SMART TEXTILES: SUPERWEAR

SUBMITTED BY:

MS. AYMAN SATOPAY

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTERS IN SCIENCE
(TEXTILE SCIENCE AND APPAREL DESIGN)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF MRS. NIKHILA RANE

SUBJECT INCHARGE

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE SCIENCE AND APPAREL DESIGN

SNDT WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY, JUHU,

MUMBAI - 400049.
2021
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled “SMART TEXTILES:

SUPERWEAR” submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master’s in

Home Science (Textile Science and Apparel Design), is a bonafide work of

research done by Ms. AYMAN SATOPAY and has been prepared under my

supervision and guidance for the Degree of Master’s in Home Science.

Date: 6/07/2021 Mrs. Nikhila Rane

Place: Subject Incharge

Textile Science and Apparel

Design SNDT Women’s

University Juhu, Mumbai

400049.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Anshu Sharma, Head of the Department, Textile
Science and Apparel Design for providing me with an opportunity to present my minor
research on ‘SMART TEXTILES: SUPERWEAR’.

I would like to thank my mentor Mrs. Nikhila Rane, visiting faculty, Department of Textile
Science and Apparel Design, for guiding me with her valuable suggestions at each and every
stage of my research work and for guiding me throughout the project.

Last but not the least, I thank my family and friends for their encouragement and support in
preparing for this project. The success of any project depends largely on their encouragement
and suggestions of many others.

Ayman Satopay

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 Acknowledgement i
2 Table of Content ii
3 List of Plates iii
4 List of figures iv
5 List of Tables v
6 Abstract vi
CHAPTER
1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Objective 3
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Need of Study
2 Review of Literature 4-5
3 Material and Methodology 8
3.2 Population
3.3 Sampling method
3.4 Sources of data collection
3.4.1 Primary data collection resources
3.4.2 Secondary data collection sources
3.5 Materials
3.5.1 Block diagram
3.5.2 MPU6050
3.5.3 Vibration motor
3.6 Implementation and work plan
3.7 Methodology
3.8 Data analysis technique
3.9 Limitations of methodology and ethical considerations
4 Results and Discussion 10
5 Conclusion 12
6 References 14
7 Annexure 16
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Title Page No.

1 NodeMCU Pin Diagram 8

2 MPU6050 Pin Diagram 9

3 Vibration Motor Internal Structure 9

4 SuperWear Block Diagram 9

5 SuperWear Circuit Diagram 10

6 SuperWear Breadboard Circuit 10

7 Research objective checklist 17

8 Question formation checklist 17

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 System Implementation Flowchart 11

2 Sleep Monitoring Motion Data 18

3 Pedometer motion data 18

4 Temperature Monitoring Flowchart 19

5 Posture monitoring motion data 19

6 Age group data 20

7 Knowledge of product feature data 20

8 Purchase decision of product data 21

9 Additional feature requirement data 21

10 Outfit choice data 22

11 Color options data 22

12 Fabric choice data 23

13 Surface ornamentation choice data 23

14 Price range data 23

15 Brand name data 23

16 Idea of the product rating 23

17 Price range rating 24

18 Product demand in market rating 24

 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1 Circuit Connection 10

2 Sleep Monitoring Motion Data 18

3 Pedometer motion data 18

4 Posture monitoring data table 19

v
 ABSTRACT

This research paper explores technology and computation as elements of fashion. Far beyond
the definition of clothing as a necessary protective covering, fashion exists as a way for
people to express themselves to others, to reflect portions of their personality in their outward
appearance, and to distinguish themselves as individuals. How can technology enhance these
expressive aspects of what we wear? The goal of my research is to create examples of new
types of clothing based on computation, which provide modes of expression unachievable
with traditional garment techniques. In this thesis, I define an area of design and research
which is a synthesis of technology, computation, and fashion. Every day we make conscious
decisions about what we look like through our clothing. Fashion exists as a means of creating
an outward appearance that reflects something about the individual, whether it is
identification with a cultural movement such as punk rock, economic status as a wealthy
businessman, or a personal weakness for the color magenta. The things we wear relate our
bodies and our personalities to the things around us, and are extremely personal systems of
identity that we construct with deliberation and care. The development or assimilation of new
technologies is a critical part of any industry, and the field of fashion is no different. The
development of new materials and fibers provides fabric with a vast range of drape, texture,
color, durability, weight and performance. Intricate and sophisticated machinery affords
faster garment construction and embellishment. Inevitably, technologies will become even
more flexible, smaller, faster and cheaper. Their use as aesthetic fashion elements in the
tradition of sequins or stripes, rather than portable devices (personal digital assistant, cell
phone, email inbox), has already begun. Smart clothing is believed to have an enormous
growth potential, but at present, it is not so attractive in terms of sales. For this research,
different sources including books, newspaper articles, online journals as well as blogs have
been used. The issues provided by various sources are examined, compared and interpreted in
this study by critical evaluation.
Keywords:, smart wear, smart textiles, super wear, technical textiles, smart textiles.
CHAPTER 1

