LISTENING

Symbols used in the Listening answer key

/ lf there is more than one possible word or phrase within an answer, this
is
shown by the symbol , For instance,'less pollution/polluting' means that the
answer can be 'iess pol ution, or ,less polluting,.
// ln some cases there is more than one correct answer.This is indicated by the
symbol . For instance, 'all universities // every university, means that the
answer can be'all universities, or,every university,.
( ) lf part of the answer is given in brackets, this means
that the word or words
in brackets are optional. For instance,,half (an) hour, means that the answer
can be'half hour'or'half an hour,.

Listening Test 1 SECTION 4

SECTION 1
31 (non-radic) lifestvle // nomadisrr
1 Penny Ryan 32 clothes/clothing
2 24 March 1982. // March 24(,) t9B2 l/ 33 milk, meat 31 gardening
24.(0)3.(19) 82 t t (0)3.24.( 1e)82 35 feed l/ eat 36 salt
3 Blacktou.n /i BIack Toivn 37 C 38C 39 A 40B
-1 -6e0 3l-.t
5 r-nonthlr i\ -i-\ ntr.rnth
Listening Test 2
// once :r month
(r\qB SECTION 1

') B l, '. 1 (Class) Clc ll Clc license

2 28 River 3 3701 8699
SECTION 2 -l srudent card 5 (br') cash
11 shoes 6C
12 beach cafe
7B 8B
9C 10A
13 7 (amla.m.) tolrill/unti1/- 6 (pmlp.m.) ll7 ro
6 /t7-6 SECTION 2
1,4 nvice a/per week // Tuesda,v(s) and Fr:iday(s) 1,7B 12 F 13C 14G
15 on (the/your) balconyy'baiconies 15D 76 D 17E 18G
16 birds, fish 19 A 20 F
1,7 11 (pm/p.m.)// 11 at night SECTION 3
18 A,E 19 B,D 20 D,E 21 B 22 B 23A 248
SECTION 3 25 B 26 C 27D 28C
2t B 22 A 23D 24E 29 B 30H
2sF 26 C )7C 28B
29 A 308

160 Answer key

SECTION 4 Listening Test 4
31 reason(s) // motivation(s)
SECTION 1
32 funding limitations // funds limired// limited
1A 2H
funds/funding
31 4G
33 8.5% 5D 6F
34 exercise, therapy 7 $6 ll $6.00 llsix dollars
35 computer games 8 eighteen/18 months ll 11/zyears
36 reduce stress 9 (on) (leveVfloor) frvel5 /l (the) fifth/Sth
(leveUfloor)
37 personaldeveloprnent 10 (a) cinema/theatre
388 39B l0-\
SECTION 2
Listening Test 3 11 1989
SECTION 1 12 Internet
1 room service 1.3 one/1 month
2 r,r,aiter 14 rent
3 Tourism Management 15 reference(s)
4 French, Korean 16 rights
5,6,7 [n any order:8. F. G rcle.rr ]u..-r 1 ....... 17 theh/thieves ll burglary/burglar(s)
take luggage to rooms. u'ork rn hi.r. '---.- 18 petr s i. garden(s)
8, 9, 10 In dnt'ctrder: C. D. G nrediir, 19 s3-,i
insurance, parking, r-rniiorms)
20 thomet insurance
SECTION 2 SECTION 3
11 A,E 2l t :: : li I 21 C
12 B, I) 25 B 16B r-a l8 C
13 lovrl4 months/mths 29 A 30 -\
14 7 50/,,
SECTION 4
15 (on/via/through) the Internet // online
t6 31 4lfo:lrmonths
$6,000
17 passport photos
32 bleach
18 $43s
33 rvater/irrigation
1.9 working days
34 skin cancer // UV/ultraviolet ral's
20 interview
35 r'vhale oil ll orl ftomlof u.hales
36 less expensive // cheape r:

SECTION 3 37 (air:) pollution

21 C 22 A 23 B 21 C 38C 39 E 40A
25 B 26 A 27 C 28A
29 C 30A
SECTION 4
3tB 32H 33D 31 C
35E 36A 37C 38B
39A 40B

Ansvver key 161

READING
Reading Test 1
SECTION 1
L E; (City of Windyhill presents Free Organic
Lunch)
2 H; (Step outwith your pdrtner at the Happy
Valley Ballroom and show off your moues,
from tbe Jitterbwg to the Jiue.)
3 B; (All dspects of practical film-making
tawght)
4 F; (Modern Theatre Company)
5 3,3; (cbange your PII'I)
6 1, L; laccount balances)
7 2,1,; (make d payment)
8 2,3; (delete from billing list)
9 3,1; (order a stdtement\
10 3, 5; (speak to a custonler seruice officer)
11 summer (need to take special care dwring the
bwshfire sedsolt, whicb is summer)
t) campfires (Apart from obuious precautions
such as not lighting campfires, not smoking
outside ...)
1-l overalls (long-sleeued oueralls or a long-
sleeued wool or cotton sbirt and long pantsl
1,1 leather (sturdy shoes or boots ruith enclosed
toes, preferably leather)
SECTION 2
15 FALSE; (possibility of extension\
16 TRUE; (help ottr elderll, and disdbled clients
integrate into society)
17 TRUE; (the successfttl applicant will be
required to dssist tuith reuiewing and
deueloping further initiatiues as pdrt of
WellF dr e's str ate gi c p lan)
18 NOT GIVEN; the job inr.olves helping
disabled people but vision-irnpaired people
are not specifically mentioned.
19 FALSE; (To be considered ... .v\olt will need
to haue a degree in a releuant discipline)
162 Answer key
20 NOT GIVEN; sick leave is not mentioned in
the tert.
27 TRUE; (A requirement oi this p,r-riij,,r; i-< ,r
satisfactorl' p olice r e cctr d s ch e c k.i
22 F; (Failure to comply with any' ospect ()i
this policy ma1, result in disntissal front tl:e
Cctmpany.)
L3 C; \Office workers whct smoke are pro,-ide il
with a balconr- ... employees ntctl' smoke cnt
C omp any pr emis e s outdo or s )
24 B; (frorn 1 ldnuarl,next year ... all
en'tployees are requiretl to respect the
Compdny's policy)
25 E; (Smoking in offices is forbidden at all
times.\
26 A; (the Compdny is increasingll' aware cti
the need for a new policy, on smoking in tl:c
uorkplace, for the hedlth of both smokers
and non-smctkers among employees.)
27 F; (If you baue any queries dbout this ltolict.
ltledse address them to Julio Santos, HR or
),our tedm leader.)
28 D; (,Extrd bins haue been prouided especidlh
for this purpose and using them will make
the working enuirctnment more pleasdnt for
eueryone.\
SECTION 3
29 ri; \the coLtntrl has been fdced uith the
tl:re,tt of rnttjor lloods for most of its
ertsteficc.\
30 r'irrr Ole l tbe centuries they haue planned
.lttgntcttt the auaildble land, protecting
t(-)
the loa'-ll,irtg areas br- building bigger and
better d1'kes)
3l v; (the Dutch haue not u,ttited)
32 ix; (Tbe Dutch see that strcb a plan is uitttl
for their own prc,ttectictn)
33 tli; (Sdnd dug ctttt from the l'lorth Sea u,ill
be added in uast qttantitics to ntdn)' cr t,tst,ii
areas)
34 r; (There dppedr to be at ledst three mdirt
commercidl spin-offs to tbe project)
Note: Items ii, iv and vii are distractors.
35 C; lVtith something like one-third of its l-i,:
surface belctw sea leuell
36 B; (they still attract tourists) SECTION 2
37 D; (the rest of the world cannot be relied 15 i: (Frankstown Books ... is seek"ing to
upon to dgree on a policy in time to appoint an awditor)
giue seriowsly threatened nations sucl: 16 11i ttmust haue been
with Frankstown Books
as themselues a cbance to take effedire lor at least tuo years and will baue a
countermeasures) tertitn' accounting or bwsiness degree)
38 A; (There dre no plans to build all d1'hes 1- ti tnd supph a letter of referral from this
'oi.;r.;ger t, u,ell as written recommendations
higher and stronger, as might be expectei
indeed, rnany of the dykes will be t,tket ,',ira -strrt.ir tu'o other departments,)
down) 1S l:c -{Op/ir:rts must be prepared to be
39 B; (Along tbe North Sea coast, beaclt oor
"iq iaten'ieu' between 23 and
"rrflle;
expansion will extend the land seau,ards i

