EXPERIMENT 3

APPLICATION OF OHM’S LAW

Objectives

1. To understand the relationship between the current and the voltage of the dc circuit
according to Ohm’s law.
2. To apply Ohm’s law and troubleshoot a dc circuit.
3. To be able to connect the circuit and determine the current and voltage values on the
direct circuit.

Theory

The statement of Ohm’s law is the relation of the current (I), the voltage (E) or (V). The
resistance (R) in the circuit that a resistance of one ohm can resist the current of 1 ampere
where the source of the circuit has the resistance being equal to 1 volt, the relation can be
within as

Voltage E
Current  OR I
Re sis tan ce R

On the other hand, to determine the values of E and R, the relation of E, I and R is expressed

E
E=IxR and R
I

To determining the current of a dc circuit with Ohm’s law, the circuit as shown in Fig. 1-1 is
composed of a 1 V battery which connected to a 1Ω resistor. An ammeter is used to measure
the current 1A which is The current can be calculated by Ohm’s law as shown in Fig. 1-1.

Fig. 1-1 The example of the dc circuit using Ohm’s law

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Materials Required

1 Multimeter 1 Unit
2 Experiment Kit IT-2000 1 Unit
3 Module IT-2001 1 Set
3.1 Resistor : 100Ω, 220Ω, 1kΩ
4 Line cords 1 Set

Procedure:

1. The relation of the current and the voltage according to ohm’s law
1.1 Connect the circuit of Fig. 1-2 and test it.

Fig. 1-2 The experimental circuit.

1.2 Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volt.

1.3 Increase the voltage of the supply from 0 to 1 volt. Read the current from the ammeter
(A).
1.4 Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2, 3, 4 and 5 volts respectively. Record the results
in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1

Voltage E (Volts) 1 2 3 4 5
Current I (mA)

1.5 Use the data of the current and the voltage from Table 1-1 to plot into Graph 1-1.

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Graph 1-1 I = f (E), when R is constant and equal to 100W. The relationship between
the current and the voltage according to Ohm’s law

2. Application of ohm’s law in a dc circuit.

Fig. 1-3 Shows the circuit in the experiment

2.1 Connect the dc circuit of Fig. 1-3. Adjust the voltage of the dc supply to the constant
value of 2V (E = 2V).
2.2 Use Ohm’s law with the formula, I = E/R, then calculate the current value (I).
I = …………………………….. mA,
2.3 From the value of the current in step 2.2, select the suitable range of the multimeter to
measure the current. The selected measurement range is ………………… mA.
Measure I and record the result.
2.4 Compare the experimental result with the calculated result with the calculated result
of the current (I) whether there is any discrepancy. State in percentage of the error,
% Error = ……………………………… %.
2.5 In the circuit of Fig. 1-3, if the voltage of the source E is increased 2 times, the current
will be increased ………………………………. Times.
2.6 Use Ohm’s law (I = E\R) to calculate the current, when the voltage of the source E in
the circuit of Fig. 1-3 is increased 2 times.
2.7 According to the circuit of Fig. 1-3 again by adjusting the voltage of the source E to
4v. Adjust again the measurement range of the current of the multimeter to be

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 appropriated to the calculated value of the current of step 2.6. Experimentally, the
current that has been changed, I = …………………………….mA.
2.8 Connect the new circuit of Fig. 1-4.

Fig. 1-4

2.9 Calculate the current flowing in the circuit of Fig. 1-4 with the formula, I = E\R,
I = …………………………….. mA.
2.10 Adjust the current range of the multimeter which is connecting in the circuit of Fig.1-
4 being appropriated to the calculated value of step 2.9.
2.11 Switch on S and measure the current (I) in the circuit of Fig. 1-4,
I = ……………………………. mA.
2.12 From the circuit of Fig. 1-4, turn on switch S. change R2 220Ω to be for R3 = 1KΩ.
With the formula (I = E\R), calculate the current flowing in the circuit,
I = ……………………….. mA.
2.13 again adjust the measuring range of the current of the multimeter which is connected
in the circuit of Fig. 1-4 which is appropriated for the calculated current of step 2.12 .
The selected range is =………………….. mA.
2.14 Turn on switch (S) and use the multimeter to read the current in the circuit,
I = ……………………………….. mA.
2.15 From the circuit of Fig. 1-4, when R2 = 220Ω, R3 = 1KΩ and the supply (E) is
constant of 2V, the different value of the resistance is 1000Ω \ 220Ω or 4.55 time. So,
the current of the circuit differs ……………………….times.
2.16 From the circuit as shown in Fig. 1-5, calculate the voltage (E) that causes the current
(I) in the circuit flow through the resistor, R3 = 1kΩ, 10mA. From the formula E = IR,
so
E = …………………………. V.