v
 INTRODUCTION

Food, clothing and shelter are the basic necessities of human beings. The new era has added
another necessity to the list which is technology. Technology has become an integral part of
the everyday life on an individual and rightly so, the benefits are huge! Technology has the
power to provide an individual with facilities and insights that may just not have been
possible with any traditional methodology. Even though the reach of technology is expanding
day by day, the methods related to many fields are still raw and have not been developed
completely. Even the one which are available come with their own sets of problems. A person
goes through various phases every day. The major phases in the usual daily life involves
travelling, working and sleeping. These three important phases affect our body and being
informed through the data obtained during these phases can help in unlocking a healthier
lifestyle. These latter years, advances in sensor integration and technologies have made
possible to develop non-invasive accelerometers to monitor the activity of a person. The data
obtained through accelerometer then can be processed and interpreted which can then become
the key to a healthy living. The following are some of the scenarios in which accelerometer
becomes the perfect candidate:
• Physical Activity Monitoring – A person needs to perform daily physical activity to
stay healthy and fit. It has an impact in various ways. The global health condition of a person
since several diseases’ incidence are higher with a PA lower than the recommendation values:
hypertension, diabetes, obesity. Physical activity also improves the mood and well-being.
Even though we do know the importance of physical activity, we tend to be not motivated
due to various reason. One such reason is the lack of information of how much effort we are
putting. The way to quantify it is through providing data such as number of steps, calories
burnt, and distance travelled.
• Sleep Monitoring – Sleep occupies one-third of our life and plays an important role in
overall health by recovering physical and mental functions, so it is crucial to have sound
sleep. Many of us sometimes feel tired all day long due to overworking on previous day or
symptom of flu. Continued lack of sleep causes health problems, and sometimes sleep
shortage is caused by sleep disorders. The common sleep disorders include sleep apnea,
narcolepsy, restless legs and insomnia. Traditional sleep monitoring systems, such as
polysomnography, involves a myriad of sensors attached around the patients’ body, and
therefore is limited to clinical usage. In line with this, potential methods have been
extensively researched, with an emphasis on both inferring sleep information from a small
number of sensors and using non-invasive and feasible technology.
• Posture Monitoring – Most of modern people spend on most of their time sitting at a
desk, typically working on a computer. One of the most recent forecasts of computer adoption
estimates that there were more than a billion computers in use at the end of 2008. This report
also forecasts a 12.3% compound annual growth rate between 2003 and 2015. Driven by
lower prices and global demand especially in developing countries it is expected that there
will be over 2 billion computer users by 2015 [10]. A study of 512 office workers found the 12-
month prevalence of neck pain to be 45.5% [3]. Reports of the lifetime prevalence of neck pain
in the general population range from 67-80%. As computer adoption increases, we can expect
a corresponding increase in the prevalence of neck pain if appropriate countermeasures are
not employed. Bad posture causes inflammation, body aches, tension, and headaches over
1
time,

2
 and can lead to long-term problems such as osteoarthritis. Sustained postures restrict critical
• musculoskeletal stimuli that are required for normal musculoskeletal growth due to
physiological and biomechanical stress. Most upper extremity disorders and symptoms (neck,
shoulder, elbow and wrist pain) are associated with computer use at workstations in positions
of poor posture [1]. Upright sitting posture is the best way to prevent such disorders. Upright
sitting posture doesn’t lean the centre of gravity to one side. The body is observed to the
sagittal plane, frontal plane and horizontal plane. The system for maintaining correct posture
of the user has been developed in order to prevent for poor posture [4-5]. But the system utilizes
camera feed thereby making it inefficient in terms of cost and space limitation. In such a
scenario, the use of accelerometer sensor will be more useful, and the desired outcome can be
attained.[11]
• The main contribution of the proposed project is to define and implement a system
architecture that will be able to solve the above issues along with providing additional
supplementary features. The proposed project – SuperWear – is a one-of-a-kind and seamless
approach that enables the common individual to utilize the Smart Technology for their
healthcare & daily lifestyle activities and introducing it into apparels. It takes an integrated
and hybrid approach, supplementing conventional methodologies to enable a person to
advance and realize their potentials while remaining safe and updated on the go. The design
of the proposed project is such that it does not hamper the natural process while still being
able to capture the data necessary to generate an actionable feedback and outcome. The
project will be developed on to garment made with natural fibres or fabrics to not add on to
carbon footprints.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

