor i
gidtopr eventchangenortoof lexi
bletoencour
age
tamper
ingwi
ththebasi
cprinci
ples.

I
MPORTANCEOFACONSTI TUTION
 I
talsosetsoutthecomposi tionandf unct
ionsofthewingsofgover
nment
.
 I
tensuresdemocraticgov er
nance.
 I
tgivesequalopportuni
tiesforindiv
idualdevelopment
.
 I
tisownedandguar dedbyci ti
zens.
 I
tpromotesandpr otectstheRul eofLaw.
 I
tsafeguardsthefundament alri
ghtsandf reedomsofcit
izens.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
saConst
it
uti
onRev
iewCommi
ssi
on?

2.Out
li
net
wot
hingst
hatcoul
dhappeni
faConst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andt
het
estof
t
ime.

3.Di
ff
erent
iat
eaf
lexi
bleConst
it
uti
onf
rom aRi
gidConst
it
uti
on.

4.Wi
thcl
earexampl
esdi
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofagoodConst
it
uti
on.

5.Descr
ibet
hemai
nchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heZambi
anconst
it
uti
on.

6.St
atet
hef
eat
uresofagoodconst
it
uti
on.

7.Whyi
saconst
it
uti
oni
mpor
tantt
oanat
ion?

8.compar
eandcont
rastwr
it
tenandunwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
on

9..
Exampl
ewhati
smeantbyconst
it
uentAssembl
y?

10.Out
li
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ftheconst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
ime.

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GOVERNANCE
Gov
ernancei
sthewaypeopl
ear
erul
edwi
thorwi
thoutt
hei
rconsent
.

GOVERNANCEI
NPRE-
COLONI
ALZAMBI
A

 Gov er
nanceisasol
dashumani t
y.
 Al l
soci
eti
esoneart
hhav ehadatleastonef
orm ofgover
nmentoranot
her
.
 I tt
her
efor
efoll
owsthatZambianst oohadsomef or
m ofgov
ernmentint
hepr
e-
col
oni
alerawereki
ngsruledt
hekingdoms.
TYPESOFGOVERNANCESYSTEMS.

There ar
etwo t
ypesofgov
ernance sy
stemsnamel
y:Good gov
ernance and Bad
gov
ernance

1. Goodgover
nance
Meansagov er
nmentwhi
chi
slegi
ti
mat
e,compet
ent
,account
abl
e,andr
espect
s
humanri
ght
sandtherul
eofl
aw

I
MPORTANCEOFGOODGOVERNANCE

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenstoenjoyhumanr i
ghtsandf r
eedoms
 I
tmakesthegover
nmentaccount abletotheandpeopl e
 Makesgovernmentsoperat
ionst r
ansparent
 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zensenjoyequalri
ghtsandf reedomsbef or
ethel
aw.
 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenstofull
yparti
cipateinel
ectingleader
softhei
rownchoi
ce.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFGOODGOVERNANCE

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Ci
ti
zenPar
ti
cipat
ion

Allpeopletakeanacti
ver
olei
ntheaffai
rsoft
heircommuni
tyandcount
ry.Theyel
ect
thei
rleadersaswellasst
andi
ngforpubli
coff
iceandmobil
i
zingf
orsoci
alactioni
na
democr at
icway.

Respectf
orhumanr
ight
s

Al
lfor
msofhumanr
ight
sar
erecogni
zedpr
omot
edandr
espect
ede.
g.r
ightt
ovot
e.

Separ
ati
onofpower
s

Thisisthepr i
ncipl
ethatstat
esthatthethr
eemajororgansoft hegovernmentnamely
the,Legisl
ature,execut
iveand theJudici
arymustwor ki ndependentl
ybutpr ov
ide
ChecksandBal ances.Meaningeachorganofthegov ernmentshoul dshar
epower s
withotherbranchesandoperateswi
thint
heconst
it
uti
onoft hecountry.

I
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ciar
y

Thejudi
ciaryisv est
edwiththeresponsi
bil
i
tyofi nterpr
eti
ngandenforci
ngthelawfr
ee
fr
om int
erferencebyt heExecut
iveandthelegi
slature.Onceappoi
nted,t
heyshoul
dnot
beeasil
ydismi ssed.

Pol
it
icalt
oler
ance

Peoplewi t
hdi f
fer
entpol
it
icalopinionsmustbeabl etofr
eelyexpr
esst
hemsel
vesand
theiropini
onsshould ber espected.Poli
ticalvi
olenceagai
nstpeopl
ewho suppor
t
diff
erentpoli
ti
calpar
ti
esshouldnotbet ol
erated.

Account
abi
li
tyandTr
anspar
ency

Accountabi
lit
ymeanst hatleader
sshoul dbeanswer abl
et ot hepeopl
ewhoel ect
ed
them into off
ice.Tr
anspar
ence r equi
res t
hatpubli
cr esources mustbe used for
gover
nmentandcommuni t
ypr ogr
amsandact iv
iti
esi
nconsultationwi
tht
hepeople.

Regul
arf
reeandf
airel
ect
ions

Electi
ons mustbe held atagreed i
nter
val
s.Per i
odi
cf r
ee and f
airelecti
ons are
conducted.ForexampleinZambi aGener
alelect
ionsarehel
deveryfi
vey ear
s.Every
ci
t i
zenwhohasreachedthevot
ingageshouldregist
erandvot
e.Univer
salsuffr
age,or
Franchise(
ri
ghtt
ov ot
e).

Ther
uleofl
aw

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TheRuleofLawmeanst hatthosei
npowershouldrulet
hecount r
yinaccor
dancewith
theconst
itut
ionandtheotherl
awsofthecount
ry.Al
lpeoplei
nt hecount
ryaresubj
ect
tothesamel awsandshouldbehel
daccount
ableift
heybreakthem.Ruleoflawavoid
anarchyi
nsociet
y.

Exi
stenceofpol
it
icalpar
ti
es

Apoli
ti
calpartyisvol
untaryassoci
ationswaspeoplesharecommonv al
uesandwi shto
for
m analt
ernativegover
nmentoft hecountr
y.Dur
ingelectionspol
i
tical
parti
essponsor
candi
dat
esf ortheoffi
ceofthepresident,
membersofpar l
iamentandwar dcounci
lor
.

Funct
ionsofPol
it
icalpar
ti
es

 Educatepeopleont heirright
sandobli
gati
ons.
 Pointouttheshortcomi ngsofthegover
nmentinpower
 Provi
dealternat
ivepr ogram t
hroughmanif
estos
 Provi
dechecksandbal ances
 Facil
it
atepeacefultransferofpowerf
rom onepoli
ti
cal
par
tyt
oanot
her

Exi
stenceofci
vi
lSoci
ety

Civi
lsoci
etyneedtoexistast heyprovi
dechecksandbalancesincetheyarenon-
mil
it
ary
,non-gov
ernment
alorganizat
ionsandi
ndivi
dualwhomakei tthei
rbusi
nesst
o
pr
omoteanddefendbasi
cideal
sofgoodgov er
nanceoutsi
degover
nment .

Fai
rness

Thegov ernmentshouldmakesur et hatnoonei sexcl

udedfr
om accesst oanypublic
ser
viceforanyreasonse.g.r
ace,colourcreed,
genderandment alorphysi
caldi
sabil
it
y.
Governmentworkersshouldberecruitedandpromotedopenl
yonmer itandtheyshoul
d
car
ryoutthefuncti
onsofthegovernmenti mparti
all
y.

Hel
pfulandcar
ing

Gov er
nmentshoul
dbehel pf
ulandt akecareofthei
nter
est
soft hecit
izensbot hat
homeandabroad.Publ
i
cser vi
cesshouldbetreat
edwi
thcour
tesyandsur ethatpubl
ic
serv
antsare pr
oper
lytr
ained in publ
icrel
ati
onswit
h cl
ear
lydefined standar
dsof
behavi
or.

BADGOVERNANCE

 Bad Governance i
s a gover
nmentwhi ch i
s notl
egi
timate,compet ent,and
account
ableanddoesnotrespecthumanri
ghtsandt
heruleoflaw.
 Iti
sagov er
nmentwhichrul
esagainstt
hewishesoft
hepeople.E.g.di
ctat
orshi
p.

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CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBADGOVERNANCE

Rest
rict
ion on Pol
it
icalpart
ies Peopl
e ar
ef orced t
ovot
ef orcer
tai
n candi
dates
wheneverelect
ionsareheld.Oppositi
onpart
iesarenotal
lowedtoexistorstr
ictl
y
cont
roll
edbythegovernment

Lackofsepar
ati
onofpower
s

Thethreeorgansofthegov ernmentdonotwor
ki ndependentsuchastheoper
ati
onsof
theJudici
aryandthelegi
slatureshoul
dnotbei
nterfer
edbyt heexecut
ive.

Lackofpr
essf
reedom

Thepressiscontr
olledbythegov
ernmentandoft
enrepor
tfav
orabl
yongov
ernment
pol
i
cies.Opposi
ngviewisnotal
l
owedinpubl
icmedi
a.

Vi
olat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s

Thereisnorespectf
orHumanr ight
s.Peopl
ewhoopposet
hegov
ernmentcanbe
tor
tur
edanddetai
nedwit
houtt
ri
alorcanbeki
ll
ed

Judi
ciar
ynoti
ndependent

TheJudiciar
yisnotindependentfr
om t
heExecutiv
eandt
hel
egi
slat
ure.Ther
eisl
i
ttl
e
respectf
ortherul
eoflawandt her
eisnofai
rtr
ial
.

Ar
bit
rar
yar
rest
s

Ther
earearbi
trar
yarr
est
sofsuspect
eddi
ssi
dent
swhoar
ecr
it
icaloft
hegov
ernment
.
Thesecr
etpol
icespi
esontheci
ti
zens

Lackoff
reedom ofassoci
ati
onandAssembl
y

Volunt
aryassoci
ati
onssuchascivi
lsoci
eti
esdonotoper
atef
reel
y.Thosewhi
chdonot
confor
mt ogover
nmentpoli
ciescanbebanned

Negl
ectofpubl
icwel
far
e

Gover
nmentLeadersdonotcareforthewelf
areoft
hepeopl
e.Ther
eiscor
rupt
ion,
Nepot
ism andot
herf
ormsofabuseofoff
ice

Useoff
orce

Thegover
nmentusesfor
cetoremaininpowerandot
hermet
hodssuchasconst
it
uti
on
amendmentsandpost
ponementofelect
iondat
es

I
rr
egul
arandUnf
airel
ect
ions

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El
ect
ionsar
enothel
dregul
arl
y.I
fhel
dtheyar
enotf
reeandf
air
.Ther
eisv
oter
iggi
ng

LackofCiti
zenParti
cipat
ionThegovernmentdecidesforthepeople.Peopl
ebecome
serv
antsi
nsteadofmastersoft
hegovernment.Thegovernmentclai
mst oknowwhati
s
goodfort
hepeople.Peopl
earerar
elyconsul
tedandthei
rconcernsareofteni
gnor
ed

El
ect
oralsy
stems

Electoralsystemsar
emet
hodst
hroughwhi
cht
hegov
ernedchooset
hei
rleader
sor
representat
ives

TYPESOFELECTORALSYSTEMS

SI
NGLEMEMBERPLURALI
TYSYSTEM (
SMPS)ORFI
RSTPASTTHEPOST(
FPTP)

Itiscommonl yknownasWi nnerTakesall

.Int
hissystem thecount
ryi
sdivi
dedinto
elect
oralconst
it
uenci
es.Anycandi
datewhogetsthehighestnumberofv
oteswinsthe
elect
ionevenift
hecandidat
egetst
hev ot
eabovetheother

Di
sadv
ant
age

Thecandi
dat
ecanber eject
edbymostoft
heel
ect
orat
ebutst
il
lmanaget
owi
n
anel
ecti
onbyminor
it
yv otes

SI
NGLEMEMBERMAJORI
TARI
ANSYSTEM (
SMMS)

 The winnerofan elect

ion mustwin an absol
ute maj
ori
tyofvot
es i
nt he
const
it
uency .Thi
smeansthatacandi
dat
eshouldwinover50%oft
hevot
escast
i
nanelection.

 Wherethecandi
datefai
l
stoget50pl
usoneper
cent
,thet
wot
opcandi
dat
es
shoul
dgoforanEl
ecti
onRe-
run

PROPORTI
ONREPRESENTATI ONSYSTEM ( PRS)
 I
nthissystem r
epresent
ati
vestothel
egi
slat
urear
echosenaccor
dingt
o
par
tyregi
onaloret
hnicPropor
ti
ons.

 ThemostcommonPr oport
ionalRepresentat
ionsystem isthepar t
yli
st
syst
em ( PLS). Thewhol ecount ryformsasi ngl
econst i
tuency.Aft
er
el
ections parl
i
amentaryseat s ar
e shared among t he poli
ti
calparti
es
according t
ot heproporti
on of( per
centage)oft otalvotest heyhave
scored.

 ForI
nst
anceI
fPar
tAwon42per
centoft
hev
otescastt
hen42%oft
he

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 seat
swi
llgot
opart
yeachpartynominatesMembersofpar
li
amentf
rom
amongi
tsmember
storepr
esenti
nthelegisl
atur
e.

 Thel
eaderofthepar
tywhichget
sthehi
ghestpr
opor
ti
onofseat
sint
he
l
egi
slat
uref
ormsgovernment
.

Di
sadv
ant
age

Themember sofparl
i
amentarenotanswer
abl
etot
heel
ect
orat
ebutt
othei
r
pol
i
tical
par
ti
eswhichnomi
nat
edthem.

MI
XEDMEMBERPROPORTI
ONALI
TYSYSTEM

Thisi s a combinati
on ofFirstPastt he Post(FTP)and t
he Proporti
onal
Representat
ionSystem.Thissystem al
l
owsf orsomemembersofparl
iamentto
be elect
ed through the FPTP syst
em whil
e other
s occupyl
egi
slat
ive seat
s
thr
ought hepartyLi
stSystem

ELECTI
ONS

I
MPORTANCEOFELECTI
ON

 Obligecandi
datest oexplai
ntociti
zenswhytheyshouldbeel
ect
ed
 Theymakepol it
icalpart
iesaccountabl
etothepeople
 Prov i
deamechani sm ofpeacefult
ransf
erofpower
 Offerregul
aropportuni
tiesforpeopl
etochangegovernment
 Prov i
dethepeaceandst abil
it
ynecessaryf
ordevel
opment

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFELECTI
ONSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE

Per
iodi
c
Thi
smeanst
hatel
ect
ionsshoul
dbehel
datpr
escr
ibedi
nter
val
s

Compet i
ti
ve
Elect
ions musttake pl
ace in a conduci
ve pol
i
ticalenv
ironmentwher
e al
l
candidat
escancompetefreel
yandfair
ly

Incl
usi
ve
Thedef i
nit
ionoftheeli
gibl
evot
ermustbebr
oadenought
oincl
udeal
arge
propor
ti
onofadultpopul
ati
on

Decisiv
eDemocr at
icel
ect
ionsdet
erminetheleadershi
0pofgov
ernment
.The
winningcandi
dat
eorshoul
dnotbeprev
entedfr
om takingof
fi
ce

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THEZAMBI
ANELECTORALSYSTEM

The 2016 amended const it

uti
on of Zambi a pr escribes the Singl
e member
majori
tari
ansy stem (SMMS) .Thisimpli
est hatt heSi ngleMemberMaj or
itari
an
System [Fif
typlusone]i sonlyappli
cableatPr esidenti
alel ecti
onandt heSi ngl
e
MemberPl ural
ity Sy
stem applicabl
ei n al
lt he ot herel ecti
ons.The Electoral
Commi ssionofZambi a(ECZ)conduct
selecti
onsi nZambi a

TheEl
ect
oralcodeofConducti
nst
rumentnumber90of2006

Theelect
oralcodeofconductof2006i sasetofrulesandpr inci
plesthatregul
ates
theconductofallst
akeordersbefore,dur
ingandafterelecti
ons.Thecodedoesnot
all
ow anyform ofinti
midati
onv i
olence,bri
bery,v
otebuy ingcorrupti
onandof f
ice
i
nducementasmeansofwi nningelecti
ons.Thecodeal sodoesnotal l
owt heuseof
gover
nmentf aci
l
iti
esandtranspor
tf orcampaignpurpose.

TYPESOFELECTI
ONSI
NZAMBI
A

1.Primar
yElecti
ons
Thesearehel
dwhenev erdemocrat
icpoli
ti
calpart
ieswanttochoosecandi
dat
est
o
st
andinpresi
denti
al,
Parl
iament
aryandlocalgover
nmentelect
ions

2.Pr
esidenti
al,
Parl
iamentar
yandlocalGovernmentElecti
ons
 ThesearealsoknownasGener alortr
ipart
it
eElecti
ons.Theyar
ehel
deveryfi
ve
yearstoelectthepresi
dent,member sofparl
iamentandwar dcounci
lor
sas
sti
pulat
edintheZambianconst
itut
ion

 Tost andinthepr esi

denti
alel
ecti
ons,thecandidatemustbesponsor edbya
pol
it
icalpart
y.Intheparl
iament
aryandlocalgov
er nmentelect
ionst
hecandi
dat
e
caneitherbesponsoredbythepar
tyorstandasani ndependent

3.ByElecti
ons
Byelect
ionsareheldwhenacounsel
ororMemberofPar
li
amentorthepresi
dent
di
es,orresignsf
rom thepar
tyori
sexpel
ledf
rom t
hepar
tyorsixi
mprisonedfor
morethansixmonths

VOTERSRI
GHTSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE

 Seekinfor
mat i
onfreely
 Haveaccesst ovotereducati
on
 Att
endpar t
ycampai gnswithoutfear
 Expressopini
onsfreelyandpeaceful
ly
 Voteforcandidat
esoft hei
rchoice

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  Vot
einsecr ecy
 Vot
ewi thoutint
imidati
onorf ear
 Beassistedifonehasadi sabil
it
y
 Complainaboutirregul
ari
ti
es
 Beexcusedf rom worktogoandv ot
e
 Beprotectedbylawandpol ice

ELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG(
CHEATI
NG)

 Opposit i
onparti
esar enotal l
owedt oor ganizemeet i
ngsf r
eely
 Opposit i
onpartiesar enotgi venenought imeonmedi at oexpr esst heirviews
andplans
 Member soft heopposi t
ionpar ti
esar edet ai
nedorputi npr isoni nor dert o
sil
encet hem
 Thepr essar enotf reet oex pr
essv iewsorgi veinformationt hatiscr i
ticalofthe
rul
ingpar ty
 Apar tyal l
owsi tsmember st ophy sicall
yassaul tsupportersofot herpol it
ical
parti
es
 Ther ei s no tr
anspar encyi nt he count i
ng,t ransport
ation,t r
ansmi ssion and
announcementofel ectionresult
sfrom t hepol l
ing.
 Ifv oti
ngt i
mei scutshor tinconst i
tuencies wher er uli
ngpar t yisunpopul ar
extendedwher ei ti
spopul ar
 Whenv otervot
est wi ce
 Whenacandi dat egi vesmoney ,beerandot hermat er i
alst ov oterswi ntheir
support
 Whent hepartyinpowerusesgov ernmentr esourcestocampai gn.For ,exampl e
civ
ilservantsgov ernmentv ehi
clesandmat er i
als.
 Electi
onr esult
sar eannouncedwhi l
ev otingisst il
lgoi
ngoni notherpl aces.

DANGERSOFELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG

 Theymayl eadtocostlyelecti
onpetitionandby-electi
ons.
 Peoplemayl osefait
hi ndemocr acy
 Theremaybei ncr
easedv ot
erapat hyaspeoplel oseconfidenceinelect
ions
 Thegov ernmentmayl osesuppor tofthepeople
 Stri
kesanddemonst rati
onsmaybeor ganizedt opr ot
ectagai nstthefal
se
r
esult
s
 Ifpreventedfrom formi nggover nmentthathasl osttheel ect
ionsmayuse
weaponstofightagainstthegover nment,t
herebybr ingi
ngaboutaci vil
.
 ar i
gginggovernmentmayf aceint er
nati
onalsanct i
onandi solat
ion

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THELOCALGOVERNMENTSYSTEM

Befor
eindependencein 1964 t
heBri
ti
sh col
onialAdmi
nist
rat
ion r
uled t
hecount
ry
thr
oughthecent
ralgov
ernmentandnat
iveaut
h0ri
ti
es.

Dut
iesper
for
medbyNat
iveAut
hor
it
ies

 Coll
ecti
onoftaxesli
kepollt
axandhutt
ax.
 Theyalsoissuedli
censessuchasdogli
cense,bi
cycl
eli
censeandst
orel
i
cense
tom peopl
e.

From 1964, t he Mi ni
stry of Local Gov ernment became r esponsible for t
he
admi ni
str
ati
onofalllocalauthori
ti
esi nthecount r
ywhichincludedchi ef
sappoi nt
edby
theMi ni
sterofLocalGov ernment.Thesecounci l
swer etopr ovi
deal i
mitedrangeof
basicessenti
alservi
ce.In1965,thel ocalgovernmentactnumber69wasamendedt o
establi
shabasicall
yuniform patt
ernofl ocalauthori
ti
esthroughoutZambi a.Undert
he
Act,ther
ewer eci
tycouncil
s, Muni
cipalcouncilsTowncounci l
sandr uralcouncil
s.

I
n1980,thelocalgov
ernmentDecent
ral
i
zat
ionactwasenact
ed.UNI
Passumedf
ull
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Reasonsf
ordecent
ral
izat
ion

 reducedelay
sasthemostdecisi
onscoul dbemadeont hespott
oheadquart
ers
 Makepl ansandprogr
amsmor erelevantt
olocalneedsandcondit
ions
 I
mpr ovecoordi
nat
ionbet
weendi f
ferentgover
nmentagenciesinanarea
 Reducet heburden on senorstaffatnat i
onallevelso astoi mprov
et hei
r
perfor
mance

Thecomposi
ti
onofDi
str
ictcounci
ls

 Di
str
ictgov ernor-chair
person
 Di
str
ictpoliti
cal secr
etary
 Di
str
ictwomen’ schairperson
 Twotrustees
 Wardcounci l
or sMember sofpar li
amentfrom areas
 Onerepresent ati
veofchiefselectedbychiefsinthedi
str
ict
 Onerepresent ati
vefrom eachoft hesecur
ityforces
 Onerepresent ati
vefrom eachTr adeUnion

TheDi
str
ictcounci
lAdmi
nist
rat
ionwasheadedbyt
hedi
str
ictexecut
ivesecr
etar
yand

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support
ed bynine secret
ari
es.These were secretari
esforpol
it
ical
,admini
str
ati
on
Social
Securi
ty,
finance,
anddevel
opment,commer cial,
legal
andi
ndustr
ial
aff
air
s

I
n1991,thedecentral
izati
onActwasamended.ThenewActi ntr
oducedt hr
eet y
pesof
l
ocalcouncil
snamelyci t
y,Municipal
,andDistr
ictcouncil
s.Thissystem hascontinued
uptodate.TheMMDgov er
nmentwant edtogivemor eautonomyt ocounci l
ssot hat
ther
ewasl essdependenceoncent r
algover
nmentf orfunds.Ital
somadecounci lsto
operat
efr
eelyfr
om polit
icali
nter
ferencesi
nceallcounci
lorswereelectedbythepeople.

Thecur
rentcomposi
ti
onofl
ocalcounci
ls

 May oroft hecounci l

 Deput ymay ororDeput ycouncil
;chai
rperson
 War dcounci lors
 Areamemberofpar l
iament
 3chief srepresentati
ve
 1repr esentativ
ef r
om t heLaborMov ement
 Thet owncl erkort hedistri
ctSecret
ary(Exof f
icialmembers)
MayorsandTowncl erksaref oundincit
yandmuni cipalcounci
l
s,whereaschai
rpersons
anddist
rictSecr etari
esar ef oundinDi st
ri
ctcounci ls.Theadmi ni
str
ati
vestr
uctureis
headedbythet owncl er
kort heDistr
ictCouncilSecretary.

 TheMayororCouncilChair
per
sonisdir
ectl
yappointedbytheci
ti
zensofa
par
ti
cul
arcounci
lboundar
yandnott
hecounci
lor
s,asitwasi
nthepast
.

He/shear
eassi
stedbyDi
rect
orssuchas:
-

 Di
rect
orheal
th
 Di
rect
orfi
nance
 Di
rect
orengi
neeri
ng
 Di
rect
orwork

Funct
ionsoft
hel
ocalcounci
l

 Provi
decl eanandsaf ewater
 Provi
deaccommodat i
onandplotsf
ordevel
opment
 Maintainingtheenvir
onmentawardingtr
adi
ngl
icensest
opeopl
e
 Provi
dest r
eetli
ghti
ng
 Maintainingstreet
sandroads
 Maintaininggraveyards
 Contr
ol l
ingliv
estockmov ement
 Constructingandmai nt
aini
ngmarkets

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  Townpl anning
 Sewagedi sposal
 Provi
dingrecreat
ionfaci
li
ti
essuchasswi mmingpoolsandparks
 Provi
dingpublicheal
thfacil
i
tiesandcont
rol
ofepidemicssuchaschol
era
 Provi
dingeducationf
acili
ti
essuchasschools
 Coll
ecti
ngl evi
es
 Makingbyl aws

ROLETRADI TIONALLEADERSI NGOVERNANCE

Queens,Kings,chi
efs,Vil
lageheadsandel dersaret
hepeoplewhoar ereferr
edt oas
Tradi
ti
onalLeaders.Duri
ngt hecolonialera( 1890-
1964)thecoloni
alpowerr ecognized
theimport
anceofi nvolv
ingt r
adit
ionalleader singover
nance.Brit
ainadoptedapol i
cy
knownasi ndi
rectrulewhi chmeantgov erningthepeoplethrought hei
rt r
adit
ional
str
uctur
es.

HouseofChi ef
s
Thehouseconsi stsof50chief
s,5chiefsf
rom eachoft
hetenpr
ovinces.Theter
m of
offi
cefortheel
ectedchi ef
sist
hreeyear
sbutamembercanbere-el
ectedforasecond
term.Thehouseel ectsachair
personandthev i
cewhotakeanoat hofal l
egi
ance
(Loyal
tytothepresident
).

Funct
ionsofthehouseofchi efs
 Todiscussanybi l
laffectingcustomsandt radi
ti
onsofpeopl
ebeforesuchbi l
lis
int
roducedintheNat i
onal Assembly.
 Toinit
iat
ediscussionsandpassdeci si
onsonmat ter
sconcer
ningcustomar yl
aw
andcustoms.
 Todiscussanddeci deonanymat t
ersr
eferr
edtothehousebythepresident.
 Tosubmi tther esolutionsoft hehouset ot hepresi
dent
,whowoul di ntur
n
submitthem t
ot heNat ionalAssemblyforconsi
derat
ion

SHORTCOMI NGSOFTHEHOUSEOFCHI EFS

 Thehouseofchi efshasbeencrit
ici
zedasamerecostl
ytal
kingshopbecausei
t
pl
ayani nsi
gnif
icantadvi
soryroleandithasnor ealinf
luenceonissuesof
devel
opmentandgov er
nance
 The1996amendedconst i
tut
ionofZambiaofdoesnotallow chi
efst
oj oi
na
pol
iti
cal
part
yort ocont
estanelecti
on

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SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Di
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofbadgov
ernance.

2.Def
inegov
ernance.

3.Out
li
net
hef
eat
uresofgoodgov
ernance?

4.Descr
ibet
hedi
ff
erentel
ect
oral
syst
ems.

5.Whatcanhappenel
ement
sofgoodgov
ernancear
enotobser
ved?

6.Descr
ibet
heel
ect
oral
syst
em usedi
nZambi
a.

7.Gi
veex
ampl
eofel
ect
ionr
iggi
ngi
nZambi
a.

7.Expl
ainwi
thpr
act
ical
exampl
est
hemaj
orr
oleofl
ocal
counci
li
nZambi
a.

8.Out
li
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ftheconst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
ime.

9.Di
ff
erent
iat
egoodgov
ernancef
rom badgov
ernance.

10.St
atet
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofel
ect
ionsi
ngoodgov
ernance.

CI
TIZENSHI
P
Aci
ti
zeni
samemberofst
atewhoenj
oysal
lther
ight
sandpr
ivi
l
egesgr
ant
edbyi
t.

Ci
ti
zenshipistherelat
ionshi
pbet
weenthestat
eandanindi
vi
duali
nwhichanindi
vi
dual
owesall
egiancetothestateandi
ntur
nrecei
vesst
atepr
otect
ionf
rom t
hestat
e.

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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Thei
deaofci
ti
zenshi
por
igi
nat
edf
rom Gr
eece

LEGALANDMORALASPECTSOFCI
TIZENSHI
P

LegalAspects
Aciti
zenisrecognizedbylawandhi sorherr
ight
sareenshr
inedinthel
awsofthel
and.
Ever
yciti
zenhast heprotect
ionofthestat
ewhetherhomeorabroad.Aci
ti
zenwhofai
ls
tocomplywiththelegalaspectsofci
ti
zenshi
pisli
abl
eforpr
osecuti
on.

MoralAspect s
TheMor alaspect sofciti
zenshi
packnowl edgethev al
ueofsel f-
disci
pli
neandsel f
-
contr
ol.Amor all
yupr i
ghtcit
izenhasasenseofr esponsibi
l
itytofulfi
l
lallhisorher
obli
gati
onst othest ateandt hevari
oussocialgroupst hathe/shebelongs.He/sheis
notonlyresponsibletohisorherfamil
ybutalsotohi sorhercommuni tyandthestat
e.
Ali
en
AnAl i
eni sper sonl i
vi
ngi nacount rywhichisnothi sorherown.Anal i
enowes
al
legi
ancet oanot her
.Ali
ensenjoycivi
lbutnotpol
iti
calr i
ght
s.Analienmaybedepor ted
fr
om thehostst ateformisconductorcommi t
ti
ngaser iouscri
me.

KINDSOFCI TIZENSHIP
Naturalcit
izenshi
p:Thisisciti
zenshipregulatedorcontr
oll
edbytheRuleorpr i
nci
ples
ofJusSol iandJusSanguinis.
 Rul eofJusSanguinis-bl
oodr el
ati
onanddescentdeci desci
ti
zenship.
 r ul
eofJusSol ici
ti
zenshipisacquiredont hebasi
sofplaceofbir
th
Ther ul
eofJusSangui nisisorderthanthatofJusSol iandmanycount ri
esfol
lowthis
pri
ncipl
e.egZambi a.Butcountr
iesli
keAmer icaandBrit
ainfol
lowthepri
ncipl
esofJus
soli
.

Naturali
zedCiti
zenshi
p:Thisisat ypeofciti
zenshi
pacquiredbyanal
ienoraforei
gner
af
terapplyingandmeet i
ngtheprescri
bedconditi
ons.Therearet
wotypesofnat
ural
ized
ci
ti
zenship namel y: Complete Nat ur
ali
zed Ci t
izenshi
p and Parti
al Nat
ural
ized
Ci
tizenship.
AforeignermayacquireCit
izenshi
pofahostcount ry.

PRESCRIBEDCONDI TI
ONSFORONETOACQUI RENATURALIZEDCITIZENSHI P
Rul
eofresidence:
Thisstat
ethatafor
eigneri
srequi
redt
oli
veinthehostcount
ryforunint
err
upt
ed
minimum peri
odofr esi
dencebywhichaforei
gnerbecomesel i
gibl
eapplyfor

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 citi
zenshi pi steny ears.
Thepr i
nci pl eofdecl arati
ononapr escr i
bedform:Thi srequiresafor
eignertofil
l
i
npr escr i
bedappl i
cationfor msandpr ovi
denecessar ydocument sdeclari
nghis
orheri nt ent i
onofappl yi
ngf orcitizenshi p.
Renunci ationofpr eviousci ti
zenshi p:Thi srequi
r esanapplicanttogi
veuphi sor
herpr ev iousci t
izenshipandt akeanoat hofallegiancetot hecountr
yofwhi ch
onei ntendst o
Mar ri
age:Aspousecanacqui reci t
izenshipofawi f
eorhusband.Thi srequir
es
onet or enouncet hepr evi
ousci tizenshi p.Howev er,onecanoptt omaintai
nhisor
nat ural citizenshi pevenwhenl i
vingi naspouse’ snat i
on.
Nat uralizat ioncanbepar ti
al orcompl ete.
Whenaf or eignerobtainsthef ullshar eofenj oy
mentoft her i
ght
sandpr iv
il
eges
oft hatofanat uralciti
zen ofhi sorheradopt i
vecount ryand thereisno
discr iminat i
onofanysor t
,Nat uralizati
oni ssaidtobecompl ete.
Ifther ei sdi f
ferenti
ationinenj oymentofr i
ghtsandpr ivi
l
egesbet weenthenatural
citi
zenandnat urali
zedci t
izenwecal lthatasPar tial
.

QUALI FI
CATI ONSFORZAMBI ANCI TIZENSHI P
Art
icl
e4, 5and6st i
pul
atest hef ollowingcondi ti
onsf oronet obeaci ti
zen:
Arti
cle4.
(i
) A per son who st ay ed i n Zambi a befor et he commencementoft hi
s
consti
tut i
on.
(i
i
) Any per son,who was ent i
tled t o ci ti
zenshi p ofZambi a bef
oret he
commencementoft his const itut i
on subj ectt ot he performance ofany
conditi
onsf ol
lowingt hehappeni ngofaf utur eev ent,shal
lbecomeaci ti
zen
uponper f
ormanceofsuchcondi tions.
Arti
cle5.
A per son born or out side Zambi a af tert he commencementof t hi
s
consti
tut i
onshalecomeaci t
izenofZambi a.
Arti
cle6
Anyper sonwho: -
(a)Hasat tai
nedt heaget went yoney earsand
(b)Hasbeenr esidenti nZambi af oracont inuousper iodofnotl essthanten
year scanapplyandber egisteredasaZambi anCi ti
zen
Specialgroups
 Ref ugest hesear epeopl ewhocamet oseekf reedom andsaf etywithi
nher/his
oroutsidecount r
ybecauseofdi ffer
entr easons.
 Per sons wi t
h disabili
ties.The gov ernmentshoul di nstit
ute measur es t
hat
enablesper sonswithdi sabi l
iti
est oleadanor mal l
if
e
 Theagedpeopl eov ersixt yy earsneedspeci alcar e,loveandsecur i
tyastheyare
seniorcit
izen.

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  Unemploy edyouthsthegover
nmentshouldputi nt
rai
ningfaci
li
ti
eswhi
chsothat
youthsareprovi
dedwi t
hnecessar
yskil
ls.
 OrphansThegov ernmentshouldoff
ersocialsecur
it
yallev
iat
etothesuf
fer
ingof
thesepeople.

SymboloftheZambi anCiti
zenship
TheGreenNationalRegistr
ationisthesymbolofZambi
anci
ti
zenship.Thi
sisi
ssuedby
theNati
onalRegist
rati
onofficeundertheMini
str
yofHomeAffai
rs.TheMinimalagef
or
toacqui
retheNRCs16y ears.

LOSSOFCI TIZEN
 Acqui sitionofnewci ti
zenshipofanot hercount rybynat ur
alizedcitizen;
 Deser tingf rom Mi l
itar
yser vicebyanat ur
alizedciti
zenwhencal l
eduponbyt he
state;
 Commi tti
ng a ser i
ous cr i
me orengagi ng i n unacceptabl e act i
vit
ies by a
naturalizedci ti
zen
Insomecount ri
es, apersoncanal soloset hest atusofbei ngaci tizenifone
 Accept sfor ei
gndecor ati
onsoft i
tles
 I scont inuousl yabsentfrom t hehomest atef oralongper i
odoft i
me
 Takesupempl oymentundert hef oreigngov ernment
 Get sMar r
ied( woman)t oaf or
eignersuchasaper sonacqui r
est heci ti
zenship
oft hehusband.
Anat urali
zedci ti
zencanl oseci t
izenshipi ft hatper sonisexpelledf rom t hecount r
yof
residencybyt hest ate.Thiskindofexpul sioni sknownasFor cedRepat riation.Howev er,
i
ft henat uralizedci t i
zenwishest or everttohi sorhernat uralcit
izenshipandgoesback
tot hecount ryofor igin,t
hisisknownasVol unt ar
yr epatr
iati
on.

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODCI TIZEN
 Livi
ngupt odemocr ati
cpr i
nci
ples:Thisr equi
resthewi l
li
ngnesst oparti
cipatein
theaffair
soft hestatesuchasexer ci
singt heri
ghttovote
 Contri
but i
ont oNationalDevelopment: Thisi
sthereadinesstorenderev erykind
ofservicetothenat i
on
 Self-
control:Thisistheabili
tytocont roloneselfandrespectot hersinor derto
avoidconf l
i
cts.
 Conscience:Thi si st he sense ofr esponsibil
it
y and service towards t he
communi t
y.
 Courage:Thi sisthestrengthtostandupf oronesconv ict
ionswhenconsci ence
demandsi t
.
 Respectf orthelaw:Thisisthewi l
li
ngnesst owor kthr
oughpeacef ullegalmeans
tochangeunj ustlaws.
 Perseverance:Thi sist hewilli
ngnesst owor kunderdi ff
icul
tcircumstancesi n

CI
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 ordertoaccompl i
shwor t
hwhil
egoal
s
 Empat hy:Havingconcernorcompassionfort
hewell-
bei
ngofother
sespeci
all
y
thev ul
nerabl
einsociety.
 Patriot
ism:Thisinvolvesasenseofloveandloy
alt
ytothestat
e byobserv
ing
valuesandprinci
ples’ofone’
scount
ry

DUTI ESANDRESPONSI BI
LITIESOFACI TIZEN
 Bepat ri
oti
candl oyaltoZambi aandpr omot eit
swel l
-bei
ng;
 To cont r
ibutet ot he well-
being oft he communi tywherethatci
ti
zen li
ves
i
ncludingobser vanceofheal thcont rol;
 Promot edemocr acyandt heruleofl aw
 FosternationalDev elopment ;
 Votei nnati
onal unityandliveinhar monywi thother
s
 Votei nNationalandl ocalgover nmentel ecti
ons;
 Providedef enseandmi l
it
aryser vi
cewhencal ledupon;carr
youtwi
thdisci
pli
ne
andhonest yl egalpublicfunctions
 Payal lt
axesandduesl egall
yduet ot hest at
e
 Assistintheenf orcementoft hel awatal ltimes

PERSONALRESPONSIBI LI
TIES
 Taki
ngcareofonesel f
 Support
ingonesf amil
y
 Adheri
ngtomor als,pr
inci
plesandval
uesofone’
ssoci
ety
 Respect
ingtherightsandinter
est
sofother
s

CI
VICRESPONSI BILITI
ES
 Obey i
ngt helaw
 Payingtaxes
 Respectingt heri
ghtsofot hers
 Beingconcer nedaboutpubl i
cissues
 Parti
cipatinginci
vicact i
vi
tiessuchasv oti
ng
 Performingpublicservice
 Observ i
ngandmai nt
ainingt hesecur
ityofthenat
ion

OBSTACLETOGOODCI TIZENSHI P
 I ndiff
erence:WhenCi t
izensar eindif
fer
entt otheirri
ghtsanddutiesandar etoo
concer nedwi ththeirper sonal saf
etyandsecur i
ty,democracycannott
hrive.
 Sel fI nterest:an i ndividualwho i smot i
v ated bysel f
-i
nter
est avoidspubl i
c
responsi bil
it
iesorsi mpl yignoresthegeneralwelfareofhisorhersoci
ety
 Al legiancet opol iticalPar ti
es:A badci t
izeni sonet hatputstheinterestof
apolit
ical partyhe/shei saf f
il
iatedtoabovenat i
onal i
nter
ests.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Pov erty:Apov ertyst r
ickenci t
izenisnoti nt
erest edinnational affair
s.
 Ignor ance:Ani nformedori gnorantper sonof tenf ail
stodi fferentiatebet ween
wr ongandr ight.
 Def ect sintheel ectoralsy stem:I flargesect i
onsofsoci etyareunr epresentedin
elect oralsystem,t hi
scanmaket hem l oseinteresti ntheaffai r
soft hestat eas
theymaynotf eel asenseofbel onging
 Repor tsofCor ruptioni nt heMedi a:Pr i
ntandel ectr
onicMedi asuchast he
newspaper s,r adi ot elevi
sion,i nter
netmayt wistt het r
uthandmi sinfor
mt he
publ ictosuchanext entt heci t
izensar enotabl et oaccessi ssuescor rectlyand
knowl edgably.
 Thecompl exofoursoci ety;I
nmanycasesi ndiv i
dualstoadybel ongt ov ari
ous
typesofci t
izenshi psuchasChr i
sti
an,LocalNat ionalEcocitizenshi pandgl obal
Citizenship.I tmaybedi ffi
cultyt ohar moni zei nterestofoneci ti
zenshipwi t
h
thoseofanot herf orexampl eEco-ci tizenshipwi thChr i
sti
ancitizenshi p.

WAYSOFPROMOTI NGGOODCI TIZENSHI P

Admi ni
strat
iveimpr ovement
 Thereshouldber estructuringofpol i
ti
calandsocialinsti
tut
ionstokeeppace
withthetimesandwi shesofci ti
zens.
 Shorttenureofof f
icef orelectedof fi
cerswilll
eadtofrequentelect
ionst
hatwi
l
l
bri
ngaboutaccount abil
it
yi nleaders.
 Broadeningfranchi
sewhi chwi l
lincreasecit
izen’
sawarenessoft hei
rri
ght
s

Mor alremedies:
Citizensneedt obespiri
tual
lyandment al
l
ymot i
vatedforthem t
otakeanacti
ve
i
nter estinpubl
icaff
air
sthrougheducat
ionalopport
unit
ies.
Stabi l
it
yandJustice:
Establishmentofsecuri
ty,st
abi
li
tyandjusti
cewhichshouldmeasureleader
sand
theci t
izens

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

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 1.St
ateanyt
woqual
i
ficat
ionsf
orZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.

2.Namet
woki
ndsofCi
ti
zenshi
p.

3.Whatar
ethesy
mbol
sofZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p?

4.Gi
vef
ourqual
i
tiesofagoodci
ti
zen.

5.St
atet
her
ulest
hatr
egul
ateNat
ural
cit
izenshi
p.

6. Undert
her
uleofnat
ural
i
sedci
ti
zenshi
p,whatdoest
her
uleofr
esi
dentst
ate?

7.Expl
ainwhyhumanr
ight
scanbesai
dtobeuni
ver
sal
.

8.I
dent
if
ytheobst
acl
esoft
hegoodci
ti
zen.

9.Di
scusst
hequal
i
tiesofagoodci
ti
zen.

10.
Descr
ibeway
sofpr
omot
inggoodci
ti
zen.

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHUMANRI
GHTS
 Humanrightsareenti
tl
ementsthatonehasbecauseheorshei
sahumanbei
ng.
Ent
it
lementsarecl
aimsorfreedoms

 Humanright
sar
euni v
ersall
egalguar
ant
eesandfr
eedomst
hatev
eryhuman
bei
nghasandmustenj
oysimplybybei
ngahuman

 Theypr
otectindi
vidual
sorgr oupsofpeopl
efr
om act
ionst
hatmi
ghti
nter
fer
e
wit
horstoponefrom enjoy
ingthem

 Theyar
ecl
aimedf
rom t
hesoci
etyi
nwhi
chpeopl
eli
ve.

HI
STORI
CALDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANRI
GHTS.

 Humanr
ight
shav
eal
way
sexi
stedast
heyar
einher
ent
,uni
ver
sal
andi
nal
i
enabl
e

 Thismeanst hathumanr
ight
sdonotbel
ongt
oanypar
ti
cul
argr
oupofpeopl
e,
raceornat
ionali
ty.

Someoft
hedocument
sment
ioni
ngi
ndi
vi
dualhumanr
ight
sint
hepastar
e:

TheMagnaCar
taof1215.

TheChar
terofMandeof1222.

TheEngl
ishBi
llofRi
ght
sof1689.

TheFr
enchDecl
arat
ionont
heRi
ght
sofManandCi
ti
zensof1791.

TheUSConst
it
uti
onandBi
llofRi
ght
sof1791.

 TheMagnaCartawast
heear
li
estdocumenti
ntheWor
ldi
nwhi
chhumanr
ight
s
werer
ecogni
zed.

 TheChart
erofMandewast heearl
iestdocumenttooutl
i
neindi
vidualhuman
ri
ghtswhi
chwereguar
ant
eedbySoundiat
aKeit
a,Ki
ngoftheEmpir
eofMal i
,al
so
cal
ledMande.

 I
tisalsocall
edtheOathofMandeandwaspr ocl
aimedathi
sCor onat
ionasan
of
fi
cialdocumentcont
aini
ngpr
inci
plesuponwhichtheempi
reshouldberul
ed.

 Howev
er,al
lt heabov
elist
eddocumentswerenotuniv
ersali
nnatur
ebecause
t
heyoften excl
uded women,chi
ldr
en,sl
avesand personsofcert
ain soci
al,

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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 r
eli
gious,
economi
corpol
i
tical
groups.

THEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS-
1948.

 Thisis a setofprinci
ples ofwhich t
he Uni
ted Nat
ions member
s commi
t
themsel
vestoprov
ideallpeopleoft
heworldwi
thhumandignit
y.

 Thedocument ssetmi ni
mum standar
dsofhow i ndi
vi
dual
s,inst
it
uti
onsand
government
sshouldtr
eatpeopl
easwel lasaguar
anteeoffr
eedom andjust
ice
forpeopl
ethr
oughoutt
heworld.

 I
twasadoptedon10thDecember,1948bymemberst at
esoftheUni
tedNati
ons
whi
chmeantt hathow agover
nmentt r
eateditsownciti
zenswasnolongera
domest
ici
ssue,butoneofi
nter
nati
onalconcer
n.

 Howev er
,the Univ
ersalDecl
arat
ion ofHuman Ri
ghtsis notlegal
lybi
ndi
ng
becauseitisonlyadeclar
ati
on,whichmeansapronouncementwhichmaybe
eff
ectedornot.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFHUMANRI
GHTS

THEYAREI
NALI
ENABLE.

Thismeanst
hathumanright
scannotbetakenawayorsepar
atedorgi
venaway
fr
om ahumanbei
ng.(
Insepar
abl
efrom t
hehumanbeings).

THEYAREI
NDI
VISI
BLE.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
scannotbedi
vi
dedbecauseal
lri
ght
sar
eequal
l
y
i
mport
ant
.

THEYAREI
NHERENT.

Thi
smeansthathumanri
ght
sexi
sti
ndependent
lyoft
hewi
l
lofani
ndi
vi
dual
oragr
oupofpersons.

THEYAREUNI VERSAL.Thismeanst hathumanr i

ght
saret
hesameandappl yt o
al
lpeopl
eoftheworldregardl
essofrace,sex,col
our
,et
hni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,pol
i
tical
,
geogr
aphi
cal
,bel
ief
s,nati
onali
tyorsocial
stat
us.

CATEGORIESOFHUMANRI GHTS
 Int
ernat
ional
humanr
ight
shav
ebeencat
egor
izedi
nto:

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  CivilandPoliti
calrights
 Economi c,SocialandCul turalr
ights
 Collecti
verights
 Atgloballevel
,humanr ightsar eclassif
iedintothreecategor i
esaccor
dingto
thei
revoluti
onordev elopmentpr ocess,andthediff
erentcategori
esarer
efer
red
toas‘generati
ons’.
 Thesegener at
ionsarenoti nor derofi mportancebutintheor derinwhi
chthey
wererecognizedhi st
ori
callyi
nthedev el
opmentofhumanr ights.

CI
VILANDPOLI TICALRI GHTS
TheyarecalledFi r
stGener ationRights.Thesear efir
stgener at
ionri
ghtsbecause
theywerethefir
stRi ghtstober ecognizedasrightsoft heindiv
idual
.
 Theyar efoundi npar tii
itheZambi anConst i
tutionwhichincludes:
 Righttoli
fe
 Righttopersonal liber
ty
 Protect
ionoff reedom ofexpr ession
 Freedom from tor t
ureandi nhumant reat
ment
 Freedom ofopi nion
 Protect
ionf r
om sl averyorforcedlabor
 Protect
ionoff reedom ofconsci ence
 Protect
ionoff reedom ofassembl yandassociat i
on
 Protect
ionoft hef reedom ofmov ement
 Protect
ionf r
om di scri
minationongr oundsofr ace,age,sex,et
hnici
ty,
rel
i
gion,
etc

ECONOMIC,SOCI ALANDCULTURALRI GHTS

 Economi c and Cul t
uralrights are cal
l
ed “Second Gener
ation Ri
ght
s”Thi
s
categoryconsi stsofright
st hatar
eeconomic,soci
alandCult
urali
nNatur
e.
 Theirreal
izationbringsaboutSoci alj
usti
ce,
digni
tyandequit
y
 Righttofood
 Righttoempl oyment
 Righttosoci alSecurit
y
 Righttoeducat ion
 Righttoheal th(Medi calCare)
 Righttocleanenv i
ronment
 Righttodev elopment
 Righttoadequat ehousing

COLLECTI
VERI GHTS
 Thesear ealsoknownas´ Thir
dGener
ati
onRight
s’andaret
hemostrecentl
y
i
dent
ifi
edri
ghts.
 Thet er
m collect
iver
ight
srefertot
heri
ghtsofPeopl
es’t
obepr
otect
edf r
om

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 at
tacksont heirgroupi dent
ifyandgr oupinter
est.
 These rights ar e bestdescr i
bed as sol i
dari
tyrights because t
hey r
equi
re
i
nternati
onal cooper ati
onandai m atcommuni t
y-buil
ding;
 Ri
ghtt oselfdet ermination
 Ri
ghtt oeconomi candsoci alDev elopment
 Ri
ghtt oaheal thyenv ir
onment
 Ri
ghtt oNat uralresources
 Ri
ghtt opeace
 Ri
ghtt ocommuni cate
 Ri
ghtt oPar ti
cipationinculturalHerit
age
 Ri
ghtt ointergener at
ionalequityandsustainabil
i
ty.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFHUMANRI GHTS
 HumanRi ght sfocusont hedi gnityofthehumanbei ng.
 Atti
tudessucht heonesbel ow mustbedev eloped byev eryonei nordert o
promot ehumanr ights:
 Respectf orev eryone’ slife,theirphysical andment ali ntegrity
, f
reedom,proper ty
,
priv
acyi ncludingone’ sown
 Respectf ordi f
fer encesei t
heri nsex,et hnicit
y,l anguage,col our,age,reli
gion,
cult
uralaspect s, opinion, andi dent i
tyofot her sandone’ sown.
 Takinguponesr esponsi bil
it
yi nsociet y:Rightscomewi t
hr esponsi
bil
iti
esand
responsibili
ti
esst artwi thr espect i
ngot herpeopl e’sr ight s
 Respectingt hef actt hatpeopl ehav elegal lyestablishedcl aimsandent it
lement s.
 Recognizing Account ability and r esponsi bili
tyi nr elati
onship between t he
i
ndividual,insti
tutionorst atethathasadut yt ofulfillther i
ght.
 Rights-holder sneedt obeempower edi nor derf ort hem t oclaimt hei
rri
ght sand
takepartinpubl i
cdeci sionmaki ng.
 Parti
cipationi sani mpor tantHumanRi ght .Peopl eofbot hsexesandal lages
havet herightt opar ticipat einev eryareaoft heirl i
v es.

SUMMARYOFASI
MPLI
FIEDVERSI
ONOFTHEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMAN
RI
GHTS

Ev
ery
one:
 Isbor
ninf
reedom,
equal
i
tyanddi
gni
ty.

 Hast
her
ightnott
obedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
ber
tyorf
reedom

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  Hasther
ightt
osecuri
tyofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
ort
uredorsuf
ferf
rom
cr
uel
andinhumant
reatment
.

 Hast
her
ightt
oequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awandequal
prot
ect
ion.

 Hast
her
ightr
ecogni
ti
onbef
oret
hel
aw

 Hast
her
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedy

 Hast
her
ightnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bit
rar
yar
restordet
ent
ion.

 Hast
her
ightt
oful
landf
airhear
ingbef
oreani
mpar
ti
alandi
ndependentt
ri
bunal

 Hast
her
ightt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
omar
ry

 Hast
her
ightt
oasy
lum

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofmov
ement

 Hast
her
ightt
oNat
ional
i
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
opr
ivacy
.

 Hasr
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandex
pressi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on

 Hast
her
ightt
otakepar
tingov
ernment
,accesst
opubl
i
cser
vicesandt
ovot
e.

 Hast
her
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Hast
her
ightt
owor
k

 Hast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e

 Hast
her
ightt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
ving

 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
feoft
hecommuni
ty

 I
sent
it
ledt
oasoci
alandi
nter
nat
ional
ordert
oreal
i
zet
her
ight
sandf
reedoms

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  Hasdut
iest
othecommuni
ty

 Mustint
erpr
ett
hisdeclar
ati
oni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
ight
s
andf
reedomsofother
s.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whatar
eHumanRi
ght
s?

2.Di
scussanychar
act
eri
sti
csofHumanRi
ght
s?

3.Descr
ibet
hecat
egor
iesofHumanRi
ght
s?

4.I
dent
if
yway
sinwhi
chHumanRi
ght
sar
evi
olat
ed?

5. Howdoest
heri
ghtofhabeascor
pushel
paper
sonandcont
ri
but
etor
espectof
humanri
ght
s.

6.Di
sti
ngui
shr
ight
sfr
om r
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

7.Out
li
nesomesoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
s.

8.Humanr
ight
sar
euni
ver
sal
,

9.Expl
ainI
dent
if
yway
sinwhi
chhumanr
ight
sar
einv
olv
ed.

10.
Discusst
hesi
gni
fi
canceofhumanr
ight
s.

CORRUPTI
ON
Corruption: isthegivingofmoney ,v al
uablesorrender
ingaservicetosomeonein
ret
urnf orafavorotherthanacasual gi
ft.
Accor dingtotheAnt i
-Corrupti
onCommi ssi
onActofZambi a,Cor
rupti
onisdefi
nedas
“Soli
citi
ng,accepti
ng,obt ai
ning,giv
ingorof f
eri
nggrati
fi
cati
onbywayofabr i
beorany
otherper sonaltemptationsori nducementormi suseandabuseofpubl i
cof f
icef
or
personalgainorbenef i
t.’
’

Casualgifti
sanyordinar
ygif
toff
eredtoaper soni
nhospi
tabl
emanner
,wi
thoutany
demandf orafav
or.
Grati
fi
cati
onmeansanycor r
uptpaymentmadewhetheri
ncashorki
ndasar esul
tof
thecorr
uptmisuseofpubl
icf
undsorproper
ty.

For
msofGr
ati
fi
cat
ion

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  Cash.Thi sinvolvesgivingoraccept
ingmoneyi nr
etur
nforafavor.
 Ser vi
ce (kickback)i tinvol
vestherenderi
ngofaser vi
ceinr
eturnforafavor
 Pay mentinki nd, whereonedemandsaf avorforanacti
ondone.E.g.demanding
forsexinreturnforempl oymentoff
er.
 Loansandadv ances.Thisinvol
vesacor ruptpaymentinform ofal oanoran
advancesalary
AIIinvolves for
ms ofv iol
ation ofhuman r ights and l
ack oft r
ansparency and
accountabil
it
yintheuseofpubl icf
undsandr esources.

CATEGORIESOFCORRUPTI ON
Pet
tyCor
ruption
 Widelypract
icedinZambi
aandusual
lyi
nvol
vessmallpay
mentscal
l
edbr
ibes.
 Abr i
beisanof f
erormoneyof
fer
edtoobtai
nfav
or.(
nchekel
ako)
.