up to a kilometre) on will be
40 B; . as will part of tbe Netherlands'
(. . r. t,.
generous ciuil seruice pension fundt l0 i Ii:a po-{rfi,., ! Lltr!.Jes tn ellau,ance of
Reading Test 2 5-tr -- il(r ia e,Alition to tbe silert, already
1ul;
SECTION 1 It iii: t's,ntact Sally lones an E-rtension 78 in
I F; (Tbis course is designed for younger tl:e Human Relations Oificet
students ... whose natiue language k r:'; \ore: Items r-, viii and x are distractors.
English.) ll liruses: tThere haue becn difficuhies
2 E; (for those students in Years 8-1[t u.'l:: reported to manageffielrt ouer the last ttuo
haue had difficubies in understandin? u'eeks regarding uirus esl
math entati cal con cep t s) l3 staii; lManagemeTfi is reluctant to do this as
3 A; (This course is for tbose utho etgeci :" it u,ould reduce the number of staff that can
stdrt a French course) be employed.)
4 B; (The Senior Physics course u'ill surt thc 21 (formal) (work) breaks; (staff are reqwired
stwdents wbo ... wish to study Pbysics at to limit their priuate use of emails and Net
senior leuel) surfing to formal work breaks)
5 F; (Days: Mon/\Xled/Fri) 25 breach of contract; (Conducting priuate
6 10; (The walk is 10 km in totsl.r business during working bowrs constitutes d
7 B; (Cost is $8.00) breach of contract)
8 9; (Please nleet ... frorn 9 am.l 26 business; (An employee of anotber local
9 FALSE; (Anyone can ioin tbe libra4'- it's business bas recently been dismissed for
downl o a din g ill e gal material)
free.)
10 NOT GIVEN; there is no menrion of 27 illegal material; (illegal material on a staff
passwords. member's computer)

11 TRUE; (lf you're under 7 8 r'r;, : rced to

28 criminal charges; (will be reported to the
baue the application fonn sigii.:,:
police for possible criminal charges)
t Darent
or gttdrdian.) SECTION 3
12 FALSE; (You can bctrrctu, Ltp t() :: :::itts rtt a 29 minerals and algae; (many tiny gem-
time.) coloured lakes - some pwrple, some ordnge
1.3 TRUE; (Items reserued by anotl::, tiienilter from minerals and algae.)
cannc)t be renewed.\ 30 mineral residues; (scientists haue been able
14 NOT GIVEN; no reference is m;rde to to mdp the location of mineral residues from
waiting/ordering in advance. ancient lakes and springs)

Ansvver key 163

31, (the) Saharan pump; (This back-and-forth 8 A; (The exercises are especi'tiir. :r-i. -;l
migration is called tbe Saharan pilmp) adults whose occrtpation t c.lttt!t .: :-
32 rock art; \Rock art suggests they bad periods of sitting at a desk.)
already made the transition from hunting to 9 C; lDdnce New Vogue, Latin dnd,\Io.ii, ';
rdising liuestock.) to delightful musicl
33 (Underground) canals; (IJnderground canals 10 B; (edrn a little extra pocket moner-\
tapped into groundwater and directed it tct 11 (a) security scare; (A recent attempt by' a
fields without loss to eudporation) staff member to enter contpony premises lttst
34 A; (almost all of its six million people liue weekend caused d security scdre.)
huddled on the Mediterranedn coast) 12 completing unfinished business; (Any staff
35 C; (Lake Megafezzdn, gleamed bere about member ...mdy stal'for the pltrpose of
200,000 yectrs ctgo, uthen rainfall was completing unfinish e d businessl
abwndant) 13 (at) hourly (intervals); (buildings and car
36 A; (Hwman communities haue pulsed here park dre patrolled at hourlf interudls)
... When moist eras uisited, they thriued. 14 any suspicious activity; (immedidtely report
'When
the dr1, ri*nt returned they shrank or dn1, sLrslticious actiuity to the security office
collapsed.) tt anv tirne)
37 D; lAbout 5,000 t'etrs ago the rains stctppeLl
SECTION 2
once nlor€. tl:e ltkes dis.tppe't,e,L .trr,J ll.','
,Ji:-rr,,r'1-. took l:'tl.l . )il l/,.:-. ri;;,.'-;.'J ir. i.,
1-t lt; texPertence in footuear stLrdies ... report
ott deuelopments in the trade.)
i.;' .'.1
-. .

76 vii; (No experience is necessary, ds on-the-

3S C.r :,'.-.'. !:t1.. .. -t.,;.'::.;'.'. :. :.J -:':':-a' -t
job training will be giuen in the Lrse of hand
-,,-.-.1."
and machine tools, stitcbing and soling.)
39 C: -i,t.; ti::,: ,,:.. :,. -i:.',. s:,,i'eLi trp
i!i .iti,l tl)e 17 vlri; (in chdrge of staffing)
irt rt et ill,lc'-i. _ii,i,.ii.; r,, 3:;i .. ,
c iL' iIi :;tt iott c oll.tP se J. 18 iv; (basic t.ttping and shorthand skills as well
,{0 ds knowledge of common clerical prdctices.)
B; ;for the ltumans tL'l:o l:.tt e lii t,l itt
Libya for thottsands oi t'e,trs. it l:ts been it 79 v; (to maintain the cleanliness of tbe
corridor.) building.)
2A Qtositictn of responsibilitl, ... swperuise the
x;
Reading Test 3 leatherworkers)
SECTION 1 21 i; (experience in assessing the soundness of
products)
1 (by) bus (passengers will be taken b1' bus ctrt
to Lawncefordl 22 G; (Llpgraded qualifications ... tuill be taken
2 (at.) 7L.42 am (will trauel uia Harringby, into consideration with regard to saldries.l
arriuing at Launceford at-1 1.42 am) 23 D; (for a qualification that benefits the
emplol,ee and is in the Cctmpan)"s interest.)
3 (at) Bickle,v; (The 1.40 express ... will pause
at Bickley to dllow pdssengers to get off dnd 24 B; (Leaue from company duties md1' be
trauel on by bus to Launceford.) granted in the case of successftil ttltltlicants
4 (at) 5 pm; (The 3.55 and 5.25 to Launceford for external training for a maxintrurt of ttuo
days per week)
... arriuing dt 5 pm and 6.30 pm respectiuely.)
5 D; (hand-sewing ... dressmaking) 25 C; (A staff member who lett'e s u'itbirt tbis
titne frame will forfeit i.ttr,, l:,'tli,i'tt' p,t1'.)
6 E; ($1L0 plus materials)
7 C; (A reuision class to brush up those steps
26 FALSE; (the board's decisi,)i; u ill be final
and not open to fitrtl:tr ti:'<' ttittion.)
will be held at 7 pm.'V/hen: euery Wednesday
8 p* - 10.30 pm)

