EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM

UNIT I INTRODUCTION

The concept of flexible AC transmission - reactive power control in electrical power transmission
lines -uncompensated transmission line – series and shunt compensation. Overview of FACTS
devices - Static Var Compensator (SVC) – Thyristor Switched Series capacitor (TCSC) – Unified
Power Flow controller (UPFC) - Integrated Power Flow Controller (IPFC).

E
Part A (Two marks)

N
1. What is Flexibility of electric power transmission?

ZO
The ability to accommodate changes in the electric transmission system or operating conditions
while maintaining sufficient steady-state and transient margins.
2. What is meant by Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS)?(nov 2013)(may 2015)(may 2016)

LS
Alternating-current transmission systems incorporating power electronic–based and other static
controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.
3. Define FACTS controller. (May 2012)

IA
A power electronic–based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or
more ac transmission system parameters.

R
4. What is Battery-energy–storage system (BESS)?(May 2014)

TE
A chemical-based energy-storage system using shunt-connected switching converters to
supply or absorb energy to or from an ac system which can be adjusted rapidly.
5. Define Static synchronous compensator (SSC or STATCOM)
A
A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected static var compensator
M

whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled independent of the ac system
voltage.
TY

6. Define Unified power-flow controller (UPFC) (may 2012)(nov 2013)(april 2016)

A combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous
series compensator (S3C) which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow bidirectional flow
SI

of real power between the series output terminals of the S3C and the shunt output terminals of
the STATCOM, and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line
ER

compensation without an external electric energy source. The UPFC, by means of angularly
unconstrained series voltage injection, is able to control, concurrently or selectively, the
transmission line voltage, impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power
IV

flow in the line. The UPFC may also provide independently controllable shunt-reactive
compensation
N

7. What is Interphase power controller (IPC)

A series-connected controller of active and reactive power consisting, in each phase, of
U

inductive and capacitive branches subjected to separately phase-shifted voltages. The active and
A

reactive power can be set independently by adjusting the phase shifts and/ or the branch
impedances using mechanical or electronic switches. In the particular case where the inductive
N

and capacitive impedances form a conjugate pair, each terminal of the IPC is a passive current
N

source dependent on the voltage at the other terminal.

A

8. Define Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC).(may 2014)(may2015)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a
thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide smoothly variable series capacitive reactance

1 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM
https://annauniversitymaterialszone.blogspot.com/?m=1

UNIT II STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC) AND APPLICATIONS 9

Voltage control by SVC – advantages of slope in dynamic characteristics – influence of SVC on

E
system voltage. Applications - enhancement of transient stability – steady state power transfer –
enhancement of power system damping – prevention of voltage instability.

N
ZO
Part A (Two marks)

1. What are the general characteristics of SVC? may 2014

LS
• The lowering of maintenance requirements from the absence of rotating parts.
• The very fast control-response time.
• The feasibility of individual phase control.

IA
• The diminished losses.
• The high reliability.

R
• The lack of contribution to system short-circuit capacity.

TE
• The generation of harmonics by SVCs except thyristor-switched capacitors.
2. What are the required inputs that correspond to three basic modes of SVC control? May
2012 nov 2013 may 2015 (april 2016)
A
(i). Voltage control based on balanced control of the three phases of SVC:
M

a. 3-phase–rectified root m
b. Positive-sequence voltage
TY

c. 3-
d. Squared voltage, V2
SI

(ii). Individual- -power control:

a. Individual-phase voltages
ER

3. Draw the VI characteristics of SVC. Nov 2013

IV
N
U
A
N
N
A

2 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM
4. What is per-unit value of the slope? May 2013(april 2016)

5. What are the advantages of the Slope in the SVC Dynamic Characteristic? May 2012 1.
substantially reduces the reactive-power rating of the SVC for achieving nearly the same control
objectives;

E
2. prevents the SVC from reaching its reactive-power limits too frequently; and

N
3.facilitates the sharing of reactive power among multiple compensators operating in parallel.