GrandCor rupt i
on
 I nvolvessubst antial
amount sofmoney .
 I ti susual lypr acti
cesbyhi ghl ev eloffi
cial
sandassociat
edwi t
hawar
ding
gov ernmentcont r
acts
Poli
ti
calcor ruption
 Itisassoci atedwi t
ht heel ect
oral process.
 Itisusual lypr acti
cedbyt hosecont esti
ngpol i
ti
calpower
.
Forexampl e:
 Donat i
onofmoneyt oi nfl
uencet hev ot
erschoice
 Cashormat erialdist
ributi
ont oi nfl
uencev oters
 Pr ovisionofbeer ,t
oinf l
uencev oterschoice
 Pr ovisionofser v
icese. g.roadmai ntenanceatt heti
meofel
ect
ions

Soci
alCausesofCor r
uption
 Personalgr
eedyanddi shonest
 Leadersinkeyposi t
ionsarenotcapableof i nspi
ri
ng andi nf
luenci
ngthe
conductofthehighestmor alst
andar
ds
 Weakenf or
cementorabsenceofcodeofconduct
 Punishmentforoffendersisweak
 Largenumber sofpeopl ecompetef ori
nsuf
fi
cientser
vicese.
g.few school
s
pl
aces

Economiccauseofcorrupt
ion
 Short
agesofgoodsandservices
 Unequaldi
str
ibut
ionofwealt
handresour
ces
 Awardingofgovernmentl
oanstosomepr ef
err
edi
ndi
vi
dual
satt
heexcl
usi
onof
other
s

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  Lowsalari
esandwagesincompar
isontothecostofl
i
ving
 Pover
ty,whenpeopl
earepoort
heyaredesper
atea

OTHERCAUSESTHATLEADTOCORRUPTI ONANDRELATEDCRI MES

 Unnecessar yLongpr ocedures(r edTape)maydemandf orakickbackinr eturn
foranact ion
 Lackofpol iti
calwi ll
:Somegov ernment sl ackpoli
ti
calwi
lltodealwithcorruption
fi
rml y.
 Lackoft ranspar encyandaccount abili
ty:whenagov ernmentlackschecksand
balances,t hereismi smanagementandmi suseofpubli
cfunds
 Abuseofpower :i
ft here’
sexcessi vepoweri nthehandsofani ndiv
idualmay
hinderinvest i
gationsi ncorr
uptpr actices.
 Lackofi ndependenceoft heJudi ciary:Cour tsmaynotacti ndependent lyon
mat ter
sofcor ruption.
 Publ icReact i
on:Thepubl i
ct hinkcor rupti
oni snormalbecauseoft heeconomi c
hardships.
 Lackofpr essf reedom:Gov ernmentownedmedi ainAfr
icaisnotfreetoexpose
corruptact iv
iti
esi ntheirowncount ri
es

EFFECTSOFCORRUPTI ON
 Birthofcapi tali
stpol ici
es-makesf ew corruptoffi
cialsr i
chatt heexpenseof
Soci ety
 Awar di
ngofj obt ounqual ifi
edPersonnelenablesthosewhopaybr ibestowi n
favor s’towhi cht heyar enotent i
tl
ed.Thiscauseswi despreadbit
ternesson
deser vingpersonnel orgroups.
 Lossofr espectf ort heruleoflaw Int
erfer
eswi t
henf orcementofthel aw and
respectf orther ul
e.
 Lowst andar dofl i
v i
ng-per pet
uateshumansuf fer
ingt hroughescalat
ingpov ert
y
l
ev elsoft heor di
nar yciti
zenry
 Hamper sEconomi cDev el
opmentCor ruptnati
onnev erpr osper
seconomi call
y
asi twillalwayshav ehighdebtandbecomei mpossibl
et osave.

IMPACTOFCORRUPTI ONINZAMBI ANSOCI ETY

Corr
uptionscour gehashadanegat iv
eimpactont heZambi
anSociet
y.HighLev
elsi
f
corr
upti
oninflatepricesofgoodsandser
vices.Thi
shasbr
oughtunt
oldmiser
ytomany
peoplepart
icular
lythepoor.

AFFECTEDAREASONCORRUPTI ON
Law enforcementAgenci
es:Pol
icehavesometi
mesf ai
l
edtomaint
ainlaw andorder
becauseofcorrupti
on.
TheJudi ci
alSystem:Corr
uptpr
acti
cespr
eventj
ust
ice.Caser
ecor
dsdisappear,t
ri
als

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aredel ay edandt heout comeofcasesnol ongerdependsont hesuffi
ciencyoft he
evidenceav ailable.
Elect oralpr ocess:Leader sandpol i
ticalparti
eswhodonotdeser vetowintheel ecti
ons
maycomei ntopowerbecauset heydi shoutmoneyandmat eri
als
Secur i
tyoft heNat i
on:Of ficeslikei mmi grati
onOf fi
ceallowsal iencrimi
nalswi thill
i
nt ent i
onst oent erinZambi a.
TheEconomy : Therear emoneyl aunder ingactivi
ties,t
axev asion,andothereconomi c
i
ssueswhi chl eadt oeconomi cinstabili
ty.
Educat ionSy stem:Br i
besar epaidi nwhat everform bycandi datestobeadmi ttedi ntoa
l
ear ningi nst i
tutionsoflear ninginsteadofbei ngadmi tt
edonmer it.
Admi nistrationofl andmat ters:l
andhasusual l
ybeenunf airlydistri
but
edespeci al
lyby
the mi nistryofLands and counci loffi
cials.As a r esult,unplanned orpr ohibit
ed
settlement sar eacommonsi ghti
nmoi sturbanar easinZambi a.
Gov er nmentPur chases:Tenderpr oceduresar emaysomet imesnotbef ol
lowedwhen
awar di ngcont racts.Potentialsuppliersarebei ngdisqualif
iedsi mplybecauset heyhav e
notr ecei vedabr ibefrom them.

INSTI TUTIONSI NVOLVEDI NTHEFI GHTAGAI NSTCORRUPTI ON

Anti-Corrupt
ionCommi ssion(ACC)
TheAnt i-
Corrupt i
oni stheof fici
alinsti
tutionestabli
shedbyt hegovernmenttof i
ght
corruption.I
twasest abl
ishedin1980andbecameoper ati
onalin1982.TheACCi san
Autonomousbody .
Autonomy :meanssel f-
governi
ng
TheAnt i-
Corr
upt i
onCommi ssion
Usest hefol
lowi ngmet hodsini tsfi
ghtagai nstcor
rupti
on
CorruptionPrev enti
on
TheCommi ssionexami nespr acti
cesandpr oceduresinpr iv
ateandpubl i
csectorsto
faci
litat
et hedi scoveryofcor r
uptpr acti
ces.I tal
soensur esthatanywor k,met
hodsor
procedur espr onet ocor rupti
onar er evised.TheCor r
uptionPr ev
enti
onDepar tment
(CPD)conduct s manager i
alaccount abili
ty Workshops in both publi
c and priv
ate
i
nstituti
ons.

Communi tyEducat i
on
Communi tyRel ati
ons Depar t
menti sresponsi
bleforeducating t
he communityon
matter
sr elat
ingt ocorrupti
on.Inthi
swayt hedepart
mentrevealsevi
lsanddangerous
eff
ectsofcor ruptpr act
icesonsociet
y.
Inv
esti
gat i
onandPr osecuti
on
Commi ssionr eceivesandi nvesti
gat
escompl ai
ntsofsuspect
edcorruptpr
acti
cesand
whereevidencei sestabli
shed,pr
osecut
ionfol
lows.

OTHER GOVERNMENT I
NSTI
TUTI
ONS I
NVOLVED I
N THE FI
GHT AGAI
NST

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CORRUPTI ON
ZambiaPubl i
cpr ocurementaut hori
ty
(ZPPA)Wasest abli
shedin1983asZambi aNati
onalTenderBoard
Theobj ecti
v e
 To cont roland regulate procur
ementofgoodsand ser vice in gov
ernment
ministr
iesanddepar tment ’
sswel laspar
asternal
organizat
ions.
 Theboar densuresthatpr ocurementisdonei nat r
ansparentandaccountable
manner .
Parl
iamentTher ol
eoft hepar l
iamenti smakel awsandpl ayawat chdogr olein
provi
dingchecksbal ances.E.g.thePublicComplai
ntCommi tt
eescruti
nizestheaudit
or
GeneralsRepor tsonmi suse,mi sappli
cati
onandembezzl ementofpublicfunds.

Audit
orGeneral’
sOffi
ceTheof f
iceischargedwiththeresponsibil
it
yofensur i
ngthat
publi
cfundsal
locat
edtoparl
iamentareexpendedfort
heintendedpur pose.TheAudi
tor
general
’
soffi
ceaudit
saccountsr
elat
ingtothegeneralr
evenueoft herepubli
c.

Inv
esti
gat orGeneral’
sOf f
ice
The i
nv esti
gatorGener ali so known as Ombudsman.He i
s al st he head oft he
Commi ssionforinvestigations.TheInvesti
gat
orGeneralworkswithat eam ofoffi
cers
who car r
youti nvestigation on compl ai
ntsaboutcorrupt
ion.Afterinvesti
gat
ion is
complete,thei
nvestigatorGener aladvi
sesthepol
iceorthecourtontheactiontotake.

Anti
-MoneyLaunder i
ngUnit
Thi
sisundert hedepartmentofDrugEnf orcementCommi ssi
on.Itwasest abl
i
shedi n
2001tomonitorandinvest
igat
emoneyl aunderingact
ivi
ti
esinZambia.
Moneylaunderingistheactofrecei
ving,possessi
ng,conceal
i
ng,disgui
sing,di
sposing
oforbri
ngi
ngi ntothecountr
yanypr opertymoneyincl
usivederi
vedorreali
zeddirectl
y
ori
ndir
ectl
yfrom il
l
egalorcri
minalacti
vit
ies.

ZambiaPolice
TheZambiapol i
cehav
ebeenchargedwit
hav eryi
mportantr
oleofinthefi
ghtagai
nst
cor
rupt
ion.Thepoli
cei
nvest
igat
eandar
restspeopl
einv
olvedi
ncorruptpr
act
ice

CIVI
LSOCI ETYORGANI ZATIONSI NVOLVEDINTHEFIGHTAGAI NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Foundati
onf orDemocrat
icProcess(FODEP)
I
twasest abli
shed i
n1991 wi t
ht heobject
iveofpromot
ing democr
acyi
nZambi a
thr
oughpr ogramsofCi vi
cEducat i
onandpr omot
ionofhumanRi ght
sandelect
ion
Monitor
ing.

Transpar
encyInter
nati
onalZambi
a
TheOv er
allobject
ivei
st odevel
opsust
ainabl
ecapaci
tyi
ntheCi
vi
lSoci
ety
,Medi
a,

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publ
icandpri
vat
esectors,i
nordertoef
fect
ivel
yfi
ghtcor
rupt
ionandpr
omot
ehi
gh
i
ntegr
it
yandgoodgov
ernanceinZambi
a.

Nati
onalMov ementagainstCorrupt
ion(NAMAC)Themov ementhasembarkedona
widecampaignfort heer
adicat
ionofcorrupt
ioni
nZambia.Itdemandshighlevel
sof
i
ntegr
it
y,t
ransparencyandaccountabil
i
tyandseeksgenui
neparti
cipat
ioni
ntheaff
air
s
ofournat
ion.

Media
Theroleoftheroleofthemedi aistodigdeeperandcarr
youtresear
chonanycasesof
cor
rupti
on.Thisi scall
edi nvesti
gat
ivejour
nali
sm.Theyi nv
esti
gatecorr
uptpract
ices
andpresentfi
ndingstothepubl i
c
 Investi
gati
veJour nali
sm-Mean’ scaref
ulinqui
ryi
ntoworkofwr i
ti
ngforedi
tion
andpubl i
cati
ons.

I
ndivi
duals, GroupsinSocietymustf i
ghtagainstCor r
upti
on
Thefoll
owi ngar esomeoft heway sbywhi chi ndiv
idual
sandgr oupscanpar t
ici
patei n
thefi
ghtagai nstcorr
upti
on:-
 Bychangi ngthei
ratti
tudesf rom toler
ancet ototalr
eject
ionofcor r
upti
on
 Accessi ngi
nformati
ononpr oceduresonhowt odeal wi
thcor r
upt i
oncases
 Repor ting Corr
uptOf ficerst oi nsti
tut
ionst hatarecombat ing corruption e.g
Police.Ant i
-corr
upti
onCommi ssi
onandTr anspar
encyInternational.
 Suppor ti
ngtheorgani
zat ionf i
ghti
ngcor rupti
on
 Societ ymustdemandi ntegri
tyandhi ghsenseofmor ali
tyfrom publ icoffice
bear ers
 Theymustnotkeepsi lentwhent heyfeel acorr
uptpract
icehasbeencommi tt
ed

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whati
sCor
rupt
ion?

2.Descr
ibet
het
ypesofCor
rupt
ion.

3.St
atet
hecausesofCor
rupt
ion

4.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofCor
rupt
ionont
heZambi
anpeopl
e.

5.I
ll
ust
rat
ether
olepl
ayedbyi
nst
it
uti
onst
hatf
ightagai
nstcor
rupt
ioni
nZambi
a.

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 6.Identi
fyther
oleofpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
s,t
hecommuni
tyandt
hey
out
hinf
ight
ing
corrupt
ion

7.Mbitawasar
rest
edf
orusi
ngv
ari
ousf
ormsofgr
ati
fi
cat
ioni
nor
dert
ocor
rupt
peopl
e.

Giv
eanyexampl
esoft
hegr
ati
fi
cat
ionwhi
chhecoul
d hav
ebeenusi
ng i
nhi
s
act
ivi
ti
es.

8.Themedi
ahast
hei
mpor
tantr
olei
nfi
ghtagai
nstcor
rupt
ion.

9. I
dent
if
yther
olesoft
hemedi
acanuset
ofi
ghtcor
rupt
ion.

10.
Menti
ontwowaysofadopt
ingt
heconst
it
uti
oni
nZambi
aandwhi
chonedoy
ou
thi
nki
sthebest
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCULTURALSTUDI
ES.
Cult
ureref
erstothewhol
ewayofl
if
eofagroupofpeopl
e.I
tisal
sothesum t
otalof
behavi
orwhichpeopl
ehavel
ear
nedoveraper
iodoft
imeanddefi
neswaysbywhi ch
peopl
edothings.

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COMPONENTSOFCULTURE
1.Language
 Languageisthemostobv iousdiff
erencebet
weencult
ures.Itdefi
nesacul t
ural
groupeventhoughthesamel anguagemaybeusedindif
ferentcountr
ies.
 Languageincl
udesunspokenl anguagesuchasgestur
es,whi chmeandi ff
erent
thi
ngsindif
ferentl
anguages

2.Reli
gion
 Rel
igionisamaj orcult
uralcomponentandr el
igioust
aboos,cust
oms,hol i
day
s
andritual
sdictatethebehavi
orofagivensociet
y .
 Forexampl e,
Hi ndusdonotdrinkbev
eragesandcanonl yeatmeatslaught
eredi
n
acertainwaycal l
ed“Halal
”becauseofrel
igi
on

3.Valuesandattitudes
 Theseareasoci et
y’sbel
iefsy
stem aswel lasasociety
’sheartandtheyar
ethe
l
eastli
kelytochange.
 Theychangev er yslowl
yandasoci ety
’sbeli
efsyst
em guidesit
satt
it
udetowhat
i
sconsideredrightandwr onganditisthebasisofasociety
’swayofli
fe.
 Mostbeliefsystemsar ebasedonsoci et
y’scent
ralr
eli
gion

4.Educat i
on
 Educationisani mportantpar tofcultur
esincecul tur
edislear
nedbehav i
or .
 Therear ethreetypesofl ear ningthattakespl aceinsociety
.Thef ir
stt ypeis
i
nformall earninginwhi chachi l
dlear
nbyi mi t
ati
ngthebehav i
orofi t
sf amil
y
member s,f
riendsorinhomeswher etherei saT. Vthecharactersportrayedin
thefi
lms.
 Theot hertypei sf
ormall earningi nwhichadul tsandoldersi
bli
ngsteachy oung
famil
ymemberhowt obehav ei ncertai
nsituations.
 Thet hir
dt ypeofl earni
ngi st echni
callearningi nwhi
cht eachersinstructthe
chil
dinaneducat i
onalenv i
ronmentaboutwhatshoul dbedone, howt oitshould
bedoneandwhyi tshoul dbedone.

5.Socialorganizat
ion:
 Thisisthewayasoci et
yor gani
zesi
tsel
f.I
trelat
estohow asociet
ydefi
nes
rel
ati
onships,sociali
nsti
tut
ionssuchasmar r
iagesandst
atussy
stem suchas
therol
eofwomenandchi l
dren

6.Technol
ogi
calandMat
eri
alcul
tur
e:

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  Theser
eferstosociet
y‘sabi
li
tytocreat
e,desi
gn,anduset hi
ngs.Technol
ogy
andmater
ialcul
tur
erel
atestothewaysociet
yor
ganizesi
tseconomicacti
vi
ti
es.

7.LawandPol i
tics:
 Thesearer ulesandst r
uct
uresthatregulat
ethebehav
iorofsoci
ety
.Thelegal
rul
esat
tractpuni shmentwhencontr
av ened.
 Thelawspr otectmember sofsociet ytoliv
einpeace,freefr
om fearand
i
nhumant reatment

8.Aestheti
cs
 Thesociety
’sper
cept
ionofwhatisconsi
deredbeaut
ifuli
nar
tandi
nper
sons.I
t
di
ctateswhati
sacceptabl
eorappeal
i
nginthatcul
tur
e.

CHARACTERI STICSOFCULTURE
Cul
tur
eisdy namic:
 Thismeanst hatcult
ureisnotconstantasitisalwaysevol
vi
ngandchangi
ng.
Changeint echnologyiseasi
lyaccept
edratherthanchangei
ntheval
uesyst
em
ofsociet
y.
 Forexampl e,theuseofcellphoneshasbeenacceptedaspartofZambi
anway
ofl
ifeandy etthesewerenotthereunt
ilt
hemi d-
1990s

a)Cult
ureislear
nt :
 Iti
spassedonf rom generat
iontogener
ati
on.Itistaughtt
oanindi
vi
dualby
societ
yinwhi chtheindi
viduali
sborni
n.
 Thewayt ospeak,whatt oeat,how t
oheat,how t
or el
atet
oother
s,whatto
bel
ieveinistaught.

b)Cult
ureiscumulati
ve:
 Everyhumangener ati
oncandi
scovernewt hi
ngsandinv
entbett
ert
echnologi
es
whichbecomepar tofcul
tur
e.
 Thenewcul t
uralskil
l
sandknowledgeareaddedontowhati
slear
nedinprevi
ous
generat
ions

c)Cultur
aliscompr ehensive:
 I
ti sthesum t otalofasociety’
swayofl i
fe,t
herefor
ei tiscomprehensi
veasit
requir
esv ar
iousaspectswhi chgi
vesmeaningtoli
fe.
d)Cultur
eisshar ed:
 Themember sofacul t
ureshareasetof‘ i
deals,values,and st
andardsof
behavior”andt hi
ssetofshar edideal
siswhatgivesmeani ngtotheirl
iv
es,and
whatbondst hem toget
herasacul t
ure

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 e)Cult
ureisbasedonsy mbols.
 I
nor derforacul t
uretobet r
ansmitt
edsuccessfull
yf rom onegener
ati
ontothe
next,asystem ofsymbolsiscreatedandtr
anslatest heideal
softheCult
ureto
i
tsmember s.
 Thisisaccomplishedthr
oughlanguage,
art
,rel
igi
on, andmoney .

f
) Cultur
eisintegr
ated:
 Thi smeanst hatcultur
emustbei ntegr
atedi
nor
derf
ori
ttobet
ransmi
tt
ed
successf
ullyf
rom onepersont
oanother.

g)Peoplearenotusual l
yawar
eofthei
rcul
tureunt
ilt
heycomeintocont
actwi
th
othercult
ure:
 Thi smeanst hatpeopl
ear
eunawar
eofthei
rcul
tur
ebecauset
heyaresocl
ose
toitt
oknowi tsowell.

h)Peopl
edonotknowal
lthei
rcul
tur
e:
 Nooneknowsever
ythi
ngabouthi
sorherowncul
tur
e.

i
) Cultur
egivesasociet
yar angeofper
missibl
ebehaviorpat
ter
ns.
 Cul t
urecommonlyallowsarangeofwaysinwhichmencanbemenandwomen
canbewomen.
 Cul t
urealsot
ell
speopleofhowdiff
erentact
ivi
ti
esshouldbeconduct
edsuchas
howoneshouldactasahusband, wif
eparentetc

j
) Cult
uresnolongerexi
stsinisol
ati
on:
 Evensmal loutofthewayet hni
csoci
eti
esar
enow bei
ngi
ntegr
atedt
osome
extenti
ntothegl
obaleconomy.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFCULTURE
 Culturecont ributest oreenforcingofone’ sidenti
tyandt heabil
it
yt ocr it
icall
y
refl
ectont hatidentit
y.
 Cultur alher itagei sunderst
oodt omeanar chi v
es,piecesofar t
,andpl acesof
worshi ppedmonument s.
 Nodev elopmentwi thoutculture.I
fcul t
urei sinter
pretedasawhol eofbel iefs,
habitsandcust omsofasoci ety,hence,cultureisthef oundati
ont hatsuppor ts
everydev elopment .
 Thest at usofcul tur
ehasev olveddramat ical
lysincetheadopt i
onofAr t
icle27of
theUni v ersal decl
arati
onofHumanRi ghtswhi chaffi
rmed, f
orthefir
stt i
me.
 Allar ound t he wor l
d,thei ntri
nsicv i
rtuesand t he impactofcul ture on an
indi
v i
dualandcommuni t
ydev elopmentar ebei ngquestioned,st
udied,measur ed
andhopef ull
y, r
ediscover
ed.

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 TYPESOFCULTURE
1.MASSCULTURE.
 Thisisthecult
ureproducedfr
om machinesandconsumedonal ar
gescal
e,f
or
example,recor
dingi
ndustr
y,t
elev
isi
on,
orv i
deocassett
es.
 Itisspreadthr
oughelect
roni
cmediaandot herhi
ghtechnol
ogy
.

2.POPULAR CULTURE
 Thisistheculturewhichisapr oductofchangingneedsandi
nnov
ati
onsi
n
peopl
e’sli
fest
yles.
 I
ti susual
lyonhi ghdemandespeciall
yfrom theyout
hwhohavenew musi
c,
fashi
onotherpr
oductsinthef
iel
dofentert
ainment.

3.FOLKCULTURE
 I
tisalsorefer
redtoasr esidualcul
tur
ethati
s,r
emai
nsofthepast
.Anex
ample
off ol
kcultur
ewast hepr ogram offolkmusi
cwhichtheZambianNati
onal
Broadcast
ingCorpor
ation[ZNBC]playedsometi
meback

4.I
DEALCULTURE:
 I
tr ef
erstosomekindofdr eamsandaspi r
ati
onsofwher
eagi
venpeopl
ewoul d
wishtobe.
 Everysociet
yv i
ewsitsel
fv iewsitsel
finapositi
vewayandhasthehighest
vi
rtuesandstandar
dsbywhi chitappear
stobe.

5.REALCULTURE
 Thisref
erstotheactualbehav
iorofpeopl
einsoci
etysuchassl
eepi
ngata
funer
alhouseunt
ilt
hedayofburi
al.

6.SUBCULTUREPEOPLE
 A sub cul
tureisawayofl ifeorbehaving whi
ch asmallgroup ofpeopl
e
bel
ongingtothesamecult
uremayportr
ay.
 I
tmay ar i
se because ofdiffer
entoccupat
ions i
n soci
ety whi
ch resul
tsi
n
di
ffer
encesinpowerandprest
ige

7.COUNTERCULTURE
 Thisrepr
esentsbehavi
oralpat
terns,acti
vi
ti
esorsty
lesofl i
feport
ray
edbya
group ofindi
vi
dual
s who are generall
yopposed t
ot he gener
all
yaccept
ed
st
andardofbehavi
or.
 Suchindi
vi
dualsmayrefusetosubmittothewayst
hatthi
ngsareexpect
edtobe

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 doneandt
heymaydev
elopt
hei
rownl
i
fest
yles.

8.CULTURALHETEROGENEI TY
 Thi
sr ef
erst oasociet
yt hatcont ai
nsavar
iet
yofgr oupsofdi ff
erentraces,
bel
ief
s,rel
igi
onsandnat
ionali
ties.
 Therepubli
cofSouthAfr
icaisagoodexample.Cult
uralhet
erogenei
typromotes
cul
tur
alplural
ism,whi
chr ecognizesandr
espect
st hecontr
ibuti
onsofv ari
ous
cul
tur
est othewhol
esociety.

9.CULTURALHOMOGENI ETY
 Thisref
erstoacommoncul t
ureofpeopl
eofasimilarr
ace,bel
ief
s,rel
igi
onand
nati
onal
ity
.Forexampl
e,Nor
thAfri
cancount
ri
essuchasTunisi
a,Egypt,
Libyaetc.
thathav
emor ethan90%ofthepeopl
eofthesamerace,shar
ethesamer el
i
gion
andnati
onali
tymaybecl
assi
fi
edashomogenous.

ZAMBI
A’SSOCIETALCOREVALUES
 Everycul
tur
algrouphascoreval
ueswhichpr
ovi
deastandardmeasur
ementby
whichiti
sregarded.
 Thewor dcoremeansCent r
eandval
uemeansthequal
ityofbei
nguseful
.Cor
e
val
uesaresharedv al
ueswhi
char
echeri
shedi
nanysoci
ety.

ZAMBI
A’SCORESOCI ETALVALUES
1. OBEDI ENCETOAUTHORI TY
 Authorit
yispoweri nvestedinagr ouporani ndi
vidualwhoisresponsi
blef
or
otherpeopl
eormanagei nsti
tut
ions.
 Personswithauthorit
yincludecivic,pol
i
tical
,school,chur
ch,pol
i
ce,famil
yand
peergroupleaders.

2. TOLERANCE
Itist
hequali
tyofal
l
owi
ngopini
ons,
bel
ief
s,cust
omsandbehav
iorofot
herpeopl
eto
alsoprev
ail
evenwhenonei
snotinagr
eementwitht
hem.

3. MUTUALRESPECT
Thisisthevalueoftreat
ingeachot
herwi thconsi
derat
ion.Mutualrespectalso
worksontheideathati
fonedoesnotrespectot
herpeople,t
hatpersonwillnotbe
respect
ed.

4. RESPECTFORPRI VACY
Ever
ypersonrequi
resti
met obeonhisorherown,awayfr
om other
s.Pr
ivacyalso
hastodowithkeepi
ngpriv
ate,
thei
nfor
mati
onapersondoesnotwanttor
eveal.

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5. HONESTY
Honest
yisthequal
it
yoftel
l
ingthetr
uth,
notcheat
ingandnotst
eal
i
ng.I
tisaqual
i
ty
ofbei
ngtr
ustwort
hyandstr
aight
for
ward.

6. FREEDOM OFEXPRESSI ON
I
tisther i
ghtofaper sontobehear daslongaswhattheyaresayi
ngiswit
hint
he
l
aw.
7. I NTEGRI TY
Thi
si sthequalityofbeinghonestandmor al
l
yupr
ight
.Itgoesbeyondj
ustbei
ng
honestasitincl
udesallqual
it
iesofgoodness.

8. COMMI TMENTTOTHEDEMOCRATI CRESOLUTI ONSOFDISPUTES

I
tistherecogniti
onthatsort
ingouttension,di
sputesanddif
ferencesi
sbestdone
t
hroughdialogueandtheacceptanceofthemajori
ty’
sv i
ew.
I
tisacommi t
menttopeacefulr
esolut
ionsofanyform ofconf
li
ct.

9. RESPONSI BILITY
Responsibi
l
ity means doi
ng whatone i
s expect
ed t
o do wi
thoutbei
ng t
old,
super
visedorf orced.

10. SOCIALJUSTICE
Thi
sist
reat
ingev
eryonei
nthecommuni
tyf
air
ly.

11. COOPERATION
I
tist
hewor
kingt
oget
herf
ort
hecommongoodofev
ery
onei
nthecommuni
ty.

12. LOVE
Loveisthequal
it
yofgoodwi
llt
owar
dsev
eryper
son.I
tisawar
m ki
ndoff
eel
i
ngand
fondnesstoot
herhumanbei
ngs.

13.PEACE
Thisisfr
eedom fr
om str
essandphy
sicalt
hreatt
oones’wel
l
bei
ngi
ncl
udi
ngwar
,
capti
vi
tyandconf
inement
.

14. LOYALTY
Loyal
tyi
sthef
ait
hful
nessandt
rut
hful
nesst
opeopl
e,gr
oupsoror
gani
zat
ionst
hat
oneisamemberof.

15. TRUST
Istheconf
idence,bel
i
efi
nthegoodness,st
rengt
handr
eli
abi
l
ityofonesel
fand
other
s.

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16. ATTAINMENTOFSETGOALS
Thi
sispersonalunder
taki
ngi
nwhateveroneisunder
taki
ng.
17. HARDWORK
Thi
sistheabil
it
ytoaccompli
shdi
ff
icultt
asksasopposedtoidl
eness.

18. NATIONALISM
Thi
sisafeel
i
ngofonenessbyagr
oupofpeopl
ewi
tht
hesameor
igi
nandcul
tur
e.

19. PATRIOTISM
Thi
sisl
ovingone’
scount
ryandwi
l
li
ngt
osacr
if
icef
ori
tswel
l
-bei
ng.

20. SCI ENTIFICADVANCEMENT

Thisisabeliefinsci
enceandtechnol
ogyast
ool
stomakepr
ogr
essandi
mpr
ovi
ng
inone’ssocialandi
ncomeprobl
ems.

CULTURALPRACTI
CESI
NZAMBI
A

1. Respectf orElders
 Thisisabel i
efthatanyoneel derthanoneselfshouldbeaccor dedrespecti
n
speechandtreatmentregar
dlessofstatus,
raceorbloodrel
ationshi
p.
 Elder
lypeopl
ear eref
err
edtoasf atherormotherorgrandmotherofgrandf
ather
.

2. Ext endedFami lySy stem

 Thisisthef amilysy stem thatnotembracesthenucl
earfamil
ybutalsouncl
es,
cousins,aunti
es, i
nlaws, nephewsandnieces.
 InZambi a,t
het erm‘ Mother ’
isext
endedtoone’s‘
mothers’si
ster
sand‘f
ather
’to
one’s‘f
ather’
sbr others

3. Ri t
esofPassage
 Thesear eri
tualsthatoneundergoestomar kimportantchangesi
naper son’
s
posit
ioninsociet
y.
 Theser i
tesofpassageincludesuchri
tual
sasnami ngofanewbor n,i
nit
iat
ion,
mar r
iage,and death and aft
erdeath ceremoni
es.eg Isambo Ly
amfwa isa
ceremonyperformedafterdeath.

4. Tr adit
ionalCeremonies
 Manyt r
adit
ionalceremonies are hel
dt o commemor ate pastevents.Ot
her
functi
onsoft r
adit
ional
cer
emoni esincl
ude;
 Expressing,
refl
ecti
ngandreinf
orcingcul
tur
al r
elat
ionshi
psandv al
ues.

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  Observ i
ngcer tainri
tual
s
 Connect i
ont ot heancestors
 Assertionofl ocaltradi
ti
onalleader
shi
p.
 Reconci l
i
ngi ntergroupconf l
ict
s.
 Celebrati
ngpastwarv i
ctor
ies.
 Harvestcer emoni es.
 Reli
giousf estival
s.
 Ceremoni eswhi chmov ether hyt
hm ofnatur
esuchasr
isi
ngofnew moon,
fl
oodingcy clessuchasKuombokaCer emony
.

COMMONPUBLI CCEREMONI ESINZAMBI A

 KuombokaCer emonyoft heLozipeople.
 UmutombokoCer emonyoft heLundapeopl eofLuapul
a.
 Ukusefy
apaNg’ wenaceremonyoft heBembapeopl e
 Kul
ambacer emonyoft heNsengapeopl e.
 Shi
munengacer emonyoft heIl
apeopl e.
 Nc’
walaceremonyoft heNgoni peopl
e.
 Li
kumbiLyaMizeceremonyoft heLuv alepeople.
 Malai
lacer
emonyoft heKundapeopl e.
 Kul
ambaKubwal oceremonyoft heLenj epeople

Tr
adi
ti
onalAt
tir
es
 SomeZambi ancul
tur
esdispl
ayuni
questyl
eofdressi
ng.Theseincl
udetheLozi
,
menwearaSi zi
ba(Ki
lt
)whil
ewomenwearaMusi si
.
 TheChewa’sNyaudancersalsoexhi
bitdi
ffer
entatt
ir
ef r
om theLuv al
eLi
ki
shi
dancer
s.

TheAr
ts
 Artisexpressedi
ndance,music,pai
nti
ngs,f
olkl
ore,cr
afts,et
c.Zambianshave
songsanddancesf ormostoccasi
ons.EvenmostZambi anpaint
ingsdepi
ctr
eal
li
fesit
uati
ons.

Hospi
tal
it
y
 Traditi
onal
ly
,Zambiansarehospi
tabl
epeoplebecausewelcomingpeopl
eand
vi
sit
orsisaver
yimport
antZambi
ansociet
alv
alueandischer
ishedandpr
acti
ced.

APPRECI
ATI
ONOFTHECULTURALDIVERSI
TYINZAMBI
A
 Zambi
acanbecl
assi
fi
edashavingabr
oadhomogeneouscul
tur
e,i
nter
msof

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 raceandr eli
gion.Butthereexi
stsav ari
ati
onofet hnicdiv
ersi
tyi
nt ermsof
l
anguage, tradi
tionsandcust
omsthatgivei
taheterogeneouschar
act
erist
ic.
 Therefore,inappr eci
ati
ngthecultur
aldiv
ersi
tythatexistsinZambia,people
should bemi ndfulofthefoll
owingaspectsthathav eabear i
ngoncul tur
al
diver
sity
.

STEREOTYPI NG
 Thisiswhenonemakesanopi ni
ononanotherpur
elyonthebasisofgroup
member shi
p.eg r
egar
ding al
lfemal
es as weak or al
ly oung peopl
e as
i
rresponsi
ble

PREJUDICE.
 Prej
udiceisani r
rati
onal
,il
l
ogicalhatredandsuspi cionofapar ti
cul
argroup,
whichcanbebasedongender ,age,ethnici
ty,andreligion,pl
aceofr
esi
denceor
occupati
on.St
ereoty
pingandPrejudi
celeadtodi scr
imi nati
on.

ETHNOCENTRI SM
 Thisisthebel
iefthatone’sowncul
tur
eist
hebestandj
udgingot
herpeoples
cult
urebyit
sstandard.Peopl
etendt
oviewt
hecust
omsofother
sinthel
ightof
thei
rownbeli
efsandv al
ues.

CULTURALRELATI VI
SM
 Thismeanst heabsenceofdi r
ectandindir
ectdi
scri
minationinallareasofl
ife.
 Itisalsoadeliberateat t
emptt ov i
ew theworl
dasseenbymember sofot her
societi
es.
 Itisbasedont hebel i
efthateachgr oup’
swayofl if
ei slogicaltothatgroup’s
responsetosurvivali
ssues.
Assimilat
ion i
sasi tuati
on when peopl efr
om mi nori
tygr oupsand di f
ferent
classesofsoci
et yareacceptedinmaj orsoci
ali
nst
itut
ions.
Amal gamati
oni sapr ocessofbl endingminor
it
yandmaj or
itygroupsthrough
socialbondi
ngsuchasmar r
iage.

PROMOTI ONOFZAMBI A’SCULTURALPRACTI CES

Zambia’ scult
uralherit
age
 Zambi a’scul
turalherit
agei ncludesbothtangibl
eandintangibl
ewor ksofart
ists,
archi
tects,musicians,scienti
stsandwr i
ters.
 Thesewor ksaredemonst r
atedt hr
oughlanguages,r
ites,beli
efs,hist
ori
csites,
monument s,l
it
eratureandwor ksofart
,archiv
esandli
braries.

Cul
tur
eanddemocr
acy

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  Theenshri
nementofani ndiv
idual
’scul
ture,tr
adit
ions,cust
omsandl anguagei n
thenat
ionalconst
it
utionreinf
orcesZambi a’
ssigni
ngoft heUniver
salDeclar
ation
ofHumanRi ghtsArt
icles27.
 Thisi
sbecausedemocr ati
cpracti
ceswithouteff
ectiveexer
ciseofcul
turalr
ights
promotetr
uedemocr acy .

I
NSTI
TUTIONSTHATPRESERVECULTURALHERI TAGEINZAMBI A
MUSEUMS
 Thesear eadministeredbyt heNati
onalMuseumsBoar dandar
eresponsi
blef
or:
 Collecti
onofarti
facts.
 Rest or
ati
onofar t
if
act s.
 Displayofart
ifactsofhi st
ori
cal
,cul
tur
al,sci
ent
if
ic,t
echnol
ogi
calandeconomic
si
gni fi
cancet
ot henat ion.

Nat
ionalheri
tageconservati
oncommi ssion
 Itadminist
ersimmov ableher
it
agesuchassi
tesandmonument
s.
 Itsheadquartersarei nLivi
ngstoneandinLivi
ngst
oneandithasof
fi
cesi
n
Kasama,SolweziandLusaka.

Nati
onalartscounci
l
 Itpromotesart
ist
icandintel
l
ectualcreati
vi
tyandArtEducat
ion.
 Itrecogni
zesthatfreedom ofopinionandexpr essi
oni sessent
ialf
orr
eact
ive
acti
v i
ti
esofart
ist
sandi nt
ell
ect
ualsalike.

I
NTERNATIONALCULTURALCOOPERATI ON
 Iti
sdonethroughInter
nationalCulturalExchangesandencount ers.
 Thiscont
ri
butestothepr omot i
onofgl obalpeace,respect
,mut ualunderst
andi
ng
andcooperati
on.
 Zambiaisamemberoft hef ol
lowingmul til
ater
alCult
uralOrganizat
ions:
i
. Wor ldCraftsCouncil[WCC]
i
i
. I nt
ernati
onalCouncilofMuseums[ ICOM]
ii
i
. I nt
ernati
onalTheaterInsti
tute[ITI]
iv
. Sout hernAfri
canDev elopmentCommuni ty[
SADC]
v
. I nt
ernati
onalCentreforBant uCivil
izati
on[CI
CIBA]
vi
. Wor ldIntel
l
ectualProper t
yOr ganizati
on[WIPO]

ADMI
NISTRATI
ONANDCOORDI NATIONOFCULTURALAFFAI RSINZAMBI A
 TheCul t
uralSectorcutsacr
ossanumberofli
negovernmentminister
s,which
hasaf
fectedeff
ectivecommunicat
ionf
oref
fi
cientr
unningofcul
turalaf
fai
rs.
 Suchmi ni
stri
esincludes:
 The Mi nist
ry of Communi ty Devel
opment, Mot her and Chi l
d

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 Heal
th[Depar
tmentofCultur
al Ser
vices/NationalArtsCouncil
ofZambia
 Mini
str
yofHomeAf fair
s[NationalArchi
ves
 Mini
str
yofGeneralEducat
ion[Trai
ningofar t
istsinCol l
eges
 Mini
str
yofChief
sandTr adit
ionalAffai
rs,Administr
ationofChief
s’Af
fai
rsand
Tr
adit
ions

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.
Cul
ture di
versi
tyin Zambi
a has r
esul
ted i
nto et
hni
c gr
oupi
ng whi
ch cel
ebr
ate
tr
adi
ti
onalcer
emonies:

i
. Whati
scul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y?

i
i
. Ment
ionanyt
hreecul
tur
alpr
act
icesi
nZambi
a

i
i
i. Whyar
etr
adi
ti
oncer
emoni
esi
mpor
tant
?St
atef
iver
easons.

2.Out
li
net
hecomponent
sofcul
tur
e.

3.I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
eser
vecul
tur
alher
it
agei
nZambi
a.

4.Wi
thclearexampl
esi
dent
if
yfact
orst
hataf
fectt
heappr
eci
ati
onofcul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y
i
nZambia.

5.Di
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
cofcul
tur
e.

6.Li
stdownt
hesoci
etal
cor
eval
vesandexpl
aineachoneoft
hem.

7.Gi
ver
easonswhycul
tur
eisi
mpor
tant
.

8.Ment
ionsi
xcommoncul
tur
alpr
act
icesi
nZambi
a.

9.Di
scussgl
obal
cul
tur
e.

10.I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
eser
vecul
tur
alher
it
agei
nZambi
a.

SUBSTANCEABUSE

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Subst
ancemeansmater
ialort
ypeofmatt
er
Abusemeansusesomet
hingwrongl
y
Subst
anceabusemeanst aki
ngsomethi
ngof
tent
haty
ourbodydoesneedandf
or
wrongreasons.

CLASSIFI
CATI ONOFSUBSTANCES
1.Ov erthecount ersubstances
Thesear esubstanceswhi chcaneasil
ybeboughtoverthecounterandusedfor
medical pur
posesuchasPanadol ,
aspi
rin,
caf
enol
,fansi
darandvemox.
2.Cont roll
edSubst ances
Thesear esubstancesthatcanbeobt ai
nedifonehasapr escri
pti
on.These
substances can be danger ous i
fnotused properl
y.E.g.Mor phi
ne,val
ium,
cocai
neandmar ijuana

CLASSIFICATI ONOFSUBSTANCESACCORDI NGTOTHEI REFFECTS

 Depr essant s-Thesear esubst ancest hatsl ow downt heact i
onoft hecent r al
ner voussy stem.Theyar eal soknownasSedat i
vesorhy pnotics.E. g.Alcohol ,
mandr axandv ali
um.Theydecr easeawar enessandt ension.Butwhent akeni n
l
ar geramount s,theyl eadintocoma.
 St imul ants.Thesear esubst ancest hatst i
mul atet hecent ralnerv oussy stem and
speedupt hebodypr ocesses.Themostcommonst i
mul antiscaf feinef oundi n
teacof fee,chocol ateandcocacol a.
 Hal l
uci nogenst hesear esubst anceswhi chdi stortthewayt hebr aint r
anslates
i
mpul sesormessagesf rom sensor yor ganspr oducingper ceptualchanges.The
brainmaypr oducei mageswi thnobasi si nr eal i
tycal l
edhal l
uci nations.These
subst ancesi nt hiscat egoryi ncl ude.Ly ser gicaci ddi ethylLSD,cocai ne,magi c
mushr ooms, andecst asy.
 Nar cot icsoropi ates.Thesear esubst ancest hatmaket hesensesdul land
reli
ev epai nbydepr essingt hecer ebr alcor tex.Thecer ebralcor texi st heout er
l
ay eroft hebr ai
nr esponsi blef orconsci ousnessi ncludingper cept ion,memor y
andl ear ning.
 I nhal ant sorsol vent s.Thesear edr ugsf oundi nhousehol dpr oduct ssuchas
glue,deodor antslikeper fumespr ay sandf uelgasses.Thecapi llarysur faceof
thel ungsal lowsqui ckabsor ptionoft hesubst ance.Ent ryintot hebr ainisf ast
andi nt oxicatingef f
ect sareint ense.

SUBSTANCESANDTHEI REFFECTS
ALCOHOL
Al
coholisapur
ecol or
lessl
iquidpresentindr
inks.Peopl
etakeal
coholf
orpl
easur
e.
Mostofthemedi
cinescontainapercentageofalcohol
Al
coholabusei
swhenonedr inkst
oomuchal cohol t
oooft
en.

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 Addicti
ontaki
ngsomethingthatonecannotst
opcannotstop.
Alcohol
icisper
sonwhoi saddictedt
oalcohol
.
Alcohol
ism is a severe and potenti
all
yf at
alcondit
ion caused by phy
sical
dependenceonalcohol
.Iti
mpai r
sphysi
calandment
alhealth.

BEVERAGESANDTHEI
RPERCENTAGE

Beverage Percent
ageofEt
hanol
%
Mosi larger 4.
5
Ohlssonsl arger 5
Castlelager 5
Chibuku 46
Wine 1220
Kachasu( t
radit
ional 2565
Spi
r i
ts 3345

Thestrengthofanyal
cohol
icbever
agedependsontheper
centageconcent
rat
eof
et
hanolperv olume meani
ng t
he more et
hanolt
he more ef
fectsithast o an
i
ndiv
idual.

EFFECTSOFALCOHOL
 Increasebloodpr essureandheartbeat
 Causesv iolentbehav ior
 Affectsthebr ain,
itdi
stort
stheonewayt hi
nks,speakandacts.
 Causes ci rrhosis. The l iv
er becomes f att
y and enl ar
ged causing
i
nf l
ammat ions.
 Hy pothermiaf eel
ingwarm evenwheninreal
it
yonei sl
osingheat.
 Distortsper cept i
onoft imeandspaceandhav eadoubl ev i
sion(
unclear
objects).

TOBACCO
Tobaccoi smadeupofsomechemi calswhi charepoisonouswhenone
smokesasi tent
ersthebl
oodstream.
Carbonmonoxi de-I
tisdeadlygast hataf f
ectsthebloodsabili
tyt
ocar
ry
oxygenaroundthebody.
Tar-Cont
ainsanumberofsubst ancesthatcancausecancer
Nicoti
nei
st heverypower
fuldrugthatmakest hehear
tbeatfast
er.
EFFECTSOFTOBACCO
 Bronchit
is
 Emphy sema-Lungdiseasewhichaffect
sbreathi
ng.

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  Heartdiseasenicoti
neincreasestheheartbeatandsowear sdownt
hehear
t.
 Cancer–smoki ngcausesabout90%ofdeat hsfr
om cancer
 Bloodcl otsandstomachul cers.
 damaget heunbornbabies
 Shortnessofbreath
 Colds,fl
uandot herinf
ecti
ons
 Non-smoker si
nhalesmokewhi chmakethem passiv
esmoker s
 Deforestati
on.Duetothepr ocessordry
ingandcur i
ngtobacco.

I
NHALANTS
 Inhal
antsarediver
segroupofsubst ancesthatincl
udevolat
il
esolvent
sand
gases.Thevolat
il
esubstancesarefoundinhouseholdpr
oductssuchasglue,
paint
,nai
lpol
ish,
powderedtobacco,
tipex,
pet
ro,r
ubberandli
ghterf
lui
d.

 Inhalant
sareusual
lysni
ff
edf r
om anopencont
ainerandlungsal l
ow r
api
d
absor pt
ionasaresul
tenter
sintothebr
aini
sfastandi nt
oxicat
ingeff
ect
s
i
nt ense.

EFFECTSOFI
NHALANTS

 Depr
essi
onoft
hecent
ral
ner
voussy
stem.(
Reduci
ngbr
eat
hrat
eand

 Causi
nghi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e.

 Headaches,
nausea,
slur
redspeechandl
ossofmot
orcoor
dinat
ion.

 Rashar
oundt
henoseandmout
h.

 Unpr
edi
ctabl
ebehav
ior
.

 Memor
yimpai
rmentandat
tent
iondef
ici
t.

 Li
verandki
dneyabnor
mal
i
ties.

 Red,
glassyandwat
eryey
es.

 Di
stor
ti
oni
nper
cept
ionoft
imeandspace.

DRUGS

Adrugisanysubst
ancewhichalt
ersthechemistryofthebodyandaff
ectsthenatur
al
bal
anceofthemindandemot i
ons.Dr
ugscanei therbenatur
alorsy
nthet
icchemical
s.
Natur
aldrugsarethosewhicharefoundi ncertai
nplant
s.Forexample,caff
einein
cof
fee,ni
cot
inei
ntobaccoandtet
rahydr
o-cannabino

CANNABI
S

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Thi
sisahar
dbr
ownmat
eri
alorher
bal
mixt
uret
hatcomesf
rom acannabi
spl
ant
.

THREEFORMSCANNABI
S

Mari
juana:Thi
scomesfrom thedri
edleaves,fl
owersorstemsofthecannabi
s
pl
ant
.Ithasaconcent
rat
ionofdel
ta-
9-t
etrahydocannabi
nol
(THC)ofabout0-
12%.

Hashish:Thisi
smadef
rom t
hedar
k,st
ickyr
esi
noft
hepl
antandcont
ainsTHC
ofabout12-18%.

Hashishoi
l:Thi
sismadebycompr
essi
nghashisht
opr
oduceoi
lusi
ngasolv
ent
.
Theconcentrat
ionofTHC i
sabout18-25% andi
smuchhigherthant
hatof
mari
juanaandhashi
sh.

EFFECTSOFCANNABI
S

 Causi
ngcr
avi
ngf
orcer
tai
nfoods(
incr
easi
ngappet
it
e).

 Maki
ngmostuser
srel
axedort
alkat
ive.

 Maki
nguser
spar
anoi
dandanxi
ous,
dependi
ngont
hei
rmoodandsi
tuat
ion.

 Causi
ngheal
thpr
obl
emssuchascancerandr
espi
rat
orydi
sor
der
s.

 Aff
ect
ing t
he r
epr
oducti
vesyst
em byreduci
ng sper
m counti
n mal
eswhi
l
e
i
rr
egul
armenstr
ualcy
clesinf
emales.

 Af
fect
ingmemor
yandcoor
dinat
ion.

 Leav
inguser
sfeel
i
ngexhaust
ed.

HEROI
N

Heroinisabr ownorwhit
especkledpowdermadefr
om j
uiceextractfrom theunri
pe
capsuleofthepoppypl
ant.Theseedcapsul
eoft
hegr
eenopium producesami l
kyjui
ce
(l
atex)from whichmanydrugscanbemadesuchasmor phine.Morphineisusedfor
medicinalpur
poses.

EFFECTSOFHEROI
N

 Depr
essessomebrai
ncel
lsorst
imulat
esothertypesofbr
ainf
unct
ionsl
eadi
ng
todi
stur
bedpat
ter
nofner
veact
ivi
ty,
percept
ion.

 Lossofappet
it
e.

 Chr
oni
cconst
ipat
ion.

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  Deat
hduet
oov
erdose.

 Ur
get
ocommi
tsui
cide.

 I
rr
egul
armenst
rual
cycl
esi
nwoman

COCAI
NE

Cocai
neiswhi
tepowdermadef rom t
heleav
esofaCocabush. Thecocapl
anti
s
mainl
ygr
ownincoast
alpl
ainsoft
heAtl
ant
icOceanandt
heCar
ibbeanSea.

Cocai
nei
susual
lysmoked,beinj
ectedi
ntot
hebl
oodandcanal
sobet
akenor
all
yby
mixi
ngwi
thl
i
quidori
nacapsuleform.

EFFECTSOFCOCAI
NE

 menst rual cir

cles
 Transmi ssionofdi seasessuchHepatit
isandHI
VAI
DSusi
nghy
poder
micneedl
es
 Ov eralertnessandel evati
onofmood
 Drymout h
 Sweat i
ng
 Sev erewei ghtloss
 Exhaust ionandl ackofsleepi nsomni
a
 Digestionpr oblems
 Ulcerationoft henasal passage
 Hear tandbl oodci r
culati
onproblems
 Deat hduet oov erdose

REASONSFORSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Cur iosit
y:Somepeopl ear etempt edt ot r
youtsubst ances.Theywoul dli
ket o
tastehowi tfeel
s,li
ketot akesubstances.
 Peerpr essures,Youngpeopl eendupt akingsubstancesbecauset heywantt o
dowhatt heirfri
endsaredoi ng.
 Ignor ance:Peopl ebegint otakesubst ancesonexper imentalbasi
sandmaynot
beawar eoft hedangersoft hesubst ancet heyabuse.
 Stress:Adol escencecanbeapar t
icularlydiff
icul
typeriod.Onemaybeundera
conf li
cti
ngpr essuref r
om par ents,school ,fri
endsandmanydi ffi
cultychoices
mi ght yhavet obemad.Adol escencecanaswel lbeat i
mef rustrat
ionand
bor edom; asar esult
,youngpeopl ear eusual l
yv ul
nerabl
et opeerpressure.
 Av ailabi
li
tyofsubst ances:Ther ear eanumberofsubst ancesthatar ereadil
y
avai l
ableont hemar ket.Theseinclude: alcohol
icbeveragesandsol ventssuchas
glue, ti
pexandmet hyl
atedspiri
ts

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  Changi ngsocialstructur es:Af amil
yisauni tythatservesasasuppor tgroupf or
i
tsmember s.Whenaf ami l
ybegi nst ochangei nanegat iveway ,forexampl e:
l
ossofaf ami l
ymember .
 Alienati
on:Wehav et hesenseofbel ongingtoaf ami l
y,gr oup,communi tyor
count r
y.Whenwef eelisol atedwet rytofindagr oupt obel ongt obyassoci ati
ng
withpeopl ewhoal sof ellisolated.
 Unempl oy
ment :InZambi a,wehav ehi ghlevelsofunempl oy mentwhichl edt o
empl oyment .
 LackofRecr eati
onalFaci li
ti
es:Recr eati
on facili
ti
esar el acki
ng in Zambi an
communi t
ies.Youngpeopl ehav enowher etospendt heirleisureti
measar esult
theymayr esortt
osubst anceabuse
 Enhancementofsel f-
conf i
dence:Somebel ievethattakingsubst ancesmayhel p
them t oi mprovei nt heir sel f confi
dence i n spor t
s,sexuali ntercourse
exami nati
onsandot heract i
vit
ies.

SI
GNSANDSYMPTOMSOFSUBSTANCEABUSE
 Suddenchangei npersonality
 Unusual moodswi ngs,restl
essness,ori
rri
tabil
it
y
 Decli
neinschool per
formance
 Spendingmor eti
meawayf r
om home
 Steal
ingmoneyorgoodsandexcessi vespendingorborrowingofmoney
 Heavyuseofper fumest odisguisethesmellofthesubstances
 Associat
ingwithapar t
iculargroupespeci
allyonethatabusessubstances
 Lackofinter
estinschool wor kandabsenteeism f
rom work
 Lossofappetite
 Wearingofsunglassesati nappropr
iat
etimet odisgui
setheappearance

POSSESSIONOFCERTAI NOBJECTSMAYALSOI NDI

CATESUBSTANCEABUSE.
 Sy r
ingesandneedl es
 Smal lplasti
corglassbott l
es
 Pillboxes
 Plasticcell
ophaneormet alfoi
lwr
appers
 Straws
 Sugarl umps
 Foilcont ai
nersormet al
tinsusual
lydi
scolor
edbyheat
 Shreddedci garet
tes’andpi pes

AVOI
DINGSUBSTANCES
 Saynothanks:I
fyouareof f
ereddanger
oussubst ancesalwayssaynothanky ou.
 Givi
ngreasonorexcuse:Alwaysgiv
ear easonfordecli
ninganoffer
 Changi
ngt hesubj
ect:Ifsomeoneisent i
cingy
out ousedangeroussubstances

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 youshoul dchangethesubj ectt
odi
scouragehim orher
 Walkingaway :Youcanal sowalkawaytoav oi
dbeingt empt
edtotakedangerous
substances
 Avoidingt hesit
uation:I
fy ouknow pl
aceswher et heyabusesubstancesstay
awayf rom suchplaces.
 Associ at
ingwithnon-users:Makeyoursel
falwaysbusybydoingsomet hingli
ke
sports.

DEPENDENCEONSUBSTANCE
Twoformsofdependence:
 Phy si
caldependence:i s when one tr
ies to wit
hdr
aw f r
om usi
ng a cer
tai
n
substancebutexper
iencesphysi
calef
fectssuchasshaking.
 Psy chologi
caldependence:Moods,depressi
on,andanxi
ety.

I
MPACTOFSUBSTANCEABUSE
I
ndi
vi
dualLevel
 Asubst anceabuseri
sli
kelytoexper
ienceheal
thpr
oblems
 Relat
ionships wi
thfri
ends and familymaybecome st r
ained as a r
esul
tof
substanceabusermaynothav esupportfr
om thel
ovedones
 Peoplewhoabusesubst ancesri
skheavyfi
nesorimprisonment.