164 Ansurer key

27 TRUE; la recommendation must be ...
signed by the Head of Department)
28 FALSE; (The company will contribute 50'%
of the cost for external training)
29 NOT GIVEN; there is no mention of
preference for university degrees.
SECTION 3
30 C; (They dre, like ants, socidl insects and
liue itt colonies comprising uariotrs castcs in
nests.)
31 H; (Sonte termite mounds can reach an
impressiue 6 metres tall dnd seuerctl metres
across)
32 D; (wctrkers tbat cannctt reproduce, fly or
see\
33 F; (Sle grows into dn large, egg-la1,ing
machine about 30 millimetres in diameter)
34 B; (The1' dre tllso a useful source of food for
birds, lizards, many other small mammals)
35 C; (Termites are tbe same size as ants dnd
dre often referred to as 'white dnts', bttt they
dre not acntdlly ants: the ant has d t,ery tbin
uaist whereas a termite does not.)
36 A; (A termite colony normally consists of
a queen and king who together are the
primary reproductiue insects / A small
nttmber of y,ctung u,ill deueloP to become
queens or kings ... these are cdlled dlates)
37 C; (The new king and qtteen ... seal
tbemselues into a small chamber, and then
after a few days the queen will begin to lay
her eggs.)
38 D; lW/orker termites ... gather food, ... feed
the rest ctf the colonl', themselues and tbe
soldiers. They dlso rel)air dn)i damage done
to the nest)
39 C; (keeping stacks of timber dnd firewood
dry and awd1, from the hottse)
40 D; D summarises the whole topic.
Reading Test 4
SECTION 1 18
1 Channel 2 (7.30 Cerman cooking series I
9.00 French with subtitles\
2 Channel 1 (10.30 Hlrr.u, ir,'r -tt{ -
Mature audieace, zor -i&::e..:' ":- ii.:z
under 15)
3 Get Rich Quick. (Channei -1. ---+- - Gsrr.
a knowledge quiz witb manr, pces
4 Simon Says (Channel2. -.15. "Fi.m:n;e
comment on the neusl
5 You Looh GoodI (Channel 3- S-,iil'- s*rz
on beauty tips)
6 Pet Care (Channel 1, 10.10.lo€ergfi
pets)
7 GlGenerul; (Channel2,7.30. [-r. f,c*:tr
lch?;8.30, Cities of the Worldt
8 growers/farmers; (all sold direaqL fo't*e
growers)
9 across the state; (Farmers shou'up lra,rr
across the state.)
10 quality of produce; (the quali4- of Wod:"
is their main priority)
1.1 plastic bag; (The market is plastic bag
free, so bring yowr own baskets, bags aa
trolleys.)
12 Auckland Primary School; (St Bernaden
Reserue (rigbt behind Awckland Prima4
Scbool))
13 (market) manager; (For more informatit
on market operations and stalls, email tt
manager)
14 mailing list; (To be added to tbe St
Bernadette Farmers' Market mailing lkt
receiue a reminder email)
SECTION 2
15 G; (The Mossuille hospital ... is locdted
the centre of the city of Mossuille.l
Note: C is wrong because there is no
mention of a research faciliry
1.6 F; (St Aldan's Hospital is ... associ.ated
witb the Uniuersity of Victoria and uith
Mo s su ille U niu er s ity.)
17 D; ('Workers in the field of aged ctre ui
appreciate the Dauidson Centre'
B; (It offers materaifi' senices,.la.J l;s.
ch ildren's dep artmentl
L9 E; (Extensiue stalf educ.ztiai. ;rri
deuelopmert progranL< Jr e f,r?.'- *k :
A.-:,,,i",n, ::
 -:: B:it.,-,rd Health has ouer ,13 sites\
:1 i : S -r rrl:e history of the Mossuille hospital
,lates back to 1887)
22 1,025; (Belford Healtb prot,ides 1,025 beds
throughout its numerou.s sites)
23 TRUE; (accepted ltrctuided tbat they include
a minimum of 12 weeks superuised teaching
practice / a Master's or PbD degree in
contetnporol.ies a'hen the S1tanisb arriued
irt 1192.i
36 B; tGold also bds extraordinartly bigh
rellectiL,e poLL,ers that dre relied upon
in tbe sl:iel,ling thdt protects sltaceships
dnd sdtellite s frctm soldr radidtion, and in
industrittl .uttl trtedical lasers thdt use gold-
coated refTectctrs t

Educdtion that does not include teaching 37 A; (Because goltl is biologicdlll, inactiue, jt
practice is not acceptttble) bas become ,1 L,itJl tool for medical research\
24 NOT GIVEN; rilere is no reference in the 38 A; (Demand ... increases during perictds of
text to teachers' choice of sports training. world crisis rtr instabilitt\
25 FALSE; (u,earitrg ie,itts sttd d T-shirt is 39 B; ([nuesnnent gold is therefore an excellent
undcceptable ott scI:,,c,I l)remises, ahhough hedge against inflation, ttnd protects
at schctol cantps sit.)': :irtt)i)nitl clctthing is carnings for thc fitttrrc.)
accelttable.) 40 D; the first five paragraphs outline the
26 TRUE; (extra allou.'anc es paid ... for years history of gold and the remaining three
o f t e a ch ing exp erience. I explain some of its uses.
27 FALSE; (All teachers in Years 11 and 12 will
be required to make th, nttselues auailable to WRITING
teach at least one other subject aside from
their major snl Writing Test 1

28 NOT GTVEN; arir-e contributions of Sample responses

government an ate donations are not
Task 1
compared.
Dear Sir/Mirdam,
sEcTtoN 3 The recent changes in the train timetable have
29 power; (From t car:secl me some problems. For the pasr four
symbolized u,ealth and pou'er.) r e ars I hale been taking the 7.43, but it no

30 obsession; (Gold has c,tused obsession in lonser srops ar Berland, and I must now either
men and nationsl rr.lrr lt.rr rhc -.5- or catclt the earlier -. l5 to
31. the Middle East; (Archaeological digs mr- u'ork.
suggest tbe use of gold began in the Middle Iff/ith the new rimetable, if I rvait lor
the 7.57,
East) I ar:rive late for work, bur if I catch the earlier
32 coffin; (Tbey uncouered a gold coffin whose 7.I 5, I rnust waik around the city for half an
qwality showed the aduanced state hour or go for a coffee before I can get into my
of
E gyp tian ip an d gol du., or kin g.)
cr aftsmansh
office. This also makes me rather tired in tl-re
33 rnorning and I am less effective at r.vork. I have
Animal art; (Persian gold work is most
spoken to other passengers at Bexland who agree
famous for its animal art\
with me that the new timetable is r_rnsatisfactor)-.
34 emperor; (tbe citizens of Rome uore
necklaces thdt contdined coins taith the I would therefore ask for an adjusrment of
the new timetable so rhat the 7.43 train once
image of the emperor.)
again stops at Bexland for the convenience of
35 D; (the skill of pre-Columbian cubures
myself and other passengers.
in the use of gold was bigbly aduanced
long before the aruiual of tbe Spanish. I Iook forward ro a posirive respon\e.
Natiue goldsmiths had mastered most of Yours faithfully,
the techniques known by their European Diane Peterson

166 Ansvver key

 \. :
NOTES t,' 1.. :t .

icel rlr.rr
ends with a formulation-and siqlalure,
indniduri.
The_first pa rqglap! brlefly'qntroQuggq the
pq?_g!e of the lqtter, the second detaf ls
!!p prpllems and the third prqposes a NOTES
sotrrtroh. Thequestiondo:s''".'=--. ,- - :
The tone is formatbecause this is a yourownopinio- :- .:-:
k{ter of complainL and no contractjgns considerboththe pas:, - .- : - - -:' :
sides.This sample e-s,',=- -:: : : .

considered the mafie: i-- ^' -

iftstead of tfue.
Th-ere are 167 words. view of individuals anc -' - - - ,'
The first paragraph S 3 r:-:':
introduction to the toprc, -- = - - '' .