1. To present the latest research results together with basic concepts related to the most
promising applications in the field of sensor monitoring system on garments.
2. To represent a new model for generating creative and novel solutions to the problem related
to sleep tracking, posture monitoring and physical activity for better assessment and living.
3. To monitor the sleeping habits of an individual to give them insights about both the quantity
and the quality of sleep so that they can decide on an optimum routine.
4. To do survey and get valuable feedback from potential buyers and improve the functionality
of the device and know market demand.

1.3 HYPOTHESIS

1. Ho – Latest research result did not have any promising application in the field of
sensor monitoring system on garments.
Ha – Latest research result did have a promising application in the field of sensor monitoring system on
garments.
As per the research Ha is accepted.

2. Ho – New model related to sleep tracking, posture monitoring and physical activity does
not have any impact on living.
Ha- New model related to sleep tracking, posture monitoring and physical activity does have a better
impact on living.
As per the result Ha is accepted.

3. Ho – Monitoring sleep habit will not help in decision making for optimum routine.
Ha- Monitoring sleep habit will help in decision making for optimum routine.
As per result Ha is accepted.

4. Ho – Conducting survey will not help in knowing the market demand

Ha – Conducting survey will help in knowing the market demand.
As per the result Ha is accepted.

1.4 NEED OF STUDY

The proposed project is the first step towards creating a Smart Individual allowing for every citizen to
have the right to good fitness, good health and good sleep. It is the necessary step for opening a
completely new era where the transition happens from connected objects to connected individual.
CHAPTER 2
 RVIEW OF LITERATURE

Angelucci; et al (2021), There are many wearable devices on the market for physiological and
activity tracking, but the majority of them only allow for spot measurements. However, the
continuous detection of physiological parameters without regard for time or space would be
useful in a variety of areas, including healthcare, exercise, and employment. This is possible
by the use of fibre technology for sensorized clothing, in which the sensors are fully
integrated in the cloth. The full incorporation of sensors in the fabric results in many
manufacturing strategies that allow dealing with both the technical challenges posed by the
physiological parameters under investigation, as well as the fundamental specifications of a
garment. This study is intended to offer a thorough overview of the textile technologies used
in the manufacture of sensorized fabrics in terms of materials and manufacturing processes.[2]

Brendan O'Flynn; et al, (2017), A well-known research field in the literature is the objective
measurement of physical activity levels using wearable inertial-based motion detectors for
passive, continuous, and long-term observation of people in free-living environments.
However, their introduction to older adults will raise unique challenges. This paper examines
strategies for tracking physical activity, the introduction of fitness technology in older adults,
and explains and compares current consumer offerings that include activity trackers designed
for older participants.[4]

Nico Surantha; et al, (2016), Sleep quality is critical for human physical and mental health, as
well as daytime success and protection. A good night's sleep will lower the risk of chronic
disease and mental stress. Sleep allows the brain to function correctly, which will increase
efficiency and avoid accidents caused by falling asleep. A dependable continuous monitoring
system is needed to assess sleep efficiency. This paper provides a review of the literature on
the internet of things and sleep quality control systems. The study begins with an analysis of
the sleep quality challenge, the significance of sleep quality control, the supporting internet of
things technologies, and the open problems in this area.[9]

Md. Syduzzaman; et al, (2015), This research reveals the application of e-textile materials in
clothing The paper discusses the origins and implementations of smart textiles and advanced
wearable electronics for sport wear, manufacturing applications, automobile and entertainment
applications, healthcare and safety, military, and public sectors, as well as recent innovations
in smart textiles.[8]

Matteo Stoppa; et al, (2014), Devices can be distinguished by their ability to dynamically
identify their own user's actions and behavioral state, as well as the situation surrounding
her/him, and to use this knowledge to change the system's setup and features. This article
reflects on recent advancements in the field of Smart Textiles, with a special emphasis on
fabrics and manufacturing processes. Each strategy has benefits and drawbacks, and our goal is
toillustrate a potential trade-off between versatility, ergonomics, low power consumption,
integration, and, ultimately, autonomy.[7]
CHAPTER 3
 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

For this research, different data collection tools such as primary sources including observation,
questionnaire, rating scale, interview schedule as well as secondary data collection tools including
books, newspaper articles, online journals as well as blogs have been used. The data provided by
various sources are examined, compared and interpreted in this study by critical evaluation.