Famil
yLev el
 Mostsubst anceabuserstendt ospend al otofmoneytosust ai
nt hehabi
tand
endupneglecti
ngthei
rfamilies
 Subst anceabuser
scausedi srupt
ionanddi shar
monywi t
hint hefamil
y.Hence
ever
yoneinthefamil
yisaffected.
 Youngpeopl ei nhomeswher et heyabusesubstancestheyt hi
nksubstance
abuseisnormalandaccept edi nsociet
yhencetheygeti
nfluencedandbecome
abusers

Communi ty
 Subst anceabuser stend t o commi tcri
messuchasmur derand aggr avat
ed
robberyinor dertoacquiremor emoneyt osuppor tt
heirhabit
.
 Ot hermaybei nv
olvedinv i
ceslikeprost
it
utionanddr ugtraf
fi
cking
 Thespr eadofHI V/AIDSisl i
kelytobecomer ampantamongabuser sespeciall
yif
theyareusi ngneedles
 Abuser swhobecomet erminallyil
liti
sthecommuni t
ythatusuallytakecareof
them
 Ther eisal solossofmoneyi ntermsofpr oducti
onini ndust
ryaccidents,
viol
ence
cri
me, treatmentandr ehabil
it
ationandcar eforsubst
anceabuser s.

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I
nternati
onalLev el
 Increaseindr ugt r
affi
cking
 Moneyl aunderingi salsocommoni ndrugtr
aff
icki
ng,drugtr
affi
cker
suset hei
r
moneyt odest abil
izegov er
nmentsthroughcor
rupti
on,i
ntimi
dati
on,vi
olenceand
buyi
ngoft hev otes.
 Gov ernmentsofmanycount r
iestheyspendal otofmoneyt r
yingtoer adi
cate
drugtraf
fi
cking

ROLEOFTHECOMMUNI TYI NCOMBATI NGSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Abolishingt
hecul t
ivati
onofdrugs.
 Educat i
ngthepeople.
 Takingkeeni nt
erestinwhatisgoingonhisorhercommuni
ty.
 Changi ngpeople’
sat t
it
udestowardsubst
anceabuse.
 Establi
shinggroupsandcl ubs.

MEASURETOFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE

 The publi
ci s sensi
ti
zed on the dangers ofsubst
ance abuse and i
tsl egal
i
mplicat
ions.
 Drugabusei sli
ablef
orpunishmentbyi mpri
sonmentforaperi
odnotexceeding
10yearsiffoundguil
ty
 The governmentofZambi a al
so wor ks wit
h ot
hercountri
es to exchange
i
nformati
onondr ugt
raff
icki
ngandr el
atedcri
mesinordertoar
restoff
ender

I
NSTI TUTI ONSTHATFI GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE
DrugEnf orcementCommi ssion(DEC)
I
twasest abli
shedi
n1989.I tisagov er
nmenti
nst
it
uti
onchargedwi
tht
heresponsi
bil
it
y
ofcur bi
ng substanceabuse.I tinvesti
gat
esand pr
osecut
escasesrel
ated t
o drug
tr
aff
ickingandsubst anceabuse.

NGOI
NVOLVEDI NTHEFI GHTAGAINST.
 PlannedParent
hoodAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a
 YouthAli
ve
 YoungWomenChr i
sti
anAssoci
ati
on
 Societyf
orFamilyHeal
th
 LocalChurches
 SportinActi
on

Agroupofci
viceducationpupilsfr
om MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
ri
edoutasur
vey
t
of i
ndoutprevalentalcoholabuseinthei
rschool
.Theycameupwi tht
hefol
l
owing
i
nfor
mati
onrepresentedinthebarchartbel
ow;

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SAMPLEQUESTI ON
1 Whoi sanabuser ?
2 Anal yzewhypeopl eresor
ttosubst anceabuse.
3 Identifythemeasur esthatshouldbeputpl acetocur
bsubstanceabuse
4 .Descr i
bet hetypesofsubstanceof tenabusedbypeopl
e.
5 Di scusst hesubstancesandt heireffect
s.
6 Di scuss t he impactofsubst ance on indi
vi
dual
,nati
onal,communit
y and
internati
onal l
evel.
7 Ment i
ont heinsti
tuti
onsthatfightsubstanceabuse.

8 Studyt hediagr
am bel
ow andanswert hequest
ions.Agroupofcivi
ceducation
pupilsfrom MuunduSecondarySchoolcar
ri
edoutasur v
eytofindoutprev
alent
alcoholabusei nthei
rschool.Theycameupwi ththefol
lowinginf
ormation
representedint
hebarchartbel
ow;

key

Gi
rl
s

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Boy
s

I
. Whatissubst anceabuse
II
. I
nwhi chgr adearesubst
anceabusemor eprevalentandt
woreasons?
I
II
. Whatt ermi sgiventoachildwhodependsonal coholf
orhi
s/herphysicaland
mental st
abili
ty?
I
V. I
maginey ourschoolhasapr obl
em ofalcoholabuseasshownint hebarchart
.
Whatbehav i
ouralt
rai
tswi
llbedispl
ayedbythoseabusingal
cohol
?

GRADEELEVEN
THEZAMBI
ANBI
LLOFHUMANRI
GHTS
TheNat
ionalBi
llofRi
ght
s

 TheZambi anBil
lofRi ghtsi
sal istoffundament alr
ightsandf
reedomscov er
ed
i
npar ti
iioft
heZambi anConst i
tuti
onwhi chi
st hesupremelawoftheland.
 TheBi l
lofRight
si sent r
enchedi ntheconst i
tut
ionandhencecannotbeeasi l
y
amendedbecauseoft hest r
ictamendmentr equirements.
 Itcanonl ybeamendedaf t
eranat ionalref
erendum inwhichnotlessthantwo
thi
rdsor50%oft heel
igiblevotersvoteinfavoroftheamendment.

Theconsti
tut
ionprovi
sionsinthebil
lofr
ight
slar
gel
yref
lectpr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
n
thei
nter
nati
onalbi
llofr
ightssuchas:

 TheUniv
ersalDeclarati
onofHumanRi ght s(UDHR)
 TheI
nternat
ionalconventi
ononEconomi c,Soci
alandCulturalRi
ght
s(I
CESR)
 Thei
nternat
ionalConv ent
iononCultur
alandPol i
ti
calRi
ght s(I
CCPR)
 Thetwooptionalprotocolsfi
rstandsecondoptionalpr
otocol

BRI
EFHI
STORYOFZAMBI
ASBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

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Thehi
stor
yoft
heZambi
abi
l
lofRi
ght
sget
sbackt
o1964.

 The Bil
lofRi ghts was f i
rstincorporated f
ort he fir
stt i
me int he nort
hern
Rhodesiaself
-governmentconst it
utionof1963.I twasr eproducedwi thminor
amendment sin1964Mul ti-
PartyDemocr at
ic(
independence)Const i
tut
ion.
 The1972Chonacommi ssionrecommendedt her e-i
ntr
oducti
onofonepar ty
part
ici
pator
ydemocr acywhi chwasaf fectedthef oll
owingy earin1973.Thi s
amendmenti ntheIndependenceconst ituti
onli
mi t
edt heenjoymentofr i
ght
sand
fr
eedomsofi ndi
viduals.

 The1991Mv ungacommissi
onrecommendedthere-
int
roduct
ionofMult
i-
Par
ty
Democracyi
nZambiawi
thanincl
usionoft
hechi
ldr
en’
sright
sforthef
ir
stt
ime.

 The1996Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
onal
somadeaf
ewamendment
stot
he1991
const
it
uti
on.

 The1996Mwanakat wecommi ssi

onmadeaf ew amendment stothe1991
consti
tut
ion.Howev er,t
heBillofRi
ghtswaslefti
ntact
.
 In2005,t heMung’ ombacommi ssi
onincludedsocial
,cul
turalandeconomic
ri
ghtsini
tsdraftconstit
uti
on.
 TheConst it
uti
onalAmendmentActNo.I IOF2016 hasal soincl
udesocial
,
economicandcul turalri
ghtsbutthebil
lhasnoty etbeenamendedasi tisst
il
l
wait
ingforthenati
onal ref
erendum

ELEMENTSOFTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

Thecur
rentBi
l
lofr
ight
sfor
mspar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chcov
ersAr
ti
cles11t
o32.

Pr
eambl
eisani
ntr
oduct
ionorpr
eli
minar
yst
atementonal
egal
document

Ext
radi
te:
Tohandov
eraf
orei
gncr
imi
nal
tot
hei
rownst
atef
orpr
osecut
ion

Pr
osecut
e:Tost
artl
egal
proceedi
ngsagai
nstasuspect

Der
ogat
e:Tor
educeorl
essent
hest
rengt
horaut
hor
it
yofar
ight
.

Fr
ivol
ous:Ref
erst
oav
eryser
iouscaseorsi
tuat
ion.

Vexat
ious:Ref
erst
oacaset
hatpr
ovokest
roubl
eangerordi
str
ess

Enf
orce:Thi
smeanst
ogi
vef
ormt
oal
awort
omakel
awef
fect
ive.

FUNDAMENTALRI
GHTSANDFREEDOMSCOVEREDI
NTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

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Arti
cle11:Preambleisgeneraldecl
arat
ionoftheri
ght
sever
ypersonin Zambiais
enti
tl
edtoenjoythehumanr i
ghts.
Arti
cle12:Prot
ecti
onoft heRightt
olif
e
Iti
sdescribedasthesupremeHumanRi ghtasi
tfor
msthebasi
sofotherr
ights.I
teven
prot
ectstheli
feofunborn.

Art
icl
e:13:Pr
otect
ionoftheri
ghttoper
sonall
iber
ty.
Thi
sRightdeal
swiththeprocedur
eforarr
estanddetent
ionwhi
chcur
tai
l
sthef
reedom
ofmovementofanindiv
idual
.

Arti
cle14:ther i
ghttopr otecti
onandf or
cedl
abor,Sl
averyandforcedlaborprev
ent
s
theli
bert
yandf reedom ofani ndivi
dualasaper
sonhasli
ttl
esayoveroneself.
Arti
cle15:Protecti
onfrom torture,I
nhumanordegradi
ngtreat
mentorPuni shment
Therightt
of r
eedom from torture,i
nhumanordegr
adingtr
eatmentisabsolute.

Art
icl
e16:Pr ot
ecti
onfrom depriv
ati
onofproper
ty
Thi
spr otect
st heindi
vidualfrom bei
ngdepriv
edoft
hei
rpr
oper
tyexcepti
ncases
per
mittedbylawsuchasf ail
uretopaytax.

Art
icl
e17:Protect
ionforpri
vacyofhomeandot herproper
ty
Thearti
clemakesprov
isionforpr
otect
ionofpr
ivacyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
ty.

Art
icl
e18:Provisi
ontosecur
eprotect
ionofthel
aw
Thearti
clegi
vesprovi
sionst
osecureprot
ecti
onoft
helawforanyper
sonchar
gedwith
acriminalof
fence.I
tdealswit
hadmi ni
str
ati
onofjust
icer
elat
ingt
opret
ri
altestand
det
enti
on.

Art
icle19:Pr
otecti
onofthefreedom ofconscience
Thear t
icl
eguarant
eesthefreedom ofthoughtandfreedom ofr
eli
gionwhi
chmayal
so
i
mpl yfr
eedom t
ochanger el
i
gionorbeli
ef.

Art
icl
e20:Protect
ionoffreedom ofexpr
ession
Thi
sgivesfr
eedom t oindi
vidualt
oholdopinion,r
ecei
vei
deasandi
nfor
mat
ion,i
mpar
t
andcommuni cat
eideasandi nf
ormati
onindi
vidual
s.

Ar
ticle21Prot
ect
ionoff
reedom ofassemblyandassociat
ion
Ev
er yci
ti
zenhasari
ghtt
oassemblefreel
ythroughoutZambia

Ar
ti
cle22:Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofmov
ement

Thi
sar
ti
cleguar
ant
eesf
reedom t
omov
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutZambi
a

Ar
ti
cle23:Pr
otect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ion

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Thearti
clepr
ovidesfortheprot
ect
ionfrom discr
iminat
ionongr oundsofraceet
hni
c,
sex,
placeofor
igin,
marit
alst
atuspoli
ti
calopi
nion,col
ourcreedandbeli
ef.

Arti
cle24:Pr otecti
onofy oungper sonsf rom exploi
tationProhi
bit
sengagementof
youngper sonsinanyoccupationorEmpl oymentwhi chwoul dprej
udi
ceone’
sheal
thor
educationorInt
erfer
ewi t
hphy si
cal
,ment alormoraldevelopment.
Arti
cle25:Derogati
onf r
om fundament alr
ightsanddetention
Thear ti
cleprovi
desf order
ogationfrom fundamentalrightsanddetent
ioni
ntimesof
warorpubl i
cemer gence.

Art
icl
e26:t
hisdealswi
thdet
ainedper
sons.
Onehastheri
ghttobei
nfor
medi nwri
ti
nginal
anguaget
hathe/
sheunder
standswi
thi
n
14daysofdet
enti
on.

Ar
ti
cle27:Speci
alTr
ibunalt
oRepor
tonLegi
slat
ion

Underthisart
icl
e,member
sofpar
li
amentcanar
rest(
stop)abi
l
lwhi
chI
nfr
ingesont
he
Bi
llofRight
s.

Ar
ti
cle28:Enf
orcementofpr
otect
ivepr
ovi
sions.

Theart
icl
emakesapr ovisi
onfort heenfor
cementoftheri
ghtsprovidedintheBil
lof
ri
ght
s.I
tprov i
desar emedyt othedomest i
ccourtwhi
chistheHighCour t
.IntheHigh
Cour
t;t
hear t
icl
emakesapr ovi
sionforappealt
otheSupr
emeCour t.Provi
dedhiscase
snotf
i ri
volousorvexati
ous

Art
icl
e29-31
Specialpower
soft
heRepubl
i
canPr
esi
dentsuchast
heDecl
arat
ionoft
hest
ateof
emergency

WAYSOFENFORCI
NGTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

TheJudici
aryar
m oft hegovernmenti
sthemainmechani
sm fort
heprot
ect
ionand
enfor
cementofri
ghtsandfreedomsoutli
nedi
ntheBi
llofr
ight
s.Thi
siscont
ainedi
n
art
icl
e28oftheconst
it
uti
on.

 Apersonwhoi saggri
ev edduetotheviolat
ionofhisorherrights,canpeti
tion
theHighCour tforredr
ess.
 TheJudicialRev i
ewunderOr der53oft
heRul esoftheSupremeCour ti
sanother
popul
arlyusedmechani sm.(HabeasCor pusorWritofcer
ti
orari)
 Thelatestmechani sm intr
oducedinar
ti
cle125oft heconsti
tuti
oni stheuseof
thepermanentHumanRi ght
sCommi ssionwhichact sasawat chdogtot he
court
sinenf orci
nghumanr i
ghts.

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  Theof fi
ceoft heInvesti
gatorGener al(Ombudsman)equal l
yenforceshuman
ri
ghtsclaims.Anypersoni sfreet owr i
tetotheInvest
igatorGeneraltolodgea
complaintabouthumanr i
ghtsv i
olati
ons.
 Themedi a,civi
lsoci
ety,Parl
iament ,theLaw Associat
ionofZambi a(LAZ)and
theTradeUnionsarealsoinvolvedinmoni t
ori
nghumanr i
ghtsviol
ati
ons.

PROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTSI
NZAMBI
A.

TheJudi ci
ary
TheJudi ci
alsyst
em inZambiaconsistofthesupr
emecourtthehi
ghcourtthei
ndust
ri
al
rel
ationscourt,subordi
natecourts,LocalCourtsand anyothercourtsasmaybe
prescri
bedbyanActofPar l
i
ament .TheJudgesofCour t
sareindependent
,impar
ti
al
andsubjectonlytotheconsti
tut
ionandthelaw.

Anti
-cor r
upti
oncommi ssi
on
TheAnt i
-Corrupt
ionCommissi
onisanautonomousgovernmenti
nsti
tut
ionwhichhelps
tostrengthenhumanr i
ght
sthr
oughit
sfightagai
nstcorr
upti
onandinvesti
gati
onsinto
anyreportedcorr
upti
oncaseswhi
chmayal sobecent
eronhumanr i
ghtsvi
olat
ions.

Zambi aPoli
ce
Throught heVicti
m SupportUnit
,Thepol iceprovi
deser
vicetothecommunityby
promotingandprotect
ingt
heright
soft hevi
cti
msofabuseortor
tur
e.Lawbr
eaker
sare
apprehended,ar
rest
edandprosecutedaccor
dingl
y.

CatholicCommissi
onf orJust
iceDevelopmentandPeace( CCJDP)
TheCCJDPi saf ai
thbasedorgani
zati
on( FBO)inspir
edbyGospelv aluesandthesoci
al
teachingoftheCatholi
cChurch.Itpromot esintegr
alhumandev elopment,economic
j
ustice,humandi
gnity
,andempower mentoft helesspri
vi
legedinsociety
.

Just
icef
orwi
dowsandor
phanspr
oject(
CCJDP)

Themai nobj
ecti
vei
stofi
ghtagainstv
ari
ousformsofinj
ust
icewhi
chhav
eaffect
edt
he
pl
ightofthewidowsandorphansanddisseminat
einf
ormati
ononhumanri
ghtstot
he
general
publi
c

TheLawAssociati
onofZambi a(
LAZ)
Thelaw associ
ati
onofZambi ai
sabodyofl awyer
swhichismandat
edt
opr
omot
e
humanri
ghtsbydev el
opi
ng.Lawasani
nst
rumentofsoci
alj
ust
ice.

LegalResourcesFoundat
ion
Theorganizat
ionspromot
ehumanr
ight
sbypr
ovi
dingl
egaladv
iceandl
i
tigat
ionf
ort
he

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v
ulner
abl
emember
sofsoci
ety
.

Nati
onalLegalAidCli
nic
Provi
desaffordabl
elegalai
dtot hevulnerabl
emember sofsoci
etyespeci
all
ywomen
andchil
dren.Thisisdonethr
oughlit
igati
onar bi
tr
ati
onandi
nterv
enti
onincaseswhi
ch
haveimpactednegati
vel
yonthelessprivi
legedinsoci
ety
.

Soci
etyf
orWomenandAi dsinZambi a(SWAAZ)
SWAZWasf or
medtoaddr essissuesofwomenandchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.Theor
gani
zat
ion
hasembarkedoneducat
iont r
aini
ngandcounsel
i
ngpr
ograms.

YoungwomenChr i
sti
anAssoci ati
on( YWCA)ofZambi aisafaithbasedorgani
zati
on
(FBO)whi ch was dedicated t
owar ds upl
i
fti
ng the st
andar
ds oflife pr
omote and
advocat
ewomenandchi l
dren’
sright
s
Italso pr
ov i
des advocacyand publ i
c educati
on on matt
ers ofhuman r i
ght
s and
repr
oducti
v eheal
th.

ZambiaCivicEducati
onAssociat
ion(ZCEA)
Theorganizat
ionofferslegaladvi
cetov ulner
abl
egroupsinsoci
ety
,especi
all
ythe
chi
l
dren.Itconductscivi
ceducat i
onprogramsont hepromot
ionandprotect
ionof
chi
l
dren’
srightsthr
oughthechil
dren’
sri
ghtsclubs(
CRC)

AmnestyInter
nat i
onal(AI)
Amnest yi
nternati
onalisawor l
dwideself-
governi
ngmov ementofpeoplewhoseaim
i
st ocampai gnfori nt
ernat
ional
lyrecognizedhumanr ights.Thevisi
onofAmnest y
Int
ernat
ionalistoensur ethateverypersonenjoysallofther i
ghtsenshr
inedi
nt he
Univer
salDecl arat
ion ofHuman Ri ghts and otheri nt
ernati
onalhuman rights
conventi
ons.

THEAFRI
CANCHARTERONHUMANANDPEOPLE’
SRI
GHTS

 Thiswaspr eparedatanOr ganizati

onofAf ri
canUnity(OAU)sessionhel din
Monrov i
a,Liberi
a,inJuly1979.
 The char teron human and peopl e’sr i
ght
s which was adopted undert he
auspicesoft heOAUwassubsequent lyestabl
ishedin1981.
 Itcamei ntof or
ceinOct ober1986.
 Afri
can char tersafe guar ds indiv
idualsr i
ghts ,people’sri
ghts orgr oups
minorit
ies,refugees,handicapped,or phansandt hoseinfect
edandaf f
ectedby
theHIV? AI
DSpandemi c.

TheAf
ri
canChar
tert
her
efor
e:

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  Procl
aimsbot hri
ghtsandduties
 Codif
iesandemphasi zesonindivi
dual
saswel l
peopl
esorgr oupr
ight
s
 Guaranteescivi
landpol i
ti
calrightsaswellaseconomi c,soci
alandcult
ur al
ri
ghtsandgr oupri
ghts
 Permitsthestateparti
estoimposer est
ri
cti
onsandli
mitati
onsont heexer
cise
ofguaranteedri
ghts.

I
ndi
vi
dualRi
ght
s

Theseareenshr
inedi
nwit
hint
heInter
nati
onalConventi
ononEconomic,
Soci
aland
Cul
tur
alri
ghts(I
CCPR)andtheint
ernati
onalConventi
ononEconomic,Soci
aland
Cul
tur
alRight
s(I
CESR)

 Equalit
y
 I
nt egr
it
y
 Ther i
ghttolegal deface
 Freedom ofbeliefandr eli
gion
 Freedom ofmov ement ,associ
ati
onorassembl
y
 Righttoseekasy lum
 Protecti
onofnon- nationals
 Righttopropert
yRi ghtt owor k
 RighttogoodHeal th

Peopl
e’sRi
ght
s

Theyar
eal
socal
l
edGr
oupRi
ght
sort
hir
dGener
ati
onRi
ght
s.

 Sel
fdeterminati
on
 Economic,Socialandcult
uralDev
elopment
 Nati
onalandInternat
ionalPeaceandsecur
it
y
 Envi
ronment
 Soverei
gntyovertheenvir
onmentantitsr
esour
ces
Dut
ies

Thesei
ncl
udedut
iesofi
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupst
owar
dsf
ami
l
yandsoci
ety

TheChar
teri
sdut
yboundt
oensur
ethat
:

 Ther i
ghtsandf r
eedomsofi ndividual
sandgr
oupsshallbeexer
cisedwi
thdue
regar
dt otheri
ghtsofotherpeople
 Afri
canCul t
uralvaluesarepr eservedandst
rengt
henedinelat
ionwithot
her
member sofsociety
.

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St
ateObl
igat
ions

 Adoptlegisl
ati
veandot hermeasur esfort
heiref
fecti
veness
 Ensureindependenceoft hej udici
ary
 Establ
ishnati
onal i
nsti
tuti
onst opromoteandprotecthumanri
ght
s.
 Recognizetheright
senshr inedi nthechar
ter
 Submitstatereport
sonl egislatureandothermeasures
 Undertakehumanr ight
st rainingandawarenessprogram

TheAf
ri
cancommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
esRi
ght
s(ACHPR)

 I twasest
abli
shedunderArti
cle30oftheChar t
er.
 I ti
scomposedof11member select
edbyt heAUAssembl yofHeadsofSt
ates
andGovernmentfr
om alistofnamespr esentedbytheSt
atePart
ies.
 Theysav ethecommissioninthei
rpersonalcapacity
.
FUNCTIONSOFTHECOMMI SSION:

 Ensur epr otectionofhumanandpeopl e’

sr i
ght sundert hecondit
ionslai
ddown
byt hepr esentchar ter.
 Col l
ectdocument s,under takest udiesandr esear chonhumanr i
ghtsv i
olations
i
nAf rica
 Dissemi natei nfor mat iont hroughsemi nars,Sy mposi aconfer
enceandt omake
recommendat ionst ogov ernment s
 For mul ateandl aydownpr inciplesandr ulesai medatsol vi
nglegalpr oblems
rel
at ingt ohumanandpeopl e’sright sandf undament alfr
eedomswhi char et he
basi sofAf r
icangov ernmentl egislature.
 Net wor kwi thot herAf ri
canandI nternationali nstit
uti
onsconcer nedwi tht he
promot i
onandpr otect i
onofhumananpeopl e’srights
 I
nt erpr etthepr ov isi
onsoft hepr esentchar t
eratt herequestofast at
epar tyan
AfricanUni on( AU)i nst i
tuti
onoranyAf ricanOr ganizati
onrecogni
zedbyAf rican
Uni on.
 Per form anyot hert askent rustedt ot hecommi ssionbyt heAssembl yoft he
HeadsofSt ateandGov ernment

PRI
NCI
PLES

 Thecommi ssi
onisguidedbytheI
nter
nationalLawonHumanRi
ght
snsPeopl
es
Ri
ghtsinrelati
ontothef ol
l
owi
ngprovi
sions:
 Var
iousAf ri
caninstr
umentsonHumanandpeopl e’
sri
ght
s
 ThecharteroftheUni t
edNati
ons
 TheUniversalDeclar
ati
onHumanRights

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  OtherI nst
rument sonHumanandpeopl e’
sRi ght
sadoptedbyt heUnitedNat
ions
andt heAfricanSt ates.
 Thecommi ssi
onshal ldeter
mi neprincipl
esofl aw,sett
ingstandar
dsofAf r
ican
practicesconsi stentwi thinternat
ionalnor msonhumanandpeopl e’
sri
ghts
customsgener all
yaccept edasl awbyAf r
icansStates
 Each St at
epar tyshal lundertaket o submi tar eporton l
egisl
ati
onorot her
fr
eedomsr ecogni zedandguar anteedbyt hechar t
er.
 TheChar t
ershal lbeopent osignature,rati
fi
cati
onoradherencebyt hemember
statesoftheAf ricanUni on.

THEHUMANRI
GHTSCOMMI
SSI
ON(
HRC)

 ThePer manentHumanRi ghtsCommi ssionwasest abl

ishedbyanactof
par
li
amentNo.39of1996butcamei ntoforceinMay1997.
 Theaim wastopromoteposi t
ivehumanr ightscultureinthecount ry
.
 The commi ssi
on is made up oft he Di r
ector,Deput y and five other
Commi ssi
onerswhoareappoi ntedbyt hepresident,subjecttor at
if
icat
ionby
par
li
ament.
 Thetenureofoffi
ceoftheseposi t
ionsisthreey earsthoughr enewable.

Funct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
on

 Invest
igatehumanr i
ghtsvi
olati
ons.
 Invest
igateanymal admini
strati
onofj ust
ice
 Proposeef fecti
vemeasurest opreventhumanr ight
sabuses
 Visitpri
sonsandpl acesofdet enti
onorr el
atedfacili
ti
eswithav i
ew to
assessingandi nspecti
ngconditi
onsoft hepr i
soner
s.
 Establ
ishacont i
nuousprogram ofr esearcheducation,otherr
elat
edi
ssues
tohumanr i
ghts.
Power
softhecommi ssion

 I
nv est
igat
eanyhumanr ightsabuseori t
si ni
tiati
veornon- receivi
ngcomplai
nts.
 Anaggr ievedper sonact i
ngintheirowni nterest.
 Aper sonact i
ngonbehal fofanaggr ievedper son
 Aper sonact i
ngonbehal fofandi nthei nterestoft hegroup.
 Associationact i
ngi ntheint
erestofi t
smember s.
 I
ssuesummonsoror dersr equiri
ngattendanceofanyper sonr el
evanttoany
i
nv est
igat
ionsbyt hecommi ssion.
 Produceanydocument srel
ev anttothecommi ssion
 Questionanyper soni nrespectofanysubj ectmat terunderi nvesti
gat
ionbefor
e
theCommi ssi
on

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  Recommend t
o Court
s ofl aw prosecut
ion ofany person f
ound by t
he
Commissi
ont
ohaveperpetuat
edabuseofhumanr i
ght
s
SAMPLEQUESTION
1.Par
t3oftheconsti
tuti
onofZambiacoverst
heNati
onalBil
lofRi
ght
s

a)Out
li
neanyf
ivepr
ovi
sionsi
ntheNat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
s.

b)Anal
yzet
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofZambi
a’
sNat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
s.

2.Descr
ibet
hei
nter
nat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
sandt
heZambi
aBi
l
lofr
ight
s.

3.St
atet
heel
ement
soft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sint
heZambi
anConst
it
uti
on.

4.Descr
ibeway
sofenf
orci
ngt
heZambi
aBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.

5.Di
scusst
her
oleoft
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hatpr
omot
esHumanRi
ght
sZambi
a.

6.I
denti
fytheint
ernati
onalprov
isi
ont
hatref
lectthecont
entoft
heZambi
an
Bi
ll
ofright
s.Discussvari
ouswaysofenf
orcingthebi
ll
ofri
ght
s

7.Ment
iont
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
omot
etheZambi
abi
l
lofr
ight
s.

8. Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionsoft
heHumanRi
ght
scommi
ssi
on.

9. Exampl
ehowt
heZambi
abi
l
lcanbeamended.

10.
Giveexampl
esofgr
oupsi
nsoci
etywhoser
ight
sar
esaf
eguar
dedand
expl
ainwhy?

CI
VILSOCI
ETYANDTHEMEDI
AINGOVERNANCE
WHATI
SACI
VILSOCI
ETY?

 Thi
sr efer
st o those non- mil
it
ary
,non-gov
ernment
al or
gani
zat
ions and
i
ndiv
idual
swhomakei tt
heirbusi
nesstopr
omoteanddef
endthebasi
cideal
sof
goodgovernance.

 I
tcanalsoref
ertoor
ganiz
ati
onsandsocialrel
ati
onshi
psout
sideoft
hecont
rol
ofgov
ernment.
 Iti
ncl
udesever
ynonmil
i
taryi
ndi
vi
dual
outsidethegover
nment.

CHARACTERISTI
CSOFCI VI
LSOCI ETY
 Iti
snotguidedbyaregul
atoryf
rame.
 Notprofi
tmaking

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  Drawssupportfrom well
-wisher
ssuchasdonorsandotherinst
it
uti
ons
 Shapesownnat ureofneedsandi nt
erest
s
 Works withi
n speci fi
c envir
onment which deter
mines its oper
ati
on and
maneuver
s[ t
actics]
 Drawsmember shipfrom f
ormal andinf
ormal
organi
zati
onsandassociat
ions.

CLASSIFI
CATI
ONOFCI VILSOCI
ETYINZAMBIA
Thefol
l
owingareexampl
esofCi
vil
Soci
etyOr
gani
zat
ionsar
e:

I
nternat
ionalorganizations
 InterAfri
canNet workf orHumanRi ghtsandDev elopment(
AFRONET)
 TheMedi aInst
ituteofSot her
nAf r
ica( MISA)
 TransparentInternat
ional Zambia(TIZ)
 WomenI nLawandDev el
opmentinAf rica(WILDAF)
 WomenI nlawI nSout hernAfri
ca(WI LSA)
Theseorganizati
onsar ereferredtoasachapt er.
Achapterisabr anchofani nt
ernati
onalCi v
ilSociet
yOr gani
zat
ion

Pressur
egroups
Theseareor ganizati
onsf ormedtoi nfl
uencegover
nmentpol
i
cyanddeci
sionsona
part
icul
arsubject.TheyarealsoknownasI nter
estgr
oups
 Citi
zensFor um
 OasisFor um
 TheCommi t
teeforCleanCampai gn[
CCC]
 TheZambi aConsumerAssoci ati
on[ZCA]

Ci
vicor
ganizati
ons
Ar
econcernedwi thissuesofCi v
icEducat i
on,HumanRight
sandGoodGov
ernance
 Anti-VoterApat hyProgramme( AVAP)
 Foundat i
onf orDemocr ati
cPr ocess(FODEP)
 Non- Government alOrganizat
ionscoordinat
ingCommit
tee(
NGOCC)
 Oper at
iony oungv ote(OYV)
 TheNat ional Mov ementagainstcorrupt
ion(NAMAAC)
 Zambi aCivicEducat i
onOr ganizat
ion(ZCEA)

Women’sgr oups
Theseareconcernedwit
hpromoti
ngandprot
ect
ingwomen’
sri
ght
s
 Forum forWomenEducati
onal
ist
sofZambia(
FAWEZA)
 NationalWomen’sLobbyGr
oup.(NWLG)
 WomenForChange[ WC]
 Womeni nDevel
opment

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  YoungMen’
sChrist
ianAssoci
ati
on(YMCA)
 YoungWomenChr i
sti
anAssoci
ati
on(YWCA)
 ZambiaAl
l
ianceofWomen( ZAW)

Prof
essionalassociat
ions
Thesear eformedbypeopl einparti
cul
arpr of
essi
onstopr
omot
eandpr
otectt
hei
r
i
nterest
s
 PressAssoci at
ionofZambia(PAZA)
 TheLawAssoci ati
onofZambia(LAZ)
 Womeni nLawandDev el
opmentinAfri
ca(WILDAF)
 Zambi aIndependentMediaAssociat
ion(ZIMA)

I
ndustr
ialor
gani
zat i
ons
Thesearepri
mari
lyformedbypeopl einthesameindustr
ytosaf
eguar
dint
erest
s
 LabourMovement( TradeUnion)
 ZambiaAssociati
onofManuf acturer
s(ZAM)
 ZambiaChamberofCommer ceandIndustr
y(ZAAC)
 ZambiaCrossBoar derTrader
sAssociati
on(ZCBBTA)
 ZambiaFederati
onf orWomenI nBusiness(ZFWB)
 ZambiaNationalFarmersUnion(ZNFU)

Rel
igi
ousorganizati
ons
 Car it
asZambi a,f or
merl
y theCat hol
i
cCommi
ssi
on f
orPeace,Just
iceand
Devel
opment
 Counci lofChur chesinZambia(CCZ)
 I sl
amicAssociat ionOfZambia(IAZ)
 YoungMenChr ist i
anAssoci
ati
on(YMCA)
 YoungMenChr ist i
anAssoci
ati
on(YWCA)
 Zambi aEv angelicalFell
owship(ZEF)

ROLESOFTHECI VI
LSOCI ETY
 Actasagent sofdemocr ati
cchangeorex amplebyadv ocati
ngf orconstit
uti
onal
reform,genderequalit
yandfreeandf airelect
ions.
 Actaschannel sthroughwhichi ndiv
idualscanpar t
ici
patebothi ngov ernment
andcommuni tydecisi
onmakingpr ocess
 ActasLi nkbet weent hecommuni t
yandt hegov ernment.Civilsociet
iesoften
transmitpubl
icopiniononvariousissuest othegov er
nment.
 Car ryoutCiviceducat i
on activi
ti
est o promot epublicawar enesson i ssues
affecti
ngsocietysuchasHIV/ AIDS,HumanRi ghtsabusesandpov er
ty
 Debat ebi
ll
sandi nfl
uenceamendment sordeci si
onsoft hel
egislat
ure.
 Def endandpromot eHumanRi ghtsandr uleoflaw:Ruleoflawmeansev eryone

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 mustacti naccordancewi ththelaw.
 Defend t he ideals ofDemocr acybychecki ng the gr owt h ofundemocr ati
c
tendenciesint hepoliciesofgovernment .
 Ensur ethatthegov ernmentandot herpeopleinaut hori
tyar eaccount abletothe
public
 I
nf l
uencePubl i
copinion:Civilsocietyorganizationsusest rategyofadv ocacyto
i
nf l
uencepubl icopinioninfavourofspeci fi
cobj ecti
ves.
 Publici
zeandar t
iculatetheDemandsoft heirmember s.Fori nst
ancet heNat ional
women’ sLobbygr oupdemandsf orami ni
mum of30%f emal er epr
esent ati
onin
parli
amentandal lotherleadershi
pandmanager i
alposi
tions.

REQUI
REMENTFORTHEESTABLI SHMENTOFACI VILSOCI ETY
 Agov ernmentwhi chr espectsandaccept sthev i
ewsofopponent sand mi nori
ty
groups
 A pro-act i
ve populati
on wi l
li
ng t o par t
icipatei n communi ty and nat i
onal
acti
vit
ies
 Citi
zenswhoacceptopposi ngviewsi nademocr at
icsociet
y,andt heneedf or
negotiat
ionandcompr omi sewithint heframewor kofthelawsoft henati
on
 Favourablelawswhi chper mitandr espectt hef reedom ofexpression
 Theexi stenceofa speci f
icprobl em encour agesi ndi
vidualstof orm a civi
l
Societyorganizati
ontoaddr essthepar t
icularissue.
 Wher eist hereisapathy,civi
lSocietyorgani zati
onsmaynotf louri
sh

CITIZENPARTICI
PATIONINGOVERNANCE
Thisref
erst
othelev
elofi
nvol
vementofpeopl
eint
hedeci
sionsmaki
ngpr
ocess.

FORMSOFCI TI
ZENPARTI CI
PATI ON
Poli
ti
calact i
vit
ies
 At tendingapol i
ti
calpart
ymeet i
ng
 Cast ingav ot
einanelecti
on
 Cont act i
ngacounsel ororaMemberofPar li
amenttorai
seani ssues
 Joi ningandcampai gningforpol
iti
cal
apartyofone’
schoice
 St andingf orapoli
ti
caloff
iceinanelect
ion
 Wr i
ti
ngnewspaperar t
icl
estocommentongov er
nmentpoli
cies.

Ci
vi
lsoci
etyorganization’
sactivi
ti
es.
 Att
endingsemi nars
 Joi
ningaci v
ilSocietyorgani
zati
on
 Readingpostersandbr ochures
 Taki
ngpar ti
nl egaldemonstrat
ion

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Communi
tyacti
vi
ties
 Att
endi
ngacommuni tymeetingtodiscusscommuni tyaff
air
s
 Att
endi
ngaPar entsTeachersAssociati
on[PTA]meetingatalocal
school
 Maudli
ngbricksf oracommuni tyschool
 Si
gningapet it
ionwi thotherpeopletoexpr essdissat
isf
acti
onwi t
hadeci
sion
madebyal ocal counci
loraschool admini
strati
on

WOMENPARTI CIPATIONI NGOVERNANCE

Womenhav ebeenexcl udedfrom effect
iveparti
cipationi
ngovernance,pol
iti
caland
Leader
shi
pmakingsincei ndependence.Althought herehasbeenamodesti ncr
ease
si
nce1992,t
hepercentageofwomenpar l
i
ament ar
iansi nZambi
astil
lfal
lsbelow30%
whichi
sthemini
mum r ecommendedbySADCandNat ionalWomen’
sLobbyGr oup

Year of El
ect
ion Male Female Tot
alel
ect
ed
Held Parl
iament
ari
ans Par
li
ament
ari
ans Par
li
ament
ari
ans
1968 104 1 105
1973 120 5 125
1983 122 3 125
1988 119 6 125
1991 144 6 150
1996 135 15 150
2001 137 13 15

OBSTACLESOFFEMALEPARTI CIPATI ONI NGOVERNANCE

Cult
uralAspect s:
 Thecul turalsetupi nZambi ansoci etyencour ageswoment obesubordi
nateand
submissivet omen.Hencemostpeopl ebel i
ev ethatwomencannotmakegood
l
eaders.
Male Economi c Domi nance:El ection campai gns ar e usuall
y dominat
ed by male
candi
dat escampai gningagainstfemal eswhoar eusual l
yunabletorai
seenoughmoney
fort
hecampai gn.
LackofSol i
dar i
tyamongwomen:
 Femal ev oterst endnott osuppor tfemal ecandi dat
es.Thereisusuall
yar if
t
betweenhi ghlyeducat edandl esseducat edwomen.
 womenal sot endt ohavel i
ttl
econf idencei nt
hei rfell
owwomen
Poli
ti
caldi scrimination:
Pol
it
icalpar tycommi t
teesr esponsi blef oradopt i
ng aspi
ri
ng candi
datesare
maledomi natedandt endt odi scri
minateagai nstwomen

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NEEDFORCI TI
ZENPARTI CIPATI ON
Cit
izenparti
cipati
oni sakeyf actori
ndemocr acy.
Lackofci ti
zenpar tici
pation
 Citi
zensmayr emaini gnorantofgov er
nmentpol ici
esandint
enti
ons.
 Gov ernmentl eadersmaynotbehel daccount abl
e
 Gov ernmentl eaders woul d be elected by a mi nor
it
y ofciti
zens who ar
e
poli
tical
lyactivetogov ernovertheinactivemajori
ty.
 Poorgov er
nmentpol iciesmaygounchecked
 Selfi
shl eadersmayf i
ndi teasyt ocorruptthefewpol i
ti
cal
lyact
iveci
ti
zensand
wi
nel ecti
ons.
Themedi a
TheMedi acomesf rom thewor dmedi um meani nggobetween.
Mass Medi ar eferst ot echni caldev i
ces t hatmake i tpossibl
et o di
sseminat
e
i
nformati
ont oal argenumberofpeopl e

TYPESOFNEWSMEDI A
Pri
ntMedia
 I
tisthet ypeofmedi athatrel
i
esonprint
edpapertodisseminateinformat
ion.I
t
i
salsor eferredt
oasPr ess.Pri
ntmedi
aconsi
stofperiodicall
i
teratureanddail
y
newspaper s.
 I
talsoincludesNoticeboards,
post
ersandbr
ochures.
ExampleofPrintMedi a
 Chall
engeMagazi ne
 Monitor
 PostNewspaper
 SpeakoutMagazi ne
 SundaytimesofZambi a
 TimesofZambi a
 ZambiaDai lyMail

El
ectr
onicMedi a
I
tisatypeofmedi athatuseselect
ri
cmet hodstodi
sseminateinf
ormat
ion.
Examples:
 Int
ernet
 RadioChrist
ianVoice
 RadioMano
 RadioPhoenix
 Zambi aNati
onalBroadcasti
ngCooperati
on
TheMedi acanalsobeclassif
iedaccordingtoowner
ship.
 PublicMedia:istoalargeextentownedandcontrol
ledbythest
ate

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  Priv
ateMedi a:i
sownedbypr i
vatecompani
esandinst
it
uti
onssuchast
he
church.
Newsagenci es
 Thesear emedi
ainsti
tut
ionswhichcoll
ectandsuppl
yinfor
mati
ontomedi
a
i
nstit
ut i
ons.
Examples:
 Reuters
 Zambi aNewAgency
 Zambi aNewsandinf
ormationservi
ce

THEROLEOFTHEMEDI AI NGOODGOVERNANCE
Toi nform andeducat e:
Citi
zenscannotf ul
lypar t
ici
patei ngov ernanceunl esst heyar ewellinfor
med.
Hence,t hemedi ai stheretoinf orm andeducat easwel lasf or
mingpubl i
c
opinion.
Toactaswat chdog:
Itplayst heroleofthewat chdogandj ealousguar dianoft heri
ghtsofciti
zensby
holdingpubl i
cof fi
cial
saccountablef orthei racti
ons.
Themedi ashouldnotonl ypubli
cizet heact ivi
ti
esoft herul i
ngpartybutitshoul
d
alsoinv esti
gateandexposet hemal pract i
cesoft hegov ernmentandot herpubli
c
offi
cials.
Topr omot epublicDebat e
TheMedi aprov i
desaf or
um forexpr essionofv i
ewsandopi ni
onsofbot hthe
gover nmentandt hepeopleonmat tersofpubl i
cinterest
.
Tosett heAgenda:
TheMedi adecidesonbehal fofthepubl icwhati snewsandwhati snot.

SHORTCOMI NGSORLI MI TATI ONSOFTHEMEDI A

Owner shipandcont r
ol:
Thosewhoownandcont rolthemedi atendtouset hem toserv
et heirown
i
nt er
esttotheexcl usionofopposi ngv i
ews.
Accessibil
ity:Publ i
caccesst ot hemediaisrest
ri
ctedbyv ari
ousf
actor
sandt he
discri
minator ypoliciesofsomeoft hemediaor ganizati
onswhichdeliberat
ely
denypubl i
cityt opeopl ehol dingv i
ewscontr
arytotheirown.
Peoplewi thdi sabili
ti
es
Themedi adoesnotf ullycat erforthebli
ndanddeafast herei
snonewsi nbrai
ll
e.
Costofadv ertisi
ng
Itisv er
ycost l
yt oadv erti
sei nt hemediathemaj orityofpeoplearepoorand
cannotaf f
or dtomar kett heirproducts.

FREEDOM OFTHEMEDI
A

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Thisisessent i
alfort hemedi ai nstit
utionst oservethepubl i
cwi thoutinterf
erencef r
om
anyquot a.Fr eedom oft hemedi aent ail
s:
Freedom ofowner ship
Itmeanst hatev er yciti
zeni sf reet o startorownamedi ai nsti
tuti
onsuchasa
newspaper ,magazi neorbr oadcast ingst at
ion.
Freedom ofaccessandpubl i
cat i
on
Itmeans t hatmedi a practitioners ar ef ree to gatherand publ i
sh orbr oadcast
i
nformat ion
Rightoft hepubl ict obeinformed
Itmeanst hatthepubl i
cenjoyt her i
ghtt oreceivefai
r,full
andobj ectiv
ei nfor
mat ion.
Protectionofmedi apracti
tioner sfrom unduer est
ri
ctions
Favorablel awsar eenact edt opr otectmedi apract
iti
onersf orunduer estr
icti
onssuch
as pr ohibitive licensing r equi r
ement s, di scr
iminatory taxation and censor ship
regulat
ions.
Professionalandr esponsiblej ournalism
Itmeans t hatfreedom oft he medi a demands f orpr ofessionaland r esponsibl
e
j
ournalism.
SAMPLEQUESTI ONS

1.Def
ineci
vi
lSoci
ety
.

2.Cl
assi
fyci
vi
lsoci
etyi
nZambi
aaccor
dingt
othei
rfunct
ions.

3.Anal
yzet
her
olesofsoci
etyi
ngov
ernancei
ssues

4.Expl
aint
hecondi
ti
onsnecessar
yfort
heest
abl
i
shmentofci
vi
lsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ions.

5.Di
scusst
hei
mpor
tanceofci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngov
ernance.

6.Ev
aluat
etheneedf
orci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngov
ernance.

7.I
dent
if
ydi
ff
erentt
ypesofmedi
a.

8.Anal
yzet
hel
i
mit
ati
onst
omedi
acov
erage.

9.Di
scusst
hei
mpor
tanceofaccesst
othemedi
aingov
ernance.

10.Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hei
ndependenceoft
hemedi
aingov
ernance.

ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
Thisi
stheprocessofimpr
ovi
ngthequal
it
yofhumanli
fe.I
talsomeansthechange
fr
om t
heoldtosomethi
ngcompl
etel
yneworar
epl
acementoft
heoldbythenew.
 Bui
l
dinganewschool

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  Constructi
ngabri
dge
 Openinganewmi ne
Dev
elopmentalsomeansther
eisani
mpr
ovementi
nthepr
ovi
sionsofbasi
cneeds.

EconomicDev el
opment
EconomicDev el
opmentmeansi ncr
easeinacount
ry’
stechnol
ogies,standar
dofl
i
ving
andalsoincreaseinproducti
vecapaci
tysuchastherealNationalincomeorGross
Domesti
cPr oduct(
GDP)ov eraPeri
odofyear
s.

HOW ACOUNTRYCANACHI EVEECONOMI CDEVELOPMENT

 Expansionofagri
cult
ure
 Producingsurpl
usproductsf orexport
 Expansionofmanufacturi
ng
 Indust
rytoprocessvari
ouspr oduct
swi t
hinthecountry
 Improvementoftechnologiessuchasef fi
cientt
oolsandmachines
 Researchonnewt echnologies
 Improvedskil
lsl
eadingtoincr easedproductionofgoodsandservi
ces

Producti
vecapacit
y:meanstheabi
l
itytoproducemoregoods.
RealNationali
ncomeorGDP:Thisisthetotalval
ueofal
lgoodsandser
vicespr
oduced
i
nt hecountrywi
thi
nthespeci
fi
cperi
odofoney ear.

Soci
alDevelopment
Thi
srefer
st ot hei mprovementinthestandar
doflivi
ngofthepeople.
Soci
aldevelopmentcov ersalotofthi
ngsandt hef
oll
owingaresomeexampl es:
 HumanRi ghts
 Goodgov er nance
 Accesst oeducationandhealthcare
 Ensuringt hatani ndi
vi
dualhasoppor tuni
ti
esandchoi cestoful
fi
llhisorher
potential.

LackofSoci
alDevel
opmentleadstoPovert
y.
Povert
y
Povert
yisacondi
ti
onofbeingpoor.Apoorpersonisonewhohasnosuffi
cientmoney
ofresour
cestoaffor
dthebasi cneedssuchsf ood,cl
eanandsaf
edrinkingwater
,
cl
othesandhousi
ng.Pover
tyisthebiggestobstacl
etohumansecur
it
y.Therefor
ethe
bi
ggestchal
l
engetosoci
aldevel
opmentisthefightt
ocontai
n.

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VICEDUCATI
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BasicHumanNeeds
Thesearet hingsthataper soncannotdowi t
hout.
Thesecanbedi vi
dedintoGoodsandSer vices.
Goodsar etangi bl
eorphy sical
itemsthatcanbeseen.
Boats
Furni
ture
Clothes
Mot orvehicle
Radio
Servi
cesar enotphy si
calbutar eacti
vit
iesorbenefi
tsof
feredthatgi
vesatisfact
iont o
consumer s.Entertai
nmentbymusi ci
ans
Educati
on
Healthser vi
ces
Want s
Thesear et hingst hatonecandowi thout.Theyarenotr eal
lyessent
ialforpr oper
funct
ionoft hebodysuchasal cohol,f
urnit
ureandmotorvehicl
es.

FACTORSOFPRODUCTI ON
Thesearethi
ngsthatar
enecessaryforpr
oduct
iontotakeplace.
Product
ionref
erstoanyact
ivi
tythathel
pstosati
sfywants.

LAND
Landcomprisest hoseresourcesmadeav ai
l
ablebynatureorsi
mpl
ynat
uralr
esour
ces
suchas:
 Agri
culturalar
eas
 Natur
al grasslands,woodl andsandforest
s
 Deserts
 Oceansl akes,seasandr i
vers
 Chemical softheearth’
scrustandtheat mospher
e

LABOUR
 These are human effor
ts eit
herphysi
calorment al,which dir
ected atthe
producti
onofgoodsandser vi
cesiny
ourrouti
nework.Labourisnotonlyafact
or
ofproducti
onbutal
sot hereasonwhyeconomicacti
vi
ti
esarecarri
edout .
 Itistheproduct
soflabourthatar
eboughtandsoldandnotlabourit
self
.

TYPESOFLABOUR
 Skil
ledLabour:Thisislabourthatr
equi
resprofessi
onaltrai
ning,l
i
kedoctor
s,
l
awyerst
eacher
saccount
ants,etc.
 Semi -
Ski
ll
edLabour:Thi
si slabourt
hatrequi
restrai
ningforashor tper
iodof
t
imeforexampl
esixweeksoranyperiodl
essthanoney ear
.

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  Unski
ll
edLabour:Thisislabourt
hatr
equi
resli
ttl
etr
aini
ngornot
rai
ningf
or
exampl
efar
ml abor
ers,cl
eaner
sandgar
denboys.

EFFI
CIENCYOFLABOUR
Thi
srefer
stothemaximum andeffect
iveuseofl
abourwi
thoutwast
e.
Producti
vi
tyout
putofaworkerperunitofti
me

FACTORSAFFECTI NGTHEOFEFFI CIENCY

 Educat i
onandt r
aining:A per sonwhoi seducat edandhassoundt echnical
trai
ningwoul dbemor eef fectiv
et hanonewhol acksknowledge.
Workingcondi t
ions:Theef ficiencyofl abourisinfl
uencedbygoodwor ki
ngcondit
ions
andaf avorablewor ki
ngenv ir
onmentf orexampl e,ali
vingwage,goodsanitati
onand
wellventil
atedwor kplace.
WelfareSer vices:Wel f
areser vicesar epr ov
idedt oawor kersuchasmedi calcare,
tr
anspor t,
andhousi ng.
Motivation:Thisinv ol
vesv ariousi ncentivessuchasmonet ar
yreward,asameansof
sti
mul ati
ng

CAPITAL
 Capi t
alishumanmader esource.Itreferstothephy si
calasset screat edinthe
pastandi sav ail
ableforpresentuse.
 I tincl
udesmachi nesandi ndustr
ialbuil
dingsthatcont r
ibutet oproduction.
TYPESOFCAPI TAL
 Wor kingCapi tal
:Thisismoneyabusi nessmusthav einor dert omeeti tsdayto
dayexpensessuchaspay ingforraw mat er
ials,electri
cit
y/ waterbi
lls,worker’
s
salari
es.Italsoincludesmoneyowedt othebusi nessbydebt ors.
 Fi xedCapi tal:Thisrefer
st ophy si
calasset ssuchasl and,t r
ansport,buil
dings,
machi neryandequi pment .I
talsoreferstomoneyusedt ost artabusiness.

Ent
repreneurship
 Thi sisanabi l
i
tysomepeopl ehav etoacceptr i
sksandcombi nefactor
sof
productioninor dertopr
oducegoodsandser v i
ces
 AnEnt repreneurissimpleaper sonwhost artsabusi
ness.I
nor derforl
and,
l
abourandt hecapit
altoproduceany t
hing,t
heremustbeaper sonwhoshould
organi
zet hesef act
orssothatproducti
oncant akepl
ace.

CAPITALACCUMULATI ON
Capi
talaccumul
ati
onmeansi ncreasi
ngtheproduct
ionofcapit
algoodsi
naddi
ti
onto
whatthecountr
yal r
eadyhas,economicdevel
opmentlargel
ydependsonther
ateof
capi
talaccumul
ati
on.

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FACTORSTHATAFFECTCAPI TALACCUMULATI ON
 Lowi ncomes: Peoplewhohav elit
tlemoneyornot hingt osav e.
 Consumpt i
onHabi ts:Peopleeatexpensi v
ef ood,t akeexpensi vef oreigndrinks
l
ikebr andyandbuyexpensi vecar s.Thismaket hem sav eli
ttleornothing
 Ext endedf amilysystem:Somepeopl emai ntainlargeFami liesandf inditdif
ficul
t
tosav emoney .Aper soncankeepmanyr elati
vesinaddi ti
ont ohisorherf amily.
 Nof utur eplans:Peopl espendmor etofulfil
ltheir[presentneeds,henceendup
beingext ravagant.
 Lackofknowl edget osav efori nvestment :Mostpeopl edonothav et heideaof
savingf orinvestment .
 Soci alst atus:Somepeopl eespeci all
ythosei nthehi ghgroupt endt ospendal ot
ofmoneyonexpensi vegoodscar sandcl othesi nor dertomai ntai
nt heirstatus
i
nsoci ety .
 Lar gequant it
iesofi mpor t
edf inishedpr oducts:Mostoft heimpor tedpr oducts
arequi etexpensi v
ehenceal otofmoneyi sspentt oi mpor tfi
nishedgoodsi nto
thecount r
yinsteadofhav ingthem pr oducedl ocally.
 Pov er
t yi tissituati
onwher epeopl elackbasi cneedsandcannotent erinto
businessv ent
ure

BANKING
Banki
ngisanactofsavi
ngmoneyinafinanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oncal
l
edabank.Bankinghel
ps
i
nf i
nanci
ngoftradeact
ivi
ti
esort
ransf
eroffundsfr
om oneper
sont
oanot herorone
i
nsti
tut
iontoanother
.

TYPESOFBANKS
Centr
alBank
Thisi
stheprinci
palfinanci
alinst
it
utioninthecountr
yandact sasaregul
atorofthe
banki
ngsyst
em.I tdoesnotdealdirectl
ywiththepubl
icbutrat
herpr
ovi
desservi
cesto
thecommercialBanksandt hegov er
nment .I
nZambia,theCentr
alBankiscal
ledthe
BankofZambia(BOZ)andi ti
sownedbyt heZambiangover
nment.

FUNCTIONSOFTHECENTRALBANK
Keepi ngmoneyf orcommer ci
alBanks.
 I tprov i
desalloft hebanki ngserv i
cest othebanki ngsect or
.
 Keepi ngGov ernmentr ev enues:I tpay smoneyonbehal fofthegov er
nmentand
carri
esoutf oreignt r
ansact i
on.I twor kscl oselywit
ht heMinistr
yofFinanceAnd
Nat i
onalPlanningandgi v esitadv iceonf inancialmatter
s.
 I ssuingBanknot esandcoi ns:Ital sowithdrawsMut i
l
atednot esfr
om cir
culat
ion
throughcommer ci
alBanks
 Cl earingchequesandt ransf er
ri
ngofmoneyt ocommer cialBanks
 Keepi ngforei
gncur renciesandsel l
ingthem t ocommer cialBanksandbureaus.