Task 2 paragraphs present some e: ": -.: -::

first from the perspective or s- : :. . . - -
Bringing up children is one of the most
from the perspective of ino ,. r -, : - :
important things that people do and if both
is then followed by one parag'.'' ' =: - --
parents work it can be even more stressful and
disadvantages.The final paragr-: ^ r :::
tiring. This is why some people advocate that not introduce any new argume n:s : -
governments should provide financial support so summarises the essay.
that at least one parent could stay at home with A range of vocabulary is used, ,', :-
a very young child. This would have a number pay paraphrased as provide financ :
of advantages and disadvantages for individuals suppotl, child as infant and disadv,r-.rJ=-r
and society. as drawbacks.There is also a variet'r, .'
In some countries the government has sentence structures.
There is a total of 293 words.
introduced policies to encourage couples to have
more children. Many parents would like to stay
home to look after their very young children,
but cannot survive on just one income. If parents Writing Test 2
were paid by the goyernment, this would Sample responses
probably lead to an increase in the birth rate,
Task 1
which would benefit society as a whole.
Dear Jirne,
It would also be to the advantage of the
infant because it could have more contact with Dtt voLl rrtttentl.er the,t1.,11'1111.'111 \\ - ..

irs mother or father at a very important stage in rn n herr \ ou !.lme ro r irir ur .t .. 'Lr1'. -

its life. The parent who was at home full-time .rgo? \X/ell. rve fclt tltrrt it u.r. rt rr r -
would be able to develop a stronger bond with for us, or to be nlore exact, rh.ir o:L: :.
his or her child. had outgrorvn it ancl nccclcd m()i. )'-'.., -

One of the mal'or drawbacks of such a policy

would be its cost. Meeting this would require
house and last month u'e finrrl-' :- - -

u.e'r,e bought.
an increase in tax or a diversion of government
funds from other purposes. Some people would It's a three-bedroor-r-r. c,l.i-:-.: . -

object to subsidising the upbringing of other

people's children. The amount of money paid is th:rt it's got a big r'-rlJ .:.rr,. ' -. -:
and the length of time for which it was paid l tlrrretstrect. PlL.. i. - r .

would be important considerations. In addition, ntrker it c.t.i.' \\ '' - ''

many people believe that the world is aheady t'eilri\ l ,l' \\ , '
overpopulated and that governments should not tlt.lt -t rr'lll :. . .

encourage an increase in population.