ZO
6. Draw the Reduction in the SVC reactive-power rating by the current slope. may 2014

LS
IA
R
TE
A
M
TY

7. What is effective short-circuit ratio (ESCR)?may 2015

SI
ER
IV

where Bs =the equivalent system susceptance.

N

8. What are the Methods for Improving the Voltage-Controller Response?

U

• Manual Gain Switching

• The Nonlinear Gain
A

• Bang-Bang Control
N

UNIT III THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR(TCSC)AND

N

APPLICATIONS
A

Operation of the TCSC - different modes of operation – modeling of TCSC – variable reactance
model – modeling for stability studies. Applications - improvement of the system stability limit –
enhancement of system damping – voltage collapse prevention.

3 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM
PART A (Two marks)

1. Define Thyristor-switched series capacitor (TSSC). May 2012

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a
thyristor switched reactor to provide a stepwise control of series capacitive reactance.
2. Define Thyristor-switched series compensation. (april 2016)

E
A impedance compensator which is applied in series on an ac transmission system to provide
a stepwise control of series reactance.

N
3. Define Thyristor-switched series reactor (TSSR.) nov 2013 may 2015

ZO
An inductive reactance compensator which consists of a series reactor shunted by a
thyristorswitched reactor in order to provide a stepwise control of series inductive reactance.
4. What is the Need for Variable-Series Compensation? May 2013(april 2016)

LS
1. enhanced base-power flow and loadability of the series-compensated line;
2. additional losses in the compensated line from the enhanced power flow;

IA
3. increased responsiveness of power flow in the series-compensated line from the outage
of other lines in the system.
5. What are the advantages of the TCSC? May 2012 may 2014

R
1. Rapid, continuous control of the transmission-line series-compensation level.

TE
2. Dynamic control of power flow in selected transmission lines within the network to enable
optimal power-flow conditions and prevent the loop low of power.
3. Damping of the power swings from local and inter-area oscillations.
A
4. Suppression of subsynchronous oscillations. At subsynchronous frequencies, the TCSC
M

presents an inherently resistive–inductive reactance. The subsynchronous oscillations cannot

be sustained in this situation and consequently get damped.
TY

5. Decreasing dc-offset voltages. The dc-offset voltages, invariably resulting from the insertion
of series capacitors, can be made to decay very quickly (within a few cycles) from the firing
control of the TCSC thyristors.
SI

6. What are the different modes of TCSC?( Nov 2012)may 2015

Bypassed-Thyristor Mode
ER

Blocked-Thyristor Mode
Partially Conducting Thyristor, or Vernier, Mode
7. Draw the simplified reactance-capability curve of a multimodule TCSC.may 2014
IV
N
U
A
N
N
A

8. Draw the The X-I capability characteristic of a multimodule TCSC indicating time dependent
overload limits.

4 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM

https://annauniversitymaterialszone.blogspot.com/?m=1

E
N
ZO
LS
IA
R
9. Draw the CC controller. nov 2013
TE
A
M
TY
SI
ER

UNIT IV EMERGING FACTS CONTROLLERS

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) – operating principle – V-I characteristics – Unified

IV

Power Flow Controller (UPFC) – Principle of operation - modes of operation – applications –

modeling of UPFC for power flow studies.
N
U

PART A (Two marks)

A

1. Define Unified power-flow controller (UPFC). May 2012 may 2014

N

A combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous

series compensator (S3C) which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow bidirectional flow
N

of real power between the series output terminals of the S3C and the shunt output terminals of
A

the STATCOM, and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line
compensation without an external electric energy source. The UPFC, by means of angularly
unconstrained series voltage injection, is able to control, concurrently or selectively, the
transmission line voltage, impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power

5 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM
flow in the line. The UPFC may also provide independently controllable shunt-reactive
compensation
2. What is Interphase power controller (IPC). (april 2016)
A series-connected controller of active and reactive power consisting, in each phase, of
inductive and capacitive branches subjected to separately phase-shifted voltages. The active and
reactive power can be set independently by adjusting the phase shifts and/ or the branch

E
impedances using mechanical or electronic switches. In the particular case where the inductive
and capacitive impedances form a conjugate pair, each terminal of the IPC is a passive current

N
source dependent on the voltage at the other terminal.