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  Lendingmoneyt ocommer cialbanks.
 Serv i
cingt henat ionaldebt .Thegov ernmentusesthecentr
albanktopayits
national andinternati
onaldebt.
 Italsof i
xest hemi ni
mum andmaxi mum amountaper soncandeposi
tand
withdraw r espect i
vely
.Thi sisi n orderto cont
rolthe amountofmoneyi n
cir
culationinor dertoav oi
di nf
lati
onanddeflat
ion.
 Conduct ingor dinarybanki ngbusi nesssuchascashi nggover
nmentcheques
andt reasurybill
s.

COMMERCI ALBANKS
Commer ci
albanksar ef i
nancialinsti
tuti
onsl i
censedt oprov
idebankingservicestothe
publ
ic.
BASICFUNCTI ONSOFTHECOMMERCI ALBANKS
 Collectssurpl
usf undsfrom thegener alpublic
 Transferfundsf r
om oneper sont oanot herbymeansofachequeorcr editcar
d.
 Lendsur plusfundsatani nteresttothecust omersandotherenter
prises.
 Prov i
demoneyt r
ansferservices.
 Facili
tatepaymentofgoodsandser vices.
 Offeradv i
ceonbusi nessmat t
erssuchasi nv est
mentopport
uniti
es,etc.
 Lookaf terval
uablessuchasj ewelr
y,wi l
ls,
tit
ledeeds,et
c.

TYPESOFACCOUNTSOFFEREDBYCOMMERCI ALBANKS
Curr
entaccount s:
Thesear edepositswhicharewithdrawnondemandandar esubj
ecttot r
ansfer
bycheque.SuchDeposi tsdonotearni nt
erestandbankscanmakeachangef or
handli
ngt hechequesdr awnont heaccount s.Holdersar
ealsoent i
tl
edt oan
overdraf
t.
Deposi
tAccount :
Thesear edeposi tswhichearni nterestbutwhi chcannotbet r
ansferred by
cheque orwi t
hdrawn on demand.Theyi ncl
ude ti
me deposi
ts and savings
accounts.
Lar
geFixedTer m Deposits:
Thesear edeposit
swhi chinv
olv
elargesumsofmoneyanddoesnotal l
owhol der
towithdrawmoneyondemandbutaf tersomet i
me.

OTHERFINANCI ALI NSTITUTIONS

Theroleofthesei nsti
tuti
onsist
ocollectsavi
ngsf r
om membersoft
hepubl
i
c
andchannel
them toi ndustr
yandthegovernment.I
nZambia,
thesei
ncl
ude;
Nat
ionalSav
ingsandCr editBank

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 TheNat i
onalSav ingsandCr edi
tBankal soprovi
desav i
ngsaccountsandbasi c
bankingser v
icespar ti
cularl
ytolowi ncomegroupsinbothurbanandr ur
alar
eas.
Devel
opmentbankofZambi a(DBZ)
Thiswasest ablishedbyt hegov ernmenttoof f
erlongt ermfinanceforrisky
businessesorv entur
eswher e otherbanksar ereluctantt
o operatein,e.g.
agri
cultureandindust ri
alsectors.
Zambi
aNat i
onalBui l
dingSoci ety(ZNBS)
Thisprov i
deslongt er
ml oanst hatenablepeopl
etobui l
dorpurchasehouses.It
alsoprovidessav ingsaccount s.

LusakaStockExchange(LuSE)
StockExchangeisahighl
yorgani
zedmar
ketwher
eshar
esandst
ocksar
eboughtand
Sold.

Funct
ionsofLuSE
 Provi
demar ketforsecondhandshar es.
 Helpcompani esorbusinessestorai
senewcapi t
al.
 Encouragesinvest
menti nsecuri
ti
es.
 Enabl
esf lowofcapital
forproducti
veindust
ry.
 Regulatespri
cesofsharesont hemar ket
.

I
NSURANCE

I
nsurancei sasy st
em ofpr otecti
onagai nstallki
ndsofr isk.Peopl ebuyi nsurance
poli
ciest opr ot
ectthemselvesagai nstthel ossofsomet hi
ngwhi chisver
yv aluableto
them, suchasacar ,ahouse,afarm andaf actory
.
 I nsur erorunderwri
teristhei nsurancecompany .
 I nsur eisthepersontakingouti nsurance.
 I nsur ancepol i
cyisCont r
actsi gnedbet weent heinsur ancecompanyanda
personinsured.
 Pr emi umsar enormallypaidmont hly
,quart
erl
yandannual ly
.Inreturnf orthe
paymentofapr emium ani nsurerorunder wri
teragr eest ocompensat ethe
i
nsuredi ntheeventofhisorhersuf feri
ngaspecifi
edloss,

WORKCULTURE
Thi
sist
heatti
tudeandv
aluesofpeopl
etowar
dswor
k.Wor
kcul
tur
ecanei
therbe

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posi
ti
veornegat
ive.

FORMSOFWORKCULTURE
NEGATI VEWORKCULTURE
Characteri
sti
csofNegat iv
eWor kCul tur
e
 Aper sonempl oyedi nthef ormalorinformalsectordoesnotwanttoworkhard
butwouldli
ket obepaidf ordoingv er
ylit
tl
e.
 Aper sonspendsmostoft hetimedoingnot hi
ngorpl ay
ingaboutupt
otheendof
theday’
swor k
 Ani ndi
vidualcannotwor kwi t
houtbeingsupervised.
 Poormanshi pintheproduct i
onofgoodsandser v
ice.
 Fai l
uretoappreciateoneswor k.

POSI TIVEWORKCULTURE
Char acterist
icsofPosi ti
veWor kCult
ure
 Wor kshardt oachi eveproducti
vi
tytargetswithi
nagiventime
 Doesnotwai tforsuper v
isi
on.Oncewor khasbeenassi gnedheormakessur e
thatt hatthet aski scompletedi
ntime.
 Ear nsal ivingt hroughhar dworkandput t
ingmaxi mum effor
ttocompleteany
assi gnedt ask.
 Usesi ndi
v i
duali niti
ati
vetodowhati srequir
edrathert
hanwai ttobetol
devery
ti
me.
 Doesn’ thav enegat i
veatt
it
udetowar dscertai
njobssuchasmeni alwor
k.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFPOSI TIVECULTURE
 Theatti
tudeofpeopletowardsworkisveryi
mportantbecauset hesurv
ivaland
devel
opmentofasoci et
ydependsontheworkofit
smember s
 Goodwor kcul
turedet
erminesthepr
oducti
vi
tyofworker
s.
 A soci
etywithaposi ti
veworkcult
urehasv er
yhighpr oducti
vi
t yandal otof
goodsandservicesar
eav ai
l
able.

FORMALANDI
NFORMALSECTOR

 Empl
oymentcanei
therbeFor
mal
orI
nfor
mal
.

 TheFormalSect
orincl
udesgov ernment,publi
center
pri
ses,pri
vatecompanies
andcommerci
alf
arming.TheInfor
malSect orismadeupofsubsistencefar
mers
andindi
vi
dual
swhomakeal i
vingbydoingpr i
vat
eworkeitheri
ndiv
iduall
yorina
group.

 Thegovernmentist
hebiggestemploy
eri
ntheFormalsect
or.Howev
er,t
he
numberofpeopl
eemploy
edasf ul
lti
mewor
ker
sisf
arlesst
hanthedemandfor

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 j
obsbyt
hel
abourmar
ket
.

 ALabourMarketi
sapl acewhereindi
vi
dual
sar
elooki
ngf
orempl
oymentandar
e
r
eadytosel
lthei
rlabourforawage.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NFORMALSECTORI
NNATI
ONALDEVELOPMENT

 I
tcont
ri
but
esgr
eat
lyt
oeconomi
cdev
elopmentf
ort
hecount
ry.

 Iti
salsoimport
antbecauseittakesupalargernumberofpeopl
ecompar
edto
for
malsector
.Peopl eareabletogenerateincomeont hei
rownli
vel
i
hoodor
sur
viv
al.Asaresul
t,pov
ertyl
evelsarer
educedinthecount
ry.

 I
tal
sopr
ovi
dest
rai
ningschemesf
ory
out
hsout
sideschool
sandcol
l
eges.

 Ithasal
sopr
ov i
dedi
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchasbui
l
dings,
shoppi
ngcent
res,
transpor
t
andcommunicati
on.

 Ithasalsopr
omotedaccessi
blecr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
esandi
mpr
ovedpr
oduct
ioni
n
subsist
encefar
ming.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inedev
elopment
.

2.Basi
chumanneedscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntogoodsandser
vices.Def
inest
het
erm
goodandSer
vices.

3.Ment
iont
hechar
act
eri
sti
cofnegat
iveandposi
ti
vewor
kcul
tur
e.

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 4.Whatar
ethet
wocl
assi
fi
cat
ionofcapi
tal
?

5.Whatar
esomeoft
hef
act
orst
hataf
fectcapi
tal
for
mat
ion?

6.Apar
tfrom cent
ralandcommercialbanks,menti
onotheri
mport
antfi
nanci
al
i
nsti
tut
ionswhichplayanimpor
tantroleindevel
opmentofanycount
ry.

7.Cent
ral
bankat
tract
sdeposi
tfr
om t
hepubl
i
cint
hreemai
nfor
ms.

8.St
atet
het
hreef
orms.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenneedsandwant
s?

ZAMBI
A’SLEGALSYSTEM
WHATI
SALAW?

 Lawisasetofr
uleswhi
chasoci
etydev
elopsf
ori
tsel
ftocont
rolt
hebehav
ior
s
ofi
tsmemberst
ooneanother
.

 Iti
ncludesthemeeti
ngoutofpuni
shmentt
omembersofsoci
etyt
hatdonot
abi
debyt herul
esandawardi
ngofcompensat
iont
opeopl
ewhohav ebeen
wronged.

 Forarul
etober ecogni
zedther
eshouldbeawayofcompell
i
ngpeopl
etoobeyit
,
donebyimposingpenalti
esorpunishmentt
olaw br
eaker
sandrewardst
ot he
wrongedper
sons.

WHATI
SALEGALSYSTEM?

 I
tisasy
stem f
ori
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
aws.

 I
tal
sor
efer
stoapr
ocedur
eorpr
ocessf
ori
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
aw.

 Rul
eswhichmakel aws,t
heinsti
tutionst hatadmini
stert
helaws,thepr
inci
ples,
i
deas,
theor
ies,
practi
ces,
procedures, andtechni
questhatdev
elopovert
heyears
i
ndeali
ngwithl
awmakeupal egalsy stem

Thereareasmanyl egalsystemsastherear
esoci
eti
es.Forexample:Zambianl
egal
syst
em,theZimbabweanl egalsy
stem,t
heSouthAf
ri
canlegalsy
stem andtheEngl
ish
l
egalsyst
em whi
chisalsoknownast hecommonlawsystem

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ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM

A goodlegalsyst
em i
sonet
hatser
vesmember
sofi
tssoci
etyf
air
lyandwi
thout
v
iolat
ingt
heirr
ight
s.

ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM.

1.Simpl e.Al awhast obewr i

tteni nal anguaget hatcanbeunder stoodbyal ar
ger
sectionofsoci ety
2.Compr ehensive– I tshouldnotl eavegapsbutat t
emptt ocov erallpossible
areasofdi spute,
concer nordebat eandant i
cipatefuturepr oblems.
3.Certain-Ci ti
zensoughtt oknowcl ear l
yofwhati spr ohibit
edbyl aw.Al awshoul d
notbeambi guoust hatiti
sonlyf ullyunderstoodandi nter
pr et
edbysmal lsect
ion
ofthesoci ety
.
4.Accessi ble.Thel awshoul dbeav ailabletothemember soft hepubl ic.Itshould
beaf fordableasci ti
zensshoul dbeabl etohav elegalrepresent ati
on.
5.Flexible-Lawshav et okeepupwi thsocialchangeandt herefore,theyshoul d
changewi thtime.Al awshoul dalway schanget otakecar eofanewpr oblem.
6.Mor alv al
ues- Thelawshoul dbebasedont hemor alvaluesofsoci et
y.Iflawsdo
notref l
ectt hesociety’
scorev alues, ci
ti
zensar eunlikelytorespecti t

SOURCESOFLAWSI
NZAMBI
A

Zambi
ahasaduall
egalsy
stem andr
eli
esont
heEngl
i
shl
awandt
heAf
ri
cancust
omar
y
l
aw.

[
a]ENGLI
SHLAW SOURCES

Commonl
aw

Commonl aw i
sthel
aw t
hatst
art
edascust
omst
hatwer
ecommont
oal
lpar
tsof
Engl
and.

 WhenKi ngWill
iam,t
heconquerorofunitedEngl
andin1066AD,hesenthis
JudgestogoroundEngl
andtohearcasesandcodi
fyt
hem byput
ti
ngt
hem i
ntoa
syst
em ofrul
esandpri
nci
ples.

Codi
fy-
Inl
egal
languaget
hismeanst
owr
it
esomet
hingi
nfor
m ofadocument
.

[
b]LEGI
SLATI
ONORSTATUTES

Thesear
elawsenact
edbypar
li
ament
.Iti
sthel
argestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a

THREETYPESOFLAWSMADEBYPARLI
AMENT

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[
i]THEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON

Iti
sthesupr
emelawofthel
and.Thi
smeansthati
fanylawdoesnotconf
orm wi
tht
he
const
it
uti
onthent
hatl
awbecomesvoidwhi
chmeansinv
ali
d.

 Forexamplecustomar
ylawallowsgi
rl
swhohaver
eachedpuber
tyt
ogetmarr
ied.
Buttheconsti
tut
ionst
atesthatanyper
sonbel
owtheageof16isachi
ldandis
notoldenoughtogetmarr
ied.

 Amanwhohasmar ri
edherwil
lhavecommit
tedacri
minalof
fenceofDefi
lement
and her parent
s wi ll be charged with Accessory t o a cr ime.
Accessoryt
oacrime.Thisisasi t
uati
onwhereapersonhelpsintheactof
commi t
ti
ngacr
imeoral
lowsacrimetobecommitt
edinhi
sorherpresence.

[
ii
]ACTSOFPARLI
AMENT

Thesear
elawsmadet
hroughbi
l
lsofpar
li
amentandasser
tedt
obyt
hepr
esi
dent
.

 The process start

s withthe presentat
ion ofthe bi
l
lwhich passes t
hrough
diff
erentstages.Thepresi
dentcaneitherassentorvet
o.I
fnotassent,t
hebilli
s
takentonat i
onalassemblyforfurt
herdebateandbesentbackt othepresi
dent
i
ni t
sor i
ginalf
orm.

 Pr
esi
denthas21daysinwhi
cht
oei
therassentordi
ssol
vepar
li
amentt
opav
e
wayf
orfr
eshel
ect
ions.

[
ii
i]DELEGATEDORSUBSI
DIARYLEGI
SLATI
ON

 Delegat
edorsubsidi
aryl
egi
slat
ionarelawsdel
egatedtotheexecut
ivewi
ngof
theGovernmentt
omakelawsaspr ov
idedinanactofpar
li
ament.

 Gov
ernment has al
l
owed mi
nist
ri
es t
o make l
aws known as st
atut
ory
i
nst
ruments.

[
c]CASELAW

 I
tisthesecondlar
gestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a,al
soknownasLawRepor
tsor
j
udici
alpr
ecedent.

 Thi
sisdonewhendisposi
ngoffacase,t
hecour
tref
erst
ohow asi
mil
arcase
wasdeci
deduponbyasuperi
orcour
ts.

 Thethreecour
tshandleappealcaseshencet
heyar
eknownasAppell
antcour
ts.
Deci
sionsofappel
lantcour
tsarerepor
tedint
heZambi
anlawRepor
ts.

 Theser
epor
tedcasesar
etheonesacour
tdi
sposesofundert
hepr
inci
pleofRes

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 Judi
catameaningtoresolveacasesoast
hepar
ti
esi
nvol
veddonothav
etogo
tocour
ttoseekfur
therresol
uti
on.

I
MPORTANCE

 Saveti
meast hereisnoneedforawholenewr esearch.
 Shawrespecttojudgeswhomadet hepr
eviousdecisions
 Ensur
eequalit
y,Unif
ormit
yandstabil
i
tyi
nthelaw.

[
d]I
NTERNATI
ONALTREATI
ES

 Theseareinternat
ionalagr
eementsorconvent
ionst
hatZambi
ahassi
gned.
Content
softhesetreati
esar
ealsosour
cesofl
awinZambi
a.

 However
,thesetr
eati
esdo notaut
omat
ical
l
ybecomel
aw unl
essan actof
par
li
amentdomest
icat
est
hem.

[
e]CUSTOMARYLAW

 Thesear
elawsder
ivedf
rom cust
oms,
apr
act
iceofdoi
ngt
hingsi
nsoci
ety
.

 Theyaredif
fer
entf
rom stat
utor
yinst
rument
sbecausetheyar
enotwr
it
tenand
codi
fi
edfori
ttoberecogni
zedandenfor
cedbycour
tsofl
aw.

 Cust
omarylaw uses advi
sorwho are cal
led assessorsto giv
e advi
ce on
par
ti
cul
armatt
ers.Thesear
enotJust
icesbutpl
ayther ol
eofconsult
ant
s

TYPESOFCOURTCASES

CRI
MINALCASE.

Thi
sisacourtcaseinwhicht
heaccusedi
str
iedf
orcommi
tt
ingacr
imeagai
nstt
he
gov
ernmentorst
ate.I
tdeal
swi
thacri
me.

Acrimeisanywrongf
ulactoromi
ssi
oni
nsoci
ety
,whi
cht
hepar
ti
cul
arsoci
etyt
hinks
af
fectst
hei
nter
estofal
li
tsmembers.

ELEMENTSOFACRI
ME

Ev
erycr
imehast
woel
ement
s:

(
a) Thewr ongfulactoromissi
on.
 Thi
screat
esoffencessuchasrape,mur
der
,bur
glar
y,ordef
il
ement
,whi
chhasan
el
ementofphy
si calactt
aki
ngplace.

 I
nat
hef
t,t
her
eist
het
aki
ngawayofsomet
hingandkeepi
ngi
t.I
namur
der
’ther
e

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 i
stheactionofki
l
li
ng.Thi
sel
ementi
nLat
ini
sknownasAct
usReus,meani
nga
phy
sical
act.

(
b) Thei nt
entionordesi
retocauseharm.
 Theint
ent
ionordesiret
ocausehar m,l
ossori
njuryi
sknownast
heGui
l
tyst
ate
orbl
ameworthystat
eofmindont hepar
toft
heoffender
.

 TheLati
nphr asef
ort
hisi
sMen’
sReawhi
chmeansagui
l
tymi
ndorMal
i
ce
af
oret
hought
.

CLASSFI
CACATI
ONOFACRI
ME

Br
oadl
ycr
imesar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nto:

(
b) Cri
mes ofspecificintent:These are cr i
mest hatare commi t
ted wit
ha
speci
fi
cintent
ione.g.t hef
t,burgl
ary,r obber
y,andwoundi ngsomeonet o
causehar
m.
(
c) Cri
mesofBasicintent-Thesearecrimescommi ttedt
hroughreckl
essnessor
asuddenimpulsesuchasdr iv
ingpastr edtraf
fi
clight
s(robot
s),notstoppi
ng
atastopsi
gn,exceedi
ngt hespeedli
mi tormanslaughter.

BROADCLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCRI
MES:

 Misdemeanor s.Thesear e pett

ycr i
messuch ascommon assaul t,indecent
exposur e,
pickpocketingorl i
tt
eri
ng.
 Felonies.Thesear eseriouscrimessuchasmur der
,tr
eason,aggrav
atedr obber
y,
defil
ementorr ape.Thesear ealsoknownascommonl awcrimes
 Statutorycr i
me.These ar e cri
mest hatar
e commi tt
ed contr
aryt o whati s
containedinst at
utor
yi nstr
ument ssuchasVot
ingtwiceinanelecti
on,ri
ggingan
el
ect i
onorf ai
lingtopayt ax.

CI
VILCASE

Thi
sisawr ongf
ulactt
hataff
ect
sonlyindiv
idual
sorpar
ti
esinv
olv
ed.I
tisanycaset
hat
doesnothaveacri
minalcont
ent
.E.
g.fail
i
ngt oset
tl
eadebt.

Ci
vi
llaw

Sect
ions ofcivi
llaw Fami
l
ylaw,Law ofCont
ract
,Law ofTor
t,l
and Law and
Empl
oymentlaw

LawofTort
-Thi
sispr
ivat
eorci
vi
lwr
ongf
orwhi
cht
hewr
ongedper
sonmaygetr
edr
ess
i
nacourtofl
aw.

COMPARI
SONBETWEENACRI
MINALCASEANDACI
VILCASE

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CRI
MINALCASE CI
VILCASE

Aff
ectsthewholecommunit
yhencei
t Af
fect
s indi
vi
dual
s: I
tis r
ecor
ded
i
srecordedPeopl
eVsPhi
ri MwansaVsTembo

Ai
mist
opuni
shorr
efor
mtheof
fender Aim isto compensat
ethe wr
onged
person

Caseinst
itut
edbyt
heDi
rect
orofPubl
i
c Casei
nst
it
utedbyt
hewr
ongedper
son
Prosecut
ions

Ser
iouswr
ongact Lessser
iouswr
ongf
ulact

Concer
ned wi
th t
he duti
es t
hat a Concer
ned wi
thr
ight
s and dut
ies of
per
sonowetot
hesoci
ety
. ci
ti
zens

Caseendsi
nsent
enci
ngt
heof
fender Caseendsinawar
dingdamagest
othe
wrongedper
son

Case must be prov

en bey
ond Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
ityappl
i
es
reasonabl
edoubt

Bal
anceofpr
obabi
li
ty-

 Thi
smeanst hatwhentwoparti
estal
kaboutt
hesamet
hing(inci
dent
)butar
e
say
ingdi
ff
erentthi
ngs,
thenoneoft
hem i
snott
ell
i
ngt
het
ruth.

 Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
itydet
ermi
neswhoi
stel
l
ingt
het
rut
h.

LEGALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONSANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS

LEGI
SLATURE.

 Thisisoneoftheorgansofthegov
ernmentthati
schar
gedwi
thmaki
ngofl
aws
forthenat
ion.I
tist
hehighestl
awmakingbody.

 Lawsaremadet hr
oughmember
sofpar
li
amentwhor
epr
esentt
hepeopl
ein
const
it
uenci
es.

 Allt
hestatut
es,
rul
eandregul
ati
onswhichar
eenf
orcedbycour
ts,
pol
i
ceandt
he
execut
ivearemadebyt
helegi
slat
ure.

THEZAMBIAPOLI
CESERVI
CE
 Thi
sisthemosti
mport
anti
nst
it
uti
onoft
heZambi
anl
egalsy
stem.Thepol
i
ce

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 havethetaskofmaintaini
ngl
awandor dertopreser
veli
fe,pr
otectproper
tyand
maint
ainpubli
cpeace.
 Theyarr
estlawbreakersandpr
osecut
et hem andworkcl
oselywiththecourt
sof
l
aw.

THEEXECUTIVE
 Thisisthel
egali
nst
it
uti
ont
hati
schar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofenf
orcement
oflaws.

 Iti
salegali
nst
it
uti
onbecausethepresidentheadsitandhaspowerstomake
l
awsbyv i
rt
ueofhispr
erogati
vepowers.Prerogat
ivepower
sarespeci
alpower
s
andpr
ivi
l
egesgi
ventothepresi
dent
.

 Thisorganmakeslawst hr
oughcabinetmini
sterswhoar emember soft he
execut
ivethr
ough st
atut
oryinst
ruments ordelegat
ed subsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ive
powers.

THECOURTSYSTEM.
 Cour
tsdeal
wit
hal
lar
east
odowi
tht
hel
awi
nthecount
ryandf
ormt
heJudi
ciar
y.

 TheJudi
ciar
yworkswithot
herlegali
nst
it
uti
onssuchast hepoli
ce,
Pri
son,
off
ice
oft
heDir
ectorofpubl
i
cprosecuti
onsandtheLegalpr
ofession.

TYPESOFCOURTSI
NZAMBI
A

[
i]LOCALCOURTS
Theyareestabli
shedbyanactofpar l
i
ament ,thelocalActcap29oft helawsofZambia.
 Therear etwot y
pesofl ocalcourts,GradeAandGr adeB.Gr adi
ngi sdonebythe
ministerofJusti
ceandar epr esi
dedov erbyt hepresi
ding.
 Localcour ts only hearci v
ilcases t hatoccuri nt hei
rgeogr aphi
calareas
especiall
ythosetodowi t
hAf ri
cancust omarylaw.
[
ii
]THEMAGI STRATEORSUBORDI NATECOURTS.
 They ar ef ound everywherei n Zambi a and where est abl
i
shed undert he
subordinatecourtsActcap23oft helawsofZambi a.

Cl
assofsubor
dinat
ecour
ts(
orderofseni
ori
ty.
)Cl
assI
II
,Cl
assI
IandCl
assI
.

 Cl
ass Imagistr
ates arefur
therdi
vided i
nto Resi
dent
,pri
nci
ple and Seni
or
Magi
str
ates.Thepri
ncipl
emagist
rat
eismoreseniorofal
l.

 Thepr
osecut
ionandt
hedef
ensear
esupposedt
ofol
l
owst
ri
ctr
ulesofpr
ocedur
e
i
nthi
scourt
.

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VICEDUCATI
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[
ii
i]THEHIGHCOURT.
 Theyarefoundi
nallprov
inci
alcapi
tal
sofZambi
aandhav
eor
igi
nalunl
i
mit
ed
power
s(Juri
sdi
cti
ons)
.

 Theycan hearanycase such as di

vor
ce,elect
ion pet
it
ions,Human r
ight
s
appl
i
cat
ion,t
reasont
ri
alsorpr
oceedi
ngoftheHabeascorpus.

 Thiscour
tisalsoknownast hecour
tofFirstInstanceorappel
lat
ecour
ts
becauset
heyhearappeal
casesfr
om t
hesubor
dinatecourt
s.

 Thesearecourtswhi char
eusual
lypresi
dedbypui
snejudges(juni
orjudges)
who are appoi
nted bythe pr
esi
dentaft
errecommendat
ion bythe Judici
al
Servi
ceCommi ssion.

 Onceappoint
ed,t
heycanonl
yber
emov
edbyf
ell
owJudgeswhosetupat
hree
mantr
ibunal.

 Thisisusuall
yongroundsofgrossindi
sci
pli
ne,mentaldisor
derorPhysi
cali
ll
healt
horfai
luret
operf
ormfunct
ion.I
nthi
scourtiti
sadvisabl
etoberepr
esent
ed
byalawyer.

 Ther
eisneedtohavealawyerwhoisprov
idedbyt
hegover
nmenti
ncasewher
e
onecannotaf
for
dtohi
reone.Thi
sisknownasLegalAi
d.

[
iv]THEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURTS.

 Thi
sisthecourtthathandl
esonl
yindust
ri
almat
ter
swhi
chdealwi
thempl
oyee
andemploy
errel
ations.

 Iti
sgui
dedbyemploymentActcap268oft helawsofZambi
aandisonthe
samel
evel
wit
htheHighcour
tandappeal
sfr
om itgot
otheSupr
emeCour
t.

 Lawy
ersar
eal
l
owedt
orepr
esentt
hei
rcl
i
ent
s.

[
v]THECOURTOFAPPEAL.

 I
tisacour tthatdeal
spri
mari
lywi
thappeal
sf r
om t
heHighCour
tandQuasi
-
Judi
cialBodi
es.Itwasest
abl
i
shedunderArt
icl
e130oft
heAmendedZambian
Const
itut
ionof2016.

 I
tist
heSecondHighestSuper
iorCour
tofRecor
daf
tert
heSupr
emeCour
tand
t
heConst
it
uti
onalCourt
.

 AnAppeali
sar
equestf
orahi
ghercour
ttor
evi
ewal
owercour
ts’deci
sion.An

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 Appeal
s’lawy
erhandlescasesonappealwhenapartyl
osesorisunhappywit
h
somepartofthedeci
sionmadebyt heLowerCour
t.TheAppeal
s’Courtr
evi
ews
ther
ecordmadeintheTrialCour
t.

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHECOURTOFAPPEAL.

 TheCour
tconsi
stsof
:

[
i]TheJudgePr
esi
dent
.

[
ii
]TheDeput
yJudgePr
esi
dent
.

[
ii
i]SuchnumberofJudgesasmaybepr
escr
ibed.

JURI
SDI
CTI
ONOFTHECOURT.

 TheCour
thasJur
isdi
cti
ont
ohearappeal
sfr
om Judgment
sof:

[
i]TheHi
ghCour
t.

[
ii
]AQuasi
-Judi
cialBody
,ex
ceptaLocalGov
ernmentEl
ect
ionsTr
ibunal
.AQuasi
-

Judi
cialbodymeansabody
,ot
hert
hanacour
t,exer
cisi
ngaj
udi
cial
funct
ion.

SESSI
ONSANDCI
RCUI
TING.

 TheCourtofAppealatthemomenthast
en(10)gazet
tedsessi
ons;f
ive(05)in
Lusaka,thr
ee(03)i nNdolaandtwo (
02)inKabwet ohearanddet ermine
Cri
minalandCi
vilappeal
s.

[
vi]THESUPREMECOURT.
 Iti
sthehi
ghestcourtofappeali
nZambi
aest
abl
i
shedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tAct
andRepubl
icanConsti
tut
ion.

 Iti
sheadedbychi
efJust
icewhoisassistedbyot
herninej
udges.I
tisnotat
ri
al
court
,unl
esst
hecaseisapresi
dent
ial
electi
onpet
it
ion.

 I
thear
sappealsonquest
ionsofl
awotherthanquest
ionsoff
act
s.I
tsi
tsmai
nly
i
nLusakabuthol
dssessi
onsinKi
twe,
Ndola,andKabwe.

 Forconv
enience,
itmeet
sinKabwet ohearappeal
sofcondemnedpr
isoner
swho
areatMukobekoMaximum pr
ison.

[
vii
]THECONSTI
TUTI
ONALCOURT.

 I
tisacour
tthatdeal
spr
imar
il
ywi
thconst
it
uti
onall
aw.I
tsmai
naut
hor
it
yist
o

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 rul
e on whet
herl aws t
hatare chal
lenged ar
ei nf
actunconstit
uti
onal
,i.
e.
whethert
heyconfl
ictwi
thconst
it
uti
onall
yest
abli
shedr
ules,
right
sandfr
eedoms,
amongothert
hings.

 Theconst i
tut
ionalcourt
,asestablished,i
satthesamelevelwiththeSupreme
Court.Thismeanst hatalldeci
sionsoft heConst
it
uti
onalcourtar
efinalanda
persondissat
isfi
edwi t
hitsdecisionscannotappealt
oanyot hercourt(Ar
ti
cle
121).

 I
tbecameoperat
ionalf
ort
hepurposeofheari
nganddeter
mini
ngcasesi
nMay
2016andest
abli
shedunderAr
ti
cle127oft heAmendedZambianConst
it
uti
on
of2016.

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHECONSTI
TUTI
ONALCOURT.

 I
thasanest
abl
i
shmentof13Judges.

[
i]ThePr
esi
dentoft
heCour
t.

[
ii
]TheDeput
yPr
esi
dentoft
heCour
t.

[
ii
i]11ot
herJudges,
butcur
rent
lyi
thasonl
y7Judges.

JURI
SDI
CTI
ONOFTHECOURT.

 I
thasor
igi
nalandf
inalj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ohearanddet
ermi
ne:

[
i]Mat
ter
sinr
espectofi
nter
pret
ati
onofanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

[
ii
]Anymat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
otheel
ect
ionoft
hePr
esi
dentandVi
cePr
esi
dent
.

[
ii
i]Anymat t
ersr
elat
ing t
o appeal
son pet
it
ion ofel
ect
ion ofMember
sof
Parl
iament

andCounci
lor
s.

[
iv]Matter
st odet
ermi
newhet
herani
ssuei
saConst
it
uti
onali
ssueornot
,
(
Arti
cle128).

SI
TTI
NGOFTHECONSTI
TUTI
ONALCOURT.

 Si
tt
ingsar
eheldinLusakabutmaybehel
datsuchot
herpl
acei
naccor
dance
wi
ththeci
rcui
tschedul
e.

COURTSTRUCTUREI
NZAMBI
A.

 TheJudi
ciar
yconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngCour
ts:

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 SUPERI
ORCOURTS.

1.TheSupr
emeCour
tofZambi
a.

2.TheConst
it
uti
onalCour
tofZambi
a.

3.TheCour
tofAppeal
.

4.TheHi
ghCour
tofZambi
a,atparwi
tht
heI
ndust
ri
alRel
ati
onsCour
t.

TheSupr
emeCour
tandConst
it
uti
onalCour
trankequi
val
ent
ly.

LOWERCOURTS.

1.TheSubor
dinat
eCour
t.

2.TheSmal
lCl
aimsCour
t.

3.TheLocalCour
t.

4.Cour
tsasPr
escr
ibed.(
www.
judi
ciar
yzambi
a.com)
.

THELEGALPROFFESSI
ON.

 Thisisabodyoflegalpract
it
ioner
scommonlycall
ed lawyerswho recei
ve
tr
aini
ngf
rom t
heUni
ver
sit
yofZambiaorot
herUni
ver
sit
iesoutsi
dethecount
ry.

 Lawyerscanonl
ybeal l
owedt opract
icewhentheyhav
ebeenadmi
tt
edtotheBar
aft
erpassingtheexami nat
ions.Examinat
ionsaresetbyZambi
aI nst
it
uteof
AdvancedLegalEducat
ion

 Br
it
ain,t
helegalpr
ofessi
onisdiv
idedintot
wobranches:Bar
ri
ster
swhoappear
i
nhighercour
tsandsoli
cit
orswhopracti
cei
nlowercour
ts.

 I
nZambi
a,t
het
wobr
anchesar
efusedi
ntooneandl
awy
ersar
ecal
l
edAdv
ocat
es

ORGANI
SATI
ONSTHATPROMOTEJUSTI
CE

LEGALRESOURCESFOUNDATI
ON.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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103
  I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1991andbecameoper
ati
onal
in1993.

 Itisanon-profi
tmakingorgani
zati
ont hatwor
kst
opr
omot
eHumanr
ight
s
t
hroughpr
ovi
dingl
egal
AdviceandLit
igat
ion.

I
tof
fer
sthef
oll
owi
ngser
vices:

 Freel
egal
advicer
epresent
ati
ontot
hosethatconsul
tthem
 Legal
assi
stancet
othosethatar
eref
err
edtothem.
 Legal
advi
cetoallwhoseekit

NATI
ONALLEGALAI
DCLI
NICFORWOMEN.

 I
twasfor
medasapr
ojectundert
hewomen’
scommi
tt
eeoft
heLawassoci
ati
on
ofZambi
a.

 I
twasestabl
ishedi
n1990t oprovi
deaf
fordabl
eLegalAidtowomenandchi l
dren
f
rom mar
ginali
zedsoci
alsect
orItal
sooff
erscounsel
ingandlegal
educat
ion.

WOMENI
NLAW I
NSOUTHERNAFRI
CA.(
WILSA)

 I
twasest abl
i
shedi n1989t
oimpr
ovet
hel
egalposi
ti
onofwomeni
nsout
her
n
Afr
icanCount
ries.

 Theorganizat
ional
sopr
ovi
desl
egaladv
iceandl
i
tigat
iont
ovul
ner
abl
epeopl
ein
soci
etyespecial
l
yinWomen.

CI
TIZENSADVI
CEBUREAU(
CAB)–LAW ASSOCI
ATI
ONOFZAMBI
A.

I
tisabranchoftheLawassoci
ati
onofZambi
aandi
tof
fer
sfr
eeadv
iceandl
i
tigat
ionon
aProbonobasis

 Probonoisfr
eeadv
icet
hatever
ylawyerwhoisamemberofLawAssociat
ion
Zambiaisobli
gedt
oofferaspartofthelegalpr
ofessi
onal
’
sser
vicet
ot he
communit
y.

LEGALAI
DCLI
NIC,
SCHOOLOFLAW UNI
VERSI
TYOFZAMBI
A.

 TheSchoolofLawoft
heUni
ver
sit
yofZambi
ahasi
tsownLegal
AidCl
i
nicwhi
ch
off
ersl
egaladvi
ce.

 Fourt
hyearl
awstudent
s,of
fer
slegaladv
ice.Sessi
onsar
ehel
dint
heaf
ter
noon
whentheUni
ver
sit
yisi
nsessi
on.

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)
.

 I
tisnon-pr
ofi
tmaki
ngChrist
ianorgani
zati
ondedicatedtoempower mentof
womenbymaki
ngt
hem knowsthei
rri
ghts,
dutiesandresponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nsoci
ety
.

 Itoffersfreel
egaladvi
ceoni ssuest
odowi t
hinheri
tance,pr
oper
tygrabbi
ng,
maintenance,phy
sicalv
iol
ence,mentalabuse,Sexualabuse,chi
ldabuseand
otherlegal
matter
s.

ZAMBI
ACI
VICEDUCATI
ONASSOCI
ATI
ON(
ZCEA)

 I
tisanon-pr
ofi
tmaki
ngor
gani
zat
iont
hatwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1993.

 Itpr
omotesandpr
otect
schil
dren’
sright
st hroughci
vi
ceducat
ionandof
fer
s
f
reel
egal
advi
cetov
ulner
abl
egroupsinsociety
.

CARI
TASZAMBI
A

 I
trunsl
egal
adv
iceDesksunderi
tsJust
icePr
ogr
ams.

 Iti
sfoundinallCat
hol
i
cDi
oceseswi
thi
nthecount
ryandof
fer
slegaladv
icet
o
v
ulner
ablepeopl
e.

WOMENI
NLAW ANDDEVELOPMENTI
NAFRI
CA(
WILDAF)

 Iti
sapanAf ri
cannon-gov ernmentalorgani
zat
ionwhicht
ri
estopr omotea
cul
tur
efort
heexer
ciseofandrespectforwomen’sri
ght
sinAf
ri
cancountr
ies.

 I
tof
fer
slegal
adv
icet
ovul
ner
abl
emember
sofSoci
ety
.

RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTI
NAPRETRI
ALPROCEDURE
 Ther ightt olibert
yisguar anteedf orinarticle13oft heconst i
tution.However,
some oft he rights can be taken awayf rom a per son who i sr easonabl
y
suspect edofhav i
ngcommi t
tedanof fence.
 Int hisinstance,t heliber
tyofasuspectwi llbet akenawayt hrought heactof
Appr ehensionorar r
est.
 Appr ehension:Thi siswhensomeonei stakeni nt
ocust odywithoutawar r
ant
 Arrest:Thisi swhensomeonei stakenintocust odywi t
houtawar rant
 Tri
al: Thisisexami nati
onofi nvesti
gati
oni n
 Derogat ions:Thesear eexcept i
ons’tot her uleespeci al
lyt
ot heenj oymentof
ri
ghtsandf reedomsoft heperson.

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ARRESTWI THOUTWARRANT
 Suspect sshouldonl ybear resteduponpol i
ceoffi
cerspr oduci
ngawar r
antof
arrestunless
Theaccusedwasseencommi tt
ingacogni zableof
fence
 Cogni zableoffenceisanof fencet hatcanbeseenasacr i
me,forexample,
unlawf ulassembly,
burglary
,mansl aughter.
 A per son who i s arr
ested withouta war rantshoul
d be br oughtbeforea
compet entcourtwi
thintwenty-fourhour sorassoonasr easonabl
ypract
icabl
e.
Ifnott r
iedbeforeareasonabletime, heorsheshouldber eleased.

ARRESTWI THAWARRANT
Cri
mesunderwhi chapersoncanbearrest
edwi
thawar
ranti
ncl
ude:
 Al
lowingapr i
sonerofwart
oescape
 Commonassaul t
 Corrupt
ion
 DefamationofCharact
er
 Deserti
onofchil
drenbyaparent
 Fr
aud

DETENTIONFORQUESTI ONING
 Thi smeanst hatthePolicehavenopowert odetai
naper sonforquestioning
unlessheorshei sar r
estedforacri
minaloff
enceandi nf
ormedoft her
easons
fordetenti
on..
 Rel at
ivesoft heaccusedcoul dsecurehisorherf reedom throughHabeas
Corpus.
 HabeasCor pusisanor derobtai
nedfr
om thecour
tsrequir
ingaper sonwhoi sin
detenti
ontobebr oughtbefor
eaJudgeorCour t
s.

COMPENSATIONFORFALSEI MPRISONMENT
 Thisimpli
esthataper sonwhoi sunlawful
lyarr
estedordet
ainedcansuefor
compensati
onthroughthecourtsoflaw.
 Ifitt
hepolicet
hatfalsel
yimprisonedhim orher,onecansuethest
atet
hrough
theAtt
orneyGeneral
,whoisthegov ernmentsLegalAdvi
ser
.

I
NTERROGATI ON
 Thisisasi t
uati
onwhent hePoli
ceasktheaccusedpersonsomequest i
onsona
part
icul
arcaseonwhi choneisall
egedtohavecommi tt
ed.
 Thisimpliesthatthepoli
cearenotallowedtoquestionaper sonwhomaybe
suspectedofwr ongdoi
ngandsuchpersonsareundernoobligati
ontoanswer.
 Thepolicehavenor i
ghttouseforcetodrawoutstatementsfrom suspect
sand
tor
tureofsuspectsisnotal
lowedunderanyci
rcumstances.

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JUDGES’ RULE
 Thi sruler equir
est hepolicet
oinformtheaccusedofhi
sorherri
ghttor
emain
si
lenti ftheysowi shasanyst atementt
heymakecanbeusedasev i
dence
againstthem dur i
ngt r
ial
.
 Ther uleal soprov i
desthattheaccusedbeallowedtoconsul
twi
thlawy
ersor
otherlegal pr
acti
tionersevenwhenplacedi
ncustody
.

THELAW OFBAI L
 Thismeanst hatapersonar rest
ed,det ai
nedorappear i
ngbeforethecourtmay ,
whileincustody,oratanyst ageoft hepr oceedingapplyforbail
.
 Bailisasum ofmoneypai dbyaper sonaccusedofwr ongdoingassecur i
tythat
heorshewi l
lappearbeforet hecour tunti
l t
hecasei sdisposed
 Bailcanbesecur edbypr ovidingt woSur eti
es,whoar epersonsthatgobef ore
thecour ttoswearthattheywi l
lmakesur ethattheaccusedper sondoesnotr un
awayandt hatheorshewi llappeari ncour twhenev erheorshei srequi
redtodo
so.
 Iftheaccusedi sar espectabl ememberofsoci ety
,heorshei snotrequir
edt o
providesureti
esandcanbeadmi t
tedt obaili
nhi sorhercognizance.
 Cogni zance means bei ng awar e orhav ing conscious knowledge on t he
i
mpl i
cat i
onsofabscondingf rom justice.

RIGHTSOFASUSPECTATTHETRI ALSTAGE
Therearethreebasicprinci
plesthatgui det
hecri
minalprocedurenamel y
:
 Thedef endantispresumedi nnocentunt
ilt
hecourtproveshim orhergui
l
ty.
 TheBur denofpr oof,whichi sthedutyt
hatli
esont hepr osecut
iontoprov
ethe
cri
mi nalal
legat
ionagainsttheaccused.
 Iti
sbasedont heacceptedr ule“hewhoall
egesmustpr ove”

 Thest andar
dofproof
,whichi
sthemeasur
eoft
hepr
oofbr
oughtagai
nstt
he
accusedbeyondr
easonabl
edoubt
.

 I
tistheweightoftheevidencet
hepr
osecut
ionmustpr
oducei
nor
dert
o
est
abl
i
shtheall
egedcr
ime.

OTHERRIGHTSOFASUSPECT.
FAIRTRIALANDANI MPARTIALJUDGE
 Theconst it
uti
onprov
idesthatanyper
sonchar gedwit
hacri
mi nalof
fenceshal
l
be af
forded a f
airhear
ing wit
hinar easonableti
me and an impart
ialand
i
ndependentcour
t.

Pr
inci
pleofnat
uralJust
icest
atest
hat
:

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  Nooneshoul
dbeaj
udgei
nhi
sorhercase

 I
nacase,
bot
hsi
desmustbehear
d

RI
GHTTOASPEEDANDPUBLI CTRI AL
 Thismeanst hatanaccusedper sondet ai
nedi npol icecustodymustbet r
iedi
na
courtoflawwi thinfourteenday sofhi sorherar rest.
 Thisi s because the justice sy stem oper ates on t he pri
nciplet hat“Justi
ce
delayedisjustdeni ed”whi chmeansnotget t
ingaspeedyt rialisasgoodasnot
getti
ngjustice.
 Thel ongdel ayindisposingof fcasesi sasar esultofdelaysinr ecei v
ingthefi
at
fr
om t heDirectorofpubl i
cPr osecut i
ons(DPP) .
 Fiatisacer t
if
icateofi nstructi
onsf r
om theDi rectorofPubl icPr osecutionsto
commenceTr i
albecauset hedel ay sintri
alsunder mi net
heRul eofl awaspeopl e
l
oseconf idenceint hejusti
cesy st em

THERI
GHTTOSI LENCE
 Thismeanst hattheaccusedhast heri
ghttoremainsil
entbynott aki
ngt he
standinthewit
nessboxandgi vi
ngevi
denceonoath.
 Theaccusedmayal sodecidetogiv
eunswornstat
ementfrom thedockwhichis
thesit
ti
ngplacefortheaccusedper
sonsinacri
minalcour
tproceedi
ng.

PROTECTIONAGAI NSTDOUBLEJEOPARDY
 Thismeanst hatanaccusedper soncannotbetri
edagainforanoff
encewhi ch
heorshehasbeenacqui t
ted.Forexample,
apersonacquitt
edofmurdercannot
lat
erbetri
edonal esserchargeofmanslaught
er.
 Theprosecuti
onshoulddeci deri
ghtatt
hebeginni
ngwhet hert
otr
ytheaccused
formurderormanslaughter.

PROTECTIONAGAI NSTEX-POSTFACTOLAW.
 Thi smeanst hati
faper soncommi t
sawr ongf
ulactwhi chatt
heti
medoesnot
constit
uteacri
me, heorshecannotbetri
edatalaterstagewhenawrongf
ulact
becomesacr ime.
 I talso meanst hatal aw creat
ing acri
minaloffencecannotbebackdated
expressedi
nLatinasExPostFact oLaw.

THERI
GHTTOEXAMI NEANDCROSSEXAMI NEWITNESSES
 Thi
smeanst hatt
hedefendanthast
her i
ghtt
oquestionthewi
tnessespr
esent
ed
bythepr
osecuti
onandexaminehisorherownwitnesses.
 I
tisdonebyquesti
onandanswermet hod.

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THERI
GHTTOATTORNEY
 Thisisar i
ghtwhi chanaccusedper sonhast ober epresentedbyalawy eri
fone
i
saccusedofof f
encest hataresupposedt obetr
iedint heappell
antcourts.
 Thisisbecausei nbot ht heCivilandCr iminalt
ri
alsi ntheZambi anCour t
sare
basedont headv ersar
ypr ocedure.
 Thisi s a sy
stem wher et he prosecuti
on and def ense treateach otheras
opponent sbutnotasenemi esorapr ocessofopposi ngsidestryi
ngt owin
againsttheotherbetweent heProsecutionandDef enset eams

RI
GHTTODEFENDONESELF
 ThisisaConst ituti
onalrequi
rementt hattheaccusedper sonshoul dbegi ven
enought i
metoconsul tandprov i
def orhisorherdefense.
 Inreal
it
y,thi
srarelyhappensast heaccusedi susuallyincustodyandnotgivena
chancet ocoll
ectev i
denceandasar esul
tt hedefensemer elyr
eactstot he
prosecuti
on’
swi t
nesses.
 Thereisnoi ndependentquest ioningofwi t
nesses,visi
tst ot hesceneoft he
crime,ali
biwhichi sproofthatt heper sonaccusedofacr i
mewasi nanother
placefrom wher et hecrimet ookpl aceandt hattheper soncoul dnothav e
commi tt
edthecrime.

RI
GHTSOFACONVI CTEDPERSONATPOSTTRI ALSTAGE
RI
GHTTOAPPEAL
 Thi
smeanst hataconv i
ctedpersonhast heri
ghtt oappealt
ohighercour
tsi
f
notsat
isfi
edwi t
hthedecisi
onoft helowercour
t.
 Thi
sist omakesur ethatanyerrorthatmayhav ebeenmadei nt
helowercour
t
canbecorrectedbyanappellantcourtandaconv i
ctedper
sonisi
nformedofhi
s
orherr
ighttoappealattheendoft ri
al.

OTHERRIGHTSOFTHEACCUSED
Theconst
ituti
onofZambi
aguar
ant
eesthefol
lowingri
ght
stotheaccused:
 Ther i
ghtnott
obetri
edf
oracri
minaloffencef
orwhichonehasbeenpar
doned
bytheHeadofStat
e

 Theri
ghttohav
eani nter
pret
eri
fonedoesnotunder
standt
hel
anguagebei
ng
useddur
ingt
heproceedi
ngs.

 Ther
ightt
obegi
venacopyoft
her
ecor
doft
hepr
oceedi
ngsmadebyt
hecour
t

Wi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
meaf
terj
udgment

 Ther
ightnott
obeconv
ict
edofacr
imi
nalof
fenceunl
esst
hatof
fencei
sdef
ined

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 andt
hepenal
tywr
it
teni
nlaw.

PROCEDURESI NTHECRI MINALJUSTICEPROCESS

Thepr ocedur
esinthecri
minalj
usti
ceprocessref
erst
othest
epsfol
l
owedinacr
imi
nal
procedureasoutli
nedinthecri
minalprocedur
ecode,whi
chisal
soref
err
edtoast
he
C.P.Cinlegal
ter
ms.
Arrest

 Thi
smeanswhent
heaccusedper
soni
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thorwi
thouta
war
rant
.

 Iti
mpli
est hatanaccusedpersonmaybearrest
edwithawarr
antobt
ainedf
rom a
courtoflaw foroffencesli
kepoachingf
rom rest
ri
ctedar
easwhil
ecaseslike
thef
tall
owsar restwit
houtawarrant
.

Pl
ea

Thisiswhent hechar
geagainstt
heaccusedi sr
eadandi ft
heaccusedadmits
theoffence,t
henheorsheissaidtohavetakenapleaofguil
tybuti
fheorshe
deniesthecharget
henapleaofdeniali
stakenwhichi
salsocal
ledapleaofnot
guil
ty.

Tr
ial

 Thishastheprosecuti
onanddef ensepart
stoi
t.Theprosecut
ioncaseiswhen
theprosecut
ioncall
st hei
rwi t
nessesknownasExami nati
oninchief,whi
chis
meanttobuil
dthecaseagai nsttheaccused.

 Ont heot
herhand,t
hedefensewillt
henbri
ngt
hei
rownwi t
nessesknownas
Def
ensewit
nesseswhoseaccount
swil
lbet
hedef
ense’
sexami
nati
oninchi
ef.

Fi
nalsubmi
ssi
ons

Thi
sr ef
erstoasi
tuat
ionwhenboththedef
enseandpr
osecut
ionaddr
essest
he
Magistr
ateort
heJudgewit
hthei
rstr
ongpoi
nts.

Judgment

Thismeanswhent hemagist
rat
eorjudgedel
i
ver
sthef
inalr
uli
ngorv
erdi
ctof
thecaseagai
nstt
heaccusedper
son.

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Recor
dsofpr
evi
ousconv
ict
ions

Thisiswhent heprosecutorreadstothecour
tanypr
evi
ousconv
ict
ionswhi
ch
thedefendantcanei
theracceptorrej
ect(
deny)
.

Mi
ti
gat
ion.

Thisi
swhent hedefendantgivesreasonstotheJudget
hatmaymaket
he
puni
shmentl
esssev
ere(leni
encypunishment
).

Sent
enci
ng

 Thisiswhenthemagistrateorjudgesentencestheaccusedper
son,gui
dedby
thethr
eepri
nci
plesofsentenci
ngwhichincludes:

 Ret
ri
but
ionwhi
chmeanspuni
shi
ngt
heof
fenderespeci
all
yinr
apecases.

 Det
err
ent
,whichmeanspuni
shmentmeantt
opreventt
heoffenderorot
her
,
woul
dbeoff
ender
sfr
om commit
ti
ngt
hesameorsi
mil
arcr
ime.

 Refor
mation orRehabil
it
ati
on,which i
s puni
shmentmeantt
orefor
m t
he
off
enderi
nor dert
oretur
nt oadecentl
if
e,mainl
yappl
iedt
oJuv
eni
l
eandfi
rst
off
ender
s.

TYPESOFSENTENCES.

[
i]Concur
rentSent
ence

Thi
sisoneisser
vedatt
hesamet
imeasanot
hersent
encei
mposedear
li
eroratt
he
samepr
oceedi
ng.

[
ii
]Consecut
iveorCumul
ati
veSent
encei
sonewhi
ch

Defendanthasbeen conv
ict
ed ofseveralcount
s,each oneconsti
tut
ing adi
sti
nct
off
enceorcr i
me,orwhenadef endanthasbeenconvict
edofsev er
alcri
mesatt he
samet i
me.

[
ii
i]
Lif
eSent
ence

Thepr
isonerspendst
her
emai
nderoft
hei
rli
vesi
npr
ison.

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[
iv]Mandat
orySent
ence

Thisonei
screatedbythest
atestatut
eandrepr
esent
sther
ender
ingofapuni
shment
forwhi
chajudgehasnoroom f
ordiscr
eti
on.

[
v]Maxi
mum Sent
ence

I
trepr
esent
stheouterl
i
mitofapuni
shment
,bey
ondwhi
chaconv
ict
edper
sonmaynot
behel
dincust
ody.

[
vi]Mi
nimum Sent
ence

Thisonethatrepr
esent
sthemini
mum puni
shmentort
imeaconv
ict
edper
sonmust
spendinpr
isonbef
orebecomi
ngel
igi
blef
orr
elease.

[
vii
]SuspendedSent
ence

I
tmeanswit
hhol
dingorpost
poni
ngofpronounci
ngasentencefoll
owingaconv
ict
ionor
post
poni
ngoft
heexecuti
onofasent
enceafteri
thasbeenpronounced.

PROCEDURESI NACIVILCASE
Ther
earefiv
etypesofcour
tsi
nZambi
athatconductci
vi
lpr
ocedur
enamel
y:
 LocalCour
ts

 Magi
str
ateorSubor
dinat
eCour
ts

 Hi
ghCour
ts

 I
ndust
ri
alRel
ati
onsCour
t

 Supr
emeCour
t

 Const
it
uti
onal
Cour
t

CI
VILPROCEDUREI NALOCALCOURT
 Thepr ocedurei
sgenerall
yinf
ormalbecauset heai
m oftheproceedi
ngisto
admi
nist
ernecessaryJusti
ce.
 Thesecour t
shavenotadoptedcompl
expr ocedur
ebecausemostofthepeopl
e

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 who use t hese courts are not educat ed to under
stand compl ex cour
t
proceedings.
 Civi
lproceduresi nlocalcourt
sst artwit
hWr itofSummonsObt ai
nedf r
om the
courtClerkbythePlainti
ff,
apersonorper sonswithacomplaint
.
 Thecour tclerksfil
linthepar t
icularsoftheplai
nti
ffandt hedefendantorthe
accusedPer son
 Thesummonsi sservedtot hedefendantathisorherresi
denti
aladdressanda
copyisleftwiththedefendant.

CI
VILPROCEDUREI NSUBORDI NATECOURTS
 Int hesecourts,t heparti
esi
nvolv
ed ar esupposed tofol
low st
ri
ctrulesof
procedure,whichbeginswitht
heser v
ingoftheWr i
tofSummonsser vedont he
defendant,whoi sexpect
edtof
il
lintheEnterofAppear
ance.
 Ent erofappear anceisaformfi
ll
edbyt heaccusedagr
eeingt
oappearincourtat
theappointedtimeanddat e

CI
VILPROCEDUREI NAHI GHCOURT
 Thepr ocedur eisfor malandt heplainti
ffmustf il
einastatementofclaim, which
i
snotr equiredi nt hesubor dinatecour t.Statementofcl ai
mi sadecl arat
ion
stati
ngthedemandoft heplainti
fffr
om t hedefendant.
 I tisservedt ogetherwi t
hawr itofsummonsandt hedefendantfil
lsi
nt hecenter
ofappear ancet ogetherwitht hedefense.
 Thi sisar esponset othest atementofcl ai
m andt heTri
alwi l
lthentakepl ace
l
eadingupt othef inalsubmissionandj udgment .
 I fthecaseofacl aimisknown,awar r
antofdi str
esswi l
lbeser vedont he
defendantt oseal thejudgment .
 Ther e ar e cases t hat come bef or
et he high courtt hat are hear d in
chamber s,[
pr i
vate]whichistheof fi
ceoft hejudge.