Fig. 1-5 Shown the circuit of step 2.16

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2.17 Connect the circuit of Fig. 1-5 and switch off S in order to disconnect the circuit.
Before conducting the experiment, adjust E to 0 V and select the current range of the
multimeter of 25mA.
2.18 Switch on S and gradually adjust the voltage source E to be increased until the
multimeter supplies the current (I) in a circuit at 10 mA.
2.19 Switch off S and measure E with a voltmeter, E =…………………………….
Volt.
2.20 Refer to the results in steps 2.19 and 2.16. is there any discrepancy of E? State in
percentage of the error, % Error = …………………….. %
2.21 Refer to the circuit of Fig. 1-5 If R3 is increased for 10 items, what is the value of the
current in the circuit? I = …………………………. mA.

Analyzing the Experimental Results

1. In any of the dc circuits, if the voltage at the source is increased 2 times, the current
obtained from the source will be increased ………………………… times.
2. In a dc circuit, if the resistance of the circuit is increased 2 times, the current will be
also decreased ………………………….. times.
3. In Graph 1.1, suppose R =220Ω, draw a graph showing the relation of I = f(E) into
Graph 1-2.

Graph 1-2. Shown the relation of I = f(E) when R = 220Ω

4. Analyze graph lines in the experiment, step 1.5 and the one in step 3……………….

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 EXPERIMENT 4
SERIES DC CIRCUITS

Objectives

1. To understand the characteristics of the resistor in the series dc circuit.

2. To be able to determine the current, the total resistance and the voltage drop across in the
series dc circuit.
3. To appropriately apply Ohm’s law to troubleshoot the series dc circuit.
4. To safely conduct the experiments step by step.

Theory
Series Resistive Circuits

The definitions of the series resistive circuit are,

1. The current flowing through each resistor in the circuit has the same and only one value.
If the total resistance in the series circuit is R T, then RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + …. Rn. The
current value in the series circuit is calculated by the equation, I = E\RT.
The example of a series circuit which the 3 resistors (R1, R2 and R3) are connected to the
battery as show Fig. 2-1 where shows that there is only one current flowing in the circuit.
2. The total voltage drop across every resistor is equal to the voltage of the supply in the
circuit.

From Fig. 2-1, if V1= R1, V2 ,IR2 and V3 = IR3 so E = V1+V2+V3 or (E = R1+R2+R3).

Fig. 2-1 Showing series resistive circuit characteristics.

Materials Required

1 Multimeter 2 Unit
2 Experiment Kit IT-2000 1 Unit
3 Module IT-2001 1 Set
3.1 Resistor : 100Ω, 220Ωx2
4 Line cords 1 Set

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Procedure:

1. The relation of the current and the voltage according to ohm’s law.
1.1 Connect the circuit of Fig 2-2 without connecting the supply (switch off, S).

Fig 2-2 Showing the experimental 1.1 circuit.

1.2 Referring to the circuit of Fig. 2-2, the total resistance (RT) in the series circuit is
calculated from RT = R1 + R2 + R3. Then, RT = …………………. Ohm.
1.3 Set a multimeter the resistance range to measure the total resistance of the circuit at
points A and D, RT = …………………….. Ohm.
Caution : To measure the total resistance in a circuit, do not connect the source to the circuit.
1.4 Is there any difference between the calculated resistance value in step 1.2 and the
measured resistance value in step 1.3? State the difference in percentage of the Error
(%Error) Error = …………………………… %.
1.5 Use Ohm’s law (IT = E\RT) to calculate the total current (IT) of the circuit in Fig 2-2.
IT = …………………………… mA.
1.6 From the circuit of Fig. 2-3, use a multimeter then set the dc range to be 25 mA, then
measure the total current (IT) and the current though R1, R2 and R3 according to Fig.
2-3 (a), (b), (c) and (d).

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 Fig. 2-3 Showing the experimental 1.6 circuit

1.7 Record the results of step 1.6 below,

IT = ………………………………mA,
IR1 = ………………………………mA,
IR2 = ………………………………mA,
IR3 = ………………………………mA,
1.8 Is there any difference between the measured IT in step 1.6 and the calculated IT in
step 1.5? State the difference in percentage of the error (% Error), % Error =
…………….. %.
1.9 Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltage drop across the resistors (R1,R2 and R3),
VR1 = IR1 x R1 ……………………………… V,
VR2 = IR2 x R2 ……………………………… V,
VR3 = IR3 x R3 ……………………………… V,
1.10 With a 10 V range multimeter, measure experimentally the voltage drop across the
resistors in the circuit of Fig. 2-2.
VR1 = ……………………………… V,
VR2 = ……………………………… V,
VR3 = ……………………………… V,
VR1+VR2+VR3 = …………………… V
1.11 Are the measured values of VR1, VR2 and VR3 in step 1.10 equal to the calculated
values in step 1.9? State the difference in percentage of the error (%Error),
% Error = …………………………. %.
1.12 Is the total voltage drop of VR1, VR2 and VR3 obtain from the experiment equal to the
voltage at the supply (E)? State the difference in percentage of the error (% Error)
% Error = …………………………………. %.