3.2 Population

The population of a study basically refers to the total number of people in the form of a thorough
headcount of all elements the findings of the study seek to represent (Sekaran, 2003) [12]. A clearly
defined population ensures that the results and findings apply to the correct category of elements in the
society. Considering the factor that this research is done on smart wear that will be used by different
age group belonging from any field, population includes all age group people targeting working class
age from 19-
60. Survey was done to selected people as samples and questions were asked to know their view on
smart textile.

3.3 Sampling method

Due to limited resources, there is almost always the need to sample respondents for any investigation
(Saunders et al. 2007). It may be added that it is not practical to use the whole population to conduct the
survey since that process takes a lot of effort and consumes a lot of time. The term “Sample” is part
picked from the whole set of data, which is called “population” to reflect the responses of the whole
population (Denscomble, 2010). “Once you have decided the technique for collecting your fieldwork
data and you have thought about what to ask, you should be ready to decide on the characteristics of the
respondents” (Naoum, 2007).Saunders at al. (2007) add that the size of the sample may impact on the
extent of significance of relationship between variables of the study [13].
For the research, convenience sampling method is used. The survey questions have been asked to
students from different department of SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai and family members,
relatives of the researcher. Through this sampling method, data has been collected from different age
groups and total number of responses collected is 113 respondents.

3.4 Sources of data collection

Schindler and Cooper (2006) assert that two main sources of data exist. These sources of data are
primary and secondary data sources. Both data sources contribute to the objectives and helped generate
conclusions and recommendations [14].

3.4.1 Primary data collection sources

There are various forms of data collection tools. The study adopts a questionnaire, rating scale,
observation and interview guide as instruments for data collection in a joint qualitative and quantitative
approach. The survey strategy of study administration permits the collection of data from a wide range
of responses. The large mode of data collected helps gather enough evidence that helped establish
conclusions for the study. Yin (2003) argues that the survey strategy permits the collection of a large
amount of data which are later analyzed with the help of the appropriate statistical modules towards
founding of conclusions.

Collecting primary data helped to enhance understanding and implementation of direct evaluation of the
subject using a survey questionnaire, observation, rating scales, checklist. For the purpose of this study
information was gathered from 113 respondents belonging from different age group to get idea of their
opinion and perspective of the project that will be implemented. The purpose of collection primary data
for the research was to know attitude of the participants towards the project “SUPER WEAR” of how
significant and useful it will be considering to each individual. Different responses and opinions were
gathered which were analyzed.

The questionnaire was used in order to ensure the regularity of information on all factors that affect the
opinion of the respondents. The questionnaire collects data in an organized or structured way whereas
the interview collects data in a rather semi structured format. The interview guide’s semi structured
format was to make it easier to collect information on how the project will be implemented and how the
market will take its approach towards the textile. The survey questionnaire covered 4 main dimensions
of physical, psychological, economic, and organizational factors of the product and views of the
respondents on each factor. The questions included the overall look as well the functions it offers and if
there is any suggestions from participants they can write their viewpoint. Types of question includes
open ended question (Completely unstructured), Multiple choice question, scale question and
contingency question.

3.4.2 Secondary data collection sources

Secondary Data Sources may be referred to as data that is not originally gathered by the study, and help
in some way to arrive at a conclusion for the study. Secondary data sources according to Sekaran
(2003) are derived from data that is already in existence. Secondary data for this study was acquired
from a variety of online databases of journals, books, year projects by past students of the institution,
and other such sources. Secondary data was very instrumental in gathering primary data to in the bid to
find solutions to the study’s research questions. This data helped to gather information and material
requirement for the project which are listed below.

3.5 Materials

The research consists of test research instruments including raw materials and channel diagrams which
will be part of main study.

3.5.1 NodeMCU

Plate 1: NodeMCU Pin Diagram

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform [13]. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-
Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term
"NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. NodeMCU was created
shortly after the ESP8266 came out.