Someofthecasesthatarecl assi
fi
edaschambermat t
ersincl
ude:
 Uncontest
edmarr i
agedi vor
ceactions
 Appli
cati
onforanor derofvacati
oni npropert
yr epossessi
on
 Appli
cati
onfororderofcompanydi ssol
uti
onal soknownasl i
qui
dat
ion
 Appli
cati
onformaint enanceincaseofadi vorcedspouseandchil
dren

PROCEDUREINTHEI NDUSTRIALRELATIONSCOURT
Thi
scourthandl
esonlyindust
ri
almatt
ers,whi
chmatt
ersar
eper
tai
ningt
oempl
oyee
andempl
oyerrel
ati
ons.

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CIVI
LPROCEDUREI NSUPREMECOURT
 Theprocedureissi
milart
othatf
oundint
hehighcourtexceptthatt
hesupreme
Courtdoesnotconducttr
ial
sbecausei
thear
sappeal
s;hence.(CourtofAppeal)
.

CAPI
TALPUNI SHMENT
 Capi talPunishmenti sthe Deat
h Penal
tywhi ch i
mpli
esthe taki
ng awayof
someone’ sli
feandaper sonwhoissentencedtodeathbecomesacondemned
person.
 Theyar ecal
ledcondemnedbecausetheypayforthecr
imetheycommittedwi
th
theirli
veswhi chi
stheulti
matepunishmentthatcanbemet edoutonahuman
being.
 I ti
sr eferr
edtoasPunishmentbeyondpunishment.

SOMEMETHODSOFEXECUTI ONI NCLUDE:

Hanging:
Thenecki sbr okenanddeat hcomesqui ckl yunlesst hef ree-fal
l.Whichi sadi stance
calcul
atedaccor dingt othewei ghtandhei ghtoft hecondemnedper son,isnotaccur ate?
Electr
icchair
 Thisi st hechai rwi r
edupwi t
hel ectrodesandacondemnedper soni sstrapped
i
nwi thel ectri
ccablesar oundt heankl es,armsandhead.
 Thenanamountofel ectr
icalv olt
agei srunt hroughhi sorherbodyenought o
ki
llhi
m orher .
Fir
ingSquad: Thepr i
soneri sshor tthrought hehear tbymanyshoot er
sanddeat h
comesqui ckly.
LethalI njection:Lethaldr ugsar ei njectedintot hecondemnedper son’sbody
whoi sst rappedt oabed.
 Beheadi ng/Gui ll
oti
ne:Thi si swhent heheadi scutof fbyashar pmet alwhi ch
sawst hr ought heneckoft hepr i
soner .
 St oning:Thepr i
sonerispel tedwi t
hr ocksandbi gst onesunt i
ltheyev entuall
ydie
anddeat hi sslowandpai nful.
 Cr ucifi
xion:Thi smet hodwasusedi nt hekil
li
ngofJesusChr i
st.Itwasamet hod
t
h
favoredbyt heRomansandwasabol ishedi nthe4 Cent ury.
 Bei ngf edal i
vet owil
dani mal s
 Bei ngr i
ppedapar tbyhor sesr unningi nopposi tedirecti
ons
 Bei ngt hrownf rom apeakoft hemount ai
n
 Bei ngdr owned.

ARGUMENTSAGAI NSTCAPITALPUNI SHMENT

Peopl
ewhoadvocatef
ortheabol
it
ionoftheDeathPenal
tyarecal
l
edAbolit
ioni
sts
 Thedeat
hpenalt
ypromotestheacceptanceofvi
olencebysoci
etybecauset
he

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 governmentwhi chi ssupposedt ouphol dt hesanct i
tyanddi gnityofl if
eal so
commi t sav iolentactagai nstt heper sont heyexecut e
 Thedeat hpenal tyisav iol
ationoft heuni t
edNat ionsHumanRi ght
s, Righttol i
fe,
whichisaf undament alhumanr ight
 Despitet hedeat hpenal tybeingt her efrom timei mmemor ial,i
thasnotpr evented
otherpeopl ef r
om commi tting Mur derand ot herser i
ous cr i
mes t hatar e
punishabl ebydeat h.
 Itisirrevocabl eandt her i
skofexecut i
ngani nnocentper sonisal way st here.
Historyhaspr ovedt hatev ent hemostsophi st
icat edLegalsy st
emsi nt hewor l
d
arenothundr edper centper fectandst udieshav eshownt hatinnocentpeopl e
havebeenexecut ed.
 Thedeat hpenal tyi sasy mpt om ofacul t
ureofv iolence,notasol uti
ont oitand
thatciv i
li
zedsoci ety’staski st omai ntainasy st em ofj usticebasedonpur ely
l
awsnotemot ions.
 Thedeat hpenal tyisanespeci all
ybr ut
al andcol dbl oodedf orm ofkil
li
ngbecause
thereisnopassi onorhear t,
oft hemomenti nvolvedi nthepr ocess.
 Thedeat hpenal tymaymaket er r
oristmar tyrsintheey esoft heirsuppor t
ers
 Rathert hant hedeat hpenal t
y ,societyshoul dbegi nlookingi nt
ot hemot i
vesof
thekil
lersandpr essur esthati tput sthem t hrough.Forexampl e,t
her easont hat
i
nmostcasesofmur der,t
hemur dererisrelatedt ot hev i
ctim.

ARGUMENTSFORCAPI TALPUNI SHMENT

Peopl
ewhosuppor ttheDeat hpenal tyarecal leddef ender s.
 Takinganof fender’slifeisamor esev erepuni shmentt hanapr isonsent ence
 Thedeat hpenal t
ywi llprev entf utur
ewoul dbeof f
ender snott ocommi tthecr i
me
andt heexecut edper sononbei ngr emov edf r om soci ety
,wi llnotcommi tt he
sameof fenceorsi mi l
arof f
enceagai n.
 Withoutthedeat hpenal t
y ,ther eisnosuf fici
entpuni shmentt omet eoutt othose
servi
ngal i
fesent encei npr i
soni ft heydeci dedt oki llanot herper sonwhi l
ei n
pri
son.
 Thedeat hpenal t
yhasBi blicalorigi
nsi nGenesi s9: 6whi chr eads:Whososheds
aman’ sblood, bymanshal l hisbloodbeshed; mani smadei nt heimageofGod.
 Punishmentshoul df itthecr ime;t her efore,itf ollowst hatifaper sonmur ders
anotherperson, t
heyshoul dal sobeputt odeat h.
 Societyhasadut yt oki lli nsel f-
def enseofi tsmember sandt hatt hedeat h
penaltyhasheal ingef fect sont her elat i
vesoft heof fender’sv ict
im ast heyget
thepeaceofmi ndt hroughdeat h.
 Itprotectsci vi
li
ansand pol i
ce from bei ng i ndiscr i
mi natelymur dered and it
expressessociety ’
stot alsur renderofmur der
 Revengei sanat uralhumanemot i
ont herefor e;t hel aw shoul dbebasedonan
eyeforey eandt oothf ort oot h.

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  Lif
eimpr i
sonmentisnotpuni
shmentenoughf
orki
l
ler
sandbesi
dessomepeopl
e
servi
nglif
esentencesarepar
donedandinnoti
mearebackont
hestreet
swher
e
theykil
lagai
n.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Definelegal system.
2.Outli
neel ement sofagoodl egalsystem.
3.Ment i
onf ive(5)sour cesoflawi nZambi a.
4.Whatdoy ouunder st
andbycr i
minalcases?
5.Whati sacr ime?
6.Explai
nt het woel ement sofeverycri
me?
7.Whatar et hetwocl assifi
cati
onofacr i
me?
8.Statesomeoft helegal i
nsti
tut
ioninZambi aandt hei
rfunct
ion.
9.Wr i
tedownt hef ourlevelsofcourt
sinZambi a.
10.
Describesomeor ganizati
onsthatpromot ejust
ice.
11.
Compar eci vil
andcr iminalcase.

GENDEREQUI
TYANDgenderEqual
it
y.

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Genderi
sdef
inedassoci
all
yconst
ructedandvary
ingr
olest
hatmenandwomenpl
ayi
n
theirdai
l
yli
ves.

EQUALI
TY

Thi
sisapr
inci
plet
hatconsi
dersgivi
ngthesametr
eatmentt
obot
hmenandwomen,
boy
sandgi
rl
sinsoci
etyi
nallsect
orsoft
heeconomy.

GENDEREQUI
TY

I
tistheProcessbywhichwomenandmenar
etr
eat
edf
air
lyi
naccor
dancet
othei
r
r
espect
iveneedsi
nsoci
ety
.

GENDEREQUALI
TY

Thisi
saconceptst
atesthatal
lhumanbeingsthati
s,gi
rlsandboys,womenandmen
arefr
eet
odevelopt
heirper
sonalabi
l
iti
eswi
thoutl
imi
tati
onssetbysoci
ety

AFFI
RMATI
VEACTI
ON(
POSI
TIVEDI
SCRI
MINATI
ON.
)

I
tisapoli
cywit
hspeci
almeasur
eswhichareaimedatcreati
ngastateofequi
ty
bet
weenf
emal
esandmal
esthr
oughthei
mplement
ati
onofpol
i
ciesandpr
ograms.

GENDEREQUALI
TY

Thi
sisaconceptwhichst
atest
hatall
humanbeingsthati
s;womenandmenar
efr
eet
o
dev
elopt
heirper
sonalabi
l
iti
eswit
houtli
mit
ati
onssetbysoci
ety
.

GENDERGAP

Thisi
sameasureofinequal
it
yinanypar t
icul
arsoci
al-
economi
cindi
cat
orandmay be
thedi
ff
erencei
nanyaspectofsoci
al-economicstat
usofmenandwomen.

STEREOTYPE

I
tmeanst hatdif
fer
entbehav
iorandaspi
rat
ionsofal
lhumanbei
ngsar
econsi
der
ed,
v
aluedandflav
oredequal
l
y.

GENDERROLES

GenderRolesarelear
ntbehavi
orinthegivensociety.Thesearesubscribedfunct
ion
act
ivi
ti
eswhicharepercei
vedasmaleorfemale.
 Theyareinfl
uencedbycult
urepoli
ti
cal,economicandr el
i
gious,age,cl
assand
raci
alf
actor
s.Genderrol
esaredynamic;theychangefr
om timetotime.
Genderrol
es:

 Busi
nessEnt
erpr
ise

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  WaterResourceManagement
 Farming
 Gatheri
ng
 Touri
sm
 Craft
swor k
 Envir
onmentManagement
Speci
fi
crol
esassignedbysoci
ety:
-

MEN

 Att
endingofsoci
alandpol
it
icalmeet
ings.
 Catt
lerear
ing
 Bushclear
ingandfel
li
ngtr
ees
 Hunti
ng
 Keydecisi
onmakersonfarmingact
ivi
ti
es.
Women

 heal
thcareprovider
s
 Foodpreparati
on
 Pott
erymaking
 Matandbasketweav ing.
 Cropharvesti
ng
 Thatchi
nggrassharvesti
ng.

SEXROLES

Sexist
hebiol
ogi
calter
m whi
chr
efer
stot
heexcl
usi
vephy
siol
ogi
caldef
erencebet
ween
femal
esandmales.

Sexrolesarether
efor
er ol
eswhi
chfemal
esandmal
esper
for
m ont
hebasi
soft
hei
r
repr
oducti
veandbiol
ogical
makeup.

SEXROLESSTEREOTYPE.

Thisi
sabelieft
hatmalesandf emalesbyvi
rt
ueoft
hei
rsexper
for
m cer
tai
nrol
es.For
examplegi
rl
sarelessi
ntel
l
igentthanboys.

SOCI
ALI
ZATI
ON

Thisisaprocessthroughwhi
chf emalesandmales,
gir
lsandboys,
womenandmenar e
assignedcer
tainr
olesandresponsibi
l
iti
esbasedontheval
uesofapar
ti
cul
arsoci
ety
.

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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AGENTSOFSOCI
ALI
SATI
ON

Thef
ami
l
y

 Soci
ali
zat
ioni
sini
ti
all
ycar
ri
edoutbypar
ent
sandr
elat
ivesl
i
vingwi
tht
hef
ami
l
y.

 Thesocialandcul
tur
alatt
it
udestendt
of av
orstheboychil
d.Hencethemale
chi
ldrecei
vesavai
l
abler
esourcesaswel
lasparent
alat
tent
ion,heal
thcar
eand
educat
ion.

 Agi r
lchi
l
dper f
ormsmor ehousechorest
hanaboychi
ldandther
ebyleav
ingher
sever
elydisadv
antagedinter
msofeducat i
onopport
uni
ti
es.Simil
arl
y,Women
aremadetobeliev
et hatt
heyi
nfer
iort
omen.

Deci
sionmaki
ngi
nthef
ami
ly

 Controlofr
esources.
 Sexualrel
ati
onshipanduseofcont
racept
ives.
 Polygamousmar ri
ages.
TheSchool

 Therear
eper
sist
entsexdif
ferencesineducat
ionalprocesseswi t
hint
heschool.
Femaleandmalelear
ner
sar esubject
edtodifferentsocial
izat
ionintheschool
syst
em.

 Thefor
maleducati
onprovidedtendstoconfinegir
lstodominantandhousehold
l
evel
sseenthroughthekindofsubjectstheytake.Forexample,mostgir
lstend
toav
oidchal
l
engingsubjectsandtakepracti
calsubject
s.

RELI
GIOUSI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Theyplayani
mportantr
olei
nsoci
ali
zat
ionprocess.Al
lrel
i
giont eachest
hatwomen
shoul
dbesubmissi
vetomenandmenshouldberecogni
zedasleaders.

Peergr
oup

Peopl
eofthesameagearequit
ei nf
luencedthr
oughsoci
ali
zat
ionpr
ocesshencet
hey
copycer
tai
nbehav
ior
alt
rai
tsf
rom eachother.

Themedi
a

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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Themedi ainZambiaisanot
heragentofsoci
ali
zat
ionandhadconti
nueddepi
cti
ngt he
posi
tionofwomenasbei ngsubordi
natetomen.Someoft hesongsplay
edonr adio
andt el
evi
siondescr
ibetheimmoralbehavi
orofwomenwhi l
eother
semphasizesi n
thei
rtotal
submissi
ontomen.

THEI
NTERSTATESUCCESSI
ONACT(
1989)

 Theactwasenact
edbyt
heZambi
anPar
li
amentonMay14,
1989.

 TheActi sasteprelat
edguidemeantt ofaci
li
tat
eway sofensur
ingadequate
fi
nancialandpr
opertyshari
ngf orsurv
ivi
ngspouse( s)
,chi
l
drenparent
soft he
deceasedandanyotherrel
ati
vesofthedeceasedperson.

 Thisisi
nacasewher
eadeceasedper
sondi
dnotl
eav
eawi
l
last
ohowpr
oper
ty,
l
egall
yref
err
edt
oasEstat
e

Wi
ll

Awi l
lisadecl
arati
onthatout
li
neshow fi
nancesandpr
oper
tyofadeceasedper
son
shoul
dbedist
ri
butedamongthebenef
ici
ari
es

Anadmini
str
atori
salegall
yappointedper
sonwhoact sonbehal
foft hestat
ein
handl
i
ngmatt
ersoft
hedeceasedper
son.He/shei
snotpar
toft
hebenef
ici
ari
es.

Di
str
ibut
ionoft
heEst
ates.

 50%f
ort
hechi
l
drent
aki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hei
ragesandeducat
ionneeds.

 20% forsurv
ivi
ngspouse(s)wi
dow(s)orwi
dower.Thismeansthati
ncaseof
poly
gamousmar r
iagest
hepercent
ageshal
lbedist
ri
butedamongallsur
viv
ing
spouses.Ift
hereisnospouse,
the20%shal
lbegi
ventochi
ldr
en.

 20%f orthedeceased,i
nacasewher ether
earenoparent
sthe20%shoul
dbe
di
str
ibutedamongt hespouse,
chi
l
drenanddependent
s.

 10%f
oral
lthedependent
sifany
.

I
tisimport
anttonotethatthebr
other
s,si
ster
sandanyr
elat
ionsoft
hedeceasedar
e
notpar
tofthebenef
ici
ari
es.

PERSONALCHATTELSANDHOUSE.

Per
sonalchat
tel
s.

Thesei
ncl
udethingsli
kehouseholdgoods,agr
icul
tur
eandhutt
ingequi
pment
,books
andmanyother
s.Thesear
eforthesur
viv
ingspouseandchi
l
dren.

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Thehouse

Thehouseisforthesurvivingspouse(
s)andt hechi
ldr
en. However
,thesurvi
vi
ng
spouseonl
yhasalif
einterestinthehouse.He/Shecanonl
yremaininthehouseas
he/shel
i
vesanddoesnotre-marry
.

Abreachofanypar
toftheIntestateActconst
it
utesacri
minalof
fence.Thi
smeans
t
hatproper
tygr
abbi
ngi
sstronglyprohi
bit
edunderthi
sact
.

PRACTI
CALPROBLEMSANDLI
MITATI
ONSOFTHEI
NTESTATEACT.

 Cust
omaryLawofInher
it
ancei
spr
act
icei
nZambi
adoesnotpr
otectt
hewi
dows
andtheor
phans.

 A chi
ldbor
noutofcohabitati
onshouldful
lyenj
oyhi
s/herr
ight
s. Howev
er,
court
ssometi
mesr
eluct
ant
lyrecogni
zesuchuni
ons.

 Chi
ldr
enbornoutof“wedlock”i
fnotknownorrecogni
zedbyasur
viv
ingspouse,
donotbenef
itf
rom t
hepropert
yofthedeceasedpar
ent.

 Secti
on10oftheIntest
ateActpr
ovidesfort
hesurv
ivi
ngspouset
ohav
eli
fe
i
nter
esti
npr
opert
y,l
ikehouseandt
hatifhe/
shere-
mar
ri
es.

 Er
ri
ngadmi
nist
rat
orsmustbepuni
shedundersect
ion29oft
hei
ntest
ateAct
.

 Sect
iontwooft heI
ntest
ateActdoesnotf
avourandpr
otectwomenov
ert
he
cont
roloft
radi
ti
onal
land.

 Thei
ntest
ateActsuppor
tst
hel
egal
i
tyofpol
ygamousmar
ri
age.

 TheIntest
ateActdoesnothaveaprovi
sionf
orassi
stanceofthev
ulner
abl
e
chi
ldr
enespeci
all
ycomplet
eorphanswhomayhavebeenaf f
ect
edbyHIV/AI
D
pandemic.

GENDERI
SSUESI
NTRADI
TIONALANDMODERNSOCI
ETY

Compar
isons.

 Bot hhav egener al misconcept

ionthatregar
dswomenasi nf
eri
ortomen.
 Tribalwar fare,Mi l
it
aryforceandmal ebraveryandstr
engthareusual
l
yatt
ri
buted
tomenandnotwomen.
 Landi spr edomi nantlyownedbyt hemenf ol
kandt helawswhichgovernthe
Zambi anl egal system aresenderbil
l.
 Insuffi
cientdeci sionmaki ngpoweri nahomei sexperi
encedbymostmar r
ied
womenwhof i
ndt hemselvesinunfairsi
tuat
ions.
 At radi
ti
onofmal emonopol yofcont r
oloverfemal
er epr
oducti
onhastobeown

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 extentconti
nuedev eni nthemoder nsociet
y.Itisbeli
evedthatt
hehusbandhas
arighttocontr
ol sexualrelat
ionship.
 Fami l
yofachi l
dl essmar ri
agewher eawi f
ei sinf
erti
l
e,ahusbandmayeasi l
y
mar r
yanotherwomanandnotv iceversa.
 Womenandt heirgirlchi
ldrenspendmor ehoursofworkt hant
hei
rcount
erpart
s.
Cont
rasts.

 Tradit
ional
lywomenar esocial
izedt obepassi veandobedi entwhi l
emenar e
taughtt o beaggr essiveanddomi nant.To ensur egenderequal i
tymenand
women can now mi xand par ti
cipatet ogetheri n allar
easofdev elopment.
Tradit
ional
lythesour ceofpoweri nsocietywassol elyi
nthehandsofmen.
 Womensubor dinationi namar riager el
ationshipduet oBr i
depr i
cei mpliedthat
womenhadl ittl
echoi cetoabandonmar r
iage. Howev ergrievancesar enow
beingaddressedbyt hecourtsofl aw.
 Tradit
ional
ly,girlsandwomenwer eexpect edt odot hehousewor k.Similar
lyat
school.Toachi evegenderbal ance, thetrendhasnowchanged.
 Tocur btheHI V/AIDSandot herSTDsi nsoci ety,i
ssuesofsexualr elat
ionships
betweengi rl
sandboy saretodayf reelybeingdi scussedatdif
ferentlevel
s.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADVOCATEFORGENDEREQUI
TYANDEUALI
TY.

ZAMBI
ANATI
ONALWOMEN’
SLOBBYGROUP

ZNWLG -t hisgroupwasf ormedin1991bywomenf r

om Non-government
al
Organizat
ionsandPol it
icalpart
iesconcernedaboutdiscri
minat
ionthatwomen
di
fferandt hei
rpoorrepresent
ati
oningov ernmentandotherpubl
i
coffices.

I
thasof
fi
cesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
nci
alcent
res:
-

 Copper
bel
t(Ki
twe)

 East
ern(
chi
pat
a)

 West
ern(
Mongu)

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heor
gani
sat
ion.

 Promotionofequalpar t
ici
pat
ionandr epresent
ati
onofwomanandmeni n
decisi
onmaking.
 Cult
ivat
ionandpromot i
onofcult
ureofgenderequit
yandequal
ityandr
espect
forwomen’ sr
ight
s.
 Undertakingtrai
ningandmanagi ngresourcemobili
zat
ionpr
ogramsmeant
forcapaci
tybuil
ding.

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PROGRAMMESTAKENBYTHEORGANI
SATI
ON.

 Capacitybui
ldi
ngforf emaleaspiringcandi datesforel
ect
ions.
 Ci
viceducationrel
atingt oconsti
tutional maters.
 Monitori
ngandobser vingelecti
ons.
 Conductingcommuni t
ydebateont opicalissues.
 I
nformat i
ondisseminationthroughpubl icati
ons.
JUSTI
CEFORWI DOWSANDORPHANSPROJECT( JWOP)

I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n2001undert
hesuppor
toft
heembassyofFi
nland.

Obj
ect
ives

 Todisseminatei
nformati
onontheri
ghtsofwidowsandorphans.
 Tohighli
ghtandpunishcasesofvi
olat
ionofhumanri
ghts.
 Toconductsensitizat
ionprogr
amsf orcommunit
yleadersandt hegener
al
publ
i
c.

YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)

Theadvocacypr
ogrammewhi
chf
all
sundert
hewomen’
sri
ght
s(WHR)pr
ogr
amme
est
abl
i
shmentin1993.

Ai
ms

 Ensuri
ngthatwomenknowthei
rri
ghtsduti
esandr
esponsibi
l
iti
esi
nsoci
ety.
 Helpi
ngwomenr eal
i
zethei
rful
lpot
enti
alashumanbeingsandthecont
ri
bute
tothecommunity
.
ZAMBI
AASSOCIATIONFORRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT.( ZARD)

ZARDwasfor
medi
n1984.
Ai
ms

 To upli
ftt he stat
us and posit
ion of women t hr
ough act
ion or
ient
ed
part
ici
patoryandgendersensiti
veresearch.
 To undertakesr esearchacti
vi
ti
est hataimed pr
omotegenderbalancein
soci
ety.
Zambi
aAssociationfordisabledwomen( 1992).

Ai
m

To devel
op progr
ams f
orempoweri
ng disabled women so as t
oi nf
luence l
ong
est
abli
shedassoci
ati
ont
owar
dsani
mpr ov
edf ocusonthespeci
alpr
oblemsofdisabl
ed

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women.

ZAMBI
AALLI
ANCEOFWOMEN-(
ZAW)

ZAW wasf
ormedi
n1978butf
ormal
l
yregi
ster
edi
n1982.

Ai
ms

 Advocacyf orwomen’sr ight

s as human r ights gendersensi
ti
zat
ion and
populari
zingCEDAW.
 Promotionandenhancementofwomen’ srightsandi nher
it
ance,womenand
educati
onandwomenanddev elopmenti
ngener al
.
 Advocacyf orgoodgovernanceandpr omotionofpeace.
 Eradi
cationofpov er
tyt
hroughf oodsecuri
ty.
 Researchanddocument ationinsocialeconomi cprogramsandinhealt
hand
educati
onmat t
ers.

ACHI
EVEMENTS

 SpearheadedtheSADCRegi onalRuralI
ndustr
ialst
udytopromoteindust
ri
es,
suchasbasketry,baki
ngandf i
shprocessing.
 Promotehousehol dfoodsecur i
tythroughcr opdiv
ersi
fi
cat
ionpr oj
ect
sat
vi
ll
agelevel
.
 Devel
opagrof or
estryprograms.
 Renderedsupporttomainlyrural
self
-helppre-
school
sandheal Cent
re’
s.

VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T(VSU)(
ZAMBI
APOLI
CE)

TheVSUwasf
ormedi
n1994andst
art
edoper
ati
ngi
n1997.

Ai
ms

 Pr
eser vat
ionofli
fe
 Pr
otectionofpropert
y
 Pr
ev enti
onofcrimeand
 Maintenanceofpeaceinsoci
ety
.

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SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngconcept
s

i
.Gender
,

i
i
.Genderequi
ty,

i
i
i.Genderequal
i
ty,

i
v.Af
fi
rmat
iveact
ionandposi
ti
vedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

1..
Stat
esomei
ssuest
hataf
fect
swomen’
ssoci
o-economi
cneeds.

2.Whatar
eGenderr
oles?

3.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm‘
GenderGap?

4.Def
inesoci
ali
zat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
ogenderr
oles.

5.St
atet
heagent
sofsoci
ali
zat
ion.

6.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms.

i
. Theact

i
i
. Awi
l
l

i
i
i. Est
ate

i
v. Admi
nist
rat
or

7.Undert
hei
ntest
atesSuccessi
onAct
,howshoul
dbet
heest
atedi
str
ibut
ed?

8.St
atesomegov
ernment
ali
nst
it
uti
onst
hatadv
ocat
egenderequi
tyandequal
i
ty.

9.Menti
onsomeNon-
Gov
ernmentOr
gani
zat
iont
hatadv
ocat
egenderequi
tyand
equal
i
ty.

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CULTUREOFPEACE
PEACE

Peacei
stheabsenceofwar.Buti
nreal
i
tyPeacemeansmor
ethant
heabsenceofwar
.
I
tal
someansthepresenceofj
usti
ce.

Sub-
div
isi
onofPeace

Negat
ivePeacer
efer
stot
heabsenceofdi
rectphy
sical
viol
ence,

Posi
ti
vePeaceref
erstothepresenceofcondi
ti
onsofwel
l
-bei
ngandjustrel
ati
onshi
ps
i
nsof
arasthesoci
al,
economic,poli
ti
cal
andecologi
cal
wel
far
eisconcer
ned.

Vi
olencei
sthepr
esencewar
,tor
tur
e,pov
ert
y,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,
andecol
ogi
cal
viol
ence.

PEACE

Negati
vePeace:Absenceof Positi
vePeace:Presenceofconditionsof
Di
rectPhy
sicalVi
olence well
-beingandj
ustrelati
onshipsi
.e.
economi c,
soci
al,
polit
icalandecological
.

Di
rectViol
ence;e.
g.
war,t
ort
ure,et
c. Str
uctureVi ol
encei
.e.presenceof
povert
y,discri
minat
ion,ecologi
cal
vi
olence,etc.

VI
OLENCE

METHODSOFPROMOTI
NGPEACE

Peaceisver
ycentr
alandi
mpor
tantt
ohumanaf
fai
rsanddev
elopment
.Wi
thoutpeace,
devel
opmentsuf
fer
s.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  I
nter
mar
ri
ages–amongdi
ffer
entet
hni
cgroupings,
int
ermar
ri
agesar
ea
goodmet
hodofpromoti
ngpeace.

 Fri
endshi p-maki ngf r
iendswi t
hpeoplesecurespeaceandt her earediff
erent
degreeswhi chcouldcr eateamongpeopl eofdif
fer
entlocationsandor i
gins.
 Reciprocity:Thisiswher etwoormor epeopleexchangegi f
tsorf avorsina
mut ualmanner
 Mut ualAi d:Thist ypeofcr eati
ngpeacepeopl einvolvesexchangi nghel p,
assistanceorai dinthet imeorpr obl
ems.
 Forgiveness:Whensomebodyhascommi t
tedanoffenceandpeopl ebecome
ki
ndenought oforgivesuchaper son,peacecanbegener ated.
 Tolerance:Thi sreferst oawayofl i
vi
ngandaccept i
ngdi fferentoropposi ng
vi
ewpoi nts.Thisexpr essespeacei nthesensethatpeopl eexpr essdiff
erent
oropposi ngv i
ewpoi nts.
 Respect :Thi sinvolvesr especti
ngot herpeoplescultures,opi ni
ons,ideas,
beli
efs,languagesandhumani ngeneral
.

CHALLENGESTOPEACE

 People’
sbel i
eft hatwarandv i
olenceareor ganicmeani ngthatwarandv i
olence
areinev
itableandunav oidabl
efeaturesofhumansoci ety .
 PeaceandJust icearesomet i
mesv iewedascont r
adi
ctionsinpr acti
calterms.I f
onebelievest hattheonlywayt opreventinjusti
ceandcr eatejusti
ceisbyf orce,
thensuchaper sonbelievest
hatjust
icerequireshosti
l
iti
esandwar .
 People’
sdesi ret ohavepowerandt obeatanadv antagei nrelati
ont oother s.
Suchasi tuati
onof tenl
eadstocompet it
ionwhi chmayr esulti
nv i
olenceandwar .
Examplesofpeacef ulCount r
iesandCommuni ti
es

 Ami sh(1693t opresent)

 Sweden( 1814toPresent )
 Swi t
zerl
and( 1848topr esent
)
 Cost aRica(1949topr esent)
 Zambi a(1964t opresent)
Conf
li
ct.

Confl
icti
st hequar
rel
,st
ruggl
eorf
ightbet
weentwoindi
vidual
s,communit
ies,
soci
eti
es
orcountr
ies.Confl
ict
smaybephysical
whichmeansitl
eadstobodil
yhar
m.

Vi
olence

Iti
sanextr
emedest r
ucti
vef
orcewi
l
lful
l
yexer
tedagai
nstsomeone,i
sal
way
snegat
ive
andbegi
nsinourheart
s.

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  Aconf l
ictshowsi tsel
fthroughanger,hurt,f
rust
rat
ion,di
sappoi
ntment,quarr
el,
physi
cal fi
ghtorverbalf
ightusingabusiv
elanguage.
 Confl
ictcanoccurati ndividuall
evel
,famil
ylevel
,andcommuni t
ylev
el,regi
onal,
nat
ional andint
ernati
onallevel.

CAUSESOFCONFLI
CTS

Hist
or y
Research has rev
ealed thathist
ori
calreasons have contri
buted t
o emer gence of
confl
ictsi
nAf r
ica.Forexample:theconfl
ictbetweenChrist
iansandMosl emsi nmost
part
sofAf ri
cahassomet hingt
odowi thl
ongst andi
nganimositi
esandmi str
ust.

Et
hnici
ty
Deepnegat
ivefeel
i
ngsagai
nstagr
oupofpeopl
ethatdonotbelongtoy
ourownet
hni
c
gr
oupcanbringaconf
li
ctbet
weentwoet
hni
cgroups.Forexample:
-

 I
nNi geri
a,1967–1970,Bi af
raaprovincedominat
edbyI boet
hni
cgroup
temporarybroke awayf rom the country. Theyaccused t
he f
ederal
governmentofdiscri
minati
ngagainsttheIbopeopl
e.
 AccusedtheFederalgovernmentofdiscri
minati
ngagai
nsttheI
bopeopl
e.
 KatangaShabaPr ovince/regi
ontempor ari
l
ybrokeofftheCongo(DRC).
Justaft
erindependencein1960.

I
mbal anceofNaturalResources.
Theincreasedpopulat
ionputtoomuchpressureonlandandNatural
Resour
ces.Peopl
e
fi
ghtoverNaturalResour
cessuchasmineral.BurundiandRwanda.

Immigrat
ion
Massivefor
eignimmigrati
onincreasesresent
mentsbythehostpeople.Exampl
esare
foundinCentralandWest er
nCot eDev oi
r(Iv
oryCost
)whereani nf
luxofimmigrant
s
hascreat
edser i
ousxenophobicconfli
cts

Xenophobi
a-Ref
erst
oani
ntensef
earordi
sli
keoff
orei
gnpeopl
e,t
hei
rcust
omsand
cul
tur
e.

EconomicandExportResources.
Thestatesf
ightoverapieceoflandt
hati
ssuspect
edt
ohav
e(orhasconf
ir
med)r
ich
deposi
tsofmineral
s.Forexample;

 Chad-Libyaconf l
i
ctovertheAouzouStr
ipin1973–1994.
 Cameroon–Ni geri
aconfl
i
ctovertheBakassi
Isl
andunt
il2004.
 Mali–BurkinaFasoconfli
ctin1986and
 Et
hiopi
a–Er i
tr
eaconfli
ctin2001.

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MismanagementofEconomi
cResources.
Countri
eswheret
her
eispoorgov
ernance,
cor
rupt
ionandwi
despr
eadpov
ert
yconf
li
cts
ar
elikel
ytoari
se.

Refugees.
Large numbers ofr ef
uges i
ncrease pr
essure on t
he localresour
ces i
nthe host
countr
iescommuni t
ies.Sometimes,therefugesusetheseareasasspri
ngboar
dsf or
att
ackingthei
rgover
nmentforces.

Pover
ty,I
ll
it
eracyandunemployment.
Int
hir
dWor ldCountri
es,i
nequal
it
yinaccessi
nggoodsandservi
cesleadi
ntoconfl
icts
i
n urban areas. Unempl oy
ed poorpeopled al
so known as Lumpen Pr
olet
ariat
commonlycal l
ed Kaponyas. Theyareeasyt ar
get
sf orwarrecrui
tsand pol
it
ical
ext
remist
s.

I
njust
ices
Whereverther
eisinj
ust
icepeacewil
lneverpr
evai
lbecausei
njust
icemanif
est
sit
sel
fin
manyway s.Isusual
lyt
hesour ceofanger
,fr
ustr
ati
on,andr
esent mentt
otheexi
sti
ng
gover
nment ?

Conf
li
ctaboutInfor
mat i
on
I
nmanyi nstances,theparti
esi
nconf
li
ctdonothav
esuf
fi
cient
,orev
ent
hesame
i
nfor
mati
onaboutasi tuat
ion.

Confli
ctoverResources
Disputesaboutmateri
alresour
cessuchasland,moneyorobj
ectsar
enor mal
l
yobv
ious
toidenti
fyandoft
enlendt hemsel
veswel
ltostrai
ghtf
orwar
dbargai
ning.

Confl
ict
sov erRelat
ionships
Peopl
ei nthef amil
yr el
ationshi
psbusinesspar
tnershi
psorcommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ions
commonl yhavedisagreement soverav
ariet
yofspecif
ici
ssues.

Conf
li
ctsov
eri
nter
est
sorneeds

I
mportantandpowerfulneedsforsuchthi
ngsasi denti
fy,respect
,parti
cipat
ion,abi
l
ity
t
oinfl
uenceother
sandsuccessar eoft
enattheheartconfli
ctsthatappear to be
acont
estovermater
ialthi
ngs.

Conf
li
ctsaboutst
ruct
ures

Str
uct
urescr
eatedpeoplesuchaspoli
ti
calorrel
igi
ousstr
uctur
es,usual
l
ydetermi
ne
whohasaccesst opowerorr
esour
ceswhoisaccordedr
espectandwhohasauthor
it
y
tomakedeci
sions.

Conf
li
ctsi
nvol
vi
ngv
alues

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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Valuesandbel
ief
sar
esometi
mesf or
medbyl if
eexperi
encesandfait
hperspect
ives.
Becauseachal
l
enget
oaper
son’sv
alueisseenasathr
eattoone’
sident
ity

NEGATI
VEI
MPACTSOFCONFLI
CTSI
NAFRI
CA

 Innocentpeopl ear ekil

ledespeci al
lychi l
dren,womenandt hedi sabled.Women
arealsosexual lyhar assed.
 Peopl ear ef orcedt or unawayf rom t hei
rhomest ot aker efugei nareaswher e
thereisnowar .
 Theeconomyofacount r
yi nconf li
ctisnegat iv
elyaf fect ed.Agr icul
tureandt r
ade
decli
ne.
 Damagest othei nf r
astructure;br i
dges,bui ldi
ngs,ai rpor t
sandr ai
lwaylinesar e
destroy ed.
 Conflictsl eadt oenv ir
onment aldegr adation.Env ir
onmentdegr adati
onismaki ng
theenv i
ronmentl essf i
tforhuman, animal andpl antl i
fe.
 Public expendi turei s pr edomi nantlyf ormi l
itary ef for t
. Such expendi ture
normal lyincreasest heNat ionaldebtasacount rybor rowsf orthewaref fort.
 Conflictweakensgov ernancei nst i
tuti
ons,ashasbeent hecasei nSomal i
.Asa
result,crimer i
sesast her eisnost r
onggov ernancei nst ituti
on.
 Provisionofheal t
handeducat ionalser vi
cesi sdi srupt edaspeopl eareaf rai
dt o
reportf orwor k.
 Emer genceofchi ldsoldierswhoar ef orcefull
yrecr uitedi ntoar medmi l
it
ias.
 Thei n-flowofr efugeescr eatesbur densandgr ievancesi nnei ghboringcountries
andpossi bili
ti
esofspi l
lov erconf li
ctsbecomehi gh.
 Crimel ev elsescal ateaspeopl eeasi l
yacqui resmal l armsandl ightweapons.

POSI
TIVEI
MPACTS(
ECONOMI
CANDPOLI
TICALGAI
NS)

 Whenagr oupcapt uresthet er

rit
oryoftheenemy ,theresourcesar epl
underedby
thegr oupt hathascapt ur
edi t.Forexampl et heUNI TAgr oupinAngol a,RUFin
SierraLeon.
 Compani espr oducingar ms( guns)ammuni tions,unif
orm,boot s,food,mili
tar
y
har dwarel i
ketanksandpl anesgaineconomi call
y.
 Whenonegr oupisdef eated,suchadef eatleadst oterr
it
or i
alexpansi
onbyt he
victorsi
nt heconfli
ct.
 Thosewhowor khar dtobr i
ngpeacei nther egionsofconf l
ictsalsobenefi
tfr
om
theconf l
ictsforexampl e:t heInter
nationalCommuni typr ovi
dedmuchf undto
bringaboutpeacei nDRC.

CI
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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Confl
i
ctsthatinvol
vemor egroupsornat
ionsall
i
ancesar
efor
medi
nor
dert
o
def
eattheother.Suchal
l
iancescreat
epol
i
tical
uni
ty.

CONFLI
CTRESOLUTI
ON

Conf
li
ctResol
uti
onist hesett
lementoravoi
danceofdisputesbetweenindi
vidual
sor
gr
oupsthr
oughsolut
ionsthatavoi
dviol
enceandat
tempttore-uni
tethepeopl
e.

METHODSOFRESOLVI
NGCONFLI
CT

Counsel
ing
Thismethodisusednor
mal
l
yini
ndi
vi
dualsi
tuat
ions. Thecounsel
ori
ssomeone
tr
ustedbybot
hpar
ti
es.

Negot
iat
ion
Thi
sisapr ocessconduct
edbyar
eli
abl
eandski
l
lednegot
iat
iondi
rect
lybet
weent
he
di
sput
ingparti
es.

Mediati
on
Thisisamethodofconfl
icthandl
i
ngbyaneutralthi
rdpart
yacceptabl
etot hedi
spute
part
iesorgr
oupstoarr
iveatanacceptabl
esol
uti
ongenerat
edbyt hepart
iesorgroups
themsel
ves.Lunda-
Luv
aleinZambia.

Arbi
tr
ati
on
Thisisaconfl
i
cthandli
ngski
llunder
takenbyanar bi
tr
atorwhoi
sappoi
ntedbyt
he
di
sputi
ngpar
ti
esorgroupst
oresol
vetheirdi
ff
erences.

Li
tigati
on
Thisisamet hodthatall
owst hepart
iesconcer
nedt
oproceedtothepubl
iccour
tsof
l
aw.Somet imesdisputesofconfli
ctsbet
weencount
ri
esaretakentot
heinter
nat
ional
courtofjust
icetoberesolved

CREATI
NGACULTUREOFPEACE

Peacei swhatshoul
dpr
evai
linanycount
ry.Butpeacecanonl
ybei
nourhear
tsi
fwe
respectot
herhumanbei
ngs.

 Weshoul dcont rolouranger,thehurtwehav eforotherpeopl

eandcont r
olt he
resentmentthatwehar borinourheartsforotherpeople
 Promot i
onofgoodgov ernanceisanotherimportantstept
owardsthecreat
ionof
acultureofpeacei nourcountry.
 Promot eposit
ivesocialandeconomicdev elopmentforthebenef
itofal
lcit
izens.

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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ROLESOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONI
NPROMOTI
NGPEACE

 Sendingpeacekeepingtroopstocount ri
eswerethei
rconfli
cts.
 Applysancti
onsonanycount rythreateni
ngpeace.
 Encouragi
ngdi al
ogueamongcount r
ieswhichareinconf
lictthroughmedi
ati
on.
 Usemi nimum f or
cei fnecessaryoncount ri
eswhi chthreatenworldpeacein
ordertomaintainpeacef
ulco-exi
stenceofstates.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Def i
nepeace
2.Explainsomemet hodsofpr omot ingpeace.
3.Givesomeexampl esofpeacef ul count r
iesandcommuni ti
es.
4.Briefl
yout l
inesomecausesofconf l
icts?
5.Anal yzetheImpact sofconf l
ict
si nAf r
ica.
6.Out l
inesomemet hodsofr esolvingconf l
ict
s.
7.Whati stherol
eofuni t
ednat i
oninpr omot i
ngpeace?
8.Assesst heimpactofconflictonAf ri
casoci et
y.
9.Il
lustratethefor
msofconf li
ctatv ari
ousl evel
sinsoci
ety
.
10.I
fy ouwantpeacewor kforj usti
ce, explainwaysofcreat
ingcult
urepeace.

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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SOCI
ALCHALLENGES
Soci
alChal
lenges

Thesearei
ssuesandpr obl
emsf aci
nghumanbeingstoday.Forexampl
e,Chi
l
dAbuse,
Sexual
Assaul
t,TeenagePregnanci
esandGenderVi
olence

CHI
LDABUSE

Chi
l
dabuseisanyf
orm ofi
l
ltr
eat
mentofachi
l
d.Thi
sil
ltr
eat
mentcoul
dbephy
sical
,
mental
orv
erbal
.

 Physi
calabuseanyact ionthatcausephy sicalimpair
mentsuchasBat ter
y,
sl
apping,pi
nchingoft
heski
n,pull
i
ngear s,bur
ni ngoftheski
n,bi
ti
ngthechil
d.
 Mentalabusecouldbelackoflove,neglect
,insult
s,shouti
ngatthechi
ld,name
cal
li
ngorr i
dicul
e.
FORMSOFCHI LDABUSE.

Chi
ldDefi
lement
Def
il
ementist heactofhav
ingunl
awf
ulsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thagi
rlundert
heageof
16year
s.Itincludes:

 Touchingpri
vat
epartsofachil
d.
 Makingthechil
dtouchorplaywithsexualor
gansofanolderper
son.
 Showing chi
ldr
enpicturesofnaked peoplef orpur
poseofexci t
ing t
hem
sexual
ly.Suchanactiscall
edIndecentassaul
t.
Chi
ldBat
teri
ng
Thi
sisafor
m ofchil
dabusewher esomeonebeat sachil
doft
en.

Chi
ldNegl
ect
Thi
sisasituati
onwher
echil
drenar
enott
akencar
eofbyt
hei
rpar
ent
sorguar
dians.
Someti
mechildr
enar
eabandoned

Chi
ldlabour
Ref
erstoworkt
hati
sment
all
y,phy
sical
l
y,soci
all
yormor
all
ydanger
ousandhar
mfult
o

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chi
l
dren.

Chil
dSexualAbuse
Sexualabusei
sanysexualacti
mposedonachil
doryoungpersonbyacloserel
ati
ve
andincl
udesfondl
ingachi
ld’
sgeni
tal
s,maki
ngt
hechi
l
df ondl
etheadul
t’
sgenit
alsand
havi
ngsexuali
nter
cour
sewi t
hachi
ld.

Sexualassaul
tiswhenast
rangercommi
tst
heabov
etot
heChi
l
d.

Chil
dt raffi
cki
ng
Thisist heill
egaltransport
ati
onandsell
ingofchi
l
drenwit
hinoroutsi
deacount
ry,f
or
prosti
tution,pornography,for
cedlabour
,cri
meorbusinessinv
olvi
ngsel
li
ngofbody
organs.

Chi
ldProst
itut
ion
Thi
sissexualexpl
oit
ati
onofchi
l
dren.I
tcanbef
orcedorv
olunt
ary
.

 For
cedchil
dprosti
tut
ioniswhenchildrenar
ecompel
l
edt
osel
lsexualser
vices
f
orexampl
einhotel
s,brot
hel
s,orst
reets.

 Volunt
arychi
ldpr
ost
it
utionisasituat
ionwher
egi
rl
ssel
lsexualser
vicesf
ora
l
ivi
ng,i
nordert
omeettheirdai
l
yneeds.

WAYSOFADDRESSI
NGCHI
LDABUSE.

 Legi
slati
ononchi l
dlabour–t helawshouldpr escri
bepenal
ti
esorpract
ici
ngand
encouragi
ngal lf
ormsofchi ldlabour
.
 Enacti
ngst i
ffpunishmentf orchil
ddefi
lersincludi
ngthosewhobatt
erorneglect
thei
rchil
dren.
 Sensit
izi
ngthecommuni tyaboutchildabuse.
 Reporti
ngcaseofchi ldproblem.
 Speakingaboutt heprobl
ems
 Encouragi
ngv ict
imst ogot ov i
cti
m supportunit.DropinCent
re’
sandNGO’ sfor
counseli
ngserv i
cesandl egaladvi
ce
I
NSTI
TUTIONSTHATADDRESSCHI LDABUSE.

 Vict
im supportunit(ZambiaPoli
ceServi
ce)
 YoungWomen’ sChr i
sti
ansAssociat
ion(
YWCA)
 YoungMenChr ist
iansAssociat
ion(YMCA)
 ZambiaCi v
icEducat i
onAssociati
on(ZCEA)
PROTECTI
ONAGAI NSTSEXUALASSAULT

 Tr
ytomakey
ourhomeassecur
easpossi
ble.

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  Donotl etanyonei ntoyourhomeifyouf eel
inanywaydoubtfulorsuspi
cious.
 Avoidsituat
ionst hatmakey oufeeluncomfort
ableorunsaf
e,evenifyoucansee
noreasonf ory ourfeeli
ngs.
 Trytogethelpf r
om someonenear by,butst
ayaler
tanduseyourjudgment .
 Hick-
Hikingisr i
skyf orgi
rl
sandwomen.
 Wheny out r
av elaloneusingpubl
ictranspor
ttr
ytositwit
hanotherwoman.
 Remember sthatmostoft heabusersarepeoplewhoknowy ousuchasf ri
ends
andrelati
ves.
 Practi
ceself-defenseskill
sregul
arl
y.

RAPE

Thi
sisanactoff orci
ngaper sontohav
esexuali
nter
courseagai
nsthi
sorherownwi l
l
.
I
nZambi a,accordingtot hepenalcode,rapeisdefinedas:Anypersonwho has
unl
awfulcarnalknowledgeofawomanoragi r
lwithoutherorwithherconsentby
usi
ngforce,
threatsorint
imidati
on.

WAYSOFRESI
STI
NGRAPE

 Att
ent i
onseeki ngt acti
cs,shouti
ng,screamingortr
yingtogetsomeoneto
hel
p.
 Noncor porati
ont acti
csf orexampl
erefusingtot
akeyourcl
othesof
f.
 Psychologicaltacti
cs; f
orexamplereasoningwit
htherapi
st,
tryi
ngt
ofri
ght
en
hi
m, disgusthim orgai nsympathy.
 Physicalresi
stance; f
ighti
ngbackorstruggli
ng.
POSSI
BLEREACTI ONSAFTERRAPE

 Shock
 Lossofcont rol
,feel
ingsofpowerl
essness.
 Un-mat ur
elycalm
 Tryi
ngt oacti
ngnor mal l
y.
 Problemswi thsleepforexampl
enightmares.
 Fear
 Shame
 Feeli
nggui l
ty
 Avoidingphysicalcontact
 Depression
 Anger
 Trauma
WHATTODOAFTERRAPE

 Repor
ttot
hepol
i
ce

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  Getamedi cal
reportf
rom t
henear
estheat
hcent
re.
 Visi
tacounselor.
 Seeklegal
adv i
ce.

TEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

FACTORSTHATCONTRI
BUTETOPREGNANCY

Peerpr
essur
e

Someti
mesboy
sandgi
rl
sengagei
nsexualact
ivi
ti
esduet
opeerpr
essur
eandwoul
d
l
iket
obeli
keot
her
s.

Per
sonalDev
elopment

Aschil
drengrow someti
mest heydev
elopsexualf
eeli
ngsandemot
ionswhi
cht
hey
don’
tunder
standasaresul
ttheywantt
oful
fi
ll
theseal
leges

Lackofsexeducat
ion

Par
ent
sdonotdi
scusssexual
issueswi
tht
hei
rchi
l
dren.

Soci
etyandmedi
ainf
luence.

I
nfl
uenceofcul
tur
esmoder
nsongst
elev
isi
onandr
adi
opr
ogr
ams.

Cul
tur
ali
ssues.

Gir
lsar
emar
ri
edof
fatanear
lyageandar
enotal
l
owedt
ogot
oschoolonl
yboy
sar
e
al
l
owed.

Economi
cissues.

Somegi
rl
sengagei
nsex
ual
act
ivi
ti
esf
ormonet
arygai
ns.

EFFECTSOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

 Theheal t
hofthemot herisaf
fectedbecausehe/sheisnotyetmat ur
efor
r
eproduct
ion.
 Themot hermaynotknowhowt otakecareofthebaby,
hencepoorhealt
hfor
thebaby.
 Thebur denisshi
ftedtotheparentsi
fthey oungcouplecannotcopewith
costs.
 Chancesofthegir
lgett
ingmarr
iedareatstake

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  Chi
lddumping.
 Di
stur
banceintheeducat
ionoft
hemot
her
.

PREVENTI
ONOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

 Abstinence
 Avoidingbadcompany
 Setti
nggoal sorprinci
pal s
 Discussingwithfri
ends
 Avoidingalcoholanddr ugs.
 Resisti
ngpeerpr essure
 Upholdinggoodmor alsandv al
ues
 Beoccupi edwithact i
vi
tiesli
kejoi
ningcl
ubs.

SEXUALHARASSMENT

Sexualharassmenti
swhensomeonekeepsonsay
ingt
hingsordoi
ngt
hingsofsexual
ki
ndliketouchi
ngormaki
ngsexual
remarks.

Peopl
ewhoar
esexual
lyhar
assedcandot
hef
oll
owi
ng

 Makei tcl
earthatyoudonotwantt hatki
ndofbehaviorfr
om theperson.
 Ifhe/shecontinuestoharassyou,keepar ecor
doft heinci
dentsinanot
e
bookandt el
laf r
iendtowit
nessthem forsupport
.
 Discusstheproblem openl
yandint hatwayy oucanmakepr obl
em knownt
o
stoptheharasser.

GENDERVI
OLENCE

Genderbasedvi
olenceisphysi
caloremot
ionalf
orcei
nvol
vi
ngmenandwomeni
n
whicht
hefemal
ear eusual
l
ythevi
cti
m.

FORMSOFGENDERVI
OLENCE.

Phy
sicalVi
olence

Aform ofvi
olencedir
ect
edonthebody.Itt
akesthef
orm offondl
i
ng,
beat
ing,
slappi
ng,
punchi
ng,shooti
ng,ki
cki
ng,
stabbi
ng,
rapeandsexual
assault
.

Psy
chol
ogi
calv
iol
ence

Iti
svi
olencet
owar dt
hemind.Itt
akesthef
orm ofhumi
l
iat
ion,
thr
eat
s,har
assmentand
att
ackonanotherper
son’
ssur
fworth.

St
ruct
urev
iol
ence

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Itincl
udesvi
olence t
hatexist
swi thi
nthe st
ruct
uresofi
nst
it
uti
ons. I
toccur
sin
economic,
pol
i
tical
,soci
alandmili
tar
ysyst
ems.

Genderbasedvi
olenceemanat
eslargelyf
rom t
hepatr
iar
chalgendersyst
em t
hatvi
olet
s
women’ sri
ght
satal ll
evel
s. I
tincludespovert
y,l
andev i
cti
onofl ackofaccessto
ser
vices.

CausesofGenderBasedVi
olence.

 Soci al
izat ion–Lear nedbehav i
orbasedoncul t
uralpract
icesandbel ief
sthat
disadv ant agewomenandchi l
drenespeci al
lygir
lchil
d.
 Lowsel f-esteem byper petrator
.
 Insecur ity,socialandf inancialeconomi cdependencebyt heabused.
 Beliefst hatwomenpr ov okemenbyanswer i
ngback.
 Suspect edext r
amar it
al aff
airs.
 Refusal ordelayt oser vefood.
 Perceiv edsadnessandl ackofr espectforthehusband.
 Beliefthatmenshowl ovebybeat i
ngwi ves.
 Refusal tohav esex.
 Fail
ur et osetper missionf r
om mal epar t
ner stodosomet hing
 Genderr olesst er
eot yping-soci etalbel
iefs,my t
hsorat t
itudest hatmenand
womenbyv i
rt
ueoft heirsociali
zationshoul dperf
orm cert
ai ntasks.
 Drunkenness.
 Pettyjeal ousy.

Whoar
etheAbuser
s?

Abusersmayincl
udepeoplewit
hint
hef ami
lysuchashusbandandwi
feguar
dianand
thoseout
sidet
hefami
lyfr
iendsandst
ranger
s.

COMMONFORMSOFVI
OLENCE

 Phy si
cal(spousebattery)
 Verbalabusef orexampleinsul
ts)
 Rapeanddef i
lement
 Incest
 Threats
 Propertygrabbing
 Cruelt
ybyguar di
ans
 Lackofchi l
dorspousesuppor t.
EFFECTSOFGENDERBASEDVI OLENCE

 Oppr
essi
onoft
hespouse.

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  Theabusedmaybef earf
ulandangry
 Sexual v
iolencecont r
ibut
ionstothespreadofHI
V/AI
DSandSTI
s.
 Phy sical,
ment alinj
uryanddeat h
 Permanentdi sabi li
ty
 Unpl annedpr egnanci es
 Suicide
 Depr essionort r
auma
 Lossofsel f-
est eem andconf i
dence.
 Fami lydisruption, f
orexampledivorce.
WAYSOFREDUCI NGGENDERBASEDVI OLENCE

 Speakingabouttheproblem.
 Sensiti
zing t
hecommuni tyaboutgenderv iol
enceand t
heneed to work
togethertostopthevi
ce.
 Assisti
ngcouplestodiscussandr esol
vetheirprobl
ems.
 Repor t
ingcasesofviolencetot hepol
icevicti
m suppor
tuni
tforl
egalact
ion
andcounsel i
ng.
 Encouragev i
cti
mst ogof orlegaladvi
cetoNGOsordr opi
nCentr
e’sdeal
ing
withgenderbasedv i
olence.