Ansvver key 167

 It'd be great if you could come and visit us
some time. \We'd love to see you again - yotr
could corne for an evening rneal or spend the
whole day i,vrth us. Anywa1,, get in touch and
let's see if rve crn make a rime.
Best wishes,
Tim
NOTE$
Like any letter, this one commences with
a greeting lDear Jane,\ and ends with
formulation and signatu re {Best wishes,
Timl.
As this is a letter to a friend, the tone
is informal and friendly throughout, with
expressions such as get in touch, catch
up, in good shape, treating you well, run
around and cramped.
In an informal letter such as this, some
contractions have been used instead of full
words; for example, ifb instead of it has
and l've instead of I have.
Reasons are given for moving and the
new home is described. Finally, there is an
invitation to visit,
There is a word count of 189 words.
Task 2
Thc me tii.t itire n c,trries storie s on rhe adr-enrures
,,r r'-J:r'.] 1..r.,. .-- ...1 .t_ irrr.t t-r.-.. (.r:.lgiag
5v;.ii1. r e ri
rn p11r .1::ll:r.li:r: ic:rr-rires such
clintl.rng ,\lounr Er e rrs: r)t s...i :l: s!rl(r .t:r()r1n!-l
the u'or1d. i don't rl-rink :i.re-.. kLi.r.rs o: rcri:
are good n.rodels, becausc rhe l are ler or:J rirc
capacitl, of tl.re average person. If ter.npte d ro rrr
this kind of activitv rnost people are nrore likeLr-
to risk being killed or badly injured, or being
psychologically damaged due to f:rilure, rirrher
than gaining in courage and confidence.
Courage is not the same thing as risk-taking
and confidence is distinct from being foolhardv;
courage and confidence are characteristics that
can be very useful in life as they help people
go beyond their comfort zone and achieve
worthwhile goa1s. Howeve! true courage and
confidence can be built up gradually through
more mundane means, such as bv facing the
evervday problems rhat are part of being human,
168 Ansvver key
and trying to find honesr and rnoral u-ar-s of
solving them.
In fact, individuals, particularlr' \ oung people
showing off or trying to prove themselr'es, often
get into great danger when engaged in 'heroic',
attention-grabbing leisure activities, and then
a lot of money and time can be spent by other
people who have to put their own lives at risk
trying to save them.
If people want to do these kinds of leisure
a activities because they enjoy them and find them
exciting, they should be free to do so provided
that they do not harm others. People should
be encouraged to do exercise because it is an
essentiai ingredient for health, but there is no
need to court danger. No one should feel under
pressure to do sornething spectacular in the hope
that it will make them a better person.
NOTES
ln this question you need to present your
ow'h o,plnion. but you do not have to fullv ,.
r.ag1ee,lqr,futly disagree with the statement,
.
,ln,this garnple'essaV the writer hgppeng to'
completely disagree with the proposition.
The first paragraph introduces the
topic and the writer's attitude.The next
two paragraphs present some reasons for
this and, th e f i n a [, pa r.ag raph'rounds. o,ff thA',
argument.
es
There are 289.words.':.,': 'r,:' .r,. .: ": ,
Writing Test 3
Sample responses
Task 1
Dear Sir/Madam,
My name is Bill Emery, the tenant renting yoLrr
apartment in Halloran St. I am writing to you
because I am planning to go abroad soon and
would like to ask whether you rvould have
anv objection to a frierrd of mine staying in the
apartment while I am away.
Nert month I am going on a trip around
Europe for about two monrhs. I thought it
 L.e good if someone could stav in the
\\'rrrlirl
.i:.1:rrrent rvhile I affr awi1y. David Harper, rvho
I :rrle knou,n since high school, is keen to move
:n u hile I am alva.l-. He is an honest and reliable
:.r-\on, and is sure to keep the place clean and
:idr'. He shares a house u.ith three other people
rr.rd u'ould welcome the opportunit,v to be in a
quiet place rvhere he could get more stud,v done.
I u,ould appreciate it if you lvould give me
permission to have David stay in the apartment
u-hile I am away. I lvould pa.v fhe rent in advance
anci of course I rvould be ii:rble should any
J.lmage be car"rsed in mv absence.
)-ours faithfulll.,
BiliEmery
NOTES
Following the conventions of letter-
writing, tii" Iuu", commences with a
greeting lDear Sir/Madam,) and ends
with a formulation and signatu re {Yours
fa ithfu t ty, Bi t I E m e ryl.
The tone is formal and polite, as it ;s
asking for permission from a person who
the writer has a lease with, and the letter is
to the point.
ln a formal letter such as this, full words
have been used instead of contractions;
for example, / am instea d of t'm and if
would instead of it1.
The first paragraph sets out the
purpose of the letter, the second gives
details about the trip and the friend, and
the third more formally asks permission.
Allthree bullet points are eovered,
and concrete information such as the
destination of the trip and the name and
character of the friend are given, and there
is a promise to take responsibility.
There are 191 words.
Task 2
People's qui,rlity of life is generally enhanced br
living with pets, and this applies for older peopls
as rve1l. Animals pr:ovide companionship, tlrer.
can be inter:esting to obsen e, and looking atrer
them can lead to people getting more exercise
and taking better care of themsetves. There ,rre.
however, situations rvhen keeping a pet can
endanger an older person's health.
As many senior citizens live alone, a pet can
help reduce feelings of loneliness. A cat or dog
communicates with and is affectionate towards
its owner. Havine a bond rr-ith an animal can
give you a psychologic roost and thus improve
your physical health.
\7hen humans have to look atter a baby and
provide it with attention, thel- rend to take better
care of themselves. Pets can have the sirme effect
on their owners. And as dogs need to I)e mken
for walks, this leads to their o\mrers ge l:,ll1le
daily exercise too.
There are, on the other hand, situation
which pets can have a detrimental impacr
their owners. The elderly can easily suffer
bones if they have a fall, and it is ver.v easl
tripped up by a cat under your feet. Some
can develop allergies to cat fur or dog hair
be in{ected by diseases that animals carr}-.
home with alarge number of cats, dogs or
can quickly become unhygienic.
F{lin-r:tr-rs enlor .rn.1 :;::--. -: - ' -
.1n]i:l11S
NOTES
- 11 S eSS3, :-: ::=^ :3 Cafagfaph
S-lg.s:s :-: .'.':=' -as a positive view,
i,: a:sc - I :3:3s pcssible problems.The
j-''i--:':rr3pfisdetailSOme
J'll- -- "u'
::-:i :s ,', - = :^e fourlh paragraph
:\: ' -= :::=^:.al risks.The concluding
De..gi.:i sums up the argument.
- '='). of vocabulary is used, with
c8;-( 3 SO referredlo as animals and
c'ee:tres, old people as alder person,
ser'or citizens and the elderly, and
-:'oveci is paraphrased as enhanced.
T:e:e is also a variety of sentence
stru ctu res.
There are 268 words.
Answer key 169
 r', r tlrtg Test 4
Sample responses
Task 1
ilr,rr -\{arr-,
1 l'd drop ,vou a line ro ler you knorv
rhoLrght
rvhat I've been up ro since I left the clinic.
You remember I silid I needed to have a
change? \t/ell, I got a job u,orking parr-rime in a
cafe not far from mv place. I make coftee, tirke
cr-rstomers' orders, serve food ancl drinks, make
sandwiches and do some cleaning up.
It's hectic at times in the cafe, but norvhere
near as stressful as nursing r,,,ork. I r-niss being
able to help sick peopie and I'd prefer il nurse,s
but I don't miss the r-rnpirid ovcrtime irnd
r'r,age,
masses of papenvork. $Torking part-ri1re rre alrs
that nor,v I'm doing a lot of the things I er.rjor
that I didn't have tl.re time or energv for beiore,
so I re:rll,v don't regret slvitching jobs. And
anywavr if I reall,v feel the urge I can go b:rck ro
nursing one da1,.
And u.hat irbor.rt you? I'd lor.e to have a long
chat rvitlr you ancl the others. Per:haps u,e could
have a meal one night eftur \\-{)rk. Hope to \ee
yorl soon.
YouLS,
Anne
NOTES
Following the conventions of letter-writing,
this letter commences with a greeting
(Dear Mary,) and ends with a formulation
and signatu re lYours, Annel.
The tone is conversational, informal
and friendly (this is reflected in
expressions such as drop you a line, what
l've been up to, masses of paperwork, a
long chatl, as it is a letter from one person
to a workmate who she seems to have got
along well with.
ln an informal letter such as this, some
contractions have been used instead of
full words; for example, /iJ instead of /
would and don't instead of do not With
this task, it would be possible to write in
17O Ansrnrer key
aJnorq formal sffe to a formet workmate
or someon€ who you were not so ;i;; t",
The first paragraph briefly eryplairc
the puryose oflhe h$er, the seqqnd
discusses whether Cfranging ioUs *as a
good decisior; qna the fourth suggeqis
-There are 185 words.
Task 2
Taxation is used to redistribute income between
individuals and from individuals towards
collective purposes, so it is unavoidable that
there will be winners and losers.
High-income individuals who pay very high
taxes may view such taxes as theft. If some of
that money is given to individuals with low
incomes as welfare payments, these poorer
individuals would benefit.
Tax has been called the price of civilisation.
People with high incomes can enjoy living in a
safer society with a lower crime ratt if the money
taken from them in tax is used well and there is
not a big gap between the rich and the poor.
The argument is often made that if taxes are
too high, this will act as a brake on motivation
and innovation, as wealthier people will not
want to see the fruits of their labour taken by
the state, and may be tempted to take their assets
and ideas to another country where tax rates are
lower. If this happened, the counrry with high
tax rates would suffer.
The main beneficiary of a policy of very
high taxes is the country as a whole, in other
words, society. That money can be used to raise
standards of health and education, as welfare
payments for those in need, and to upgrade
infrastructure. However, there are no guarantees.
If taxes are spent wastefully or the money goes
into the pockets of corrupt officials, then only
those officials and their cronies reap the benefit,
and at eyeryone else's cost.
Thus the effect of tax policy is not always
what one might expect, and the overall impact
on individuals and society depends on a range of about 15 seconals. Duc r. -... :. :,:-:. :.:'-l
other factors apart from the rate of tax. rvith rhe prlu\ei artJrr..'r.rrr, :.-. .. - -' :
presentation he r.l,as not able ro s.1', ', r:: t--.. . ,

Overall, he made very felv long urrera:rc...

Thr:oughout the intervierv he cleirrlr'
r-rnderstood :rnd gave coherent answers tc)
the questions, thor-rgh there rvere a couple
of exceptions. 'When asked 'Hor,v do people
usuali,v find a place to live in your country?',
he ansu,ered, 'The people, er, find, a quiet place
to live in m1, sounlty because the centre is scr
cror.vded and so noisy'. On a number o1: occasions
r,vhen he had not understood a question, he asked
for it to be repeated, r,vhich is quite acceptable in
the test. Repeating or rephrasing rvords used bv
the other person is a u,a-v to get thinking time, or
to ask for clarification and maintain coherence.
\flhen asl<ed about places that 'are more pleasant
to lir''e in', he sir-nplv :rnd correctly asked 'Nrlore?'
Horvever, he seldom echoed or rephrased words
from tl.re qLrestions, apart from r,vhen he rvas
.rsked about 'other factors' and he responded, 'I
r1'rink rlain factor is ...'He incorrectl-v echoed the
crlminer u'hen he rvas ilsked '-uvhat do you thrnk
SPEAKING .lre tht healrhie st clrinks?' and he replied, 'I like
Sample speaking tests heirithre.t.lrinks'.