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Analyzing Experiment Results

1. In a series dc circuit, the current flowing in the circuit has ……………… only, and
this current is equal to the current of the supply. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the
current value (IT), IT = …………………………….. mA.
2. The total of the voltage drop across each of the resistors in the series dc which is
equal to the voltage that………………….. supplies to the circuit. This is shown by
the equation, VT = ………….+ ……………… + …………………….
3. From the resistive circuit of Fig. 2-4, determine the voltage drop across R2,
VR2 = …………………………………. V.

Fig. 2-4 The circuit that is analysed in step 3

4. Refer to the circuit of Fig. 2-5. Suppose the current through R1 is equal to 100 mA,
determine the current through R2, R3 and R4.

Fig. 2-5 The circuit that is analysed in step 4.

The results are,

IR1 = ………………….. mA, IR2 = ………………… mA,
IR3 = ………………….. mA, IR4 = ………………… mA,
5. From the circuit of Fig. 2-5, the path of the current in the circuit is equal to ………..
mA
6. If three of the 10W resistors are connected together in series and connected to the 9V
source, the voltage drop across each resistor is equal to ……………… Volt.

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 EXPERIMENT 5
PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS

Objectives

1. To understand the characteristics of a parallel resistive circuit.

2. To be able to calculate the total resistance and the current in each branch of a parallel
resistive circuit.
3. To apply Ohm’s law to troubleshoot a parallel circuit.
4. To be able to use a multimeter for current, the voltage and the resistance measurement in
a parallel resistive circuit.

Theory
Parallel resistive circuit

The definitions of a parallel resistive circuit are as follows,

1. The voltage drop across every resistor in a circuit is the same and equal to the voltage
of the source in a circuit (Fig. 3-1 (a)); E or V = VR1 = VR2.
2. The total current flowing through all of the resistors in a parallel circuit is equal to the
total current which is supplied by the supply to the circuit. Consider Fig. 3-1 (b).
from Ohm’s law, I1 = E / R1
I2 = E / R2
IT = I = I1 + I2
and I = (E / R2) + (E / R2)
I = E (1 / R1 + 1 / R2)

3. The total resistance (RT) of the resistors connectors connected in parallel is equal to
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ……………………………….…… + 1/Rn
RT = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …………………………………. + 1/Rn)

(a) (b)

Fig. 3-1 Shows the characteristics of a parallel resistive circuit.

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Materials Required

1 Multimeter 2 Unit
2 Experiment Kit IT-2000 1 Unit
3 Module IT-2001 1 Set
3.1 Resistor : 100Ω, 220Ωx2
4 Line cords 1 Set

Procedure:

1. Measuring the total resistance, the current and the voltage in a parallel resistive
circuit.
1.1 Connect the parallel resistive circuit of Fig. 3-2.

Fig. 3-2 The parallel circuit

1.2 From Fig. 3-2, how many paths of the current flow in the circuit?
……………………….
1.3 The voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3 equal to ……………………….. V.
1.4 Compute the total resistance (RT) of the circuit in Fig. 3-2, RT = ………………..
Ohm.
1.5 Calculate the current flowing through R1, R2, and R3 with Ohm’s law,
The current at path 1 = …………………………………. mA,
The current at path 2 = …………………………………. mA,
The current at path 3 = …………………………………. mA,
The total current = …………………………………. mA,
1.6 Measure experimentally the current values (IT,I1,I2,and I3) in the circuit of Fig. 3-3
and record the results,
IT = …………………………………… mA,
I1 = …………………………………… mA,
I2 = …………………………………… mA,
I3 = …………………………………… mA,

Fig. 3-3 for measuring experimentally the current in step 1.6

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1.7 Is there any different between the current in step 1.4 and the calculated and the
measured values in step 1.6? State the difference in percentage of the error (% Error),
% Error = …………………………………… %.
1.8 Measure the voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3.
VR1 = …………………………. V
VR2 = …………………………. V
VR3 = …………………………. V
1.9 The voltage drop across every resistor in the parallel circuit has the same value and is
equal to the voltage of …………………V
1.10 Remove the supply from the circuit and measure the total resistance (R T) with the
Ohm range multimeter as Fig. 3-4. The measured RT equal to …………………. ohm.

Fig. 3-4 Shows the circuit for determining the value of RT in step 1.10

1.11 From Fig. 3-4, compute R1, RT = ………………………. Ohm

1.12 Compare the difference of the total resistance (RT) between the measured value in
step 1.10 and the computed result in step 1.11. State the difference in percentage of
the error (% Error), % Error = ………………………. %

Analyzing Experimental Results

1. State the main characteristics of parallel resistive circuit.

2. From the resistive circuit of Fig. 3-5, determine the current flowing through R3.

Fig. 3.5

3. From the parallel resistive circuit of Fig. 3.6, compute the total current (IT).

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 Fig. 3.6

4. From the parallel resistive circuit of Fig.3-6, determine the voltage drop across R2
VR2 = ………………………… V,
5. From the parallel resistive circuit of Fig.3-7, use ammeter to measure the current
flowing through R2.

Fig. 3-7

7. From the resistive circuit of Fig. 3-7, use ampmeter to read the current through
R3…………

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