3.5.2 MPU6050

Plate 2: MPU6050 Pin Diagram

The MPU-6050 parts are the world’s first MotionTracking devices designed for the low power, low
cost, and high-performance requirements of smartphones, tablets and wearable sensors [14].

3.5.3 Vibration motor

Plate 3 : Vibration Motor Internal Structure

3.5.4 Block Diagram

Plate 4: SuperWear Block Diagram

The block diagram for the proposed project comprises of a micro-controller, which in this case is a
NodeMCU. The benefit of using the NodeMCU is that it is cheap, small and size and have built in WiFi
Capability. The choice of accelerometer sensor is MPU6050 which has six degrees of freedom allowing
to obtain both accelerometer and gyroscope data. It is available cheaply and moreover it can be easily
interfaced with NodeMCU through I2C. The vibration motor is used for feedback. The circuit also
comprises of a battery charging circuit for the LiPo battery so that it can be used easily without the need
to connect it to the system. For the cloud, Blynk is used which allows for easy interfacing as well as the
desired capabilities in a neat to use app.

Circuit Diagram

Plate 5: SuperWear Circuit Diagram

The circuit connection are as follows:

NodeMCU(D1) MPU6050(SCL)
NodeMCU(D2) MPU6050(SDA)
NodeMCU(D3) Motor(M+)
NodeMCU(GND) Motor(M+), MPU6050(GND), LiPo
Charger(GND)
NodeMCU(3.3V) MPU6050(VCC)
NodeMCU(Vin) LiPo Charger(VCC)

Table 1: Circuit Connection

Plate 6 : SuperWear Breadboard Circuit

3.6 Implementation & Work plan

The implementation has been divided into two parts to demonstrate the working easily. The system
implementation consists of the top-level functions such as the setup and the loop functions and the
respective declarations and initialization. In the module implementation, each of the module has been
explored to gain better understanding into the working of the entire system.

The NodeMCU will be programmed using the Arduino compatible set of instructions. The two main
functions are the setup function and the loop function. In the setup function, initialization takes place.
The setup function is run only once at the start of the program. Then comes the loop function which as
the name implies goes on repeating continuously till the power is connected to the circuit.

Figure 1 : System Implementation Flowchart

3.7 Methodology
SECTION 1
CHECKLIST
This research consists of checklist as one of its data collections tools. It includes checklist for objective
and hypothesis formation, and designing questions.

The purpose of this checklist is to assist with the research process. For any logistical requirements or
deadlines pertaining to the conference, contact your mentor or the HTCC director, Professor Adams.
Checklist:
 Identify a topic of research. Choose something both original and interesting to you. You may
find that many interesting topics are too broad to research and present. Narrow it down. Try to
be more specific about what aspect of your topic you want to research.
 Choose a Mentor. Approach a professor or other faculty mentor that you feel has a good
understanding of your topic. He or she will be able to guide you as you conduct your research
and point out ways in which to strengthen your research quality.
 Study Existing Materials. Most likely someone else has had the same questions you have about
a specific topic. Try to find their materials and what answers they found. Even if your question
has already been answered, you may find that the answers lead to more questions that you could
research.
 Choose a Method of Research. Which subject you choose will determine the method of research
you can perform. Regardless of topic, you will probably be able to review any existing literature
on your topic that could help to give you more insight into the best wayto conduct your research.
Methods of research could include scientific experiments, sociological surveys, analysis of
existing data, and even interviews. All of these methods will give you data that you can quantify
and use to support your hypothesis.
 Conduct Your Research. Be thorough. If you are performing an experiment, make sure your
results can be repeated several times. If you are conducting a survey, ensure you get a good
response rate. If you are conducting interviews, try to make the questions as unbiased as
possible. The reliability of your data will be examined and judges will want to know exactly
how you got your results.
 Work with Mentor to Analyze Results. Your mentor will be able to help you to fine tune your
research and prepare your results. You will do most of the work, of course, but your mentor can
provide experienced insights into ways that you can improve your presentation and data
gathering process.
 Keep Studying Your Topic. Be sure to have an intimate understanding of your research results.
Even if you are making a presentation poster, be prepared to answer any possible questions you
could be asked. You are the expert on your research so study it to ensure you have the
confidence of an expert [16]
 SECTION 2
OBSERVATION

The term observational research is used to refer to several different types of non-experimental studies in
which behavior is systematically observed and recorded. The goal of observational research is to
describe a variable or set of variables. More generally, the goal is to obtain a snapshot of specific
characteristics of an individual, group, or setting. As described previously, observational research is
non-experimental because nothing is manipulated or controlled, and as such we cannot arrive at causal
conclusions using this approach. The data that are collected in observational research studies are often
qualitative in nature but they may also be quantitative or both (mixed-methods). There are several
different types of observational methods that will be described below [7].