Vocabulary
Tlre following is cut nnulvsis of the
The candi dare gener'.r11r' lrsetl loc:rbul :rrv
lterfbnnance of the three canditlates in the
scrntple speoking test on pages 104-17. appropriateh; bur dLsp1.,rr e.i onll a limrteci r:tnge.
On one of the feu- occirsions u'hen he nse c'l a less
Assessment of Gandidate 1 common r,vord, it rl,as used rncorrectir': he talked
of 'metropole cities' instead oi 'nretropolit:'rr-r
Fluency and coherence
cities'. He said, 'mv first clcgree is econoul-'
This candidate occasionally spoke fluentl1,', br-rt
instead of 'Economics'. .rncl 'l l.r.lve to learn tcr
or-erall the pace was too slorv and he hesiratec'l
economy ner,vs' inste ad of '1 har e ro keep up
frequently. Some pauses hefore ansrvering r,vere
with nervs abor-rt the econorl\''. P:rrticularly in
too 1ong. His delivery was not smooth and
giving informatior-r about hir.r.rseli, he should
far too often he fi1lecl pauses rvith 'er' rvhile
make sure that he use s rhe correct terminologl'.
thinkrng of the next r,,,ord he -"vanted to sav.
Throughout the inren'ierv he used the
This was particularly noticeable during the long
rvord 'yeah', r'vhereas 'r'es' rvould be more
present:rtion in the second part of rhe test, but
appropriate for a formal speaking test. Some
occurred througl-ror-rt the intervierv. Using such
other examples of vocabularv used rvrongli,
61lers as a technique to gain thinking time is part
u,ere when he referred to 'some celebrates'
of norn'ral speech, but if overused, thev disturb
instead of 'celebr:rtions' or when he said 'we
the flou, of conversation. He did not use the full
have no residence areas', 'it has a high level of
minute that candidates are gir-en to prepare their:
alcohol inside' inste:rd of it contains a high level
long presentation, and started to speak after
of alcohol', 'go b--v rvalking' instead of 'go on