MEASURESTOCURBGENDERVI
OLENCEANDCHI
LDABUSE

 Lobbyand f orchangesi nl awsand enf orcementlawsr egardi

ng gender
vi
olence.
 Awar enesscompaniesongenderv iol
enceandchildabuse.
 Establi
shingcounsel
ingCent re’
sforvict
ims.
 Putti
ngpr essureont hecommuni t
yt omakecondi t
ionssaferforvulner
able
peoplesuchasi mprov i
ngstreetli
ghti
ngincertai
nareas.
 Researchingandkeepi ngr ecordsonchi ldabuseandgenderv i
olencefor
socialacti
onandpolicymaki ng.
 Formul at
ionofcommuni tybasedgenderv i
olencecommi t
tees.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

 Vict
im SupportUnit
 YoungWomenChr i
sti
anAssociat
ion
 YoungMenChr i
sti
anAssociat
ion
 LegalAidCli
nicforwomen
 OtherNGOs.

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 SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erm:

i
. Soci
alchal
l
enges.

i
i
. Chi
l
dabuse.

i
i
i. Sexual
har
assment
.

i
v. Teenagepr
egnanci
es.

v
. Genderv
iol
ence.

2. I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatdeal
wit
hgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

3.Whatar
etheeffectsoft
eenagepregnanci
esonschoolgoi
ngchi
l
drenand
gi
vewaysofaddressi
ngthi
sissue?

4.I
denti
fypossi
ble ef
fectofr
ape on t
he v
ict
im and descr
ibe way
s of
pr
otect
ingr
ape.

5.Therear
evari
ousfor
msofabuse,suggestway
sofaddr
essi
ngdi
ff
erent
for
msofchi
ldabuse.

6.Dif
ferent
iat
echil
dlabourandchi
l
dwor k.Suggestway
sofinvest
igat
ing
genderbased-v
iol
enceandhow youcanpr esentt
hefi
ndi
ngstov i
cti
m
supportuni
t.

7.Out
li
net
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hataddr
essessoci
alchal
l
engesi
nZambi
a.

8. Di
scussMeasur
est
ocur
bGenderVi
olenceandChi
l
dAbuse.

9. I
dent
if
ythei
nst
it
uti
onst
hataddr
essgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

10.
Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

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GRADETWELVE
I
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS.
Human rightsinstr
umentsref
ertoinst
it
uti
onsand mechani
smst hatar
eused t
o
promoteandpr otecthumanri
ght
s,suchast her
ightt
ol i
fe,r
ighttovot
e,r
ightt
o
educat
ionetc.

TYPESOFI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

TheInt
ernat
ionalBi
llofRight
swhi
chi
smadeupoft
hreemai
nint
ernat
ionalhuman
ri
ght
sinst
rumentsnamely
:

 Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s.[
UDHR]of1948

 I
nter
nat
ionalCovenantonCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
s.[I
CCPR]
of1966andi
ts
t
woopti
onal pr
otocol
s

 I
nternat
ionalCov
enantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s[I
CESCR]of
1966.

SPECI
ALI
ZEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSI
NCLUDES

 The I
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ion on t
he El
i
minat
ion ofal
lfor
ms ofRaci
al

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 Di
scr
imi
nat
ion[
ICERD]of1965.

 TheConvent
ionontheElimi
nat
ionofallformsofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nst
Women[CEDAW]of1979andi
tsOpti
onal
Protocol
.

 The Conv
ent
ion agai
nstTor
ture and ot
herCr
uel
,Inhuman orDegr
adi
ng
Tr
eat
mentorPuni
shment[CAT]of1984.

 Convent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d[CRC]of1989andi
tst
woOpt
ional
Prot
ocol
s.

 TheInt
ernat
ionalConv
ent
ionont heProt
ect
ionoftheRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
grant
Worker
sandMember soft
heirFamil
ies[
CMW]of1990.

CHARTERBASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENT

THEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS(
1948)

 Thisinst
rumentbeginswi
ththepreambl
eorintroducti
onwhichst
atestheval
ues
andbel i
efsofthedocument
.Iti
sani nt
ernat
ionall
yrecogni
zedandagreedupon
i
nstrumentt hr
oughwhichindiv
idual
sandgov ernmentscanwor kanddeliver
basicri
ghts.

 I edon10thDecember
twasadopt ,1948bytheUni
tedNat
ionsinGenev
a,as
t
heresul
tofgenocidethatt
ookpl
aceinNazi
,Germanyduri
ngtheSecond
Worl
dWaragainstt
heJews.

 Thi
sdeclarat
ioncontai
ns30ar ti
cleswhicharealistofbasicright
severy
humanbeingi sbor
nwi t
handcanbedi vi
dedintot
wot hemesnamel yCiv
il
andPol
it
icalri
ghtsaswellasEconomic,
SocialandCult
uralr
ight
s.

TheUDHRar
ti
clesar
esummar
izedbel
ow.

Ev
ery
one:

 I
sbor
ninf
reedom,
equal
i
tyanddi
gni
ty.

 Hast
her
ightnott
obedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
ber
tyorf
reedom

 Hasther
ightt
osecuri
tyofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
ort
uredorsuf
ferf
rom
cr
uel
andinhumant
reatment
.

 Hast
her
ightt
oequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awandequal
prot
ect
ion.

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Hast
her
ightr
ecogni
ti
onbef
oret
hel
aw

 Hast
her
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedy

 Hast
her
ightnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bit
rar
yar
restordet
ent
ion.

 Hast
her
ightt
oful
landf
airhear
ingbef
oreani
mpar
ti
alandi
ndependentt
ri
bunal

 Hast
her
ightt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
omar
ry

 Hast
her
ightt
oasy
lum

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofmov
ement

 Hast
her
ightt
oNat
ional
i
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
opr
ivacy
.

 Hasr
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandex
pressi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on

 Hast
her
ightt
otakepar
tingov
ernment
,accesst
opubl
i
cser
vicesandt
ovot
e.

 Hast
her
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Hast
her
ightt
owor
k

 Hast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e

 Hast
her
ightt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
ving

 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
feoft
hecommuni
ty

 I
sent
it
ledt
oasoci
alandi
nter
nat
ional
ordert
oreal
i
zet
her
ight
sandf
reedoms

 Hasdut
iest
othecommuni
ty

 Mustint
erpr
ett
hisdeclar
ati
oni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
ight
s
andf
reedomsofother
s.

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TREATY–BASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

THEINTERNATIONALCOVENANTON ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALANDCULTURALRI
GHTS
[
ICESCR]
-1966.

 Thi
sisanextr
actoft
heUni
versalDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ghtswhi
chwasal
so
aneff
ortt
ocomeupwithal
egall
ybindi
ngdocument,
for
medin1966

 Theseright
sar
epr
obl
emat
icbecauset
heyar
edependentonr
esour
cesf
ort
hei
r
real
izat
ion.

 Thepreamblegiv
esanout l
i
nefortheexpl
anati
onoft herightsi
nt heCovenant
andtal
ksaboutwhatiscontai
nedi
nt heUni
versalDeclar
ationofHumanRi ghts
[UDHR]becausetheser
ight
sintheCovenantarebasedont heinher
entdigni
ty
ofthehumanperson.

 Thepreambl eal
soemphasi zesthei ndiv
isi
bil
it
yandi nterdependenceofall
humanrightsbystat
ingt
hat,theidealoffreehumanbei ngsenjoyingfr
eedom
fr
om fearandwantcanonl ybeachi evedifconditi
onsar ecr eatedinwhich
ever
yonecanenjoyhiseconomic,socialandcultur
alrights,aswel lashi
scivi
l
andpoli
ti
calri
ght
s

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CESCR

 Ri
ght
stowor
k

 Rightt
ojustandfavor
abl
econdi
ti
onsofwor
k,i
ncl
udi
ngf
airwages,
equalpayf
or
equalworkandholi
dayswi
thpay
.

 Ri
ghtt
ofor
m andj
oint
radeUni
ons,
incl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
ost
ri
ke.

 Ri
ghtt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Pr
otect
ionoft
hef
ami
l
y,i
ncl
udi
ngspeci
alassi
stancef
ormot
her
sandchi
l
dren.

 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
vingi
ncl
udi
ngf
ood,
clot
hingandhousi
ng

 Ri
ghtt
othehi
ghestat
tai
nabl
est
andar
dofphy
sical
andment
alheal
th

 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Ri
ghtt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
feandenj
oyt
hebenef
it
sofsci
ent
if
icpr
ogr
ess.

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTONCI
VILANDPOLI
TICALRI
GHTS[
ICCPR]
-1966.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Thiscameint
ofor
cein1996andislegal
lybi
ndi
ngtoitsmemberstat
es.These
areri
ghtst
hatareeasytonatur
eandi mpl
ementbecauset
heyrequir
enobi g
i
nvestment
sfort
hem tobeenj
oyed.

 Thepreamble(i
ntroduct
ion)oft hi
sdocument sstat
esthat,t
heidealoffree
humanbeingsenjoyingfreedom fr
om fearandwantcanonl ybeachievedif
condi
ti
onsarecreatedinwhi chevery
onecanenj oyhiseconomi
c,socialand
cul
tur
alri
ght
s,aswellashiscivi
landpoli
ti
calr
ight
s

 ThetreatyexpandsontheCiv
ilandPoli
ti
calr
ight
ssetouti
nt heUni
versal
Decl
arati
onofHumanRight
s[UDHR],wi
tht
heexcepti
onoft
her
ightt
oproperty
andri
ghttoasylum.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CCPR.

 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe

 Fr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureandi
nhumant
reat
ment

 Fr
eedom f
rom sl
aver
yandf
orcedl
abour

 Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
tyandsecur
it
y

 Ri
ghtofdet
ainedper
sonst
obet
reat
edwi
thhumani
ty

 Fr
eedom f
rom i
mpr
isonmentf
ordebt

 Fr
eedom ofmov
ementandchoi
ceofr
esi
dence

 Fr
eedom ofal
i
ensf
rom ar
bit
rar
yexpul
sion

 Ri
ghtt
oaf
airt
ri
al

 Pr
otect
ionagai
nstr
etr
oact
ivi
tyoft
hecr
imi
nal
law

 Ri
ghtt
orecogni
ti
onasaper
sonbef
oret
hel
aw

 Ri
ghtt
opr
ivacy

 Fr
eedom oft
houghtorconsci
enceandr
eli
gion

 Fr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on

 Prohi
bit
ionofpr
opagandaf
orwarandofi
nci
tementt
onat
ional
,raci
alorr
eli
gious
hatr
ed

 Ri
ghtt
oassembl
y

CI
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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on

 Ri
ghtt
omar
ryandf
indaf
ami
l
y

 Ri
ght
soft
heChi
l
d

 Pol
i
tical
right
s

 Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw

 Ri
ght
sofmi
nor
it
ies

OPTI
ONALPROTOCALS

An OptionalPr
otocoli
s a pr
ovi
sion at
tached t
o an i
nter
nat
ionalhuman right
s
i
nstr
umenti nor
dertooff
ermoreprotect
ion.TheICCPRhastwooptionalpr
otocol
s
namely
:

FIRSTOPTI ONALPROTOCOL( 1976):Thi

sprovisi
onall
owsi ndi
vi
dual
st ocomplainto
theUni tedNationsHumanRi ghtsCommi ssi
ononi ssuesofhumanr ightsviol
ati
ons
contained inthe ICCPR prov
ided t
heyexhaustal lchannelsofcompl ai
ntsusuall
y
throught hecourt
soflaw.Zambiaisastat
eparty(member )t
othi
sprot
ocol .

SECONDOPTI
ONALPROTOCAL(
1990)
:

Thi
sai
msatt
heabol
it
ionoft
hedeat
hpenal
tyandZambi
aisnotast
atepar
tyt
othi
s.

SPECI
ALI
SEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

THE I
NTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELI
MINATI
ON OF ALL FORMS OF
RACI
ALDISCRI
MINATION[I
CERD]-
1969.

 I
tcameint
oforcein1969anditwasdraft
edtodraw at
tent
iont
omat
ter
sof
r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nati
onwhichwer
esti
l
lrampantint
heworl
d.

 Princi
ple Definit
ion ofRaci aldiscri
mination:Itis anydi st
inct
ion,exclusi
on,
restri
cti
onoranyper f
ormancebasedonr ace,col
or,descentornationaloret
hnic
origi
nwhi chhast hepur poseofi mpairi
ngt herecognit
ionorenj oymentonan
equalf ooting,ofhuman r ight
s and f undamentf reedoms i nt he poli
ti
cal
,
economi c,social
, cul
turaloranyot herf
iel
dofpubl i
clif
e.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CERD

 Condemnr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
segr
egat
ionandapar
thei
d.

 Pr
ohi
bitt
heactofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionbyi
ndi
vi
dual
soror
gani
zat
ions

 Assur
eev
ery
onewi
thi
nthepower
s,adequat
epr
otect
ionandr
emedi
es

 Condemn al
lpropaganda and or
gani
zat
ions based on i
deas ort
heor
ies of
super
ior
it
yofoneraceorgr
oup.

 Pr
ohi
bitandel
i
minat
eraci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionandequal
enj
oymentofal
lther
ight
s

 Undert
akeimmediat
eandef
fect
ivemeasur
esinteachi
ng,educat
ion,cul
tur
eand
i
nformati
on,withav i
ew of combat
ing pr
ejudi
ces which lead tor aci
al
di
scri
minati
on.

THECONVENTI
ONONTHEELI
MINATI
ONOFALLFORMSOF

DI
SCRI
MINATI
ONAGAI
NSTWOMEN[
CEDAW]
-1979

 Thi
s came aboutaf t
erthe fai
l
ure oft
he 1967 decl
arat
ion t
o el
i
minat
e
di
scri
minat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 Itwasobser
vedthatfemal
essti
llsuff
ertheworstdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nthesoci
al
economi
caswell
ast hei
rci
vi
landpoli
ti
cal
right
s.

 Thi
sinst
rumentwasputi
nfor
cei
n1979t
odi
rect
ly.

 Pr i
ncipl
edef i
nit
ionofr aci
aldi
scr
imi
nation:t
hisisanydi st
inct
ion,excl
usion,
restri
cti
onoranyper for
mancebasedonsexwhi chhasthepurposeofimpairi
ng
ther ecogni
ti
onenjoymentofanequalfooti
ngofhumanr i
ghtsandf undamental
freedom inthepoli
ti
caleconomi
csoci
alotherr
ighti
npubli
cli
fe.

SUMMARYOFPROVI
SIONSI
NTHECEDAW

 El
i
minat
eal
lfor
msofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 Est
abl
i
shl
egal
prot
ect
ionoft
her
ight
sofwomenonanequal
basi
swi
thmen.

 Pr
omot
ethepr
inci
pleofequal
i
tyofmenandwomeni
nthei
rdomest
icl
egi
slat
ion

 Modi
fyoraboli
shexist
ingnat
ionall
egi
sl
ati
onandpr
act
iceswhi
chconst
it
ute
di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 El
i
minat
edi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
ntheenj
oymentofal
lri
ght
sbet
weenmenandwomen

ACCORDWOMENEQUALI
TYWI
THMENBEFORETHELAW

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  El
i
minatedi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomeni
nal
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
omar
ri
ageand
pr
oper
ty.

CEDAW hasanopt
ional
prot
ocol
adopt
edi
n1999whi
chal
l
owst
heUni
tedNat
ions

Commi
tt
eeont
heEl
i
minat
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWoment
orecei
veandhear

Casesofv
iol
ati
onsofwomen’
sri
ght
s

THE CONVENTI
ON AGAI
NST TOTURE AND OTHER CRUEL,I
NHUMAN OR
DEGRADI
NGTREATMENTORPUNI
SHMENT[CAT]
-1984.
t
h
 Thi
sconvent
ioncamei nt
obei
ngon10 December
1984andZambi
abecamea
st
atepar
tytotheconv
enti
oni
n1998.

 Theaim ofthei
nstr
umentistotot
all
yfor
bidt
ort
ureandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanor
degr
adingtr
eatmentorpuni
shment
.

 Pri
nci pl
edef
ini
ti
on:Tort
ureisdefi
nedasanactbywhi chsever
epai norsuff
eri
ng,
whet herphysi
calorment al,isi nt
ent
ional
lyinf
li
cted on a person f
orsuch
purposesasobt ai
ningfrom hi
m orat hirdper
soninformati
on orconf essi
on,
punishinghi
mf oranactheorat hirdpersonhascommi tt
edori ssuspect
edof
havingcommi t
ted.

SUMMARYOFPROVI
SIONSI
NCAT

 Pr
ohi
bitt
ort
ure

 Notref
ouler
,whichmeanst
osendbackaper
sont
oacount
rywher
ehe/
shei
s
l
ikel
ytoundergotor
tur
e.

 Puni
sht
ort
urer
s.

 Rehabi
l
itat
evi
cti
msoft
ort
uret
hroughcounsel
i
ng

 Cont
rol
thesy
stem ofi
nter
rogat
ionanddet
ent
ion

 Repor
ttot
hecommi
tt
ee.

 Educat
eci
ti
zensont
heev
iloft
ort
ure

THEINTERNATI
ONALCONVENTI
ON ON THEPROTECTION OFTHERIGHTSOF
ALLMIGRANTWORKERSANDMEMBERSOFTHEIRFAMILIES [
CMW]
-1990.

 Thisismeantt
opr ot
ectther
ight
sofpeopl
ewor
kingi
nacount
rywhi
chi
snot
thei
rs.
[int
heDiaspora]

CI
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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  St
atepart
iesar
eobl
igedt
oprotectandseekj
udi
cialr
emedyt
othosemi
grant
worker
swhoseri
ght
shavebeenv i
olat
ed.

Pri
ncipledef i
nit
ion:t
hisappli
est oallmigrantwor ker
sandmember softhei
rfamili
es
wit
houtdi sti
ncti
onofanyki ndsuchassex,r ace,color
,language,rel
i
gionorconvict
ion,
pol
it
icalorot heropinion,nati
onal,ethni
corsoci alorigi
n,national
it
y,age,economic
posi
tion,propert
y ,
mari
talstat
us,bir
thorotherstatus.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHECMW

 Non–discr
imi
nat
ionofmi
grantwor
ker
sandt
hei
rfami
l
ieswi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionof
anyki
nd.

 Migrantworkersandmembersoft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbef
reet
oleav
eanyst
ate,
i
ncludingt
heirstat
eofor
igi
n.

 Theyhav
ether
ightt
oent
erandr
emai
nint
hei
rst
ateofor
igi
n.

 Ther i
ghttoli
feofmi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbe
prot
ectedbyl
aw.

 Nomigrantwor
kerormembersoft
hei
rfamil
iesshal
lbesubj
ect
edt
otor
tur
eor
cr
uel
,i
nhumanordegradi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment.

 Nomi grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbehel
dinsl
aver
yor
ser
vit
ude.

 Nomi gr
antworkerormember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lber
equi
redt
oper
for
m
f
orcedorcompulsor
ylabor
.

 Theyshal
lhav
ether
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion.

 Theyshal
lhav
ether
ightt
ohol
dopi
nionswi
thouti
nter
fer
ence.

 Theyshal
lnotbesubj
ect
edt
oanyar
bit
rar
yorunl
awf
uli
nter
fer
enceoft
hei
r
pri
vacy
.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON.

5.Def
inei
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sinst
rument

6.Descr
ibet
het
ypesofi
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sinst
rument

7.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
hef
ir
stopt
ionalpr
otocolandt
hesecondopt
ional
pr
otocol

8.St
atet
heel
ement
soft
heI
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionont
heel
i
minat
ionofal
l

CI
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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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 f
ormsofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen

9.Explai
n cl
ear
lyhow Zambi
aisi
mpl
ement
ing t
he i
nter
nat
ionalHuman
Rights

10.
Stat
ethei
mpor
tanceofi
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
s

11.
Wri
tebr
iefnot
esont
hef
oll
owi
ngHumanRi
ght
sinst
rument
s.

i
. ConventionAgai
nstTor
tur
eandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanordegr
adi
ng
orpunishment

i
i
. I
nter
nati
onalConvent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofal
lfor
msofRaci
al
Di
scri
minat
ion(I
CERD)

RI
GHTSOFACHI
LD
HumanRi
ghtsar
euni
ver
saland,
ther
efor
e,ev
eryet
hni
cit
yisent
it
ledt
othem asl
ongas
onei
shuman.

WHOI
SACHI
LD

 Theconv
ent
iondef
inesachi
l
dasev
eryhumanbei
ngbel
owt
heageof18y
ear
s.

 Theconvent
ionrecognizesthatchil
drenr
equi
respeci
alcar
eandassi
stance.I
t
asser
tst
heroleofthefamilyinchi
ldr
en’sl
i
ves.

 Iti
denti
fi
esthechil
d’sexperi
enceofchi
ldhoodasbeingl
argel
ydet
ermi
nedbyt
he
careandprotect
iontheyrecei
vefr
om adult
,soci
etyandst
ate.

CHI
LDREN’
SRI
GHTSAREHUMANRI
GHTS

Asepar atehumanr ight

sinstr
umentf orchildr
endoesnotmeant hatchil
dren’
sri
ghts
arediff
erentf r
om HumanRi ghts.Chil
dren’sri
ght
sar eH/Randar ederiv
edf r
om the
sameUni versalDeclarat
ionofH/R(UDHR)exceptt hatt
heconvent
ionsri
ghtshavebeen
drawnupspeci fi
callytoaddresst hechildr
en’shumanright
ssituati
ons. A chi
ldis
enti
tl
edt ospecialcareandprotect
ion.

REASONSFORASEPARATEHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSFORCHI
LDREN

 Chil
drenexperi
encedi
scr
imi
nat
ionandt
her
efor
eneedspeci
alpr
otect
ionunder
i
nternat
ional
.

 Chi
l
drenar
eindi
vi
dual
swi
thequal
stat
usasadul
ts.

 Thehi
ghestl
evelofdev
elopmentofanysoci
etycanonl
ybeat
tai
nedwi
thi
nthe

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 heal
thyandact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionofchi
l
dren

 Chil
drenbecomedependentonl
ywitht
hehelpofadultswhichmakest
hem
v
ulnerabl
eastheyar
emoresensi
ti
vet
osoci
alcondi
ti
onsofsoci
ety
.

 Chi
ldr
enar
emor
eaf
fect
edbyGov
ernment
’sact
ionsandpol
i
ciest
hananyot
her
gr
oup.

 Mostl
ychil
drenhav
eli
mit
edaccesst
ocompl
aint
smechani
smsofanyl
egal
sy
stems.

 Chi
l
drenaremor
evul
ner
abl
etoexpl
oit
ati
onandabusebecauseoft
hei
rphy
sical
,
emoti
onal
.

 Chil
drenar
easafeguardofthehumanracewit
houtwhom t
hehumanracewil
l
becomeexti
nct
.Consequent
ly,whenchi
l
drenar
enegl
ectedi
tisatt
hecount
ry’
s
ownharm.

STEPSTAKENTOCOMEUPWI
THTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

 Bef
orecomingupwitht
heconvent
iononther
ight
soft
hechi
l
dthatwasadopt
ed
t
h
byt
heUnit
edNationson20 November1989.

 Severalat
tempt sweremadetocomeupwi ththecomprehensi
veinstrumentfor
chi
ldren.Egl ant
yneJebbanEngli
shwomanwasaf ounderofSavetheChi l
dren
al
li
anceaf terser v
ingintheBalkanWar.ShediscoveredthatChi l
drenneed
specialprotectswhich l
ead t
ot heat
temptsto comeup wi th specif
icH/ R
i
nstruments.

YEAR EVENT

1924 The fiv

e poi
ntdeclar
ati
on of t
he right
s of chi
l
d.The
decl
arati
on.Wasadopt
edbytheLeagueofNati
ons

1946 Theuni
tednat
ionsgener
alassemblycr
eat
edt
heUNI
CEFas
auni
ver
salmovementforchi
l
dren.

1959 TheTenpointDecl
arat
ionoftheRight
soft heChil
d.Thi
s
Decl
arat
ionbyU.N Gener
alAssemblycont
ainedtenmain
Poi
nts

1961 Aresol
uti
onbytheUNGA basedonthe1959Decl
arat
ion
br
oadensUNI
CEF’
sfi
eldofoper
ati
on

1965 Hague Conv

ent
ion on Jur
isdi
cti
on, Appl
i
cabl
e Law,

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 Recognit
ion, Enf
orcementand cooper
ation i
nr espectof
Parent
al Responsibi
li
tyand
measuresf ort
heprot
ect
ionofchi
l
dren.

1979 The Uni ted Nati

ons General Assembly proclai
ms t he
I
nternat
ionalYear of the Chil
d( IYC) t
o cel ebr
atet he
t
h
20 Anniversar
yofthedecl
arati
onoft heri
ghtsoft hechild.
TheIYC Wasint
endedt oencourage
the i
mplement
ati
on of the 1959
Declar
ati
on.

1980 Hague Conv

ent
ion on ci
vi
laspect
s ofi
nter
nat
ionalchi
l
d
Adopt
ion

1986 UnitedNat i
onsDecl ar
ati
ononSoci alandLegalPr inci
ples
Relatingtotheprotecti
onandwelfar
eofchi l
drenwi
thspeci al
ref
er encetof ost
erplacementandNationalandInt
ernati
onal
adopt ion.

1989 Adopti
onbytheUnit
edNat i
onsGener
alAssembl
yinNew
YorkonConv
ent
iononther
ightsoft
hechi
l
d.

1990 TheConv
ent
ionwhi
chi
sal
egali
nst
rumentent
ersi
ntof
orce
af
ter

THEFOURPRI
NCI
PLESONTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

TheCRCi
sfoundedonf
ourgener
alpr
inci
plesandt
hesear
e:

Thebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
ld-

 Al
ladul
tsmustdowhati
sbestf
orchi
l
dren.

 Thisentai
l
sthatwhenadultsmakedeci
sions,t
heyshoul
dthi
nkabouthowt
hei
r
decisi
onswil
laf
fectchi
l
dren.

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Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion-

 Theconventi
onappli
estoallchi
ldr
en,what
everthei
rrace,r
eli
gionorabi
l
iti
es,
what
evertheythi
nkorsay
,whatev
ertypeoff
amil
ytheycomefrom.

 Nochi
l
dshoul
dbet
reat
edunf
air
lyonanybasi
s.

Sur
viv
alanddev
elopment
-

 Chi
ldr
enhav
etherightt
olif
e.Ther
efor
eGov
ernmentshoul
densur
ethatchi
l
dren
sur
viv
eanddev
elophealt
hil
y.

 Devel
opmentalri
ght
si ncl
udepr ov
isi
onsf
oreducat
ion,accesst
oinf
ormat
ion,
pl
ayandlei
sure,
cult
uralact
ivi
ti
es.

Par
ti
cipat
ion

 Whenadul
tsar
emaki
ngdeci
sionst
hataf
fectchi
l
dren.

 Chi
ldrenhavet
herighttosaywhatt
heyt
hinkshoul
dhappenandhav
ethei
r
opi
nionst
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.

PROVI
SIONSOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSCHI
LDRENSRI
GHTSCONVENTI
ON(
UNCRC)

1.Ci
vi
lRi
ght
sandFr
eedoms

Theseareri
ghtsthathavetodowit
hbei
ngacit
izenandincl
udepol
i
tical
,soci
al,
l
egalri
ghtsandequali
ty.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethepr
ovisi
ons

 Nameandnat ional
it
y:everychil
disenti
tl
edtoaname, nati
onali
tyandhas
therighttoknow his/
herpar entsandt obecaredf orbyt heparents.
Chil
drenhavetheri
ghttoidenti
tysuchasabirt
hcert
if
icate.

 Preser
vat
ionofident
it
y:Iti
st hedutyoft hegov
ernmenttoassistany
chil
dwhoseident
it
yhasbeenunlawf
ull
ytakenawaytogeti
tback.

 Freedom ofexpr
essionandinf
ormati
on:thisri
ghtprov
idesforthechild
tof r
eedom ofexpressi
onandt oseekinformati
on.Ther i
ghtincludes
fr
eedom toseek,
receiv
eandtogiv
eoutinf
ormationandideasofall
kinds.

 Freedom oft hought,consci

enceandr el
igi
on:thi
srightall
owsachi l
d
freedom ofthoughtorconscienceinchoosingtodother i
ghtrat
hert
han
thewr ongthing.Chil
drenhavetherighttothi
nkandbelievei
nwhatthey
wantandt opr act
icet
heirr
eli
gion.

 Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on:Thi
sri
ghtpr
ovi
desf
orgov
ernment
stor
ecogni
ze

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 therightsoft hechil
dt of r
eedom ofassoci
ati
on and t
of r
eedom of
peacefulassembly.Associ
ati
onisbelongi
ngtoagroupf orachi
evi
nga
commonpur pose.

 Access to infor
mati
on and medi a:The provisi
on r ecogni
zes t
he
i
mpor t
anceofmassmedi aandhow itshoul
densuret hatthechil
dhas
accesstoi
nformati
onforbot
hlocal
andinter
nati
onalsources.

 Torture,
capi
talpunishment,depr
ivati
onofl
iberty
:Thi
sprovisi
onprotect
s
chi
ldrenfrom tort
ure,cr
ueltreat
mentorpuni shment
,unlawfularr
estor
depriv
ati
onoflibert
y.Itf
urt
herprotect
sthechildfr
om bei
ngsentencedto
death.

 Famil
yenvironmentandalter
nativ
ecar e:Theright
sundert hiscluster
deal
swiththefamil
yenvi
ronmentandal ter
nat
ivecareforthosechildr
en
whoareunabletobel
ookedafterbythei
rownparentsforvar
iousreasons.

 Parents,family,communi t
yrights and responsibil
it
ies:t hi
s provi
sion
requir
est he governmenttorespectt he ri
ghtsand r esponsibi
l
iti
esof
parentsandtheextendedfamil
yt oprovi
degui dancefort hechil
dwhi chis
appropri
atet o hi
s orherev olv
ing capacit
y.Ev olvi
ng capaci tyist he
mat ur
ingprocessthatchi
l
drengot hr
oughbef orereachingadulthood.

2.FAMI
LYENVI
ROMENTANDALTERNATI
VECARE

 NON-
SEPERATI
ONFROM PARENTS

Thi
sisar i
ghtthatensur
esthatifachil
dissepar
atedf
rom hi
s/herpar
ent
s
he/
shehasther
ightt
okeepcontactwi
thhi
sorpar
ent
s.

 FAMI
LYREUNI
FICATI
ON

Requestsbyachi ldtoleav
eorenteracountryf
orthepurposeoft
hechi l
d
reuni
ti
ngwiththefamil
ymembersshallbedeal
twi
thi
nahumanemanner .The
chil
dhast herighttokeepcont
act
swi ththepar
ent
siftheyliv
eindif
fer
ent
countr
iesorpl
aces.

 I
LLI
CITTRANSFERANDNON-
RETURNOFCHI
LDREN

Thegovernmentshal
ltakemeasur
est
ocombatt
hei
l
li
citori
l
legalt
ransf
erand
non-
ret
urnofchi
ldr
enabroad.

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  PARENTALRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Thi
srequir
esparent
stohaveful
lresponsi
bil
i
tytobr
ingupthei
rchi
l
drenandthat
par
entsshouldal
waysconsi
derwhatisbestfort
hei
rchi
ldr
en.I
ncaseswher
et he
par
entsfai
ltog

 ABUSEANDNEGLECTWHI
LEI
NFAMI
LYORCARE

Gover
nmenthast hedutytomakelawsandprov i
desocialandeducational
measurest
opr
otectthechi
l
dfr
om al
lfor
msofphy
sicalormental
viol
ence.

 ALTERNATI
VECAREFORCHI
LDRENI
NTHEABSENSEOFPARENTS

Thi
sr i
ghtprov
idesforachil
dwhoi stemporari
lyorpermanentl
ydepri
vedofhi
s
orherfami
lywithspeci
alpr
otect
ionorassi
stancebythegovernment
.

 ADOPTI
ON

Thisri
ghtr
ecognizesthatchi
ldr
enhavet
her i
ghttocareandprot
ect
ion.Soi
f
adopt
edorundercare,
theconcer
nwil
lbewhatisbestf
orthechi
l
dadopted.

 REVI
EW OFTREATMENTI
NCARE

Chil
drenwhoar elookedaft
erininst
it
uti
onsofcarerat
herthant
heirpar
ents,
hav
etheri
ghtthei
rliv
ingar
rangementsrev
iewedr
egul
arl
ytochecki
ftheyar
ethe
mostappr
opri
ate.

 STANDARDOFLI
VING

Thisr i
ghtplacesdut yon t
he governmenttotake stepstor ecoverunpai
d
maintenanceforthechi
ldf
rom par
entsorother
swhoar erequi
redtotakecar
eof
thechil
dfinanci
all
y.

 RECOVERYANDREI
NTEGRATI
ON

Gov
ernmenthasthedutyt
oreduceandreuni
techi
l
dvict
imsofexpl
oit
ati
on,
t
ort
ureoranyot
hermi
str
eat
mentbacki
ntot
hei
rcommuni
ti
es.

3.BASI
CHEALTHANDWELFARE

Her
e,t
her
ight
sar
emeantt
opr
omot
etheheal
thandwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d.

͓wel
far
eist
hesi
tuat
ionofhav
inggoodheal
thandcomf
ort
abl
eli
vi
ng.

 PARENTALRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Undert
hispr
ovi
sion,gov
ernment
shav
eresponsi
bil
i
tyoft
aki
ngal
lappr
opr
iat
e

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 measurestoensur
et hatchi
l
drenofworki
ngparent
shavetheri
ghtt
obenef
it
f
rom chil
dcar
eservi
cesandfaci
li
ti
esf
orwhicht
heyareel
i
gibl
e.

 CHI
LDRENWI
THDI
SABI
LITI
ES

Ther i
ghtprov
idesthatadisabledchildhastheri
ghtpr
ovi
desthatadisabl
ed
chi
ldhastheri
ghttospeci
alcare,educati
onandtr
aini
ngt
ohelphi
m orherenj
oy
aful
landdecentli
fe.

 HEALTHANDHEALTHSERVI
CES

Chi
ldrenhavetheri
ghttothebestheal
thcar
esuchassaf
edr
inki
ngwat
er,
nut
rit
iousf
ood,
acleanandsaf
eenvi
ronment
.

 SOCI
ALSECURI
TY

Governmentshallrecognizef oreverychildtherightto benefi

tfrom soci
al
securi
ty,incl
udi
ng socialinsurance and shal
ltake necessary measur
es t
o
achiev
et hi
sri
ghtinaccordancewiththei
rnati
onall
aw.

 PARAGRAPHS:1AND3:STANDARDOFLI VINGGov ernmentacceptsthe

ri
ghtofev erychil
dtoast andardofliv
ingsuitabl
ef orthechi
ld’
sphy si
cal
,
ment al
,spir
itual
,moralandsoci aldevel
opment .Parentsorotherpeople
responsibl
eforthechil
dhav ethefir
stresponsibi
li
tytoprovi
dewi t
hinthei
r
abil
it
ies.

4.EDUCATI
ON,
LEI
SUREANDCULTURALACTI
VITI
ES

Ther
ight
sher
ehav
etodowi
theducat
ion,
recr
eat
ionandcul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es.

RI
GHTTOEDUCATI
ON

Al
lchi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
oapr
imar
yeducat
ion,
whi
chshoul
dbef
ree.

 Di
sci
pli
ne in schools mustrespectchil
dren’
s di
gnity
.Any f
orm of
di
sci
pli
neshouldtakeint
oaccountt
hechi
ld’
shumandi gni
ty.

 Schooladmini
str
ator
sshould makesurethatanydisci
pli
nepr
act
ices
i
nvolvi
ngphy
sicalorment
alv
iol
enceornegl
ecti
seli
minat
ed.

 Secondar
y and v ocat
ional educati
on shoul
d be encour
aged by
Governmentandmakethem av
ailabl
etoev
erychi
ld.

 Measur
essuchast
hei
ntr
oduct
ionoff
reeeducat
ionandof
fer
ingf
inanci
al

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 assi
stancei
ncaseofneedshoul
dbet
akenbygov
ernment
.

 Governmentshoul
dmakehi
ghereducat
ionaccessi
blet
oal
lont
hebasi
s
ofcapaci
ty.

AI
MSOFEDUCATI
ON

 Educati
onoft
hechil
dshouldbethedevel
opmentofthechil
d’spersonal
i
ty,
tal
entsandment
alandphysical
abi
li
ti
estothei
rful
l
estpotenti
al.

 Devel
opmentofr espectforhuman r
ightsand f
undament
alf
reedoms
enshr
inedi
nthecharteroft
heUni
tedNati
ons.

 Devel
opmentofr espectforthechi
l
d’spar
ent
s,hisorherowncultur
al
i
denti
ty,
languageandvaluesoft
hecount
ryi
nwhichthechi
l
disl
i
ving.

 Pr
epar
ati
onoft
hechi
l
dfort
her
esponsi
blel
i
fei
naf
reesoci
ety
.

PLAYANDRECREATI
ON

 The chil
d has the r
ightt
orestand lei
sur
e,t
o engage i
n pl
ay and
recr
eati
onalact
ivi
ti
esequal
tot
hechi
ld’
sage.

 Stat
eparti
esshallrespectandpr omot
ether
ightoft
hechi
l
dtof
ull
y
part
ici
pat
eincul
tur
alandarti
sti
cli
fe.

5.SPECI
ALPROTECTI
ONMEASURES

Ther
ight
shereprotectt
heri
ghtsofchi
ldr
enwhocomei
ntoconf
li
ctwi
tht
hel
aw
andf
rom anyf
orm ofabuseandexpl
oit
ati
on.

Ref
ugeechil
drenstatesshal
lensur
ethatachi
l
dwhoi
sseeki
ngr
efugeest
atus
ori
sconsi
deredarefugeebylaw.

Economi
cexpl
oit
ati
on

Stateparti
esrecogni
zether i
ghtoft
hechil
dtobeprot
ectedfr
om economic
exploi
tat
ionandf r
om perf
ormingwor
kthati
shar
mfultothechi
ldorint
erf
ere
withtheeducat
ionofthechi
ld.

Nar
cot
icandpsy
chot
icsubst
ances

Statepart
iesshal
ltakemeasurest oprot
ectchil
drenf
rom theuseofill
i
citof
narcot
icdrugsandotheri
l
li
citpr
oducti
onoftr
aff
icki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.

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 Sexualexpl
oit
ati
on:st
atepar
ti
est
opr
otectt
hechi
l
dfr
om al
lfor
msofsexual
abuse.

St
atepart
iesshal
lalsoensureprot
ecti
onofachi l
dfrom bei
ngengagedi
nthe
i
ll
i
citpr
oducti
onofandtr
affi
ckingofsuchsubst
ances.

ͯAbducti
on,sal
eandt
raf
fi
cki
ngofchil
dren-st
atepar
ti
esshallt
akenat
ionaland
i
nter
nat
ional
stepst
opr
eventt
heabducti
onandsaleofchi
ldr
enforanypurpose.

ͯOtherfor
msofexpl oit
ati
on:stat
eparti
esshal
lprotectt
hechi
l
dagai
nstal
l
ot
herfor
msofexpl
oit
ationharmfult
othechi
ld’
swel
fare.

Tor
tur
e,Capi
talpuni
shmentanddepr
ivat
ionofl
iber
ty

 Nochil
dshal
lbemadet
oexper
iencesuf
fer
ingoft
ort
ureori
nhumane
t
reat
ment.

 Deat
horlif
eimpr
isonmentshoul
dnotbegi
vent
oaper
sonbel
owt
heage
of18year
s.

 Nochi
l
dshal
lbedet
ainedi
npol
i
cest
ati
onany
how.

 Arr
est,
det
ent
ionandimpri
sonmentofachil
dshal
lbewi
thi
nthepr
ovi
sion
ofthel
awandshal
lbeusedasthelastr
esor
t.

 Ever
ychil
dar r
est
edshal
lbesepar
atedf
rom t
headul
tsunl
essi
tisi
nthe
i
nter
estofthechi
ld.

 Thechi
l
dshal
lal
sohav
ether
ightt
okeepi
ntouchwi
thhi
sfami
l
y.

 Everychi
l
darrestedanddetai
nedshallhav
etherightt
oobt
ainqui
ckl
egal
helpandther
ighttoquest
ionwhyhe/sheisdet
ained.

 ͯArmed confl
i
ct– stat
e par
ti
es t
o ensurerespectf
ort
he r
ules of
i
nter
nat
ional
humani
tar
ianl
awinarmedconfl
i
ctsuchas:

 Nochi
l
dunder15y
ear
sofageshoul
dtakepar
tinar
medconf
li
ct.

 Nochi
l
dundertheageof18y
ear
sshoul
dber
ecr
uit
edi
nthecount
ri
es
ar
medfor
ces.

JUVENI
LEJUSTI
CE

 Chil
drenwhoareaccusedofcommi
tt
ingacr
imehav
ether
ightt
obe
tr
eatedwi
thr
espectanddi
gni
ty.

 Theyhav
ether
ightt
obeconsi
der
edi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
tyaccor
ding

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 t
othel
aw.

 Chi
ldr
enhav etheri
ghtt
ohavethematt
erdeterminedwi
thoutdelaybya
competentcour
tofl
awandtohavef
reeassi
stanceofani
nterpr
eter

CRCOPTI
ONALPROTOCOLS:

 Theopti
onalprot
ocolt
otheconv
ent
ionont
her
ightoft
hechi
l
dont
he
sal
eofchil
dren

 Chil
dpr osti
tut
ionandchi l
dpor nographythatcameintof or
ceon18t h
January 2002 was t he r
esul
tofgr eatconcern by the i
nter
nati
onal
communi tyatt hesigni
fi
cantandi ncreasi
nginter
nat
ionaltr
affi
cki
ngin
chi
ldrenforthepurposeofthesaleofchil
dren.

Thepr
otocolpr
ohi
bit
s

 Thesal
eofchi
l
dren,
chi
l
dpr
ost
it
uti
onandchi
l
dpor
nogr
aphy
.

 Theopt
ionalpr
otocoltotheconv
ent
iononther
ight
soft
hechi
l
dont
he
i
nvol
vementofchil
dreni
narmedconf
lict
s.

 Theprotocolensuresthatper
sonswhoarenoty
et18y
ear
sofagear
enot
compulsori
lyrecr
uitedint
othearmedf
orces.

ROLEOFTHEGOVERNMENTI
NFULFI
LLI
NGTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

1.Obligati
ontor espect-Thisobli
gati
onrequiresgov ernmentt ostopdoi ng
anyt
hingthatwouldinterf
erewit
haper son’
senjoymentoft heirri
ghtsorhinder
thei
rabil
it
ytosat
isfythoseri
ghtsbythei
reff
orti
nr egar
dt ochi
ldren’
sright
s

2.Obl
igat
iont
opr
otect

Theobligati
ontoprot
ectr
equir
esthestatet
opreventt
hevi
olat
ionofhuman
ri
ghtsbyt hepeopl
e.Thegovernmentdoest
hisbyputt
ingi
nplacelawsthat
prot
ectpersons.

3.Obl
igat
iont
oful
fi
ll

Thistypeofobli
gati
onincl
udest
heobligat
iontofacil
it
ate,pr
omoteandprovi
de.
I
tplacesanobl i
gat
iononthegover
nmenttot akestepstoensur
ethereal
i
z at
ion
ofhumanr i
ghtsthroughtheadopti
onofl awsandot hermeasur
essuchas
provi
sionofeducat
ion.

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 SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS.

1. Whoi
sachi
l
d?

2.Gi
ver
easonswhyt
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sinst
rumenti
simpor
tant
.

3.Chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sar
ehumanr
ight
s.Di
scuss.

4.Discusst
heprovi
sion oft
heUni t
ed Nati
onsconv
ent
ionont
he
ri
ghtsoft
hechi
l
drenandtheopt
ionalpr
otocol
s.

5.Out
li
net
heel
ement
soft
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ghtconv
ent
ion.

6.Ident
if
ycul
tur
alpr
act
iceswhi
chv
iol
atechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
siny
our
communit
y.

7.St
atet
her
olesoft
hegov
ernmenti
nful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.

8. Besi
desenj
oyi
ngthei
rri
ght
s,chi
ldr
enalsohav
eresponsi
bil
i
tiest
o
thecommunit
y.Li
stdownduti
esofthechi
l
d.

9.Di
scusst
hef
ourpr
inci
plesofUNDHonchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.

FAMI
LYLAW
WHATISAFAMI
LY?
Afami
lyi
sagr
oupofpeopl
erel
atedbybl
oodormar
ri
age.I
tist
hesmal
l
estuni
tin

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asoci
ety.
I
nZambi a,t
her ear efourt ypesoffami l
ynamel y:
[
i]NUCLEARFAMI LY.
 Thi si sagr oupofper sonsconsi sti
ngofahusband,wi fe,orwivesincaseofa
customar y
Mar r
iage,andt heirchildren.
[i
i]ANEXTENDEDFAMI LY.
 Thi si saf ami l
yconsi st i
ngofahusband,wi feorwi v
es,childr
en,grandparents,
uncles,aunt i
es,nieces, nephews, cousi
ns,i
nl awsandgr andchil
dren.
[i
ii
]ASI NGLEHEADEDFAMI LY.
 Thi si saf ami l
yconsi st i
ngofasi ngl
eparentandchi ldren.Forexampl e,aman
andhi schildrenorawomanandherchi l
dren.
 I tcanbeasar esultof:
 Di vorce.
 Bei ngwi dowed.
 Ref usal t
ot aker esponsi bili
tybyamanaf t
eri mpregnati
ngawoman.
 Outofchoi cewhenamanorwomandeci desnott omar rybuttohav echildr
en
whom t heydesi retobr ingupont hei
rown.
[i
v]CHI LDHEADEDFAMI LY.
 Thi si saf ami l
yheadedbyachi ldowingt othedeat hofbot hparents,leavi
ng
chil
drent obr i
ngt hemsel v esup.

MARRIAGE
AMar ri
ageisalegaluni
onofamanandwomanashusbandandwi f
e;thus,i
tisa
contract
thatcr
eatest
hesocialst
atusofhusbandandwi
fe,
basedonr
ight
s,obli
gati
on,and
capaciti
es
andincapaci
ti
es.

 Rights:ar eentitl
ement sawi feorhusbandenj oysinthemar r
iage.Inatradi
ti
onal
setup, ahusbandhast her i
ghtt obel ookedafterforwhil
eawi fehasther i
ghtto
bepr ovidedforbyt hehusband.Howev er
,acoupl ecanmaket heirownri
ghts.
 Obligation:aredut i
est hatawi feorhusbandper for
msi ntheunionsuchas; each
spousehast hedut yt ot akecar eofandpr otecttheotherspouse.
 Capaci ti
es:ar eabilit
iesorcapabi l
i
tieswhicht hespousebr i
ngst otheunion.A
wifebr ingst heabi l
i
tyt oconcei veandbearchi l
drenfortheuni onwhi l
et he
husbandhast heabi l
it
yt opr ovi
det hemat eri
alneedsf ort
hefami l
y.
 Incapaci t
ies:aret hei nabi l
i
tiesori ncapabil
it
y’sthateachspousebr ingstot he
union.Forexampl e,anuneducat edandunski ll
edwomanmaybeunabl et o
neitherear nal i
vi
ngnorpr ovi
de.
 Howev er,ther i
ghtsandobl i
gationsi nmar r
iagedonotdependont hecoupl e

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 alongbutdependonthelawofthecontr
act.
 Intheeventofdeat
hofonespouse,thetypeofmarr
iageent
eredi
ntowi
lldi
ctat
e
howt hesurv
ivi
ngspousewil
li
nheri
ttheproper
tyoft
hedeceased(
dead)
.

ELEMENTSOFFAMI LYLAW
 Mar ri
age
 Divorce
 Proper tyset
tl
ement( shar
ing)
 Mai ntenanceofspouseandchi ldr
enwit
hinandaft
ermar
ri
age.
 Cust odyofchildrenaf t
erdissol
uti
onofmarri
age
 Adopt ionofchildren
 Legitimacyofchi ldr
en
 Successi on.
 Inheritanceofproperty.

TYPESOFMARRI AGESINZAMBI
A
 Thereareonlytwoty
pesofmar
ri
agei
nZambi
a,St
atut
oryandCust
omar
ythat
ar
erecogni
zedbyl
aw.

St
atut
or ymar r
iage
 Itr efer
st ovoluntaryunionofonewifeandonehusbandf orl
i
feandexcludingall
others.
 Iti salsor ef
erredt oasaCi v
ilmarri
ageandi tisamonogamousmar ri
age( one
husbandandwi feat i
me.)
 ASt atut
orymar ri
agecannotbeconvertedtoaCustomarymarri
agebecausei ti
s
i
llegalandi nor derforonetoentertheStatut
orymarr
iage,onehastot akethe
foll
owingi ntoaccount :

Takeoutanot i
ceofmar r
iage:
 Thisisanot iceoft hecoupl e’
si ntent
iontomar r
ymadeonapr escri
bedformt o
theRegistrarofMar r
iagesatt heLocal CouncilOffi
ces.
 Thenot icewi l
lbepubl i
shedout sidetheRegistrar’
sof fi
cefor21days.
 Atl eastoneoft hepar ti
esi ntendingtomar r
yshoul dbear esi
dentwithinthe
distr
ictr
egisteredunderf oratleast15day sbef orethemar ri
ageceremonies.
 Af t
er21day s,themar r
iagewi l
lbesol emnized( cel
ebrated)byaPast oror
LicensedPr i
estorMar ri
ageRegi strar
.
 Dur i
ngtheper i
odofnot i
ce,anyper soncanst opt hemar r
iageiftherei
sagood
reasonf orthecoupl enott omar rybywr it
ingt hewor d,forbi
ddenandgi vi
ng
reasons,inthemar riagenot i
cebook.

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 Marriagepayment s:
 Ther earenomar r i
agepay ment srequiredinaCust omarymar riageunl essthe
indivi
dualsconcer nedwantt oobser v
et hecust omaryri
tualofpay ment s.
 The Mar r
iage Actdoes notst ipul
ate anypay mentofanyki nd butmost
Zambi ansi ntendingt omar ryobservet hetraditi
onalri
tualofmar r
iagepay ment
commonl yknownasLobol a.
Age
 Thepar ti
esi ntendingtomar r
yshouldbe21y earsofageundert heMar ri
ageAct,
butifanyoft hepar ti
esisbel ow 21y ear sbutmor ethan16y ear s,heorshe
needsal ett
erofconsent .
 Thi si sawr i
ttenper missionandbl essingoft heparentsorguar di
ans,fi
led
togetherwithaswor naf f
idavitattheHighCour t.

Rel
ati
onshi
p:
 Thetwointendingtomarr
yshoul
dnotberel
atedei
therbymarr
iageorbl
ood.
 Theserel
ationshi
pswhichar
eprohi
bit
edbylawtoenteri
ntomarri
agear
eknown
aspr
ohi
bit
eddecr ees.

Sol
emnizati
onofmar ri
age:
 Thisiswhent heact ualweddingisperfor
medf ol
lowingthelaiddownritual
s
suchast akingvows, exchangi
ngofr i
ngsandsigningt heRegi
ster.
 Thisshoul doccurinar oom withopendoorsbetween08: 00hrsand18:
00hours
andther eshouldbeatl easttwowi t
nessestosignt heRegist
erandcert
if
icate,
togetherwiththeoff
icialper
formingthecer
emonyandt hecouple.

Mar
ri
agecer t
ifi
cate:
 Thi sistheevidenceofmarri
ageandcopyofwhichiskeptbytheRegist
rarand
anotherbythecouple.
 Themar ri
ageisregi
ster
edintheMarr
iageRegi
sterkeptatt
hecounci
lwhichcan
beinspectedbyanyoneuponpayi
ngasearchfee.

CUSTOMARYMARRI AGE:
 Thisi saunionofonemanandonewomanorwomenashusbandandwi f
eor
wives.
 Thisisamar r
iagecontractedundercust omarypracti
cesandauni onmaynotbe
voluntaryasinaci vi
lmarriagebecauseonemaybecompel ledtomar r
yaper son
chosenbyr elati
ves.
 Customar ymar ri
ageisgov ernedbycust omsandt r
adit
ions,whichar eusuallya
processwi t
haser iesofcer emoni
esl eadingtomarri
age.
 Thel ocalCourtRegistr
arcanr egi
sterandi ssueamar r
iagecertif
icateaslongas
thereisthewoman’ sguardianorparenttowi t
nesstheregi
strat
ion.

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REQUI
REMENTSFORACUSTOMARYMARRI AGE
Consent:
 Thisis when par ent
s orguar di ans oft he woman get ti
ng married giv
e
permissi
onf orhert omar ryandal sowhent hepersonsgetti
ngmarriedagree
tomar r
y.
Mar ri
agepay ment
 Thisisany t
hingv al
uablepaidtot heguardiansorpar entsofthewoman[ bri
de
tobe]asr ecogniti
onoft hemar r
iage.
 Thiscanbeat okensum orasubst ant
ialamountdependi ngont heet hni
c
group.
Spouse
 Thepar t
iestothemar riageshouldbemal eandf emale,andthefemaleshould
besingle,divorcedorwi dowedbutt hemal emayal readyhaveoneormor e
wives.
 Themanshoul dhav etheabili
tytopr ovi
deforthefami l
y.

Rel
ati
onship
 Thepersonsi nt
ending t
o getmar
ri
ed shoul
d notberelat
ed bybl
ood or
marr
iage,al
thoughinsomeethni
cgr
oupscousinscanmar
ry.

OTHERTYPESOFMARRI AGE
Al
thought
hesear
econsi
deredmar
ri
ages,
theyar
enotr
ecogni
zedbyt
hel
aw:

RELI
GIOUSMARRI AGE:
 Thisi
samar riagethati ssolemni zedinachur ch,whichshoul dbef oll
owedup
byregi
st rati
onatei t
hert heCiv i
cCent reorCouncilOf f
icesundert hemar r
iage
ActorataLocalCour tundert heLocalCour tAct.
 Howev er,somechur chandcl ergy menhav ebeengi venl icenseundert he
marri
ageactt oper form civi
lmar r
iages.
 Ifacoupl ewant st hei
rmar riaget obeataChur ch,noticei sgivenoft he
i
mpendi ngmar riaget hr
oughmar r
iagebanns.
 Marri
agebannsar eannouncement sthataremadei nachur choft hecoupl e’
s
i
ntenti
ont omar ry.
 Howev er ,churchmember sareaskedt oinf
ormt hepr i
estinconf i
dencef orthe
coupl
enott omar ry.Forexampl e,intheSDAchur ch,thenot iceofintenti
ont o
marrylastsf oraper iodofatl eastf ourtosi
xmont hs.
 Assuch, ifthecoupl ewant stheirmar ri
agetober egist
eredundert hel aw,they
shoul
dmakesur etheyar emar r
iedbyt heMarriageActl i
censedPast orort hey
shoul
dr egisterei t
herwi t
ht heHi ghCour t(civi
lmar r
iage)orLocalCour t

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 (CustomaryMarr
iage).
 Acopyoft hemarri
agecer t
if
icateshoul
dbesenttother
egi
str
arofmar
ri
ages
ofthedist
ri
ctt
ober ecordedinthemar r
iager
egi
ster
.

CO-HABI TATION:
 Thi sisamar r
iagewher ethepart
iesconcer neddeci dedt oli
vet ogetheron
theirownwi t
houtt heconsentoftheirparents,guardiansandf oll
owi nganyof
ther i
tual
sper f
ormedei therinacustomar yorcivi
lmar riage.
 Aftersomet ime,soci et
iesacceptandr ecognizethecoupl eashusbandand
wifeandt heymayev enhavechil
drentogetherandgr andchild.
 Themar r
iagewillnotber ecogni
zedundert helawandwi l
lbereferredtoasa
voidmar ri
ageandt hecouplenomat t
erhowl ongt heylivetogetherwi l
lj
ustbe
cohabiti
ng.