For the study natural / uncontrolled observation technique was implemented to observe the smart
product use in an uncontrolled environment to get an insight of the features depending on different
aspects such as in natural setting to monitor sleep, to track steps (pedometer) , posture and temperature.

Naturalistic observation is an observational method that involves observing people’s behavior in the
environment in which it typically occurs. Thus naturalistic observation is a type of field research (as
opposed to a type of laboratory research). Jane Goodall’s famous research on chimpanzees is a classic
example of naturalistic observation. Dr. Goodall spent three decades observing chimpanzees in their
natural environment in East Africa. She examined such things as chimpanzee’s social structure, mating
patterns, gender roles, family structure, and care of offspring by observing them in the wild. However,
naturalistic observation could more simply involve observing shoppers in a grocery store, children on a
school playground, or psychiatric inpatients in their wards.
 SECTION 3
QUESTIONNAIRE

For the research different types of question types have ben used which includes completely structured,
MCQ questions, scales, dichotomous and contingency questions.

Questionnaires can be classified as both, quantitative and qualitative method depending on the nature of
questions. Specifically, answers obtained through closed-ended questions with multiple choice answer
options are analyzed using quantitative methods and they may involve pie-charts, bar-charts and
percentages. Answers obtained to open-ended questionnaire questions are analyzed using qualitative
methods and they involve discussions and critical analyses without use of numbers and calculations.

Advantages of questionnaires include increased speed of data collection, low or no cost requirements,
and higher levels of objectivity compared to many alternative methods of primary data collection.
However, questionnaires have certain disadvantages such as selection of random answer choices by
respondents without properly reading the question. Moreover, there is usually no possibility for
respondents to express their additional thoughts about the matter due to the absence of a relevant
question.

Open question questionnaires. Open questions differ from other types of questions used in
questionnaires in a way that open questions may produce unexpected results, which can make the
research more original and valuable. However, it is difficult to analyze the results of the findings when
the data is obtained through the questionnaire with open questions.

Multiple choice questions. Respondents are offered a set of answers they have to choose from. The
downsize of questionnaire with multiple choice questions is that, if there are too many answers to
choose from, it makes the questionnaire, confusing and boring, and discourages the respondent to
answer the questionnaire.

Contingency questions. A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response
to a previous question.

Dichotomous questions. The dichotomous question is a question that can have two possible answers.
Dichotomous questions are usually used in a survey that asks for a Yes/No, True/False, Fair/Unfair or
Agree/Disagree answers. They are used for a clear distinction of qualities, experiences, or respondent's
opinions.

Scaling Questions. Also referred to as ranking questions, they present an option for respondents to rank
the available answers to the questions on the scale of given range of values example rating 1-10 [11].
3.8 Data Analysis technique

For the research, Statistical & Qualitative Data Analysisis used. Qualitative analysis is one of the
best methods of research for many fields of study. It provides depth and detail by analyzing things more
than just numbers and sizes. It does this through examining attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. This
type of analysis encourages people to expand their responses and also helps people to have a better and
more detailed picture of the causes and conclusions of different actions and reactions in the world.
Finally, qualitative analysis deals with the exclusion of prejudices and prejudgments, because every
thought, action, and behavior is researched through the cause and the reality.

3.9 Limitations of methodology and ethical considerations

Limitations

It may be observed first and foremost that the present study was conducted with the resources found
online and through books, whereas the questionnaire was conducted online mode and thus is not
restricted geographically. An important limitation however is the limited amount of time offered to
complete the present study by the researcher’s institution. A time table was maintained in order to
overcome such limitations pertaining to interim submissions and maintenance of other milestones
necessary to complete the study in time. It was critical to establish a timetable with pre-determined
achievable milestones in an attempt to keep track of vial activities that are fundamental in meeting
necessary deadlines of project. The researcher’s busy work schedule also served as a major obstacle in
this area.