Ansurer key 17 1
 - . .-.ti'i good relation in our
11
. .' : -t: :;:..uqh later he correctly mentions
r: .:- :^>.:t!S' and 'i can see a ocean or river or
:.... ::rr>. or lake' instead of 'or something like
::-s. or a lake'. He used 'verv', 'little' and 'quite,
ls qualifiers, but said 'ir's roo different' instead
oi it's very different'.
Grammar
It is generally possible to Llndersrand what this
candidate meant throughout the interview, ever.r
when he made errors, and there were many
instances of grammar being used correctl)'. In
some cases he corrected himself, for instance:
'and it's, eq it has, our home, flat has three
fooms', 'you must', er, moving, eh you can be
moved'. However, there were very few compler
sentences and, as with vocabulary, there was an
insufficient range of grammatical structures.
The simple present tense was almost the only
tense used. On a few occasions he left out 'are',
('gossip magazines popular in my country', 'the
people interested in this gossip or sport'), or
else used 'is' instead of 'are' with a plura1 noun
('in mv counrry is most popular drinks special
Turkish drinks', 'the people is elite people',
'onr horne prices is not, er, high'). He gener:alli,
used the final -s s'hen necessar\.excepr rvhen he
said. 'mr-munr acru.rllr Ike tl-re huge kitchen,.
He also used the \\-rong verb: 'l dor.i't interested
gorsip'. ln one ll:c thc !oltlrLt,)Ll\ r, rr.t' \\..t\
used instead of the simple presenr: 'u'e talkine ro
neighbor"rrs aiwal.s' and the simple insre:rd oi the
continuous: 'That's why I stud,v English'. When
it was necessary to use the simple past passive,
it was done incorrectly: 'rhis building, this
apartments, er, built several years ago'. On two
occasions the -ing form was used instead of the
infinitive: 'if you rent a house you can) er, you
must, er, moving', 'prefer to buying a home'.
The plurnl forms of nouns were generally
used correctly, but there were some exceptions:
'lots of facility', 'in Istanbul the peopie
generally live in the apartment', 'there are lors
of advantage or disadvantage', 'our neighbours
also is kind peoples'. There were cases where
the wrong preposition w,as used ('IT is related
about information', 'this apartment's a iittle
172 Ansvver key
far to centre', 'tl-ris is other factor for choose
their apartment', 'u,hen I look at [outl the
u.indow'), or a preposition was used where it
was not needed ('that's why the people prefer to
magazines', 'the people prefer to quiet place,),
or where the preposition was omitted ('the
disadvantages own the house', 'always you live
tl-re same place').
Ar:ticles r,vere mostly used correctly,, but
sometimes they were on-ritted: 'we lived in,
er', seventh floor', 'I think main factor is, er,
their jobs', 'it's :rdvantage for make a good
relationships'. Also, a couple of pronouns were
ornitted: 'I don't r:ead fthem] often', 'people
prefer to drink [it]'.
Among other gr:ammatical errors, there was
one example of an incomplete comparative
('high quality rhan the others'); incorrect rvord
order u,ith adverbs ('you can ger easiiy a friend',
'you can get easily a home'); the wrong word
order r,vith adjectives ('I, er, wants to live a, er,
good view, has a good view apartments'); and
an error in use of the negative ('if you live in the
houses, er, ,vou have, er, not a good relationships
there for their neighbours').
Pronunciation
Gener:aill', this candidate's pronunciation was
cleaq though it would have helped if he spoke
a bit rnore loudly so rhar the lisrener did not
need to strain to r,rnderstand him. There rvere
probler-r'rs u.ith some sounds (e.g. 'th'), and some
u-or:ds (e.g. 'metropole cities' and 'huge'). \7ord
irnd sentence stress was good, as rvas linking
(e.9. 'l-ras a hrgh level of alcohol inside', 'if
1'ou
rent a house, you can'), although the overuse
of fillers disrupted the linking of r,vor:ds. The
slorv pace, pauses and the frequent use of'er'
produced an uneven rhythm of speech.
Overall
The level of this candidate's spoken English
is not yet high enough for stud_v at university
in an English-speaking counrrv. He is relaxed,
perhaps too relaxed, and needs to make his
delivery smoother, faster. more coherent and
more accurate. His lelel oi self-correction makes
him hard to underst:rnd :rnd atfects his fluency,
coherence and accuracr'. He needs to r.vork on
his accurao- in order to reduce this level of self-
correction, and thereby improve his fluency. It
u'ould be useful for him to listen to man)/ types
,,i .poken Errglish and to entxge irt conr ersction
on a range of topics u,ith different people.
Assessment of Candidate 2
Fluency and coherence
This candidate always responded appropriatel,v
and promptly, giving detailed answers and
engaging well rvith the examiner throughout,
creating the impression from the beginning of
rhe intervier'v that she was speaking fluentlv. She
u.as forthcoming and produced a 1ot of iong
Lltterances. \fhen asked 'Whv did you decide
ro do a Masters of Commerce?', she ansu,ered,
'Um, because I think, if I can gain tl-re Master
degree ma,vbe I r.vill give a good job in China.
\rrd I ir rll have .l rrore opporrunitr to qer .l
good pay job u.hich is more :rppealing'. \\1hen
ilsked "il/hat are the most prlpll;1r clrinks in r rtltr
country?', she ansu-ered. 'Beer. r'eah ... -\1.1.
er, maybe Coca-Colir, but I drsLrke Lt. I liu.t. .
drink the orangev r'vater and. r-rh. jLrst clrrnk rit-
\\.ater'. Unlike the male candidate. she used rl-ie
iu11 minute to prepare her long presentatton,
and spoke more coherently and logically in that
section of the test.
She made good use of r,vords and expressions
such as 'however' and 'of course'. When she did
not understand a question, she asked 'Sorry?'
or else repeated the rvord the examiner had
r:sed u,hich she had not understood: 'Tor'vard?',
'Treat?' She also established coherer-rce by
rephrasing words used by the examiner. 'When
asked ''$Vhat factors do ,vou think determine
u,here people choose to live?', she said, 'I think
most of ... most of the irnportant reason'. On
:-t couple of occasions she did not answer the
question, such as her incoherent response r,vhen
asked about healthy drinks.
Vocabulary
In general, the vocabulary and expressions she
used were appropriate although she lacked some
basic vocabularl' (for example, she used 'parking
roorn' for 'garage'). Holvever, her vocabulary
range is often quite limited. She confused 'few'
and'little'when she said 'I have little inend'.
and several times used adjectives instead oi
nouns ('the important reason is comfortabie
and the price and the convenient') and nouns
instead of adjectives ('the life is very leisure').
She is clearly a person who likes to communicate
and was able to paraphrase to express what she
rvanted to sa)', though she rarely used idioms and
the only less common expression she used was
'in a r,vord'. She needs to find alternative ways to
sai, 'I think' to express her opinions and to use
more qualifiers than 'very' and 'quite'. Overall
the range and level of vocabulary was simple.
Grammar
This candidate made a lot of basic errors,
particularly with verb tenses and the use of
the plural. Students with her level of English
usual1,v have str-rdied the mles of the English
tense svstem, but have problems using r-erbs
correcti\'. She u'irs generallr- good u-ith the third
Ferson sLngular. r'et oiren rr-rired conilt-.ec'L t-nsas:
'I '(."::'.:-q
. ".t .i\-:'.\1.-:.
-
i: l r'-' r-;:-: --. 11,,.1.. ,l': I -.
c: : t, : :. : ,r :
. ': : : :--. :ll-:.-. .l: 1 ::-:1. .l :: . 0K : :1.. :ll,lt
' r- I - . . . -' - '- -: - ." '.
l rrrl- nr'.: .. . :.: ' - - .'.-.: : :'t-.
so I u'ill ail rhink m..ir bi I r,,:-i tt.t', - ii.r l,rqr^111q
for another hor.rse'. She sonre trrr:e s -ls-i th-
wrong verbs: 'I have the language .oursis In
my college', 'the house has rn \\'i11oug1-rbr'. She
needs to use the simple past tense nrore oltcn:
'when I first came to Sydnei' instead of 'once I
have been to Sydney', and 'when I rn China I lile
in the apartment'. The -ing form u,as sometimes
omitted or misused: 'I will not spend a lot ot
time to see the magazine', 'instead of go or-rtside ^.
'want to looking for a house'. She had trouble
using conditional, hypothetical structures:'lf
I have my own house I lived in it and I feel oh
that it, that belongs to me. And I think I have
a famil1,, um, but if I live in the house just rent
from somebodl', I think I'm always worried'.
Florvever, she did better later in the interview:
'If you want to go out or go to work, go to
universitl,', you'l1 find that the traffic always
block, it will waste a iot of time'.
She often used the singular form of nouns
rather than plurals: 'magazine', 'movie star, TV
Ansurer key 173
 star and the singer, the famous singer', 'one of
the reason', 'six bedroom', 'o11e of the problem',
'sometime they can find the insect climbing to
my house. I'm afraid of it'.
But sometimes she used plurals correctly:
'and in other big cities'. As often happens with
people whose first language does not use articles,
she sometimes used them when they were not
necessary: 'a lot of vounger people like to see the
magazine about it'.
The pronoun object was left out at times.
When asked '-{re rhere any hot drinks you like?',
she replied: '\o I don't like'; also 'they cannor
control'. Some errors rvere also made with
prepositions: 'studr- is berrer to me', 'not good
enough to me' and the ven'common error'most
of people'.
She was quick to correcr herself, such as
when she said, 'such as beer or alcohol, alcohol
water. Yeah alcohol drink. sorn-'. In fact, she
should have used the adjectir-e 'alcoholic',
but she was clearly monitorilg her orvn
words. Overail she showed a lirnited range
of grammatical structures, though her errors
seldom led to the listener misunderstanding what
she meant.
Pronunciation
This candidate spoke in a loud, clear voice
throughout the interview. There were
mispronunciations, especially of sounds that
are typically difficult for speakers of her first
language, such as 'Macquarie'. She had difficulry-
with the pronunciation of some high-frequency
