Name: Angeline P.

Parado Date: September 14, 2020

Block: LAB

Clinical Applications:
1. Discuss briefly the pathophysiology/ cause of the following integumentary conditions: Include preventive and
therapeutic measures.

a) Acne

Acne is a chronic disease that affects the pilosebaceous unit, and is one of the most common
dermatologically treated skin disorders. In certain cases, at some stage in life, acne affects almost all. A good
understanding of acne physiology, thorough assessment skills, and knowledge of treatment options will allow the
dermatology clinician to develop and guide the patient in successful acne treatment. Commonly, the causes of acne are
hormones, resistance bacteria, use of cosmetics, drugs, smoking, due to stress and genetics.

Prevention:
Physical activity and sports are beneficial as they promote health and help overweight individuals with hormonal
conditions, such as polycystic ovarian disease and insulin resistance, lose weight, which in turn aids in acne treatment.
Medication Caution should be taken to avoid medicines considered to be acnegenic. Medications are administered for
serious diseases, their acnegenic effect can be called to the attention of the prescribing physician.

Family history for individuals with strong family history of acne, especially if on both sides of the family, anti-acne
treatment should begin early to prevent morbidity and scarring.
Therapy. It is required, often several months beyond clinical remission, to prevent relapse. Maintenance treatment such as
topical retinoids should be continued throughout the susceptible age.
Therapeutic measure:
Mild: The topical retinoid or topical antimicrobial therapy act specifically the benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin,
erythromycin. Either combination therapy for example with retinoids and antibiotics, is more effective than either agent
used alone.
Moderate: Response to oral antibiotics is usually seen after at least six weeks of therapy. The tetracycline,
erythromycin trimethoprim agents also have inherent anti-inflammatory effects, such as suppressing leukocyte
chemotaxis and bacterial lipase activity.

Severe: The therapeutic measure for severe acne is oral ositretinion which affects all causative mechanisms of acne.

b) Folliculitis

Folliculitis is a chronic skin disorder in which hair follicles are inflamed. It is normally caused by bacterial or
fungal infections. At first, it can look like small red bumps or white-headed pimples around hair follicles, which are tiny
pockets from which each hair develops. The infection can spread and develop into unhealing, crusty sores. It is most
often caused by an infection of hair follicles with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria or may also be caused
by viruses, fungi and even an inflammation from ingrown hairs.
Prevention:
There are some prevention that may help in preventing folliculitis contion like avoid tight clothes which helps to
reduce friction between your skin and clothes, Drying out of rubber gloves between uses if wearing rubber gloves on a
regular basis, avoid shaving if possible, considering hair removing products or other methods of hair removal that may
caise irritation of the skin. Lastly, talk with a doctor if needed for suggesting on the situation for controlling bacterial
growth.
Theraputic measure:
Treatments for folliculitis depend on the type and severity of your condition, what self-care measures you've
already tried and your preferences. Options include medications and interventions such as laser hair removal.

c) Tinea Pedis

Tinea pedis is a foot infection due to a dermatophyte fungus. It is the most common dermatophyte infection and is
particularly prevalent in hot, tropical, urban environments. Fungal infections of the foot can be divided into three major
varieties, all of which have differing pathophysiologic aspects with therapeutic implications. It is caused by a fungus, may
spread to the palms, groin, and body. Fungal infections of the feet are contagious and can be spread person to person or
by walking on contaminated floors.
Prevention:
Following some preventive method may help for a tinea pedis bacteria condition such as keeping feet dry,
especially between your toes, change socks regularly, wearing light shoes and avoid shoes made of synthetic material,
alternate pairs of shoes to avoid the bacteria or fungus in same shoes being used. Next, protect your feet in public places.
Wear waterproof sandals or shoes around public pools, showers and lockers rooms. Then, treat your feet. Use powder,
preferably antifungal, on your feet daily and importantly, don't share shoes. Sharing risks spreading a fungal infection.

Therapeutic measure:

d) Eczema

e) Scabies 

2.  A medical technologist performs venipuncture.  List the specific layers of the skin where the needle would pass
through.
References:

Collier C. N., Harper J. C., Cafardi J. A., Cantrell W. C., Wang W., Foster K. W., Elewski B. E. (2008). The
prevalence of acne in adults 20 years and older. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,
58(1), 56–59. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.045
Kraft John and Freiman Anatoli (2011). Management of acne. CMAJ. Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080563/
Kubba R., Thappa DM, Kumar BA, Sharma T. (2009). Acne Prevention. Research Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26586226

Mayo Clinic (2020). Folliculitis. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
Tanghetti E. A. (2013). The role of inflammation in the pathology of acne. Journal of Clinical Aesthetic
Dermatology, 6(9), 27–35.
Zaenglein A. L., Pathy A. L., Schlosser B. J., Alikhan A., Baldwin H. E., Berson D. S., Bhushan R. (2016).
Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology, 74(5), 945.e33–973.e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.037