Ethical Considerations

Strict code of ethics as outlines by Girne American University was observed. Creswell (2009) argue
that ethical considerations must be an integral aspect of any particular study. Dependable ethical
principles were observed in the course of conducting the research. Saunders et al. (2009) add that
gaining permission and consent to collect data is a very important aspect of any study. All data
collection instruments were therefore made to contain an informed consent form. Prior to data
collection however, description and reason for research was given. In addition to this, personal data
pertaining to any of the respondents were not collected.
CHAPTER 4
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, primary data collected is summarized. Whereas qualitative data collected with the help
of the survey questionnaire is presented with the help of tables, graphs and brief explanations. The
chapter begins with a discussion of checklist followed by observation and finally the demographics of
questionnaire under primary data collection; it then proceeds to discuss findings in context of the
research questions. After the presentation of data findings, discussions and implications of findings to
theory and practice are also discussed. Other implications of the methodology and limitations are as
well discussed. Presentation and discussion of findings is critical to the achievement of set objectives.

SECTION 1

CHECKLIST

Plate 7 : Research objective checklist

Plate 8 : Question formation checklist

 SECTION 2

OBSERVATION

Module Implementation & Working

 Sleep Monitoring

Figure 2: Sleep Monitoring Motion Data

Sr.No. ax ay az gx gy gz abs(ay-
az)

84 -1172 -12772 9960 117 34 -180 22732

492 -14852 7604 6476 -43 -19 -88 1128

Table 2: Sleep Monitoring Motion Data

 Pedometer

Figure 3: Pedometer Motion Data

Sr.No. ax ay az gx gy gz acc_vector abs(lowPeak-
highPeak)
138 -1708 -16084 11352 1214 -1430 1315 19760.57 67

Table 3: Pedometer Data Table

 Temperature monitoring

Figure 4 : Temperature Monitoring Flowchart

 Posture monitoring

Figure 5 : Posture Monitoring Motion Data

Sr.No. ax ay az gx gy gz az+ay
261 -1496 -13180 9936 162 104 -197 -3244
369 -748 -9284 13396 49 8 16 4112

Table 4: Posture Monitoring Data Table

 SECTION 3

QUESTIONNAIRE

Demographics

Out of data collected with the help of the questionnaire, respondents age group was between 19-60
considered as working professionals which require and best fits for the SMART WEAR product.
Total respondents – 113
Age Category between 15-20 – 1 respondent, 20-25 – 80 respondents, 25-30 – 18 respondents, 35-40 –
3 respondents, 40-45 – 3 respondents, 45-50 – 1 respondent, 50-55 – 2 respondent, 55-60 – 0
respondent, 60-65 – 2 respondents.

Figure 6 : Age group data

Concerning the topic of research, 87.6% of the respondents knew about the product features that was
the area of study.

Figure 7 : Knowledge of product feature data

From 113 response , 91.2% respondents were interested in purchasing the smart product.

Figure 8 : Purchase decision of product data

Figure 9 : Additional feature requirement data

77% respondents did not want any other feature to be added. However 23% respondents wanted some
other features to be added such as :-
 To understand inactivity time
 Heartbeat sensor
 Calorie count
 Alarm clock
 Smart micro bot that can detect and talk about a person coming from front. This will be helpful
for blind peoples
 Pulse detector
 Location finder
 Auto health update if collapsed

From 113 responses, 46% Respondents wanted the product to be a set of t-shirt and track. 27.4%
wanted T-shirt and 26.5% wanted the product to be a jacket.

Figure 10 : Outfit choice data

From 113 responses, 24 respondents wanted black outfit, 14 wanted red , 14 respondents wanted white,
10 wanted green , 8 respondents wanted blue.

Figure 11 : Color options data

From 113 responses, 97.3% respondents were comfortable with the choice of fabric selected. Others
mentioned nylon, silk, lycra and leather.

Figure 12 : Fabric choice data

Figure 13 : Surface ornamentation choice data

56.6% respondents wanted surface ornamentation on the product such as :-

 Floral print
 Animal print
 Funky cartoon prints
 Geometric prints
 Abstract print
 Plaids
 Customized
 Figure 14 : Price range data

Maximum respondents chose Supernova as a brand name.

Figure 15 : Brand name data

Figure 16 : Idea of the product rating

 Figure 17 : Price range rating

Figure 18 : Product demand in market rating

CHAPTER 5
 CONCLUSION

Chapter 1

The field of wearable technology has experienced evident exponential growth in the past 20 years
(fueled by the significant increase in mobile device usage and in the expansion of the Internet of
Things). Recent market research on wearables also forecasts further growth in the next 3 years.This
growth in wearable technology, exemplified in terms of products entering the market and academic
research output, has been quoted by numerous articles and been used to justify further research potential
in the field. However various statistics indicate that the sector of wearable technology on the market
represented by Smart Textiles & Apparel, despite the abundance of research output in this sector,
continues to be much smaller than that represented by (hard) accessories and devices (e.g.,
smartwatches and earbuds), which are by far dominating the wearable landscape. Furthermore, various
studies show that even with the dominant sector of wearable accessories and devices, there is a high rate
of abandonment by users after a short period of time.