,words and expressions such as 'good pay job',
'college', 'which', 'high'and 'chat'. Often she
linked sounds well, as with: 'tr will continue my
studies throughout my life' and 'it's very easy
for you to go out for shopping'. She stressed the
important words in sentences: 'maybe I will give
a good job in China', 'maybe the enuironment
is not good enough'. Yet she needs to use more
weak forms. In some utterances, each word
was given equal stress: 'you can gain some
information about the magazine', 'but I dislike
it', 'when I live in it' and 'most of people prefer
to live in his own house because the rent of
the house is quite expensive'. Her intonation is
174 Answer key
rnfluenced bv her native language, and although
at tinles she uses stress timing and intonation
to good eifect. or.erall she uses non-standard
intonation patterns that affect hor,v she conve_vs
meaning.
Overall
This candrdare is an effective speaker: but
her spoken tnglish level is not adecluate for
university ler.el stLrdr'. Although she seerns quite
fluent, her r.ocabr-rlar\r range is limited to basic
rvords and p}rrases. and her control of accurate
grammatical structures is rveak. Outside familiar
topics she begins to lose the precision to explairr
rvhat she rea1l1. means. She needs to improve her
accurac\', to expand her vocabuiar,v into more
precise terms that better express her meaning,
and to Llse sentence stress and intonation more
effectively. She may benefit b,v slightiy slorving
dou.n the pace of her deliverv to give a more
considered response.
Assessment of Candidate 3
Fluency and coherence
As a fluent communic:rtor, this car-rdidate readil1,
anc'l confidently ansrvers qLlestions and expresses
opinions, and generallv responds appropriatelv
ancl at 1engtl-r. He occasionall,v cor:rects himself,
u'hich is common in spoken lalrgr"rage and quite
rrcceptable in the test. There are ferv hesirations
and they are mosrly not long. If anything, the
p.rce \vas too fast and speecl-r rvould be lnore
coherent if he spoke more slowlv. Though he did
m:rke iull use of the minute to prepare his long
ple sentati<tn, he -"r,ould benefit from takii-rg more
trme to think about r,vhilt he is going to sav.
His speech is generall.v coherenr, though this
does br:e :rk dorru,n at times, particularly 11,i1[ n
tendencr- to o\rerLlse some connectives, and ro
sometimes use them inappropriateli.. This can t.
seen especiall). u.ith his use of the rvord 'so' ar
the beginning of Lltterances. For exirmple. uh..:
asked r,vhich kinds of magazines are popular rl
his country, he responds, 'So in Inclia people 1,.- .
cricket so the...'and in the long rurn u'hen l:.
says,'So I love gar:dening also so I1-rr.l r 1r :
florr erc rnd er rr herher' ),,rr .ir r . . - - .
honre gr,.rrdcn:. 5o thc lrr,. .-
,,
 r,,ilsc in m\, \\rhole life er until now. So I am still
-,.,,king for a house for that kind of house. So
i.rceuse I rru,ant to live in a very peaceful area ...'.
He also overuses 'a1so' rvhen he sa,vs, 'the1, can
Lr:e the internet also, it is reallr. helpfr-rl. So 1.or-r
clr-r do it at horle also yor.r c]on't har.e to go and
sre someone else so .you can find it ver,v easil,v
or.i the internet also'. There is :rlso a tendency to
o\.erLlse the filler 'like', r'vhich is commonly used
in informal language: 'Er in bool<s like people
har.e to spend a 1ot of time to get a ideir r'r,hat
thev reading irbout but in magazines thev can get
like er, er the-v can get an idea about the thing
u-hat the,v are reading :rbor-rt jr-rst in a shorter um
periocl, short period of time and in a sense like
short look, quick look, l'ea1-r.'
h-r addition, he overuses the conjunction
'and', for erample, 'so these people ar:e reall-v
helpful and the,v can find u,hatever ther- irre
looking for thi,rt's easy for them hec.ruse ther. cirn
tell them those people like u,har thcr' :rlc looking
ior and the.v r.vill help to find tl-rose pL,Lces rrncl
even on the other hand thev can Llse the rriternet
:rlso, it is rea1l,v helpful. So,vou can clo it at
horne also vor-r don't have to go and see somL-onc
else ...'. On occasion r'vhat he is referring to rs
nnclear, for instance r.vhen he sa,vs, 'I \vant to
do that nursing course' and 'it tel1s about those
other products'.
Vocabulary
This candrdate's range of -,.ocabuiar-v is adequate
to convey rvhat he wants to sa,v, and he uses a
number of idiornatic and less corrrmon lexical
items appropriatel,v. Exarnples are rvhen he
savs,'I'm really into like um looking after
people', 'veggies', and rvith collocations such
as 'hornemade alcohol', 'separate toilet', 'darl<
chocolate' and 'basic needs'. He appears
to be more corrfortable in the use of less
formal language (exceptions are rvhen he says
'dispensaries' and'congested').
In general his i,ocabulary l:rcks fleribilit,v
and precision, and he has a limited capacitl,
to paraphrase. He makes some inappropriate
choices r,vl.ren he sa,ys 'street vierv' instead of
'view of the street', 'migrant peoples' instead of
'migrants', 'colour wise ancl picture rvise and the
furniture u,ise', :lnd 'line oi po-, -r:\', Tlrcr- i.
sometimes confusion bets'ecr-r a.ljcil,, -:. ,r,\..rr:
and adverbs e.g. 'the government hn.rncr,rl'.
'u,hen I firstly came to Australia'. ancl 'suburL.l;r
is more rvider than cit1,'.
Grammar
This candidate produces complerr sentences,
though these frequentli' contein err()rs, e.g. 'if
,vou are living in a house you have a separate
rva1l fr:om vour neighbollrs or vou will have a
gap between vour house and the neighbour's
house, so ,you can't hear the neighbour's crr'
so it -uvill be more separate fron.r the - frorn
other houses' ... and 'in some like in developing
countries the government should help those
people rvho can't afford to buy a place um like
um mostly those people u,ho are living belor,v
the line, the line o{ povert},', so go\rernment
should help them to bu1, a place'. Ther:e are also
nllmerolrs errors rvith basic grammaq including
r.vith articles, tenses and prepositions.
Often the wrong tense is used, for instance
u,hen clescribir-rg a place lvhere he used to li-n e
he sa1,s, 'I like that because there is a park on
rhe nert side of the street. So I can watch people
l1.r.'ing ioothall because I lor.e football and er
Lt \\:r-i ne .ir to a1l the facilities'. Aiso ther:e are
e rrors \\ ith the fonn of tenses, e.g. 'lrrhat the,v
rel,,'ling ...1.,.,,-rr' ancl ' r'ou kind of feeling like'.
Thrs i. .r.:o 1...ck oi .rqreerlent betrveen sr-rbject
and r erL. i.:. ..r.(r11. u-i'ro er o\\-ns their o$rn
homc' .rnt1'thr a.1ri.rrn-i u'.rs re;r11r' nice'.
The le lre nlrmeroLrs Lilsr.inces oi errors in
the use oi comp.rratir es e.q. 'r.nore bigger than
a apiilrrment'. 'llrore t.r11er thirn .r irouse ', 'some
residential areas ilre verr- like er ver.y good
than others' and 'these kinds of places are very
comfortable than others'. There :rre errors r,r,ith
articles, particularll' omitring them: 'it's not
interesting subject', 'get a idea' and 'vierv of cit1,'.
The incorrect preposition is sometimes r-rsed e.g.
'near to', 'there is a park on the nert side of the
street' and 'on the lvedding p:lrties'.
Though rvhat this candidate means is
generally clear, there are several occasions wher.r
it is difficult to understand what he is tr,ving to
sav. Instances of this are rvhen he sa,vs, 'because
Ansurer key 175
uh in in this competition of us uh you need
English if you are going it helps in your career',
' a hor-rse would be like very open side' and '
suburban is more r,r,ider than city'.
Pronunciation
Most of the tirne this candidate can be
understood, yet his pronr-rnciation would
improve if he spoke more slowly. The main
problems are at the level of sentences and
phrases, where his intonation and rhythn-r
sometimes make his message hard to
comprehend, rather than rvith individr-ra1 u.ords.
N,leaning can be conveyed or made clearer
through using pauses, .vet there are insufficient
pauses in this candidate's rapid-fire speech, and
it is at times not immediately clear rvhen he has
finished responding to a question, e.g. due tcr
him rror using fallrng inronnrion.
\X/ords are sometimes run together and the
lack oi chunking m:rkes it diflicult to te1l rvhen
one idea l-ras endecl and another has begun.
Some ir-rclir idual u'ords :rnd erpressions are hard
to unclersr.rr.rd. p,rrticr,rl:rr1r. clr-re to i1 tenclency
Io make Long r',ru eLs into short r-ou'els and
thror-rgh the u rong -itr-!> \1, ::-lil-L u-rrr.js. e.g. r,rth
'communicate'.'p1.rve:s . iri.1g.:znras'.'1ook',
'aicohol','peaceinl'.':tr-ii . -i:r:,'.:., .'ciilour'
and 'developing'.
Overall
Some people speak too slou-lr rn :ire ,..t:cnr;rr
to avoid errors and some have rhc o;.p,-r.ite
tendency. Thirt is, the1. n1s so keen tcr
communicate that they do not tilke enouql.r
care rvith accuracy. This candidate seems to
belong to the latter group. He is adept irt usirrg
colloquial vocabulary and has the confidence to
communicate fluentili even if he sometimes lacks
coherence. Overali, if he slowed down the pace
at u.hicl-r he talks, he rvould have more rime to
think, which r.vould mean he would not have to
correct himself and change direction midrvay
through sentences so often. This would aiso help
him avoid some of the grammar mistakes, enable
him to produce rnore coherent utterances, to use
u,ords such as 'yeal.r', 'so' :lnd 'tike' less often,
and he r,vould be easier to understand.

Audio CD contents
CD 1 ListeningTests 1and2 CD 2 ListeningTests 3 and 4 GD 3 SpeakingTests
Track ListeningTest 1 Track Listening Test 3 Track SpeakingTests
1 lnstructions 1 lnstructions 1 Sample Speaking Test
2 Section 1 2 Section 1 2 Sample Speaking Test:
3 Section 2 3 Section 2 Candidate 1
4 Section 3 4 Section 3 3 Sample Speaking Test:
5 Section 4 5 Section 4 Candidate 2
Track ListeningTest 2 Tiack Listening Test 4
4 Sample Speaking Test:
Candidate 3
6 lnstructions 6 lnstructions
5 SpeakingTest 1
7 Section'1 7 Section 1
6 SpeakingTest 2
8 Section 2 B Section 2
7 SpeakingTest 3
9 Section 3 9 Section 3
8 SpeakingTest 4
10 Section 4 10 Section 4
9 SpeakingTest 5
10 SpeakingTest 6

176 Answer key