VOI
DANDVOI DABLEMARRI AGE
VOIDMARRI AGE:
 Thisisamar r
iagewi t
houtalegalstandi
ngri
ghtfrom t
hebegi
nningbecauseitis
nullandvoid
 .Anypar t
yt oaav oidmar ri
agemaynotbegui lt
yofbigamyifheorshemar ries
beforedivorci
ngt heso–cal ledfi
rstwif
eorhusbandbecausethemarriagewas
notrightf
rom t hest ar
t.
 Bigamyi smar ryinganot herpersonwhi l
esti
lll
egall
ymarr
iedtosomeoneel se,
whichmaybeduet o:
 Lackofpar entalconsent

 non–publ i
cati
onofthebannsinchur
ch,Ift
heman isunder21year
sold,i
fthe
femaleisunder21yearsandabove16yearswi
thoutt
heconsentofherpar
ents
orguardi
ans;

 I
fonepart
yisalr
eadymar
ri
ed undert
hemar
ri
ageActatt
het
imeofcont
ract
ing
t
he“mar
ri
age”,

 Prohi
bit
eddecr
eesofmar r
iagewhichar
er el
ati
onshi
psbybl
oodinlegalt
erms
knownasconsangui
nit
yorbymarr
iagewhichbylawiscal
l
edaf
fi
nit
y.

VOI
DABLEMARRIAGE
 Thisisamarri
agewhichisi
nit
ial
lyval
i
d,butl
ateri
nval
i
dat
edbyt
hecour
tofl
aw
becauseofthefol
lowi
ngreasons:
 I
fthechi
ldbornisnotthehusband’
schil
d

 I
faspousehascont
ract
edasexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edi
nfect
ionf
rom el
sewher
enot

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 f
rom t
hespouse

 Ifthe marr
iage i
s notconsummat
ed due t
oi mpot
ence.Consummat
ion i
n
marri
agemeansmaki ngmarri
agev
ali
dbyhav i
ng sexuali
nter
cour
seandis
appli
cabl
etobothciv
ilandcust
omar
ymarri
age:

 Wi
l
lful
ref
usal
toconsummat
ethemar
ri
agebyanypar
ti
es

 Ment
aldi
sor
derofanyoft
hepar
ti
es.

DIVORCE
Underthel
aw,marri
agecannotbeconsi
deredf
ordivor
ceunt
ilt
hecour
thandl
i
ngt
he
casei
ssati
sfi
ed,
thatamarr
iagehadact
uall
yexi
sted.

DI
VORCEINCUSTOMARYMARRI AGE
 Accordingt ot
heMat ri
monialCausesActof1973,di vor
ceunderacust omary
l
awwi l
ltakeplacedependingontheCustom t
hecouplewasmar r
iedunder.
 Someoft hepaymentsmayber et
urned t
ot hehusband’sfamil
yand i tis
expectedundert hecustomarylawthatiti
sthemanwhodi vor
cesthewi feand
notvicev ersa.
 Inacust omarylaw,divor
cecanbedonebyt hetwof amil
iesmeeti
ngt oget
her
andmar kingthedecisi
onoreitherpar
tycansuet hespousefordivor
cei nthe
Localcour t.

Causesaccept
abl
easgr
oundsf
ordi
vor
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
ri
age.

 Adul
ter
yoft
hewi
fe(
whi
chdoesnotneedt
obepr
oved)
.

 Cr
uel
ty

 Lazi
nessont
hepar
toft
hewi
fe

 Badr
elat
ionswi
tht
hei
n–l
aws

 I
nfer
ti
li
ty

 Lackofmai
ntenancebyt
heman.

 Deser
ti
on.

DI
VORCEUNDERSTATUTORYMARRI
AGE

 TheMatri
moni
alCausesActof1973,
ther
ei sonl
yonegr
oundf
ordi
vor
ce,
whi
ch
i
sthat
,‘
themarr
iagehasbr
okendownirr
etr
ievabl
y.
’

 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hemar
ri
agecannotbesav
edorr
edeemedusi
nganyot
her

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 means,
whi
chcanar
iseoutoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

 Adul
ter
ywhi
chshoul
dbepr
ovedwi
tht
het
hir
dper
sonknownandnamed.

 One orboth ofthe marr

ied per
sons conductthemselv
es i
n unr
easonabl
e
behavi
or,
Cruel
tyorv
iol
encethatmakesi
timpossibl
efortheot
herpar
tnert
oliv
e
safel
y.

 I
fonepar
tnerdisser
tsanot
herf
oraper
iodoft
woy
ear
s,t
hent
her
eissuf
fi
cient
gr
oundf
ordivor
ce.

 Separ
ati
onwi
thconsentoft
hecoupl
efort
woy
ear
s.

 Li
vi
ngapar
tforacont
inuousper
iodoff
ivey
ear
s.

Note:apet
it
ionf ordivorcecanonl
ybef i
ll
edinthehighcourtaft
eroneyearofmarri
age.
Bef
oreoney ear,i
twillnotbeadivorcebutanannul ment.
Thelawyer
shandl ingt hecaseshouldv eri
fywhethertheytri
edtoreconci
lethecoupl
e
dur
ingtheperiodofsepar at
ion.
ADecr eeni
ssiisat emporarydi
vorcecer t
if
icat
egiventoacoupl eandaft
ersixweeks,
aDecr eeabsolute( permanentdivorcecer ti
fi
cate)isgrantedprovi
dedt hecourtis
sat
isf
iedwit
ht hear r
angement smadef orthechil
dren.

PROPERTYSETTLEMENT( SHARI NG) .

 Af teradi v
or cei nacust omarymar ri
age,t hewomanusual l
yget ssomef or
m of
compensat i
ont oal l
ow hert ost artli
feaf reshexcepti ncaseswher eshehas
commi tt
edadul t
ery.
 Howev er,theseday si ti srecognizedt hatwhoev erisatf aultcompensat est he
other,therefor e,whoev erhasmor emoneywi llpaycompensat i
ontot heother.
 I nCi v
ilmar riage, proper tyissharedbyt hecour t’
sDeputyRegi strar
.Inasi t
uat i
on
wher eoneper sonwor kedandbr oughti nal lt heearni
ngs,theper sonwhost ayed
athomeandl ookedaf terthehomeandf ami l
ygetsat hir
d[ 1/3]oft het otal
weal t
hoft hecoupl e.I fbothwor kedandear nedal i
ving,theywi llsharet heir
propertyhal f–hal forf ifty–fift
ybasi s.
 Somet imesi naCi v i
lmar ri
age,acoupl emaychooset omar r
yinCommuni tyof
Proper tywhi chmeanst hatev erythi
ng t heyownedandt heirdebts,from before
theirmar ri
agei sputt oget naJoi
heri ntEst at e.

MAI
NTENANCEOFSPOUSEANDCHI LDREN
 Duri
ngmarri
ageunderstat
utoryl
aw, t
hespousehasadut ytomai ntai
nhi
sorher
part
ner.
 Aft
erdivor
ce,aspousest il
lhast heresponsibi
li
tyofmai ntai
ninghisorher
spouseunt
ilheorshedemandorbecomesf inanci
all
yindependent.

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  Maint enancemaybepai dper iodicallyasagr eementuponbyt hepartiesori tmay
bepai dasbepai dasal umpsum.
 Theamountdependsont hei ncomeear nedandt hef inancialst atusoft he
parti
esi nv olved. undert hecust omar yl aw,
 Thecour tcanawar d anyamountf orei t
herper i
odorl umpsum mai ntenanceas
theyseei tf i
t.
 Ifeitheri snotsat i
sfied wi tht he amountawar ded,t heycan appeali nt he
subor dinat e(Magi str
ate)Cour t.
 Themai ntenanceofchi ldreni spr ov i
dedi nt heAFFI LI ATI ONandmai ntenance
provi
si onsAct ,CAP64oft her ev i
sedl awsofZambi a.
 ThisActper mitschi ldrenbor noutofwedl ockt obeaf f i
li
atedt otheirmal eparent
andt her eby, claim mai nt enance:
 Achild; from i t
saf fi
l
iatedf atherorl egal parents.
 Aguar dian;f orexampl e,agr andpar entoranuncl ecancl aim mai ntenanceon
behalfoft hechi ld.
 Asingl ewomanf rom theaf fi
liatedf atherorherchi l
d
 Aspousehi sorherpar tnerwher edi vorcedornot .
 Note:any one wi shing t o cl aim mai ntenance can appr oach the cl erkatt he
nearestl ocal cour torl awy er.
Custodyofchi ldren
 Thelawst atest hatt hereshoul dbeal waysanadul tt olookaf terthechi l
dren.
 Ifthechi ldrenar ey oungt hecour tusual lygivescust odyt ot hemot her .
 Ifamot herdoesnotmanaget opr ov i
defort hechi ldren,t hef at
herst i
llhasa
maint ainingf orthemot herandchi ldren.

Adopt ionofchi l
dr en
 ThelawsofZambi a,under Adopt i
onofchi ldrenAct,chapter136of1948,t he
court
shav ebeengi vi
ngpowert ogr antanor dertoadultsrequest
ingtoadopta
chil
d
Categor iesofadopt i
on
 Acoupl ecanj oint l
yadoptani nfantisachi l
dless7y earsold.
 Thest epmot herorf atheroftheinfantalsoisel i
gibl
e.
 Botht hei nfantandt heper sonapplyi
ngf oradopt i
onshoul dl
ivei
nZambi a.
 Theinf ancyhasbeenl ookedafterbyt heappl i
cantcontinuousl
yforatleastthr
ee
mont hsbef orethedat eofadoption.
 Theper soni ntendi ngtoadoptnot if
iesthecommi ssionthreemonthsbef or
e.
Howev er,thel awf orbidsadopt i
oni f
:
 Adopt i
onofaf emal einfantbyamal eappl i
cantonhi sownunl essthereare
special reasonsf ordoingso.
 Adopt i
on ofan i nfantwho al readyhas par ent( s)orguar di
an orany body
provi
di ngmai ntenance.

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  Whengrant
edt headopt
ionshouldberegi
ster
edwi
tht
heRegi
sterwhor
ecor
ds
t
hedet
ail
sintheAdopti
onChil
dren’
sRegist
er.

ADOPTIONSOCI ETIES
Thei
rorgani
zat
iont hatexistforadopti
onofinfancyandtheywillnotberegist
eredi
fit
appeart
hat;
 Theacti
vit
iesofthesoci et
yarenotcontr
ol t
hemember softhesociet
y
 Anymemberwor kingforsuchasociet
yisnotf i
ttoworkforanorganizat
ion
 Thenumberofcompet entpersonsemployedisnotsuff
ici
enttocopewi t
hwork

LEGITIMACYOFCHI LDREN
Thelegit
imacyactof1927ofthelawsofZambiaprovi
dest
hatachil
dbor
noutofwed
l
ockshoul dbelegit
imatebutt
hisacthasbeentakenbyUNCRCof1989att
emptsto
equali
zechil
drenfr
om outsi
demarri
ageandt
hosebornofawedlock

INHERITANCEOFPROPERTY
InZambi a,theinherit
anceofpr opert
yi sprovidedforinthetestateandintest
ate
successionAct
.
TESTATESUCCESSI ON
I
tdealswiththeinheritanceofpropert
yofadeadper sonwholeftawil
l
.
 The wi l
lisadecl aration normall
yinwrit
ing st
ati
ng howaper sonwantshisor
herpr
opertydist
ributionintheeventofhisorherdeath

KEYTERMSI NTHETESTATESUCCESSI ONACT

 Testator(mal e)theper sonwhomadet hewi l
landTestatr
ix(femal
e).
 Anor alwillcanal sobev alidifitismadei nt hepresenceoftwowitnessesnot
benefici
ariestot heestat e.
 Int
estatesuccessi oniswhensomedi eswi t
houtli
vingawilll
ivi
ngawillbehi
nd
orsomeonewhohasl ef tawi llbutisnul l
i
fiedbythecourt.
Proper t
yisdef inedasaper son’ sit
emsofcl othi
ng,arti
clesofpersonaluse
such as v ehi
cles bicy cles,f urnit
ure,appl i
ances,utensil
s,boat,li
vestock,
agri
cultureequipment ,booksandmoney .

THEI
NTESTATESUCCESSI ONACTSTATES
 20%oft heestat
egoest othesur vi
v i
ngspouse.
 Ifnosur v
ivi
ng20%wi l
lbedi st
ri
but edtothechildrenaccordingt
ot hepropor
ti
on
ofagesandneeds
 Ifther
ear enochil
dren, 20%wi l
l begiventoparenttoshare10%each
 Ift
herearenoparents,the20%goest odependent si
nequal shar
es.
 Whenal lthement i
onedr elati
vesar enotaliv
e,t henhisorherest at
ewi l
lgoto
rel
ati
vessuchasbr others,si
sters,grandpar
ents,cousinsinequalshares.

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  When none oft he r el
ati
v es ment i
oned do notexi st,the estate goes to
government .
 Whenamandi esi napol ygamousmar riage,20% wi llbeshar edamongt he
survi
vingdependi ngont henumberofy ear
si nmar r
iage.
 50%oft heestategoest othechildrenbot hinandout si
dewedl ockaccordingto
ageandneedsofeachchi l
d.
 Iftherear enochi l
dr en,the50% goest osur vi
vi
ngspousedependentandt he
parents.
 Iftherear enopar ents,the50% goest ot hespouseanddependent sshar ed
equall
y .
 20%goest othepar ent sorguar di
ans.
 Wher etherear enopar ents,20% wi l
lbegi ventot hechildrenandt hespouse
equall
y .
 10%goest odependent sinequalpr oporti
ons.Int hiscase,thedependent sare
thoselivi
ngwi t
ht hedeceasedpr i
ortohi sorherdeat h,orli
vingoutsidethehome
butdependentont hedeceased.Wher ether earenodependent s10% goest o
parents
 Iftherear enopar ents,itisshar edbet weent hesur viv
ingspouseandchi ldr
en
equall
y .

VICTIM SUPPORTUNI T
 Itwascr eated to prosecute,i
nvesti
gate and sensi
ti
ze the publ
icand off
er
counsel i
ngser v
icetof amil
ieswhichareaff ect
ed.Itdeal
swithf ami
lyoff
ences
suchas;
 Domest i
cv i
olence.
 Ar son.
 Occasi oningbodi l
yharm.
 Causinggr i
evousbodi l
yharm.
 Mal i
ciousdamage
 Sodomy
 Indecentassaul t
 Chi l
dpr ot ection
 Humant r affi
cking
Cr
iminalInv est i
gationsDepar t
mentwi l
ldealwithpeoplewhohav ecommi t
tedsuch
cr
imes.

SAMPLEQUESTIONS
1.Expl
ainthef
oll
owingterms
i
. Fami l
y
ii
. Mar r
iage
2.Customaryand stat
utorymar
ri
agesar
esomeoft
het
ypesofmar
ri
agesi
n

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 Zambi a.Whi choneoft het wot ypesi sbett
ert hanot herinrel
ati
ont odivor
ce,
deathandsepar at
ion?Gi ver easons.
3.Descr i
bet hef unctionofi nterstatesuccessionactof1989.Undert heintest
ate
successionact( 1989)t hepr opertyoft hedeceasedwoul dbedistr
ibutedamong
thebenef ici
aries.Whoget s
i. 50%
i
i. 20%
ii
i. 10%
4. Howhasdi sintegrationofl edt oincreaseofst r
eetki dsinZambia
5..descri
bet hecauseofdi vorcei nast atutorymarriage.
6.Out l
i
net hecircumst anceswer eadopt i
onofchi ldrenisnotallowed.
7. Designasampl eofawi l
l.
8. Compar eandcont rastcust omar yandst atut
orymar riages.
9. Dist
inguishbet weenshar ingofpr opertyinastatutorycustomarymar r
iage.
10.
Discusst heelement soff ami lylaw.

DEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG
Pl
ans-ar
eint
ent
ionsorsetsuggest
ionsai
medatachi
evi
ngcer
tai
nsetgoal
sinf
utur
e.

Devel
opmentplanni
ngr
efer
stot
hedel
iber
ateef
for
tbyt
hest
ateai
medatachi
evi
ng
cer
tai
nsetgoal
s.

GOALS

 Givi
ngbet t
erservi
cestothepeople
 El
i
mi nati
onofdispari
ti
esbetweenurbanandrur
alareas
 Ri
singthestandardofli
vi
ngoft hepeopl
ethr
oughincreasedi
ncomer
etur
ns
PURPOSEOFPLANNI NG

 Astatementofgeneralobj
ecti
vesofeconomyandsocialpol
i
cy
 Anevaluat
ionofprogressachi
evedunderthepr
ecedingpl
an.
Curr
enteconomiccondi ti
onsespecial
lynati
onalincome,product
iveandf
orei
gn
tr
ade

 Curr
entsoci alsituat
ionespeci al
lypopulat
ionchanges,educat
ion,heal
thhousi ng
andsocialsecurit
y
 Est
imatesoft hegr owth,orsocialcomponentduri
ngtheperi
odcoveredbytheplan.
 Measuresdesi gnedt oraisetherateofeconomicgrowthforexample:
-tosti
mul ate
savi
ngandi nvestmentandt oincr
easeproducti
vi
tywhichar
eimpossiblet
oachiev e.
 Tomov etowar dsasust ainabl
egrowt h

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LEVELSOFPLANNI
NG

I
ndi
vi
dualPl
anni
ng

Ani
ndi
vi
dual
hast
odr
awapl
anandabudgetf
orapar
ti
cul
aract
ivi
ty.

Abudgetisapl
anofacti
onf
oraspeci
fi
cper
iodoft
imei
ndi
cat
ingest
imat
edi
ncomeand
expendi
tur
eont
hepr
oject
.

Communi
tyLev
el

Agroupofpeopl
eidenti
fi
esresour
cestobeusedi
naparti
cul
arproj
ect
.Thent
heydr
awa
pl
anandabudgetfortheproj
ectwhi
chshoul
dshowsour
cesoffunds

Nat
ionalLev
el

Atnati
onallevelt
hegov er
nmentmaydeci detobuil
dbr
idgesacrosst
hecount
ry,schools
and hospit
als.The gover
nmentwi l
ladv er
ti
se t
he pr
ojectt
hrough t
ender t oi nv
ite
i
ndiv
idualsorcompaniestocar
ryoutproj
ects.

I
nter
nat
ionall
evel

Thistakespl aceatplacei
nter
nat
ional
.Forexampl
e,t
heUnit
edNationsOrgani
zat
ionhas
setupinternati
onaldevel
opmenttar
getsknownasTheMil
lenni
um devel
opmentGoalsto
beachievedbyi ndi
vi
dualst
ates

Nb.I
sPl anni
ngatdi
str
ictl
eveli
sspear
headedbyDi
str
ictDev
elopmentcoor
dinat
ing
commit
tee(DDCC)

AtPr
ovi
nci
all
eveli
tisdonebyPDCC

BUDGET

 Thi
si s an est
imat
e ofincome and expendi
tur
e.I
tist
he bal
ance bet
ween
gov
ernment’
sincomeandexpendi
tur
e.

 Thebudgetpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
ndet
ermi
ningt
heper
for
manceoft
heeconomy
.

 I
nZambi atheconsti
tut
ionmandatestheministeroff
inanceandNati
onalPl
anni
ng
topresentthebudgetforapprov
altothenat i
onalassembly.Thi
smustbedone
underthr
eemonths(90)daysofeachf
inanci
al y
ear.

 Thebudgeti
spr
esent
edev
eryOct
oberandi
mpl
ement
edi
nJanuar
ythef
oll
owi
ng
y
ear

Medi
um t
erm expendi
tur
eFr
amewor
k

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  Thisisathr
eeyearfr
amewor kwi
thi
nwhichavai
l
abl
er esour
cesar
edi
vi
dedbet
ween
sectorsont
hebasisofachi
evi
nggover
nmentobj
ect
ives.

 MTEFal
l
owsf
ort
hebudget
ingpr
epar
ati
onpr
ocesst
ocommenceear
ly.

 TheMTEFwasintr
oducedasameasur
etoaddr
essweaknessesi
nthebudget
ing
andpl
anni
ngpr
ocess.

BUDGETPROCESS

St
age1

Draf
ti
ngofthegr
eenpaperbycompi
l
ingr
equi
rement
sfr
om v
ari
ousmi
nist
ri
esandot
her
depar
tment
s

St
age2

Thedraf
tedgreenpaperi
sconsoli
dat
edandf
orwar
dedt
ocabi
netf
orappr
ovalaf
terwhi
ch
thegr
eenpaperispr
int
edforci
rcul
ati
on.

St
age3

Ceil
i
ngsar esentouttoallli
nemini
str
ies,prov
inci
alandspendi
ngagenci
est ogetherwi
th
the t
ime tabl
ef ordiscursi
on.Thi
s enables dif
fer
entsector
sto cont
ribute ormake
suggest
ionsfori
nclusi
on.

St
age4

 Al
li
ssueswhi
charetof
orm par
tofthebudgetr
equi
reCabi
netappr
oval
.TheCabi
net
meet
smorethanoncet
ochartthecour
seofthebudget
.

 Thef i
rstcabinetmeet
ingi
shel
dbet
weent
het
hir
dandf
our
thquar
ter
soft
he
f
inanci
alyear
.

 TheNextmeet
ingt
akespl
aceaf
tert
hebudgethasbeencompl
eted.

 Themeeti
ngensur
est hatallobser
vat
ionsmadedur
ingt
hef
ir
stmeet
inghav
ebeen
i
ncor
porat
edontheresourcesside.

St
age5

Satthi
sstage,t
hebudgetisconsoli
dat
edandpresentedbyt hemini
sterr
esponsi
blef
or
Fi
nanceandnati
onal
planni
ngforapprov
albyt
heNationalAssembl
y.

BudgetExecut
ion

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TheMi ni
str
yFinanceandNati
onalPlanni
nginf
orm mi
nist
ri
es,Pr
ovi
ncesandspendi
ng
agenci
es(MPSAs)onquar
ter
lyr
eleasesoff
unds.

Legi
slat
ion

Aft
erthebudgethasbeenpr esentedforappr
ovalbytheNati
onalassembly,twobi
ll
sare
pr
epared and present
ed i
nt he nati
onalassembly.The Bi
ll
s aret he Suppl
ementar
y
Appropr
iat
ionBil
landExcessExpenditureAppr
opri
ati
onBil
l
.Thisisaimedatnor mal
izi
ng
measurescont
ainedinthebudget.

Gener
alwar
rant

Aftert
heappropr
iat
ionBi
lli
spassedintoanact,thegeneralWar
rantispreparedf orthe
presi
denttosi
gn.TheGeneralWar
rantgiv
esauthori
tytothesecr
etarytot
heTr easuryto
rel
easefundsf
orall
progr
ams.TheGeneralWar
rantrepl
acesthePr
ov i
nci
alWarrant.(PW)

Moni
tor
ingandEv
aluat
ion

Monit
ori
ngandevaluat
ionoft hebudgetistheresponsi
bil
i
tyofallthekeypl
ayer
swho
shoul
dadmi
nist
erandev al
uat
et heuseofpubl
icf
unds.Theseincl
ude.

Budget
-andFi
scalDi
sci
pli
ne

FI
SCALDI
SCI
PLI
NE:-Meansst
ri
ctcont
rol
ofpubl
i
cresour
ces

Thegover
nmenttakesmeasur estoensur
ecompli
anceintaxati
onandpublicexpendi
ture.
Gover
nmentshoul
dcuti t
sexpenditur
eanddir
ecti
tsresourcesonlyt
oessenti
alareas.As
Muchaspossibl
e,ext
ernalborrowi
ngisavoi
dedunlesssuchborrowi
ngtarget
seconomi c
growt
hthr
oughproduct
iveinvestment
.

ZAMBI
A’SDEVELOPMENTPLANS

1.Emer
gencyDev elopmentPlan(EDP)
 Thepl anwasl aunchedimmediatel
yafteri
ndependenceast
hef
ir
stst
ept
o
rest
ructurethei
nherit
edcoloni
alCapi
tal
i
steconomy.

 Itprovi
dedaframewor
kformor
ecompr
ehensi
vepr
ogr
amsofeconomi
cand
soci
aldevel
opment

2.Tr
ansi
ti
onDev
elopmentpl
an(TDP)1965-1966
 Moneywasspentonext
ensi
onoftranspor
tpowerandcommuni
cat
ionsser
vices

 I
tal
sof
ocusedont
hei
mpr
ovementofagr
icul
tur
eandeducat
ion.

3.Fi
rstDev
elopmentPl
an(
FNDP)1966-1970
Ai
ms

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  Todiversif
yt heeconomyf r
om copperminingt
oagr i
cultur
eandmanuf act
uri
ng
 Todev elopther ural
areas
 Toexpandwel fareservi
cessuchashousi ngandbui l
dingmorehospit
als
 Toimpr ovepowerandt ranspor
tandcommuni cati
onser vi
ces
 Tocreate100, 000newbyt heendof1970
4.SecondDevelopmentPl an(SNDP)1972-1976
I
tsgoalsweret oincreaseandexpandt hediver
sif
icat
ionprocessini
ti
atedunderFNDP.

 At t
aini
ngself-
suffi
ciencyi nfoodsuppl i
esandimpr
ov ementi
nincome
 Expandi nganddi versif
yingi ndustr
yandmi ningt
hroughimportsubsti
tuti
onby
usi
ngLocal materials
 Init
iati
ngmeasur esf orregionaldevelopment
 Linkingeducati
onal programst othecountri
esmanpowerrequi
rements
 Impr ovetheexi
stingi nf
rastructur
esuchaspower ,
transpor
tandcommuni cati
on
5.Thi
rdNati
onalDev el
opmentPl an( TNDP)1980–1983
I
thadthefoll
owingprovisions:-

 Allocati
ng investmentf unds and cr eati
ng a base fort he t
ransformation of
societythroughsociali
sm andHumani sm
 Involvi
ngt hepriv
atesectorineconomi candsocialdevel
opmentwhi l
etakinginto
accountSoci ali
standHumani stideas.
 Balanceddev elopmentwi t
hr egardt ol
inkagesbetweenindustryandagr i
cultur
e
 Increasingtheproductionofconsumerandcapi talgoods
 Fairincomedi str
ibuti
onandcr eati
ngandegalit
arian(Communal Societ
y)
 Diversif
icati
onoft heeconomyandr ur
aldevel
opment
 Expandi ngeducationtrai
ningfacili
ti
estospeedupZambi anizat
ion.
6.Fourt
hDev elopmentPl an(FNDP)1989-1993
Thi
s plan was f oll
owed byt he New Economi c Recov er
yPr ogram,( July1987 t o
December1993)

TheFNDPf
ocusedon:
-

 Per i
odicrev i
ewoftheexchanger ateandinter
estr ates
 Ther eductionofbudgetdef i
cittobelow2%ofGr ossDomest i
cProduct(
GDP)by
1993
 Agr adual reduct
ionofsubsi di
essoast or
educepr essur
eonthebudget.
 Reduct ionintheannual growthofmoneysuppl yt obel ow40%by1993
 Reduct ionintherateofinflati
ont obelow20%in1993
 Increasecapaci t
yut i
l
izati
ont oabov e70%ofindust ri
alaver
agesby1993
 Reduci ngthenumberofpr icecont r
oll
edit
emst ooneby1993
7.Tr
ansi
ti
onalNat ionalDevelopmentPl an
I
n2002,thegov ernmentr e-
intr
oducedNat i
onalDevelopmentPl anwhichwasexpect
ed

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 torunfr
om 2002t
o2005andthereafter
,thefi
ft
hNati
onaldev
elopmentpl
an.Themajor
progr
ammeundertheTNDPwaspov ert
yreducti
onst
rat
egyprogrammePRSPt hemain
focusofwhi
chwasreduci
ngpov
er t
yandt hedebtbur
den.

8.TheVision2030
Toenhancepl anni
ng,t
hegovernmentcameupwi t
hal ongterm nationalplanknownas
vi
sion2030whi chaimedattur
ningZambi aint
oapr osperousmi ddle-I
ncomenat i
onby
2030.I
twasexcept edthatby2030,woul dli
veinst rongdynami cmi ddl
e– income
i
ndustri
aleconomyt oprov
ideopport
unit
iesforimprovi
ngthewel lbeingofall
.

9.Fi
fthNati
onaldev el
opmentpl an(FNDP)
Thefi
fthNat i
onaldevelopmentwasbasedont heVi sion2030andcov er
edtheperi
od
2006–2010.Someoft hegoal si
nclude:-
 Devel
opandr ehabil
i
tateinfr
astruct
ure
 Devel
opandbui l
dhumanr esourceandcapacityr especti
vel
y
 Mainstream cross cut t
ingissuessuchasHI VAI DS,gender
,democr
acy,good
governance,humanr ightsandenv i
ronment
 Devel
opi rr
igati
oninbot hpri
vateandpublicsector s.

10.
Sixt
hNati
onalDevel
opmentPl
an2011-2015
 I
tcoversaperi
odfr
om 2011-2015
 I
talsocover
sthepr
ovi
sionof2030

11.
Rev
isedSixthNationalDevelopmentPl an:2013- 2016.[
R-SNDP]
 Thi sPl anwasf or
mul at
edwi t
hav iew to meett henati
onalaspirati
onsas
art
icul
atedintheVision2030.
 These aspi rat
ions aret ot r
ansf orm t he countryfrom a pri
mar y product-
dependenteconomyt oast r
ong,dy namicmi ddl
eincomeindustri
ali
sedcount r
y
by2030.
 Thepl anwasmost lysuppor t
edt hrought heannualbudgetsandmedi um-term
expenditur
e framewor ks. Howev er,t he amounts and unpr edi
ctabi
li
ty of
budgetary rel
eases negat i
vely af f
ected programme i mplementati
on and
achiev
ementofdesi r
edout putsandout comes.

12.
Sev
ent
hNat i
onalDev el
opmentPl an2017-2021.
 Iti
sapol i
cydocumentt hatoutl
inestheGov ernment ’
sdesi
reddev el
opment al
outcomesaswel lastheaccompany ingst r
ategiesandprograms.
 TheSev ent
hNat ionalDev el
opmentPl andepar t
sfrom sect
oral-
basedpl anning
toanintegrated(multi-sector
al)developmentappr oachunderthetheme
“Accel
erati
ngdev el
opmentef fort
stowar dstheVi si
on2030wi thoutleavi
ng
anyonebehi nd”.

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  Thegoaloft he7NDPi sto:
 createadi v
ersif
iedandr esi
li
enteconomyf orsust
ainedgrowthand
socioeconomic
transformati
ondr i
venbyagr icult
ure,t
our
ism,manufactur
ingandmining.
 respondtotheSmar tZambiat ransfor
mati
onagenda2064andembedsi nit
 topromot eeconomi cstabil
i
sat i
onandgrowthnecessaryfort
heactuali
sat
ionof
aSmar tZambi a.

TYPESOFDEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG

1.ShortTerm Plan
 Thi
scov ersashor tper
iodfr
om sixmont hst ooneyear,Forexampl et
heAnnual
Nati
onalPl an.The AnnualPlan ist he controlpl
an whi ch checks di
ff
erent
mini
stri
est omakesur ethatwhatwaspl annedandbudget edf orhasbeen
i
mplement ed.
 Themaj orchall
engeaboutshor
tterm planisunderesti
mat i
on.

2.Medi um Term Plan

 Itrangesbetweent hr
eeandsev er
alyearswi thfiv
ey ear
sast hemostpopul ar
choice.
 Thepur poseofmedi um Term Planist omov et owardssel
f-
sustaini
nggrowth,
growt h,
forexampl e:
-aft
erindependenceZambi ahadtheEmer gence
 NationalDev elopmentPl an which wasdesi gned to movet he count
ryfrom
colonialMono-Economyt odiver
sif
iedeconomy .
Themai nobjecti
vesoftheMedi um Term Planmaybe: -

 Diversi fyt
heeconomyt oeliminateov erdependenceononeort wopr oduct
s
 Increaset hev alueoft heNat i
onsowni nput
 Mai ntai nreasonabl epricestabil
ity
 Eli
mi nat edi spar i
ti
esbet ween ur banandr uralpopul
ati
on ini nternsofweal t
h
andj oboppor tunit
ies
 Raiset helev elofgeneral education
 Prov i
det r
ainingt oequipmor epeopl ef oradminist
rat
iveandtechnical j
obs
 Dev elopt henecessar ysocialinfrastructuresuchasschoolshospi t
alsandr oads
 Dev elopt ranspor tandcommuni cations
 Attainsel f-suffici
encyinfoodsuppl yandsecur i
tyandnewsour cesener gy
 Balancedev elopmentbet weenmanuf acturi
ngindustr
yandAgr icul
ture
 Stabilizetheeconomybycont r
ollinginflat
ion
 Periodi cal
lyr eviewt heexchangeandi nter
estrate.

3.LongTer
m Pl
an
Thi
sissomet
imesr
efer
redt
oast
heLongRangeDev
elopmentPl
an.I
tcov
ersa

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 per
iod often t
ot went
yy ear
s and abov
e.The Pl
an i
s most
lyneeded f
or
i
mplementati
onofhugeproj
ect
s

 Refor
est at
ion
 Openingnewmi nes.
 const
ruct i
onofhy dr
ost at
ion
 Constructi
on ofnew r oadsand r ai
lwaylinessuch proj
ect
s.Italso enabl
es
gover
nmentt ospreaddevelopmentt oallar
easpart
icul
arl
yinr
ural
areas.
 Alongt erm plantakescareoft heshor t
comingofshortandmedium term pl
an
suchaspl anningfortoomanyt hingsinonebudget

METHODSOFPLANNI NG
Cent r
alizedPl anning
Thisplanni ngi sdonebyt hecent ralgovernmentwi t
houtt hei nvolvementoft he
l
ocal communi t
ies.
 Int hepastcent r
ali
zedpl anningandadmi ni
strat
ionwer econsi der ednecessary
toguideandcont roltheeconomi csofcount r
ies.
 Thist ypeofpl anningwascommoni ncommuni stcount ri
es.Zambi ausedt his
typeofpl anni ngi nthef i
rstandsecondRepubl i
cs.
 Lack of par ti
cipati
on of t he local communi t
yi n the f ormul ati
on and
i
mpl ement ationoft heplan.
 Itwasar guedt hatpl answer ebeingi mposedi nt opdownf ashiononl ocal
communi tieswhi chshoul dtheenthusiasm atthecrucialimplement at
ionstage.
 Planor gani zat i
onswer edomi natedbyexpat ri
ateadv iserswhoknow v eryli
ttl
e
aboutlocal farmi ngcommuni ti
es.
 Therewasdel ayoft heappr ovaloftheplanssincetheywer er eferredtothehead
quartersbef oreimpl ement ati
on

Decent rali
zedPl anning
 Thist ype ofpl anni ng is done by involvi
ng the localcommunity.A l ocal
communi t
yi dentifi
espr oj
ectstobeundert akenatcommuni tylev
elbytakingint
o
consi derati
oni tsact ualneeds.
 Forexampl e:-School s,hospital
s,bri
dges,pipedwat erandhousinguni t
s.The
communi t
ymaydr awabudgetf orittobesubmi tt
edt othecentr
alGovernment
forf unding
 TheZambi angov ernmentt ri
edt hi
st y
peofpl anni
ngi nthe1980sbutther ewas
l
ess success.Much of t he resources wer e spent on worker
st han on
dev elopmentpr ojects.
 Sincet hey ear2000,Decent rali
zedplanninghasbeenr e-i
ntr
oducedinZambi a
throughAct ivi
tyBasedBudget ingPlansint hecommuni t
y.

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 MI
CROANDMACROI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Micro-IsaGr eekwordmeaning“small’
’AMi cr
oFinancialinst
it
utionisonet hat
givesfi
nanci
alassi
stancetosmal
lscal
eproducer
sorentrepreneursforsmallscale
project
s.Forexample:
-far
ming,r
epai
rofaclassroom bl
ocksandi mprovi
ngwat er
supply.

 ZambiaSoci alInv
estmentFund( ZAMSI
F)
 WomenFi nanceCooper at
iveofZambi
a
 BayPor tFinanceServi
ce
 Unit
yFi nance
 Bl
ueFi nancialser
vices
 I
zwel oans
 Microfi
n

MACRO-FI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Macr
o-i
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ngl
arge.

MacroFi
nanciali
nst
it
uti
onsareinst
it
uti
onswhi
chf undlar
gescal
epr
oject
ssuch
asconst
ruct
ionofschool
s,br
idges,
roadsandr
ail
wayline.

(
i)
Int
ernat
ionalMonet
aryFund(
IMF)

TheI
MFisaspecial
i
zedagencyoftheUni
tedNati
onsOrgani
zat
ionwhi
chwas
setupi
n1944.Some oftheObject
ivesoft
hefundaret
o:-

 Promot eint er
national Monet ar
yCooperati
on.
 Promot est ableex changer atesandmaintai
nor der
lyexchangear r
angement
s
 Faci
li
tatet heexpansi onandbal ancedgrowthofinternat
ional
trade.
 Encouragef ul
lconv ert
ibi
li
tybetweencur r
enciesandcanendt oexchangerat
es
contr
ols
 Toshor tenper iodsofbal anceofpay mentsofmembercount ri
es
 Howev er,t he economi c adjustments pol
icies prescri
bed by the I
MF are
consi
der edbymanyt ohinderdev el
opment.
Themeasuressuggest edbyt heI MFtoov er
comet hebal anceofpayments

 Pr
obl
emsi
ncl
ude:
-

 Rel
axi
ngexchangecont
rol
s

 Remov
alofi
mpor
trest
ri
cti
ons,
pri
cecont
rol
sandt
heendofsubsi
dies

 Remov alofcont
rol
s ov
erf
orei
gn exchange and i
mpor
tsi
n or
dert
o get
assi
stance.

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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  The I
MF’ s mai
nf inanci
alr
oleist o prov
ide t
empor
arycr
edi
tst
o member
s
exper
ienci
ngbalancepayments’
dif
fi
cult
ies.

(
ii
)Int
ernat
ionalBankf
orReconst
ruct
ionandDev
elopment(
IBRD)

 TheIBRDiscommonl yknownast heWorl

dBank.Itbegani
tsoperat
ionsi
n1946.
 TheBankencour agescapit
al i
nvestmentf
orallmemberstat
es.
 I
tgivesloanstospeci f
icpr oj
ectsthatareproduct
iveandprovi
desFinancef
or
for
eignexchanger equi
rementsf orsuchproj
ectsLoansareusuall
yforaperi
od
of20years withgraceperiodoff i
veyear
s.

(
ii
)Af
ri
canDev
elopmentBank(
ADB)

 TheADBwasest abl i
shedinAugust1963andbegani tsoperati
onsi nJul y
1966.
 Itgiv
esconcessi onar y loanstomemberst ates.
 Concessi onaryLoani smoneygi vent oacountrywithnoconditi
onsattached.
 ItgivesLoanst ospeci fi
cprojectthatareproducti
v eandprovi
desf i
nancef or
forei
gnexchanger equirements f orsuchproject
s.Thel oansgiv
enar epai d
backwi thal owinterestrat
elesst han10%
 TheBankal sogivesgr antstomemberst atestofinanceessenti
alprojectsin
educationandheal th.Theheadquar t
ersofADBi sinAddisAbaba,Ethiopia.

(
ii
)Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDev
elopmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
ABEDA)

 TheBankwassetupbyt heAr abLeaguei n1973andbegunoper at5i

onsi n1975.
 TheHeadOf fi
cei si
nKhar toum,Sudan.I tgivesloanstospeci
ficpr oject
sthat
arepr
oduct
iveandpr ov
idef i
nancef orf
orei gnexchange.
 Gener
all
y,Project
sar ef i
nancedj oint
lywi t
hi nt
ernat
ionall
endingi nstit
uti
ons
suchastheWor ldBankandAf r
icanDev elopmentBank.Zambi aobt ainedloans
fr
om ABEDAf orcapi
talproj
ectssuchasr oadconst r
ucti
on.

I
NDI
CATORSOFDEVELOPMENT

 Indi
cators ofdevel
opmentar e signs thatshow whetherornott hereis
i
mpr ovementinthecountr
y’seconomyandpeopl e’
sbasi
cneedssuchasf ood,
safeandcleandri
nki
ngwaterhousi ngeducati
onandhealt
h.
 Iti
snoteasytomeasuredev el
opment .Theref
orevar
iousi
ndicator
shav
et ouse.
 These ar e measur
ablev ari
ables which are assumed di r
ectl
yrelat
ed to
developmentsuchas:
-
1.GrossNat i
onalPr
oduct(GNP)orTheNat i
onalIncome

CI
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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Thisismeasur
eofproduct i
oninmonetar
ytermsduri
ngperi
odoft
ime.
 Iti
st heamountofgoodsandser v
icesproducedwit
hinacount
ryand
account
edfori
napar t
icularyear
.
 Italsoi
ncl
udesincomef r
om abroad.

2.GrossDomest i
cPr oduct(GDP)
 GDPi st hetotaloutputofaneconomyandconsi stsofallaccountedfor
goodsandser v i
cesthathavebeenproducedint hecourseoftheyear.
 Allproductsand ser vi
cesproduced wit
hint hecount r
yareadded up
cal
culatedinmonet aryform.
3.HumanDev elopmentI ndex(HDI)
 Thi
sist hemeasur eofhumandev elopmentusingf our

 Li
feexpect
ancyatbi
rt
h

 Adul
tli
ter
acy

 Av
eragey
ear
sofschool
i
ng

 Pur
chasi
ngpowerofper
sonsaged25andabov
eexpr
essedi
ndol
l
ars

Ifthecountryhasalif
eexpectancyatbir
th,ahi
ghadultli
teracylevel
sandahi
gh
aver
agey ear
sofschool
ingandpurchasi
ngpowerperper
son.Itissaidtohav
eahi
gh
l
evelofdevel
opment

4.PerCapit
aIncome
 I
tistheGNPoft hecountr
ydi
videdbythet
otalpopul
ation.
 Thisdoesnottakeint
oaccountincomedi
str
ibuti
ondispari
ti
es
 PerCapi
talI
ncome= GNP
Totalpopul
ati
on

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Anal
yzethef
actorst
hatledtoZambia’
sdebtcri
sis.
2.St
udythechar
tbelowrepresenti
ngvar
iousst
agesinpl
anni
ng.
DECENTRALI SED

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 (
i)
LONG TERM

SHORTTERM
Fil
l i
nthemi ssingst agesbandd
(
ii)Explaint hedi ff
erencebet weenshor tterm andl ongt erm
planning.
(
iii
)Whati st heef fectofpooreconomi cplanninginanat ion?
3.Di st
inguishbet weenl ongterm andshortterm planni
ng.
4.HowcanZambi aplanf oritsfueli
nl ongterm
5..Whyi spl anningimpor tant?
6.Gi vet he adv antages and di sadvantages of cent ral
ized and
decentrali
zedpl anning.
7. Whatar etheindicat orsofdev el
opmentpl anni
ng?
8. Explaint hecont ribut i
onoff i
nanci
alinstit
uti
ont oeconomi cand
soci
al development
9.St at
et he measur es ofhuman dev el
opmentusi ng the Human
DevelopmentI ndex.
10.Compar eandcont rastmi croandmacr ofinanci
al i
nsti
tuti
on.

POVERTYI
NZAMBI
A
Pover
tyi
sacondit
ionofbei
ngpoor
.Pov
ert
yisassoci
atedwi
tht
henegat
iveaspectof
humandevel
opment.

HumanDev el
opmentistheprocessofenl
argi
ngpeoples’choicestot hei
rper
sonal
advancement.Forexamplepover
tymaybedef i
nedasi nsuff
icientaccesstobasi
c
needs.Thi
skindofpover
tyi
sknownasabsol
utepover
ty.

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Absolutepov er
tyisaconditi
onoflif
esol imit
edbymalnutri
tion,i
l
li
ter
acydisease
squali
dsurroundi
ngs,hi
ghi
nfantmor
tal
it
yrateandlowl
i
feexpectancyastobebeneath
anyreasonabledef
ini
ti
onofhumandecency.

MEASURI
NGPOVERTY

Pover
tyi
sdiff
icul
tyt
omeasur
e.Thoughdi
ff
icul
tyt
omeasur
eitcanbemeasur
edusi
ng
thr
eeper
specti
ves

1.Incomeper spective:A personi spoorifhehi sorheri ncomefallsbelow a

definedmoneyormet ricpov
ertyli
ne.E.
g.apersonli
vi
ngononedol l
arperday.
2.Basi cneedsper spective:Apersonispoori
fhis/herrequi
rementsforami ni
mal
accept abl
efulf
il
lmentofhumanneedsar enotmet
3.Capabi li
typerspect i
ve:Aper sonispoorifhe/ shelackcertai
ncapabil
it
iesto
functionsuchasadequat ef ood,cl
othi
ng,shelt
erandabi l
it
yt opart
ici
patein
communi ty
.

HUMANPOVERTYI
NDEX.(
HPI
)

HPIwasdev
elopedbytheUni
tedNat
ionsDevel
opmentPr
ogr
amme,
measur
espov
ert
y
i
nter
msofdeprivat
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngareas:

 Surviv
al( l
if
eexpect ancy)depri
vationofalongli
feandhealt
hyli
femeasur
edby
l
ifeexpectancyofabout40y ear
s
 Knowl edgedepr i
vati
onofknowl edgemeasuredbyil
li
ter
acy.
 Adecentst andardofl i
vi
ngdepr ivat
ioni
neconomicprovi
sionmeasur
edbythe
percentageoft hepopulati
onlackingaccesstoheal
thserv
icesandsaf
edri
nki
ng
waterandadequat enutr
iti
on.

DI
MENSI
ONSOFPOVERTY

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Cent
ralStat
isti
calOffice(CSO).Measurespov
ert
yli
neast heamountofmont hl
y
i
ncomerequiredtopurchasebasi
cfoodtomeett
hemini
mum cal
ori
crequi
rementf
ora
fami
l
yofsix.(Foodbasket).

Ov
eral
landext
remepov
ert
yinZambi
ainr
uralandur
banar
eas,
1998

Locat
ion Ov
eral
lpov
ert
y% Ext
remepov
ert
y%

Rur
alar
eas 83 70

Ur
banar
eas 56 36

Cent
ral
prov
ince 77 63

Copperbel
tpr
ovi
nce 65 47

East
ernpr
ovi
nce 80 66

Luapul
apr
ovi
nce 81 69

Lusakapr
ovi
nce 52 34

Nor
ther
npr
ovi
nce 81 67

Nor
th–west
ernpr
ovi
nce 76 63

Sout
her
npr
ovi
nce 76 60

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West
ernpr
ovi
nce 89 78

Thepoor
estpr
ovincei
nZambi
aisWest
ernPr
ovi
ncewi
th89%f
oll
owedbyLuapul
aand
Nort
her
nProvi
nceswit
h81%.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFPOVERTY

1.PersonalandPhysi
calStat
us
 Hasnof oodordoesnoteatwell
 Lackaccesstoeducati
on
 Lackaccesstoadequateshel
ter
 Lackofaccesstohealt
hcare
 Poorclothi
ng

2.EconomicStat
us
 Lackofmoneyoradequatei
ncome.Ur
banareas
 Lackofproducti
veasset
ssuchasploughs,hoes,oxen,f
ishi
ngnet
s,canoes.
Rural
areas

3.SocialStatus
 Inequali
ty
 Lowsel festeem
 Landlessness/noaccesst
oland

4.Poli
ti
calPartici
pati
on
 Powerlessness
 Lackofpoliti
calvoi
ce
 Lackofaccesst olegal
inst
it
uti
onst
hati
scour
tsofl
aw.

CAUSESOFPOVERTYI
NZAMBI
A

Thecausesofpooreconomi
cper
for
mancecanbebr
oadl
ydi
vi
dedi
ntoi
nter
naland
ext
ernal
fact
ors:

Int
ernalFactors
Zambia’s poli
cies f
ocused on the st at
et aking ov
erprivat
e business,and heavy
i
nvolvementinthepr oduct
ivesectorsoftheEconomy .TheEconomicreformsthatwere
adoptedleftt
hemaj ori
tyofpeopleinsecurei
nt ermsofemployment,
incomeandheal t
h.

Ext
ernalFact
ors

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Copperexportsaccount
edf or90%oft hecount
ry’
sexportear
ningsandabout50%of
tot
all
ocalproducti
onofgoodandser vi
cesorGrossDomest i
cPr oduct
.(GDP).Thefal
l
i
ncopperpricesfrom mid-
1970’ssev
erelyaf
fect
edt hegov
ernment’scapaci
tytoinv
est
i
ntheEconomyandpr ov
idedadequatesoci
alser
vice.

Changesi
nAgr
icul
tur
ePol
ici
es

Therewer enegat
iveagri
cult
uralpol
i
ciesbetween1992and2001.Someoft
henegati
ve
poli
cychangesi ncludedther emovalofthesy st
em i
nwhichf ar
merswereoff
ered
fert
il
izeronapaybackbasi sandtheliber
ali
zat
ionofthemarket
sfort
heagri
cul
tural
produce.

Agr
icul
tur
alsect
oroft
heeconomyi
schar
act
eri
zedby

 I
nconsi
stentagr
icul
tur
alpol
i
cies

 Latearr
ivalofagricul
turalinputs
 Expensiv eagricul
turalinput sandimpl
ement s
 Inadequat estoragef acil
i
ties
 Insuffi
cientextensionser vicesandmarketinformat
ion.
 Endemi cl i
vestockdiseases
 Poorr oadi nf
rastructureespeci al
l
yinr
uralareas.
Debtburden

Overtheyear
s,thepaymentofthedebtsonav er
ageaccountedfor10per
centoft
he
GrossDomesti
cPr oductGDP.Thismeansthatmoremoneyi sspentonser
vici
ngt
he
debtatt
heexpenseofinvest
ingi
nsoci
alandeconomicdevel
opment.

Ext
ernalDependence

Zambia hascontinued t
o bor
row from par
tner
st oinv
esti
n soci
aland economi
c
dev
elopmentforexample,i
ntheeducati
onandhealt
h.

Cl
imat
icVar
iat
ion

Rai
nfal
lpatt
ernsareincr
easi
nglyerr
aticanddr ought
sar
eacommonf
eat
ureandt
his
hasl
edtolowf oodpr
oducti
on,hencefoodinsecuri
ty,

Mor
bidi
tyandmor
tal
it
y

Morbidi
tymeansincr
easei
nill
nesses.AtNationalLeveleconomi
cgr
owthisaff
ected
bythehighinci
denceofHI
V/AIDSwhi chhasl edtolossofhumanresour
cethrough
deat
handlossofmanpowerduetosickness.

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Or
phans

Theincr
easeinthenumberofor
phansr
equi
ri
ngcar
eandsuppor
tfr
om r
elat
ivescauses
astr
ainonthefamil
ies.

Singl
eparenthousehol
ds:Manysi
nglepar
entorchi
l
dheadedhousehol
dshav
efai
l
ed
tomeetthebasi
cneedsofthefami
l
ies.

I
nequal
it
y

I
thasbeenobser
vedthatt
hegapbetweenther
ichandpoori
swi
dening.Thi
sinequal
i
ty
i
nt ermsofi
ncome,educat
ion,weal
thandaccesstoasset
shasledt ohi
ghpov er
ty
l
evels.

LowpayLowpayi
sact
ual
l
yamaj
orcauseofpov
ert
y.

Conf
li
ct

Whenther
eisconf
li
ctinasoci
ety
,lesst
imei
sspentoneconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.Hence
t
herei
snotimet
ocreat
eweal
th.

Genderi
nequal
it
yineconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

Thepart
ici
pat
ionofwomenineconomi
cdevel
opmentisver
ylow.Mostwomenhav
eno
accesst
oloansandland,
andot
hermeansofpr
oduct
ion.

PoorWor
kcul
tur
e

Whenpeopl
ehav
eanegat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dswor
kandl
acki
nit
iat
ivet
hiscanl
eadt
o
pov
ert
y

I
ndi
vi
dualWeakness

Lazi
nessandl
ackofr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanl
eadt
opov
ert
yanddependencysy
ndr
ome

EFFECTSOFPOVERTY

 Hunger/f oodinsecurit
y
 Highunempl oymentl evels
 Incr
easeincr i
me
 Confli
ctsi
nsoci ety
 Incr
easeincor rupti
onandv andal
ism
 Incr
easeindependencysy ndrome
 Lowl i
feexpectancyduet olowstandar dofl
iv
ingandot
herf
actors
 Incr
easeinpr osti
tuti
on{ commer cialsex}
 Lackofaccesst obasicneedsl ikefood,shel
ter
,cl
eanwater,educat
ionand

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 healt
hfaci
li
ti
es
 Breakdownoftheextendedfamil
ysy st
em
 Depleti
on ofnaturalresources due to mor
e peopl
e expl
oit
ing t
he same
i
nadequateresources
 I
ncreaseinchil
dlabour

POVERTYALLEVI
ATI
ON

Pover
tyall
evi
ati
onisthepr
ocessofl
esseni
ngt
hesuf
fer
ingoft
hepoorbymeet
ingt
hei
r
i
mmedi at
epressi
ngneeds

Someoft
hewayt
hroughwhi
chpov
ert
yZambi
acanbeal
lev
iat
ed:

 I
mpr ovethepr ov i
sionofeducat i
onaseducat ioni sav er
ypowerfultoolfor
povert
yreduct i
on
 I
ncreasefoodpr oduct i
onandempowersmal lscalefarmer s
 I
mpr ovetheheal thst atusofpeopleinZambi aespeci al
lythepoor.
 Reducethei nci
dence, i
nf ect
ionandsocioeconomi ci
mpactofHI V/AI
DS
 I
ncreaseaccesst osaf ewat erandsanit
ati
on
 Promote a sel f-sustaining exportled agri
culturalsect orensureincreased
househol
di ncomeandf oodsecuri
ty
 I
ncreaseaccesst oski l
lsdev el
opmentandv ocational t
rai
ning
 Promoter uralelectrifi
cationtoattr
actinvestment sandr educeunemployment.
I
nr ur
alareas
 I
ncreaseaccesst omeansofpr oduct
ionsuchasl andandf armi
ngimplements

POVERTYREDUCTI
ONSTRATEGYPAPER

Pover
tyReduct
ionStr
ategyPaper(PRSP)istheov
eral
lfr
amewor kfornat
ionalpl
anni
ng
anddevel
opmentfocusingonint
ervent
ionforpover
tyreduct
ion.Areasaddressedby
thePRSP:

 Macr oeconomi cs-toachiev eahi ghandsust ainedrealGDP growthgreat

er
equi tyofoppor tunit
y,i
ncomeandaccesst oresources
 Agr i
cul t
ur e-topr omot easel f-
sustai
ningexpor tledagr i
cul
tur
alsect
orwhich
ensur esi ncreasedhouseholdincomeandf oodsecur i
ty.
 Tour ism-t oenhancet hetourism sect
or ’
scontri
butiontoeconomicgrowthand
pov ertyreduct i
on
 Mi ning-t o pr omotei nvestment int he mining industr
y and ensurethe
dev elopmentofsel f
-sustai
ningmineralbasedindust r
y.
 Indust ry-t opromot egrowthofanexpor tledindustryleadi
ngtoempl oy
ment
creat i
onandpov er
tyreducti
on.

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  Health-t
oimprov
ethehealt
hstat
usoft hepeopleofZambia
Educat
ion–t opr
ovi
derel
evant
,equi
tabl
e,effi
cientandqual
i
tyeducat
ionf
oral
l
.

 HIV/ AIDS-t or educet hei nci

dence,i nfecti
on and soci o-economi cimpactof
HIV/AIDS.
 Gender–t opromot egenderbal ancetoeaset hebur denofpov ertyespeciall
yof
womenatt hehousehol d,communi t
yandnat i
onal l
evels.
 Environment– t of ormulate appropriate polici
es on t he pr otecti
on oft he
environment ,managementanddev el
opmentofnat uralresour cesandensur e
thei
ref ficientandef fectiv
edel i
very
 Energy–t oensur eopt i
mum suppl yandut il
i
zationofener gy
 Wat erand sani tat
ion-t o contributet o pover t
yr educti
on t hrough i ncr
eased
accesst osaf ewat erandsani t
at i
on,increasedf oodpr oduct i
onandi ncr
eased
foodpr oduct ionandf oodsecur i
ty.
 Transpor t and Communi cati
on- t o cr eate an ef ficient tr ansport and
communi cati
on sy st em t hat wi l
lpr omot e economi c gr owth and pov ert
y
reduction
 Roads-t oexpandr ehabi l
i
tateandi nvestint her oadsect orsoast oimprove
accessi bil
ityandmobi l
i
ty.