Chapter 2

Given that “wearable technology” and “Smart Textiles & Apparel” have already gained a great deal of
attention and traction in the market and in academic research, there is a tendency for terms to be
misused interchangeably or confused; therefore, this review begins by defining and distinguishing
terminology used in the scope of Smart Textiles & Apparel. It will then outline the various ways in
which Smart Textiles & Apparel have evolved over time by providing examples of innovations in the
field. Finally, it will consider some of the practical barriers and challenges in the field.

Chapter 3

Wearables have long been heralded as the future of smart technology. What used to be an industry of
clunky wristwatches and headsets is not slowly becoming one centered around smart textile. Wearables
that you actually wear as clothes. Different materials are required to make the smart product which was
discussed in the chapter. Methodologies helped to narrow down the research and help in making
working plan to carry out the product design and implementation.

Chapter 4

Based on different research tools , data was collected and findings was generated. In this chapter,
primary data collected is summarized. Whereas qualitative data collected with the help of the survey
questionnaire is presented with the help of tables, graphs and brief explanations. The chapter begins
with a discussion of checklist followed by observation and finally the demographics of questionnaire
under primary data collection; it then proceeds to discuss findings in context of the research questions.
After the presentation of data findings, discussions and implications of findings to theory and practice
are also discussed. Other implications of the methodology and limitations are as well discussed.
Presentation and discussion of findings is critical to the achievement of set objectives.
Chapter 5

This section establishes conclusions based on findings of the study and in accordance with the research
objectives established in chapter one. It may be noted that conclusions are established in consideration
of findings and other literature discussed earlier in the study. The agreement or disagreement of
findings to reviewed literature on the area of study is also discussed. Wearables have long been
heralded as the future of smart technology. What used to be an industry of clunky wristwatches and
headsets is not slowly becoming one centered around smart textiles. Wearables that you actually wear
as clothes.

For the most part, modern wearables are still a pretty niche product. Sure, fitness trackers have
permeated throughout society, but how many people do you know who are using smart glasses or even
keep wearing their fitness trackers forever after they buy them? This lack of use or also loss of use
signals that the modern wearables industry still has a while to go until their benefits outweigh their
inconvenience – and smart-textiles may just be the solution. The chapter then presented the analysis of
the progression or evolution of Smart Textiles & Apparel in terms of degree of intelligence, degree of
integration, and degree of self-sufficiency. The chapter also takes on a more critical lens to realize the
fact that Smart Apparel has a much smaller representation in the wearable technology boom (in
comparison with the “hard” wearable accessories and devices such as smartwatches and earbuds which
are the dominant categories) as well as the low retention rate of most wearable devices. Given these
limitations, the chapter discusses some areas of opportunity for Smart Textiles & Apparel research and
product development to enable it to gain more traction and ultimately make a more valuable
contribution in the society.
CHAPTER 6
 REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 7
 ANNEXURE

Checklist

Questionnaire

o Your name

o Your age

o Do you know the following features? 1) sleep monitoring 2) Posture monitoring 3)

Temperature monitoring 4) Pedometer

o Will you purchase a product that is having technological features such as 1) sleep monitoring
2) Posture monitoring 3) Temperature monitoring 4) Pedometer
o Along with the features mentioned above , is there any other feature you would like the
product to have?

o If your response to above question is yes, what feature you would like the product to have?

o You want the smart textile product to be a?

o For the product to be aesthetically appealing , what color you want it to be?

o For the comfort of the wearer, the technological feature will be added on cotton knit garment
for tshirt and track, denim for jacket. Would you be preferring this fabric?

o If your answer to above question is no, what other fabric you would suggest?

o Do you want the product to have any design/ embroidery/ print options on it?

o If yes what type of print, embroidery, design would you suggest?

o Adding technology to a garment increase the cost. At what price range you would purchase
the product.

o What brand name would you suggest for the smart wear?

o Rate the idea of the product

o Rate the price range mentioned

o 17) According to you how much will the demand of the product is in the market