ZO
3. Define Static synchronous generator (SSG).nov 2013 may 2015(april 2016)
A static, self-commutated switching power converter supplied from an appropriate electric
energy source and operated to produce a set of adjustable multiphase output voltages, which

LS
may be coupled to an ac power system for the purpose of exchanging independently controllable
real and reactive power.
4. Define Static synchronous series compensator. May 2012 may 2014 may 2015

IA
A static synchronous generator operated without an external electric energy source as a series
compensator whose output voltage is in quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the

R
line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop across

TE
the line and thereby controlling the transmitted electric power. The S3C may include transiently
rated energy-storage or energy-absorbing devices to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power
system by additional temporary real power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily,
A
the overall real (resistive) voltage drop across the line.
5. Define Static synchronous compensator (SSC or STATCOM).may 2013
M

A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected static var compensator whose

TY

capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled independent of the ac system voltage.
6. Define Thyristor-controlled braking resistor (TCBR)
A shunt-connected, thyristor switched resistor, which is controlled to aid stabilization of a
SI

power system or to minimize power acceleration of a generating unit during a disturbance.

7. Define Thyristor-controlled phase-shifting transformer (TCPST).
ER

A phase-shifting transformer, adjusted by thyristor switches to provide a rapidly variable phase

angle.
8. Define Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR).
IV

A shunt-connected, thyristor-controlled inductor whose effective reactance is varied in a

continuous manner by partial-conduction control of the thyristor valve.
N

9. Define Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a
U

thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
A

10. Define Thyristor-controlled series compensation.

An inductive reactance compensator which consists of a series reactor shunted by a
N

thyristorcontrolled reactor in order to provide a smoothly variable series inductive reactance.

N

11. Define Thyristor-controlled voltage limiter (TCVL)

A

A thyristor-switched metaloxide varistor (MOV) used to limit the voltage across its terminals
during transient conditions.

https://annauniversitymaterialszone.blogspot.com/?m=1

6 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM

UNIT V CO-ORDINATION OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

FACTs Controller interactions – SVC–SVC interaction - co-ordination of multiple controllers using

linear control techniques – Quantitative treatment of control coordination.

E
N
PART A (Two marks)

ZO
1. What are the Influence of SVC Sites and the Nature of Loads?
1. Buses experiencing maximum voltage excursions.

LS
2. Buses where an SVC of a given rating can impart maximum electrical damping to the power
system.
3. Buses where the critical voltage-sensitive loads are connected.

IA
4. The electrical midpoint of transmission lines connecting two areas, where maximum voltage
swings are likely in the absence of an SVC.

R
2. What are the major benefits of SVC application in HVDC transmission systems?
May2014 nov 2012 may 2015(april 2016)
1. voltage regulation, TE
2. support during recovery from large disturbances, and 3. suppression of
A
temporary over voltages.
M

3. What are the frequency ranges of the different control interactions? May 2012 nov 2013
• 0 Hz for steady-state interactions
TY

• 0–3/ 5 Hz for electromechanical oscillations

• 2–15 Hz for small-signal or control oscillations
• 10–50/ 60 Hz for subsynchronous resonance (SSR) interactions
SI

• >15 Hz for electromagnetic transients, high-frequency resonance or harmonic resonance

interactions, and network-resonance interactions
ER

4. Draw the frequency response of SVC.nov 2014(april 2016)

IV
N
U
A
N

5. Draw the TCSC and SVC response to TCSC insertion. may 2015
N
A

7 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM

 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8 TH SEM

E
N
ZO
LS
IA
R
TE
A
M
TY

ALL THE BEST

SI
ER

THANK YOU
IV
N

FOR MORE JOIN TELEGRAM :- CLICK HERE

U

OUR WEBSITE PAGE :- CLICK HERE

A
N
N
A

https://annauniversitymaterialszone.blogspot.com/?m=1

8 EE8011 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EEE 8TH SEM