SAMPLEQUESTI ONS
1.Whati spov erty?
2.Showhowt hef ollowi ngcont ribut
etopov er
tyinZambi a.
i
. Debi tburden
i
i
. Climat evar i
ation
ii
i
. Lowwagesandsal aries
3. Di
scusst heef fectsofpov erty.
4.Ment i
onsomeoft hecausesofpov ert
yinZambia.
5.Discusswi t hexampl ehow t hegov er
nmentcanal leviat
epovertyamong
thepeoplei nr ural areas.
6.Pover t
yist heinsuf f
icientaccesst obasicneeds.Discuss
7.Discuss Zambi a’s ef fortt owards the attai
nmentoft he Mil
lenni
um
DevelopmentGoal s.
8.Designanant i
-pov ertyst rategytoaddr esspov ert
yi ssuesfaci
ngy our

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 communit
y.
9.Outl
i
nethechar
act
eri
sti
csofpov
ert
y

ENVI
RONMENTALEDUCATI
ON
Envi
ronment:
-r
eferstosurr
oundi
ngsandthet
hingsf
oundi
nthem bot
hphy
sicaland
cul
tural
whichdif
ferf
rom pl
acetopl
ace.

COMPONENTSOFTHEENVI
RONMENT

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethecomponent
s:l
ivi
ngandnon-
li
vi
ngcomponent
s

Ifhumanacti
vi
ti
esareconsi
deredcent
ralt
hentheenv
ironmenti
sdi
vi
dedi
ntoNat
ural
andcul
tur
alcomponent
s.Herearet
hecomponentsi
ndetail
s:

NaturalEnvir
onment
Physicalandliv
ing
envi
ronment ,Atmospher
e,
Hydrosphere,Lit
hospher
e
Ani
mal andPlantLi
fe.

Poli
ti
calEnv
ironment EconomicEnv i
ronment
Poli
ti
calI
nst
ituti
onsmaki
ng EconomicSy st
em
choi
cesDecisionmaki
ng Economicinsti
tut
ions
RuralandUrbanlandscapes

Soci
al/
Cul
tur
alEnv
ironment
.

Cul
ture and soci al i
nst
it
uti
ons Bel
i
efs,
Customsandt
radi
ti
ons

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ENVI
RONMENTALDEGRADATI
ON

 I
tref
erstoanyacti
onorpr
ocesst
hatmakest
heenv
ironmentl
essf
itf
orhuman,
pl
antorani
mall
ife.

 I
tisal
soassoci
atedwi
tht
hel
ower
ingorr
educt
ionofenv
ironment
alqual
i
ty

Causesofenv
ironment
alDegr
adat
ion

1.Overpopul
ati
on;t
hisist
hepresenceinagiv
enar eaofmorepeopl
ethancanbe
support
edadequatel
ybytheresour
cesavai
labl
einthear
ea.

2.Pol
lut
ion:pol
lut
ionrefer
stothepresenceofmatter
sorenergywhosenat
ure,
l
ocati
on,orqual
itypr
oducesundesi
rabl
eenvi
ronmental
eff
ect
s.

Pol
l
uti
ont
akesi
nthef
orms:

Nat
uralWast
es:Nat
ural
wast
esmaybeor
gani
cori
nor
gani
c.

 Inorgani
cwast
esi
ncl
udeel
ement
sofcomponent
ssuchasl
ead,copper
,and
sulphur.

 Theseel
ement
sar
efoundi
nrocksandar
epr
esenti
nsmal
lconcent
rat
ioni
nour
bodi
es.

 Thesesubst
ancesar
eemi
tt
eddur
ingmi
ningandsmel
ti
ngoper
ati
ons.

 Whenmined t
heycont
aminatest
reams,st
reams,r
iver
s,l
akesgr
ound wat
er
suppl
i
es,
soi
landt
heatmospher
e.

Sy
nthet
icchemi
cal
s:Thesear
echemi
cal
compoundswhi
char
eMan-
made.

 Thesesy nt
heti
cchemicalsarepresenti
npl ants,dyes,foodaddit
ives,dr
ugs,
pest
ici
de,fer
ti
li
zer
s,cl
othes,cl
eani
ngmateri
als,plast
ics,cosmet
icsandbuil
ding
materi
als.

Bi
odegr
adabl
e:t
hesedecomposeasar
esul
tbi
ologi
cal
act
ion.

Non-
Biodegr
adabl
e:t
hesear
eamat
eri
alt
hatdoesnotdecomposei
ntheenv
ironment
.

3.Depl
eti
onofResour
ces

 Aresour
ceisanysour
ceofrawmat er
ial
sorobjectthathumanbeingsareabl
eto
usetosust
ainl
if
eorproduceweal
th.Forexample,water,
fish,
miner
als,
soil
sand
tr
ees.

 Ar
esour
cei
sdepl
etedorusedupwheni
tbecomesl
essav
ail
abl
efori
tsi
ntended

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 f
unct
ionoruse

Resour
cesgetdepl
etedi
nthr
eedi
ff
erentway
s.Thesear
e:

1.Byconver
ti
ng[Conver
sion]thosei
ntoanothersubst
ance,coaloroi
lar
e
dest
roy
edwhentheyareburnttopr
oduceenergy
.

2.Bybeen di splaced [
Displ
acement]to same locat
ion f
rom whi
ch the
materi
alcannotber ecovered.Forexample,when copperi
smi ned i
t
cannotbereplacedintheground.

3.Bybei
ngpol
lut
ed[
Pol
lut
ion]
,asubst
ancei
srender
edusel
essf
oruse.

EXAMPLESOFRESOURCEDEPLETI
ON

Soi
l-soi
ler
osi
oni
sest
imat
edt
obeexceedi
ngsoi
lfor
mat
ionbyabout35

For
est-Thehi
ghdemandf
ort
imberf
ori
ndust
ri
alanddomest
icusehasl
edt
odepl
eti
on
off
orests.

Fi
sher
ies–Rapi
dincr
easei
ngl
obal
fishhar
vesthasl
edt
odepl
eti
onoff
ish

Maj
orEnv
ironment
alI
ssuesi
nZambi
a

TheNat i
onalEnvir
onment
alActi
onPl
an(
NEAP)
,hasi
dent
if
iedt
hef
oll
owi
ngmaj
or
env
ironmentconcernsi
nZambi
a.

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Wi
l
dli
fedepl
eti
on

 Landdegr
adat
ion

 I
nadequat
esani
tat
ion

Def
orest
ati
on-i
sther
emov
aloft
reecov
erf
rom anar
ea.

Re-
Aff
orest
ati
on-i
stopl
antt
reesi
nar
east
hathav
ebeendef
orest
ed.

Af
for
est
ati
on-r
efer
stopl
ant
ingoft
reesi
nar
east
hatdi
dnothav
etr
eecov
erbef
ore

Benef
it
sofRe-
aff
orest
ati
onandaf
for
est
ati
on

 Assur
edsuppl
yofchar
coal
andf
uel
wood

 Col
l
ect
ionofMushr
ooms,
cat
erpi
l
lar
s,nut
sandmoney

 Pl
antl
eav
escanbeusedasf
olderbyl
i
vest
ock

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  Pr
otect
ionofsoi
lfr
om agent
sofer
osi
on

 Somepl
ant
sfi
xni
tr
ogeni
nthesoi
l

 Somepl
ant
spr
ovi
def
rui
tsandher
bsf
ormedi
cinal
use

WI
LDLI
FEDEPLETI
ON

 Mostoft
heGamemanagementar
easar
eal
mostf
ini
shi
ngoft
hegame.

 Thisisbecausehumanset
tlement
sandot herl
anduseswer eper
mit
ted,t
hus
exposingt
hem todegr
adat
ionintheabsenceofcomprehensiv
emanagement
plan.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ether
eser
vedar
easf
orwi
ldl
if
e:

Nat
ionalpar
k-i
sanar
eat
hati
spr
otect
edbyl
awf
ort
heconser
vat
ionofwi
l
dli
fe.

Gamemanagementar
ea-i
sapr
otect
edar
eaf
orwi
l
dli
fei
nwhi
chl
egal
i
zedhunt
ingi
s
per
mit
ted

 Themai
ncauseoft
hedecl
i
nei
nthenumberofbi
ggamesuchas

 el
ephant
sandar
hinoi
sessent
ial
l
ypoachi
ngf
ort
rophi
es.

Trophy-i
ssomethingofval
uet hatiskepttor ememberorshow ot
herpeopl
eones
achiev
ement.Forexampl
e:r
hinohorns,
leopar
d’sski
nsandel
ephantt
asks

Thet
abl
eshowssomeoft
heendanger
ed,
vul
ner
abl
ebi
rdandani
mal
speci
esi
nZambi
a:

Speci
es St
atus

Shoebi
l
l Vul
ner
abl
e

Wat
tl
edCr
ane Vul
ner
abl
e

Sl
ateyEgr
et Vul
ner
abl
e

Tai
taFal
con Vul
ner
abl
e

LesserKest
rel Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackCheekedLov
ebi
rd Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackLechwe Vul
ner
abl
e

Kaf
ueLechewe Vul
ner
abl
e

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Bl
ackRhi
no Endanger
ed

El
ephant Endanger
ed

Li
on Vul
ner
abl
e

Cheet
ah Vul
ner
abl
e

Wi
l
ddog Endanger
ed

El
ephant Vul
ner
abl
e

Endanger
edspeci
es-ar
especi
est
hatar
eli
kel
ytobeext
incti
fmeasur
esar
enott
aken
toprot
ectt
hem.

Vul
nerable speci
es-are speci
es thatar
eli
kel
yto be endanger
ed i
fconser
vat
ion
measuresarenottakeni
ntoprotectt
hem.

POLLUTI
ON

 Thi
sist
her
api
dincr
easei
nthegener
ati
onofwast
es

Themi
nespol
lut
etheenv
ironmenti
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

Waterpol
lut
ion:t
hrought
her
eleaseofdi
ssol
vedchemi
cal
sincl
udi
ngheav
ymet
als
suchasl
eadandcopper

Pesti
cide i
s defi
ned as a substance ormixtur
e ofthe subst
ances ororgani
sms
producedtothisal
socontrol,r
epelormi t
igat
eanypestincl
uded’subst
ancesthatar
e
usedasplantregul
ator
,ordefol
iant.

Def
oli
ant:i
sachemicalt
hatcausesl
eav
est
odr
opofpl
ant
s,f
orexampl
e‘agentor
ange’
wasusedbytheUni
tedStat
es

Wast
e:i
sal
sor
efer
redt
oasgar
bage,
ref
useorl
i
tter

Env
ironment
alManagement

 Thisref
erstomeasuresandcontr
olsdi
rect
edatenv
ironment
alconser
vat
ionand
sustai
nabl
euti
li
zat
ionofresour
ces.

I
nst
it
uti
onst
hatPr
omot
eEnv
ironment
alManagementi
nZambi
a

I
nst
it
uti
on Mai
nRol
es

Env
ironmentcounci
lofZambi
aECZ  Env
ironmentPr
otect
ion

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Pol
l
uti
oncont
rol

 Nat
ural
resour
ceManagement

Mi
nist
ryofEducat
ion  I
mpl ement
ati
onofEnvi
ronmental
Educati
oni
nlear
ningi
nsti
tut
ions

Mini
str
y of local Gov
ernment and  For
mati
on of pol i
cy on
housi
ng(Counci
ls) i
nfr
ast
ruct
uredev
elopment

 Development of human
set
tlements

Ministr
yofEnv i
ronmentTour
ism and  For
mulat
ion of pol icy on
NaturalResour
ce i
nfr
ast
ructur
edev
elopment

 Development of human
set
tlements

Mi
nist
ryofLands  For
mul
ati
onofpol
i
ciesonLand

For
estCommi
ssi
on  Management of t
he count
ry’
s
f
orest
s

Depar
tmentofWat
erAf
fai
rs  Managementofwat
erResour
ces

Nati
onal Heri
tage Conser
vat
ion  I
denti
fi
cati
on and management
Commissi
on. ofobj
ectsofaest
het
icval
ue.

Zambi
aWi
ldl
if
eAut
hor
it
y(ZAWA)  ManagementofWi
l
dli
feest
ates

 Ensur
ing equi
tabl
e shar
ing of
benef
itsofWil
dli
femanagement
andconserv
ati
on

Fi
sher
iesDepar
tment  Implementat
ionofl
egi
slat
ionon
the dev
elopmentofthe fi
shi
ng
sect
or

 Regulate Fi
shing Met
hods and
rei
nforci
ng f ish ban per i
od
between Decemberand Mar ch
(br
eedingPeriod)

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TheEnv
ironment
alCounci
lofZambi
a

 The Envi
ronmentProtect
ion and Pol
l
uti
on Cont
rolActof1990 cr
eat
ed t
he
Env
ironmental
Council
ofZambi a(ECZ)
.

 TheEnv i
ronmentCouncilofZambiai salso r
esponsi
bleforco-
coor
dinat
ing
acti
vi
tiesofallacti
vi
ti
esofallmini
str
iesandorgani
zati
onsthatar
einv
olvedin
theprotecti
onoftheenvi
ronmenti
nZambiaandthesub-regi
on.

Zambi
aWi
ldl
if
eAut
hor
it
y

 I
tZAWAwasest
abl
i
shedbyanactofpar
li
amentof1988.

 ZAWAisresponsi
blefort
heest
abli
shmentandmanagementofNat
ionalpar
ks,
gamemanagementareasandpr
otect
ionofal
lwi
l
dli
fe.

TheZambi
aFor
est
ryCommi
ssi
on

I
tsr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
ncl
ude:

 For
mul
ati
onoff
orestpol
i
ces;

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onoff
orestpl
ans;

 Managementandcont
rol
off
orestr
esour
ces

 Car
ryi
ngoutr
esear
chf
orest
s;

 Pr
ovi
sionofext
ensi
onser
vices;

 Af
for
est
ati
on(planni
ngofbot
hexot
icandi
ndi
genoust
reesi
nar
easwher
ether
e
wer
enoforest
sbefore)

 Managementoff
orestpl
ant
ati
ons

Way
stoi
mpr
oveEnv
ironment
alManagement
.

 Thegov er
nmentshoul
ddev el
opaclearpoli
ceontheenv
ironment
.The
poli
cyshouldensur
ebr oaderpar
ti
cipat
ionbyal
lstakeholder
sinthe
sector

 The envi
ronmentalCouncilofZambi a should cont
inue t
o ef
fect
ivel
y
coor
dinatetheexist
ingpi
eceslegi
slat
ionont heenv i
ronmentbyvar
ious
i
nsti
tuti
ons.

 Someoft hepi
ecesofLegi
slat
ionofl
egi
slat
ionneedtober
epeal
edas
theynol
ongercont
ri
but
etosustai
nabl
edevel
opment.

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Suggest
edLegalAct
ionst
oPr
eventPol
lut
ion

 Explosi
ons,accident
s,andacci dentalr
eleaseofpoi
sonoussubst
ancesoft
en
resulti
ninjury.Cert
ainlegalactionsshouldbeputinplacetopunisht
hose
responsi
bleforsuchcatast
rophes.

 Thegover
nmentshoul
dregul
atepol
l
uti
onandpr
eventormi
nimi
zeenv
ironment
al
cat
astr
ophes.

 Some recommendati
ons on t
he l
egalact
ions t
hatcan be t
aken agai
nst
env
ironmentpol
l
utant
s:

Rest
ri
cti
ons:
Gov
ernmentcanr
est
ri
ctorabol
i
shpr
oduct
ionofhar
mful
subst
ance

Qual
ifi
edRest
ri
ctions:Somepollutantsar
enotacut
epoi
sonssuchassul
phurdi
oxi
de
emit
tedbysmelt
ersont heCopperbelt
.

Subsi
dies:
Cor
por
ati
onsorcompani
est
hatdonotpol
l
utet
heenv
ironment
.

Resi
dualChar
ges:I
ndust
riesandindi
vi
dual
swhopoll
utetheenvi
ronmentcanal
sobe
char
gedamountspr
oport
ionalt
othequant
it
yoft
hepoll
utantemi
tt
ed.

 I
nt hi
swayt hepol
lutercaneit
herdumpt hewasteandpaythef
ineordealwi
th
thewastei
nsomeot herwaysuchast reat
ing,
recy
cli
ng,
stor
ingi
tinasafepl
ace
orminimi
zeit
semissionintheenvi
ronment.

Ot
herMeasur
es

 Composi
ti
ngofor
gani
cwast
ewhi
chcanbeusedasf
ert
il
izer
.

 Documentat
ion ofsour
ces and composi
ti
on ofvari
ous wastes as wel
las
vi
gorouspubli
cawar
enesscampai
gnsinwastemanagementpracti
ces;

 Encourageindust
ri
esi
nthecount
ryt
ousecl
eanerpr
oduct
iont
echni
quesand
pract
ices.

 Est
abl
i
shmentofr
ecy
cli
ngpl
ant
sbyal
ll
ocal
aut
hor
it
ies.
.

Pr
inci
plesofEnv
ironment
all
yFr
iendl
yPol
icy

 Anydi
schar
georemi
ssi
onshoul
dber
egar
dedashar
mful
unt
ilpr
ovenhar
mless

 Est
abl
i
shli
mitsofpoll
uti
onthatthenat
uralenvi
ronmentcanwithst
andwi
thout
per
manent
lydamaged.Thi
scri
ti
call
oadshouldnotbeexceeded.

 Allst
agesofthepr
oducti
onprocessshoul
dexami
net
hor
oughl
ywi
thr
egar
dto
poll
uti
onmanagementandcont
rol
.

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Thenatur
alenvir
onmenti
snotfreeofchar
ge.I
ndust
ri
esmustbesti
mulatedto
taketheenv
ironmenti
ntoconsi
derat
ioni
nallt
hei
roperat
ionssoastoreduce
poll
uti
on.

 Poort
echnicalsoluti
onsshouldnotbeusedasanexcusef
orpol
l
uti
onev
en
whenbet
tertechnologyi
savai
labl
e.

I
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionsandAgr
eement
sont
heEnv
ironment

Zambiaisalsoapar
tyt
osev
erali
nter
nat
ionalconv
ent
ionsandagr
eement
sont
he
env
ironment
.

Asasignator
ytot heseconvent
ionsandagreements,thecount
ryhashadaccessto
i
nter
nat
ionalf
undingandcapacitybuil
dingi
nt heenvir
onmentalmanagementsect
or.
Someoftheconventi
onsare:

 BaselConv
ent
ionont
hecont
roloft
heTr
ansboundar
ymov
ementofhazar
dous
waste

 Conv
ent
ionsont
heConser
vat
ionofmi
grat
oryspeci
esofwi
l
dani
mal
s

 Conv
ent
iononwetl
ands(
Ramsarconv
ent
ion)

 Conv
ent
ionont
hepr
otect
ionofWor
ldCul
tur
alandNat
ional
Her
it
age

 Conser
vat
ionont
hepr
otect
ionoft
heozonel
ayer
.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
y

Biodi
ver
sit
yorbi ol
ogicaldi
ver
sit
yisa term used t
o descr
ibea lar
gev ar
iet
yand
vari
abi
li
tyofl
i
vingthi
ngsandtheecol
ogi
calenv
ironmenti
nwhichtheyoccur
.

Lev
elsofBi
odi
ver
sit
yincl
ude:

Genet
icdi
ver
sit
y:t
hisi
sthemeasur
eoft
hev
ari
abi
l
itywi
thi
nandbet
weenspeci
es.

Speci
esdi
ver
sit
y:Ref
erst
othet
otal
numberofspeci
esi
nagi
venar
ea

Ecosy
stem di
ver
sit
y:Thi
sref
erst
othev
ari
etyofhabi
tat
swi
thi
nwhi
chspeci
esoccur
.

Si
gni
fi
canceofbi
odi
ver
sit
y

Theruralpopulat
iont
oal
argeext
entdependsonav
ari
etyofl
ocalr
esour
cesav
ail
abl
e
i
ntheirareas.

 Pl
antsandani
mal
sarenotonl
yusedinconst
ruct
ionorasr
awmat
eri
alsi
nthe
pr
ocessi
ngandmanuf
act
uri
ngindust
ri
es.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Var
ious biol
ogi
calresour
ces such as mi
cro-
organi
sms are used inthe
pr
eparat
ionofmedici
neswhil
esomeplant
sar
ewi del
yusedasher
bal medi
ci
ne.

 Biodi
ver
sit
yisalsoimportanttomaint
ainecologi
calbalances.Thepreser
vati
on
oftheecosystem di
ver
sityensur
escontinuati
onofprocessest hatmaint
ainall
formsofli
feintheenvi
ronmentsuchaswat erandnutr
ientcycles.

Ecosyst
em:isagroupofpl antsandani
mal
soccur
ri
ngt
oget
herwi
tht
hephy
sical
envi
ronmenti
nwhi
chtheyi
nteract

Aest
het
ic-i
sanyobj
ectorwor
kofar
tthatdi
spl
aysgr
eatbeaut
y.

Thr
eat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y

 Landuse,
conf
li
ctbet
weenhumansandani
mal
s.

 Dev
elopmentofset
tl
ement
sandr
elat
edact
ivi
ti
es.

 Pol
l
uti
on

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Ov
erexpl
orat
ionofr
esour
cessuchasov
erf
ishi
ngandgamepoachi
ng.

 Cl
i
mat
icchangesuchoccur
renceoff
requentdr
ought
s

 Lackofbi
odi
ver
sit
yknowl
edgebyt
hepubl
i
c.

Managementofbi
odi
ver
sit
y

 In Zambi
an soci
ety
,conser
vat
ion met
hods ofr
esour
ces wer
e cent
ered on
customar
ylaws.

 Indi
genouscalendaroffoodproduct
ionwasseasonal.Forexample;f
ishi
ng,
coll
ect
ion,
offorest
sproduct
ssuchascater
pil
l
ars,
honeyandmushrooms.

 Thecul tur
eoft otemsalso pr
event
ed i
ndiscr
iminat
ehunt i
ng ofcertai
n wi
ld
species,whil
e some otherwil
dli
fe wer
e accorded speci
alst
atus such t
hat
expresspermissi
onoft
hechiefwasneededtohuntthem.

Cult
ureofTotems-r ef
erstoasyst
em ofbel
i
efsassociat
ingcl
answithnamesof
ani
malsandplants.Forexampl
eamongtheBemba’s;benang’
andu-cr
ocodi
lecl
an,
benabowa-mushr
oom clan.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
ySt
rat
egi
cPl
an

TheZambi
anpl
ani
sbasedont
hef
oll
owi
nggoal
s:

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Ensureconser
vat
ionoft
henat
uralecosy
stem t
hrough net
wor
kofpr
otect
ed
areas

 Conser
vat
ionofgenet
icdi
ver
sit
yofcr
opsandl
i
vest
ock

 Improvementoflegalandinsti
tuti
onalfr
ameworkaswel lashumanr esour
ce
developmentt
oimplementstrategi
esf orSconserv
ati
on,uti
l
izat
ionaswellas
equit
ableshar
ingofbenef
it
sf r
om diversi
tymanagement;

 Devel
opmentofanappropri
atel
egalf
ramewor
kont herisksinv
olvedi
nt he
useofGeneti
cal
lyModifi
edOrgani
sms(GMOs)
.Thi
si sbecausesideef
fects
ofGMOsarenotyetknown

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inebi
odi
ver
sit
y

2.Whatar
ethet
hreat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y?

3.Whati
senv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion?

4.Di
scusst
hecausesofenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion?

5.ForZambiatoachi
evesust
ainabl
eeconomicdevel
opmentf
orthepr
esent
andfut
uregener
ati
onther
eisneedforthecount
ryt
omanageit
swaste.

i
. Whati
swast
emanagement

i
i
. Whatar
ethehar
mful
eff
ect
sofwast
eont
heenv
ironment

i
i
i. Expl
ainf
ivepoi
ntswhi
chwoul
dhel
pthecommuni
tysol
vet
hispr
obl
em

6.Compare and Cont

rastthe f
unct
ion ofthe l
ocalCounci
lwi t
ht he
Envi
ronment
al Council of Zambia in addressi
ng env
ironmental
degr
adati
oninZambi
a.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 7.Di
scusshowenv
ironment
ali
ssuescanbecr
oss-
cut
ti
ngbynat
ure

8.I
denti
fy measur
es thatthe l
ocalauthor
it
y can under
take t
oreduce
pol
l
uti
onbysolidwastei
nthei
rareas.

9.Outl
inethecausesofenv
ironment
aldegradat
ioni
nsub-
Sahar
ar egi
onwit
h
special
ref
erencetoZambiaandsuggestthesol
uti
ont
otheproblems.

GLOBALI
SSUES.
 Globali
ssuesmeanallt
hedev
elopment
sandpr
obl
emswhi
chaf
fectt
hewel
far
e
ofpeopl
einall
nati
ons.

 Theyi ncl
udeissuessuchasHumanRi ght
sandGoodGov er
nance,Warand
Peace,theWor l
dRefugeecri
sis,theWorldDebtcr
isi
s,theWorl
dEnergycri
sis,
I
nternati
onalTrade,Globalwar ming,HIV/
AIDS,the Bir
d Fl
u outbr
eak and
Terr
orism.

GLOBALI
NTERDEPENDENCE

 Globali erdependence-meanst
nt hateachnat
ion’swelfar
emaydependont
he
decisi
onsandpoli
ciesofanot
hernati
onandvi
ce-versa.

 Int
erdependenceal
someanst hateachnat
ion’
swel
far
edependsongoodsand
servi
cesoffer
edbyothercount
ri
es.

 Forexample,t
hedevel
opedcount
ri
esofNor t
hAmericaandWesternEur
ope
dependonsomeofthei
ndust
ri
almater
ial
sfr
om t
het
hir
dworldcount
ri
es.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Ont heotherhand,Thi rdworldcount
riesdependonsomeoft hedevel
oped
countr
iesformarketingofthei
rrawmateri
alsandforproductssuchasi
ndustr
ial
machinery
, mot
orv ehicl
es,
computer
sandel ect
ri
calappli
ances.

FOREI
GNAI
D

For
eignAi
dref
erstothei
nter
nati
onalt
ransf
eroffunds,
goodsandser
vicesi
nthef
orm
ofl
oansandgr
antsfr
om onecountr
ytoanother
.

TYPESOFFOREI
GNAI
D

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesoff
orei
gnai
d:Bi
lat
eralandmul
ti
lat
eral
.

BI
LATERALAI
D

I
tisassi
stancefrom onecount
rytoanot
herandabil
ater
alagencyi
sanagencyfor
med
bytwocount r
iest oprovi
debi
lat
eralai
d.Forexampl
e,Zambiarecei
vesai
dfrom the
fol
l
owingbil
ateralagenci
es:

 Fi
nishi
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAgency(
FINNI
DA)

 I
ri
shAi
d

 JapanI
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAgency(
JICA)

 Swedi
shI
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAgency(
SIDA)

 Uni
tedSt
atesAgencyf
ori
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopment(
USAI
D)

MULTI
LATERALAI
D

Itis assi
stance fr
om i nt
ernat
ionalagenci es f
ormed by sev
eralcountr
ies and a
multi
lat
eralagencyisanagencyt hatisformedbysever
alcountr
iest
ooffermult
ilat
eral
aidandexampl esofsuchagenci
esi nclude;

 Afri
canDev el
opmentBank( ADB)
 ArabBankf orEconomi cDevelopmentinAfr
ica(ABEDA)
 I
nternati
onalMonet aryFund(IMF)
 World Bank,al so known as t he I
nter
nat
ionalBank f
orReconst
ruct
ion and
Development(IBRD) .

 Bil
ateralandMul ti
l
at eralaidusual l
ycomesi nf or
m ofgr
antsandloans,recei
ved
i
nf orm off inancialassi stance,capitalgoodsl ikemachi
nery
,r el
ieffood,or
technicalexpert
ise( skil
ledl abour)
 Grants-ar egiftsf rom I nternati
onalagenciest o agover
nmentorf r
om one
governmentt oanot herwhi char enottobepai dback.

CI
VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Loans-r efert ot het ransferoff unds,goodsandser vicesfrom onef i
nancial
entitytoanot herwhi chmustber epaidusuall
ywi t
hinterest
.Al oancanbehar d
orsof tdependi ngont hecondi tionsat t
achedtoit.
 Har dloan-r ef erstoal oangiv enwi thconditi
onsofuseat t
achedandatahi gh
rateofi nterestwher easaSof tloan-isal oangivenatal owrateofinter
estoris
repaidwi thouti nter
estatal l.
 TiedAi d:r eferst ol
oansandgr ant swhichhav esti
pul
atedcondi ti
onsofuse.For
i
nst ance,t her eci
pientcount rymayber equi
redt ospendal oanonspeci f
ied
projectsuchasonpov er
tyreduct ion,waterandsanitati
on,youthempower ment
etc.
THEWORLDBANK.

TheWor ld Banki salso known ast heInter

nati
onalBankf orReconst
ructi
on and
Devel
opment( I
BRD)anditsheadquart
ersareinWashingt
on.DC.(
Unit
edStates)
 I tconsistsoff
ouraffi
li
ateinst
it
uti
onsnamely:
 I nternati
onalDevel
opmentAssociati
on(IDA)

 I
nter
nat
ional
FinanceCor
por
ati
on(
IFC)

 Mul
ti
lat
eral
Inv
est
mentGuar
ant
eeAgency(
MIGA)

 I
nter
nat
ional
Cent
erf
orSet
tl
ementofI
nvest
mentDi
sput
es(
ICSI
D)

 TheWor l
dBankofferstwoty
pesofloans:
Loansf ordevel
opingcountri
eswit
hhigherincomegivent
ober epai
dwithmoretime.
Forinstance,
15t o20yearswithathr
eetofiveyeargr
aceper
iodbefor
etherepay
ment
ofprinci
plebegi
ns.

Loansforpoorcountr
iesusual
l
ynotcr editworthyintheint
ernati
onalf
inanci
almarket
andcannotaff
ordtopaymarketint
erest
sr atesonloans.Theseloansar
epr ov
idedwith
a10yeargraceper
iodandtheyarerepayablein35to40y ears.

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALMONETARYFUND(
IMF)

 Iti
saspeciali
zedagencyoftheUni
tedNat i
onswhi
chcontr
olsf
luctuat
ionsint
he
exchange rat
es ofwor l
d curr
encies and l
ends moneyto countr
ies f
aci
ng
balanceofpaymentsdefi
cit
s.

FOREI
GNAI
DANDTHEDEVELOPMENTDEBATE

ARGUMENTSFORBI
LATERALANDMULTI
LATERALFOREI
GNAI
D

 Itpr
ov i
desf
orei
gncapit
alneededbyt
her
eci
pientcount
ryt
osuppl
ementl
ocal
l
y
avai
labl
einv
estmentr
esources.

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  Itprov i
demor ef oreignexchangei ftheloanort hegranti sinvestedi napr oject
whichpr oducesexpor tproducts.
 Itprov i
desnewt echnologyandski ll
swhicht hel ocalpeoplecanl ateracqui reby
meansoft rai
ni ng,assumedt obebot hdesi r
ableandpr oductiv
et ot her ecipient
nati
on.
 Ther ecipientgov er
nmentear nsmor erevenuebyt axingenterprisesest abl
ished
witht hehel poff oreignaidandbypar ti
cipat i
ngf i
nancial
lyint heoper ati
onsof
theseent erprises.
 Foodai dalleviatesf amineincaseofnat ur aldisaster
ssuchasf loods,dr ought s
and ear thquakes.I talso prov i
desf r
eeorcheaperf ood t o count r
iesf aci ng
chronicf oodsuppl ypr oblems,andhence,i tal l
evi
atesf amineanddeat hf r
om
malnut ri
tion.
 Foreign ai d promot esi nter
nat i
onalco-oper ati
on between t hedonorand t he
reci
pientcount ries.

Ar
gument
sagai
nst
:

 Loansandgr ant s“ ti
edt ot hedonor ”hav et obespentonbuy inggoodsand
servi
cesf r
om t hedonorcount ry,whi ch ar eof tenmor eexpensi veandofl ower
quali
tyt hant hosef rom ot hersour ces, hence, noneedt o“tie”t heai d.
 LoansandGr ants“ t
iedt opr oj ects”canonl ybespentbyt her ecipientcount ryon
proj
ectsagr eeduponwi t
ht hedonorcount ry.
 Profi
tsf rom f oreigni nvest mentar eusual lyexternalized, andr arelyreinv estedi n
therecipientnat i
on.
 Loansmustbepai dwi t
hi nt er estandt hel agerthel oan, t
hel agert hedebtser vice
burden.Ther efore,“foreignai d”tendst omaket her ichcount ri
esr i
cher ,andt he
pooronespoor er.
 Foodai dmaywor senf oodshor tagesasi ttendst or educef oodpr ice,hence,
kil
li
ngt hef oodmar ketf orf armer sint her eci
pientcount ry ,whi chmayi nt urn
causer educt ionindomest icf oodpr oduct i
on.
 Food-ai disal soof tengi v enast ied–ai dandt hef oodai dcont ractsmayr equire
therecei vi
ngcount rytopur chasecer taingoodsf rom t hedonorcount r
y,ort o
supportt hedonorcount ryi nf oreignpol icy.
 Technol ogical assi stance gi ven by donor si s notal way s appr opr i
ate or
benefi
ci alt ot he needs oft he r ecipientcount ry,and i tmay r equi ret he
i
mpor tat i
onofexpensi vemachi neryandspar epar t
sf rom t hedonorcount r
y
Hence,i ti s argued t hatt echnicalassi stance act ual l
ybenef it
st he donor
countrymor et hant her ecipi entcount ryint hatit:

[
i]Ear
nsmor
emoneyi
nfor
m ofi
nter
estonl
oanpay
ment
s.

[
ii
]Cr
eat
esamar
ketf
ori
tsmachi
ner
yandspar
epar
tsi
nreci
pientcount
ry.

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VICEDUCATI
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 [
ii
i
]Cr
eat
esov
erseasempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nfor
m oft
echni
cal

Exper
ti
sef
ori
tsci
ti
zensi
nther
eci
pientcount
ry.

[
iv
]Gai
nsaspher
eofpol
i
tical
andeconomi
cinf
luencei
nther
eci
pient

Count
ry

I
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE:

 Tradei
stheselli
ngandbuyingofgoodsandser
vicest
oear
nsomepr
ofi
t,whi
ch
canbeint
ernalorext
ernal
.

 Int
ernalTr
adeisknownasHomeordomest ictr
ade,whi
chi
sthebuy
ingand
sel
li
ngofgoodsandser
viceswi
thi
nthecount
ry.

 Ext
ernalt
radeisal
soknownasforei
gntr
adeori nter
nat
ionalt
rade,whi
chrefer
s
tot
hesell
ingandbuyi
ngofgoodsandser
vicesbetweentwoormor ecount
ri
es.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE

Unev
enDi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
ces:

 Thismeanst hatnonat
ionhasallthenatur
alr
esour
cesessent
ialf
or
thefunct
ioni
ngofamodernindust
ri
aleconomy.

Cl
imat
icDi
ff
erences:

 Thismeansthatsomecl
imati
ccondit
ionsi
nt emperat
ecount
ri
esli
keCanada
arenotfavorabl
etotheproduct
ionofcertainfoodcropsneededbythat
count
ry.
Speci
ali
zat
ion:

 Thismeanst hatnocountrycanproduceal
lthegoodsandser v
icesitrequi
res
aseachcount r
yspeciali
zesi nagivenli
neofi ndustr
ieswher eitismost
effi
cient.
Technol ogi
calDiff
erences:
 Thismeanst hatsomecount ri
esdonotpossessthetechnol
ogicalcapaci
tyto
producecer tai
npr oductswhichmakesi tnecessaryforthem tobuysuch
productsf r
om othernati
ons.
Suppl ementDomest icproducti
on:

 Thi
smeanst
hatanat
ionwi
thv
astdemandsori
nadequat
elocalsuppl
i
esof

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VICEDUCATI
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 cert
ainproduct
smayi mpor
tcer
tai
ngoodst
osuppl
ementi
tsowndomest
ic
product
ion.
Earnfor
eignexchange:

 Thi
simpl i
esthattr
adeisonewayofi
ncr
easi
ngone’
sownweal
tht
hrough
prof
itmaking.
Promoteinter
nati
onalco-
oper
ati
on:

 Thi
s means thatTrade pr
omot
es i
nternati
onalpeace,co-oper
ati
on and
pol
i
tical
fri
endshi
pamongcount
ri
esastradingpar
tner
s.

TERMSOFTRADE

 Termsoft r
ademeanst herateatwhi chanat i
on’
sexportsareexchangedf or
importsf rom anothernat i
on.Theydependont hepricesofcommodi t
ieson
theinternationalmarket
.
 Favour ableTer msofTrade-Meanst hepr i
cesforone’scountr
y’sexportsare
rel
ativ
el yhigherthanthepr i
cesfori
tsi mport
s.
 Unfavour ableTermsofTr ade-meanst hepri
cesforone’ scountr
y’sexports
arerelativ
elylowerthant hepri
cesforimpor t
s
BALANCEOFTRADE

 BalanceofTr adei st hediff

erencebetweent hevalueofv i
sibl
ei mport
sand
exportsoverapar ti
cularperi
od.
 BalancedTr adeiswhent hev alueofv i
sibleexportsisequaltothatofv i
sibl
e
i
mpor ts
 FavourableBalanceofTr ade-iswhenthev alueof a country’
sv i
sibl
eexport
s
exceedsori smor et hanthev al
ueofitsvisibleimport
s.ThisisknownasTr ade
surpl
us.
 Unfavourable Balance ofTr ade-occurswhen t hev al
ueofgoodsi mport
ed
exceedsthev alueofgoodsexpor t
ed,
alsor eferr
edtoasTradedefici
t.
BALANCEOFPAYMENTS

 Bal
anceofpayments-meanst
hedif
fer
encei nacount
ry’
sspendi
ng(
pay
ment
s)
andear
ningsf
rom i
mport
sandexpor
tsrespecti
vel
y

 Iti
ncl
udespay
ment
sandear
ningsf
rom bot
hvi
sibl
eandi
nvi
sibl
eimpor
tsand
expor
ts

 I
nvisi
bleimpor t
s ar
e ser
vices such as I
nsur
ance,t
ranspor
t,t
our
ism,and
Expat
riat
elabour.

Unf
avor
abl
eBal
anceofpay
ment
s

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 Thi
siswhenacount ryr
eceiv
eslessforei
gncurr
encyf
rom i
tsexpor
ts,butpays
morefor
eigncur
rencyonit
simports,
alsoknownasBal
anceofpaymentdefici
t

Fav
orabl
ebal
anceofpay
ment
s

Thi
si swhenacountryr
ecei
vesmorefor
eigncurrencyf
rom expor
ts,butspendsl
ess
for
eigncur
rencyoni
mport
s,al
soknownasBalanceofPaymentssurpl
us.

THEWORLDTRADEORGANI
ZATI
ON(
WTO)

 Thisist he organi
zat
ion t
hatregul
ates tr
ade between count
ri
es and an
i
nter
nat
ionalbodydeali
ngwit
hthegl
obalrul
esofTradebetweennat
ions

 I
twasest
abli
shedin1995t
orepl
acet
heGener
alAgr
eementonTar
if
fsand
Tr
ade[
GATT]of1947.

 Itis nota speci

ali
zed organ ofthe Uni
ted Nati
ons buthas cooper
ati
on
arr
angement
sandwor ksclosel
ywit
htheUnit
edNations.

Funct
ionsoft
heWTO

 Tohel pt radeflow asf r

eel
yaspossiblebyr educi
ngandevent
ual
lyel
i
minat
ing
(t
radet axes)andot herbarr
ier
simposedbyv ari
ousnati
ons
 Tosetoutr ul
esf orregul
ati
ngint
ernat
ional
trade
 To interprettradeagr eementsandi mparti
all
ysettl
et r
adedi
sput
esbetween
nati
ons
 Toor ganizetradenegot i
ati
onsamongi t
smember s

PRI
NCI
PLESOFTHEWTO

Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion:

Thismeansthatacount
ryshoul
dnotdi
scr
imi
natebet
weeni
tst
radi
ngpar
tner
s,ast
hey
aregr
antedt
hemostf av
orednati
on(MFN)st
atus.

Fr
eeTr
ade:

Thisi
mpli
esthatthereshoul
dbef
reet
radeandal
ltr
adebar
ri
ersshoul
dber
educed
thr
oughnegot
iat
ions

Pr
edi
ctabi
li
ty:

Thismeansthatforei
gncompanies,i
nvest
orsandgovernment
sshoul
dbeconf
ident
thatt
ari
ff
sandothertr
adebar
ri
erswill
notberai
sedar
bit
rari
l
y.

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Compet
it
ion:

Thismeanst hatt
hereshoul
dbemor
efr
eecompet
it
ioni
nint
ernat
ionalt
radeasunf
air
pract
icesar
enotallowed.

Speci
alpr
ivi
legesforlessdevel
opedcount
ri
es(
LDCs)
,donebygi
vi
ngt
hem mor
eti
me
toadj
ustt
ointernat
ionalr
ulesoft
rade.

STRUCTUREOFTHEWTO

 I
thas146membercount
ri
esandi
tsHeadquar
ter
sar
einGenev
a,Swi
tzer
land.

 TheWTOor gansincl
udetheCounci
lofMi
nist
ers(ofCommerce)whomeetevery
twoyears:theGeneralCounci
l
;whichmeetssixti
mesay ear;Sect
orCounci
l
s
andseveral
commi t
tees.

WEAKNESSESOFTHEWTO

 Deci si
onsmadebyt heWTO ar esti
llstronglyinfl
uencedandgui dedbyt he
interest
sofdev el
opedcountr
iessuchast heUnitedStatesandt heEuropean
Uni oncountri
es.
 The WTO bel ieves t
hatdecisi
ons should be made democr at
icall
y and by
consensus, butinpract
icel
essdevel
opedcount ri
esareof t
ennotgivenanequal
platformtonegot i
ateanddef
endthei
rtradeinter
ests.
THEDEBTCRI SI
S

 Debtcri
sismeansani ncr
easeinindebtednesst
oal ev
elwher
ethedebt
oris
unabl
etorepaythedebtwithoutdef
ault
ingorasit
uat
ionwher
eacount
ryf
ail
sto
paybackdebt[
money ]owedtoothercountri
es.

REASONSFORDEBTCRI
SIS

Unf
airI
nter
nat
ionalt
rade:

 Thi
rdWorl
dcountri
esareoft
enfor
cedtosel
lrawmater
ial
s(li
kecopper)cheapl
y
toi
nter
nat
ionalf
ir
ms,whichint
urnuserawmater
ial
stoproducefi
nishedgoods
andmakehugeprofi
ts.

 Thi
sresul
tsi
nabal
anceofpay
ment
sdef
ici
tandani
ncr
easei
ndebtbur
den.

Debtser
vici
ng:

 Debtserv
ici
ngi
sthepr
ocessofpay
ingi
nter
estonout
standi
ngl
oans.Ther
ear
e
toaspect
stoal
oan;

 I
nter
esthast
obepai
doni
t

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  Thel
oanhastoberepaid
Spendi
ngl
oansonconsumption:

 SomeThir
dWor l
dcountr
iesuseloanst
ofi
nancepur
econsumerproductsand
hencet
hefai
l
uretor
epaythebor
rowedmoneyduet
olackofpr
oduct
ivi
ty.

I
ncaseofZambi
athedebtcr
isi
swaswor
senedbyt
woot
herf
act
ors:

 Thef allincopperpricesi nthe1970sandthe1980s.Earni

ngsoncopperexpor ts
weref alli
ng,yetspendingonoi l,
machi
neryandotherimportswer
ei ncr
easing.
 Zambi ahadt ospendal otofmoneyonherdef enseforces,r
epai
ringdest r
oyed
inf
rastructure,hosti
ng r efugeesand fr
eedom fi
ghtersand fi
nding alt
ernati
ve
routesf orherexportsandi mports.
DEBTRELIEFANDTHEHEAVI LYI NDEBTEDPOORCOUNTRI ES

[
HIPC]I
NITI
ATI
VE

I
twasi nt
roducedbythei
nter
nat
ionaldonor(
credit
or)communi
tyin1996andwas
r
evi
sedin1999andtheWor
ldBankandtheIMFwer egiv
enther
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oov
ersee
i
tsi
mplementati
on.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heHI
PCI
nit
iat
ive:

 Reducet hehugedebtbur denoft heWorld’

sHeavil
yIndebtedCountr
iest
olevels
werecount r
ieswoul dbeabl et omanaget oconti
nuerepayingt
hedebtswithout
default
inginpayment s(Sustainablel
evel
s)
 Providefundsf orpov ertyreductioninform ofdebtreli
ef.Thi
smeansf unds
savedasar esul
tofr educti
onsi ndebtservicepayment swouldbeusedt o
fi
nancepov ertyReducti
onPr ograms( PRP)

HI
PCQUALI
FICATI
ONANDSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMES(
SAPS)

 ACount r
ymustsuccessf
ull
yimplementanumberofI
MFandWor l
dBankled
monetaryref
ormsandstr
uctur
alAdj
ustmentpr
ogr
ams(SAPs)t
oqual
if
ytot
his
i
nit
iat
ive

Al
thoughcondi
ti
onsv
ary
,SAPsusual
lyr
equi
ret
hatacount
rymust
:

 Pri
vat
izestat
eownedcompanies’,whi
chist
hetransferofparast
atalcompani
es
andothergover
nmentasset
stothepri
vat
esect
or,incl
udingforei
gnenter
pri
ses.

 Li
ftrest
ri
cti
onsonforei
gni
nvest
mentsot
hatpr
ofi
tscaneasi
l
ybeExt
ernal
ize
–takeoutofthecount
ry

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 Reducet
het
ari
ffbar
ri
ers(
cust
om dut
iest
oencour
agei
mpor
ts.

 Floati
tsexchanger atessothatt heyarefreelydeter
minedbythemarket
.
 Imposerestri
cti
vefiscal(f
inancial)andmonet ar
ypoli
cies
 Remov e control
s on pr i
ces and wi thdraw subsidies,even on essent
ial
commodi t
ies.
 Relaxl
aborlawspr otecti
ngwor ker sandempl oyers.

HI
PCCOMPLETI
ONPOI
NTBENCHMARKS

Pover
tyReduct
ion

 adoptthepov ert
yReductionStr
ategypaper(
PRSP)
st
 Presentt
he1 PRSPpr ogressr
eport
 Improvepover t
yDatabase
Educat
ionSector

 Incr
easeshar
eofeducati
onint
hebudgett
o23%
 Reform t
he Basi
c Educati
on Cur
ri
cul
um toi
mpr
ovel
i
ter
acy
,numer
acyand
communicati
onski
ll
s.

Heal
thSect
or

 Adoptastrategi
cf r
amewor kforHI
V/ AI
DS
 I
mplementt hestrategi
cframeworkforHIV/
AIDS
 I
mplementandscal euptheActi
onplanfort
heMalar
iaCont
rol
 I
mplementHeal thSectorRefor
m.
Micr
o-economi c

 Fi
nal
i
zet
hepr
ivat
izat
ionoft
heZambi
aEl
ect
ri
cit
ySuppl
y

 Cooper
ati
on(ZESCO)
,TheZambiaNat
ionalcommer
cialBank(
ZANACO)and
ot
herstat
eownedent
erpr
ises.

Wat
ersub-
sect
or

Rehabi
l
itat
eur
banwat
ersuppl
ysy
stem

BENEFI
TSOFTHEHI
PCI
NITI
ATI
VE

DebtRel
iefFunds:

 Zambi
ast
art
edget
ti
ngdebtr
eli
efi
nJanuar
y2001andt
he r
eli
efbet
weent
he

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 Deci
sionpoi
ntandt
hecompl
eti
onpoi
ntar
eknownas“
Int
eri
mrel
i
ef”

ReducedExt
ernal
DebtPay
mentLev
els:

 TheHIPCini
tiat
ivehasreducedt he bur
dentoanaver
ageof100mil
l
iont
o150
mill
i
onUSdollarsperyear,
whi ch gi
vesanindebt
edcount
ryenought
imet
opay
thedebt
Reducti
oni
ntheTot alDebtstock:

 Aft
err eachi
ng the HI
PC Completi
on point
,iti s expect
ed t
hatt
he t
otal
out
standingdebtst
ockwil
lgr
adual
l
ybeextingui
shed.

CONCERNSABOUTTHEHI
PCI
NITI
ATI
VE

Reduct
ionsi
nDebtSt
ockmaynotoccur

Thi
smayhappeni
fthecostofi
mpor
tscont
inuest
ori
seascompar
edt
oexpor
t
ear
nings.

Possi
blemi
suseofDebtRel
iefResour
ces:

Thereisgener
alconcer
nthatt
hedebtr
eli
efr
esour
cesmi
ghtbemi
susedbysome
gover
nmentoff
ici
als

LossofNat
ionalSov
erei
gnt
y:

Theimpl
ementationoftheHIPCIniti
ati
vehasmeantt hatthegover
nmentisactual
ly
i
mplementi
ng economic pol
i
cies and ref
orms imposed bythe i
nter
nat
ionaldonor
communit
y,whichunder
minesthecountry’
snat
ionalsov
erei
gnty
.

MI
LLENNI
UM DEVELOPMENTGOALS(
MDGS)

The Mil
lenni
um Dev el
opmentGoals(
MDGs)are ei
ghtgl
obaldevelopmenttar
gets
agr
eeduponbyt heWor l
dleader
satt
heUni
tedNati
onsMil
lenni
um Summitin2000.
Thefol
l
owi ngar
et heei
ghtMDGs

1.Eradicat
eExt r
emePov ert
yandHunger :Thismeantt hatby2015,theproporti
on
ofpeopleliv
ingononeUSdol l
aradayandt hosewhosuf ferf
rom hungerwast o
bereducedbyhal f
2.AchieveUniversalPri
mar yEducation:Thismeantt hatby2015,allboysandgirl
s
weret obeabletocompl eteprimaryschooleducati
on
3.Promot eGenderEqual it
yandEmpowerWomen:Thi smeantt hatthe Gender
gapinpr i
maryandsecondar yschoolenroll
mentwast obeeli
minated pref
erabl
y
by2005andatal ll
evel
sby2015
4.ReduceChi l
dMor t
ali
ty:Thismeantt hatthemor t
alit
yrateamongchi l
drenunder

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 fi
vey ear swast ober educedbyt wot hir
dsby2015.
5.Impr oveMat ernalHeal th:Thi smeantt hatt herati
oofwomendy i
nginChi
ldbirth
wast ober educedbyt hr eequar tersby2015
6.CombatHI V/ AIDS,Mal ariaandOt herDi seases:Thi smeantt hatthespreadof
HIV/ AIDSandt hei ncidenceofmal ari
aandot hermaj ordiseasesweret obe
stoppedandr eversedby2015.
7.Ensur eEnv i
ronment alSust ainabilit
y :Itmeantt hatthepr i
nci
plesofsust
ainable
developmentwer et obei ntegratedi nt
ocount r
ypol i
ciesandPr ogrammesand
reverset hel ossofenv ironment alr esour cesby2015,e. g.Reducebyhal ft he
propor t
ionofpeopl ewi thoutaccesst osaf edr i
nkingwat erby2015.
8.Dev elop a Gl obalPar tner shipf orDev elopment :Itmeantt hatby2015,al l
count ri
eswoul dhav ef urtherdev elopedanopent r
adingandf i
nanci
alsystem
thatwi llincludeacommi t
mentt ogoodgov ernance,dev el
opmentandpov er t
y
reduct i
onnat ionall
yandi nternational l
y .

I
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFTHEMDGSI
NZAMBI
A

Pov
ert
yReduct
ion

 I
ntroducti
onofthePov ertyReducti
onStrat
egyPaper(PRSP)
 Creati
onoftheCit
izenEconomi cEmpowermentCommi ssi
on(
CEEC)
 Provi
sionofsubsi
dizedf ert
il
izert
osubsist
encefar
mer s.
 Attr
acti
onofforei
gni nvestmentandreopeningofmines.
 Creati
onofeconomi czones.
Educat
ionSector

 I nt
roducti
onoffr
eebasiceducati
onfrom gradeonetoseven
 I nt
roducti
onoftheschoolre-ent
rypoli
cyt opermitpr
egnantgir
lst
ogobackt
o
school.
 Const ructi
onofmoreschoolsandexpansionofschoolenr
olment
 Tr ai
ninganddeploy
mentofmor eteachersinbasi
cschools.
GenderEqualit
yandWomenEmpower ment

 Creati
onofMini
str
yofGender
 Implement
ati
on ofAf f
ir
mati
ve Act
ion Pol
i
cyi
nthe sel
ect
ion ofst
udent
sin
coll
egesanduni
versi
ti
es.

Chi
ldMor
tal
it
y

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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  Universalvacci
nati
onofchil
drenunderfi
vey
ear
s(ki
ckoutpol
i
oandchi
l
dheal
th
weekprograms).
 Intr
oductionoftherol
lbackmalar
iaprogr
amme.
Mat
ernalhealt
h

 Impl ementati
onofcompulsoryAnte-
nataland Post
-natal(Under
-Fi
veCl
i
nics)
healt
hprograms.
 Impl ementati
onofFamil
yPl
anningandChil
dSpacingprograms.
CombatingHIV/AIDS,Mal
ari
aandotherdi
seases.

 Encour agementandImplement ationoffreeVol

untaryCounsel
ingandTest
ing.
 I nt
roducti
onofHIV/AIDSprogramsatpl acesofwor k.
 Fr eeIndoorResi
dual(House)Spr ayi
ng(IRS)tocontr
olmalari
a.
 Pr ovi
sionofmosquitonetstopr egnantandnursingmothers.
Env
ironmentalSustai
nabi
li
ty

 Enf orcementofAnnual Fi
shBan.
 Impl ement ati
onofAnnualTreePl
antingProgr
ams.
 St r
engt hening t
he capaci
ty and operat
ion oft
he Env
ironment
alCounci
lof
Zambi a(ECZ).
Gl
obalPartnershipforDevel
opment

 I
mplement ati
onofAnti
-Cor
rupti
onpoli
cies.
 St
rengtheningoft
heHumanRi ghtsCommi ssi
on.
 St
rengthening of par
tner
ships wit
h r egi
onal and int
ernat
ional economi
c
or
ganizati
onssuchasSADC, COMESAandEur opeanUni
on(EU).

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whatar
eGl
obal
issues?

2.Whati
smeantbyt
heThi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es?Suppor
tyouranswerwi
thexampl
es.

3.Bri
efl
yexplai
nwhyt heUS,Japanandotherdev
elopedcount
ri
esar
esai
dtobe
dependentontheThi
rdWorl
dCountr
ies

4.I
nwhatwayaretheThir
dWor l
dcount
ri
esl
i
keZambi
a,dependentont
heUSand
t
heot
herdev
elopmentcount
ri
es?

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ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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 5.How aretheThir
dWor l
dcounti
esdependentonotherThi
rdWor
ldNat
ions?
Expl
ainy
ouranswerwi
thr
efer
encetoZambi
aandhernei
ghbor
s.

6.Cl
ear
lydi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenBi
l
ater
alAi
dandMul
ti
lat
eral
Aid.

7.Anal
yzet
hef
act
orst
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’
sdebi
tcr
isi
s

8.Whatreasonmaycompelacount
ryt
ocont
inuebor
rowi
ngmoneyaf
teri
tsheav
y
debtbur
denhasbeenpar
don.

9.Whatr
easonsmaymakeacount
rynotacceptt
iedai
d?

10.
Whatar
ethebenef
it
sandt
hedemer
it
sofdebtr
eschedul
i
ng?

11.
AssessZambi
a’
sef
for
tinat
tai
ningt
heMDGssof
ar.

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VICEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI
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214