Chiller IPLV Paper (USA)

Evaluating Chiller &
Chiller Plant Efficiency
Jonathan Spreeman LEED AP
Product Support Manager CenTraVac

Centrifugal Chillers, LaCrosse, WI
Confidential and Proprietary

Energy Efficiency Guidelines
Efficiency
Doing the Right Thing, Driving to Lower Carbon Footprints

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007
ASHRAE 90.1 Minimum Requirements for Chillers
> 300 Ton Water-Cooled Full Load 0.576 kW/Ton 6.10 COP
(centrifugal chillers) @ AHRI Conditions IPLV (Part Load) 0.549 kW/Ton 6.40 COP
Understanding the Requirements for Minimum Efficiency

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007
Addendum “M” changes hit at the start of this year…

Where do they stand with your local code?
Further Changes to the Standard Coming this Year

Lift Versus Load
lvg condenser water
lift 60°F
(DT)
lvg evaporator water
lift a Pcnd – Pevp

lift a Tlvg cnd – Tlvg evp

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007
Addendum “M” changes hit at the start of this year…

Where do they stand with your local code?
Further Changes to the Standard Coming this Year

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007 (Addendum M)
Path “A” Path “B”

Tonnage
Range Full Change
IPLV Change
Full Change
IPLV Change
(%) (%) (%) (%)
< 150 0.634 9.9% 0.596 11.0% 0.639 9.2% 0.450 32.8%
150 < 300 0.634 0.0% 0.596 0.0% 0.639 -0.8% 0.450 24.5%
300 < 600 0.576 0.0% 0.549 0.0% 0.600 -4.1% 0.400 27.2%
≥ 600 0.570 1.1% 0.539 1.9% 0.590 -2.3% 0.400 27.2%
Both full and part load efficiencies are required

with or without VSD (ASHRAE 6.4.1.1-2004)
Is This Moving Our Industry to Better Efficiencies?

The Truth to some Claims…
VFDs and centrifugal chillers
“Where multiple rating conditions or performance

requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all
stated requirements, unless otherwise exempted by
footnotes in the table”
from ASHRAE 90.1-2004,
Section 6.2.1, Mechanical Equipment Efficiency
“If a frequency conversion device or motor starter is

furnished as part of the compressor circuit, the compressor
power input shall be measured at the input terminals of the
frequency converter or motor starter”
from AHRI 550/590-1998
6/16/2010 Confidential and Proprietary 8

AHRI Standard 550/590
ASHRAE 90.1 uses IPLV to define the

minimum part-load value
• What is the scope of IPLV use?

• How is the equation defined?
• What are the assumptions behind the
equation?
• How does it hold up comparing multiple
chillers in a plant?
• What other factors should we be aware
about?
Understand the Background of Integrated Part Load Value

Derivation of Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)
• How is the equation defined?
• What are the assumptions behind the
equation?
Temperatures: Expected Entering Tower Water

AHRI Conditions: Chilled Water: 54 /44°F (12°/7°C)
Condenser Water: 3 GPM/Ton (0.054 L/S/kW)
What Does this Really Mean?

AHRI Definition of Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV/NPLV)
1 A = kW/Ton @ 85°F(30°C) @ 100% Load

IPLV =
1% + 42% + 45% + 12% B = kW/Ton @ 75°F(24°C) @ 75% Load
A B C D C = kW/Ton @ 65°F(18°C) @ 50% Load
D = kW/Ton @ 65°F(18°C) @ 25% Load
Temperatures: Expected Entering Tower Water
AHRI Conditions: Chilled Water: 54 /44°F (12°/7°C)
Condenser Water: 3 GPM/Ton (0.054 L/S/kW)
1% 85°F(30°C)
42%
57%
75 (24°C)
65 (18°C)
Real World Chillers Operate at Real World Conditions

Centrifugal Chillers with Drives: kW/ton
Impact of Drive vs. Constant Speed
1.2
Chiller with Drive What is
Selection: 800 ton @ 42/56 ~ 85 & 2.5 gpm/ton

AHRI Relief
AHRI Relief
0.9
kW/ton
0.6
0.3
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load
Drive-Equipped Chiller… Standard AHRI Relief
Centrifugal Chillers with Drives: kW/ton
Impact of Drive vs. Constant Speed
1.2
Chiller with Drive
Selection: 800 ton @ 42/56 ~ 85 & 2.5 gpm/ton

AHRI Relief
Constant Condenser 85°F
0.9
kW/ton
0.6
0.3
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load
Same Chiller… with Relief & Constant 85°F

Derivation of Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)
• What is the scope of IPLV use?
Average Part-Load Efficiency for a Single Chiller ONLY

Chiller Plant Loading
100
90
80
70
CHILLER LOAD %
60
50
40
30
20
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SYSTEM LOAD %
Single
Two Chiller
ChillerPlant
Plant
Chiller Plant Loading
100
90
80
70
CHILLER LOAD %
60
50
40
30 • IPLV assumes that 57% of operating hours of the chiller

are at 50% load or less
20 • In most multi chiller applications only one chiller runs less
than 50% load, and this occurs only when the entire chiller
10
plant is unloaded to less than 16.7% capacity.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SYSTEM LOAD %
IPLV not Accurate inThree

Evaluating
ChillerMulti-Chiller
Plant Applications
Real World Comparisons
Number of Chillers
1 2 3 4
Chicago (One Chiller Plant) IPLV =
1
1% 42% 45% 12%

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates A + B
+
C
+
D
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50
40 4% of Operation 33% of Operation 23% of Operation

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
40% of Operation
10 (IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F(13°C) 60°F(16°C) 65°F(18°C) 70°F(21°C) 75°F(24°C) 80°F(27°C) 85°F(30°C)
Other Maps Entering Condenser Water Temp
Where Does Your Plant Run?

Number of Chillers
1 2 3 4
Chicago (Two Chiller Plant) IPLV =
1
1% 42% 45% 12%

+
C
+
D
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
21% of Operation
10 (IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F(13°C) 60°F(16°C) 65°F(18°C) 70°F(21°C) 75°F(24°C) 80°F(27°C) 85°F(30°C)
Entering Condenser Water Temp

Number of Chillers
1 2 3 4
Chicago (Three Chiller Plant) IPLV =
1
1% 42% 45% 12%

+
C
+
D
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
12% of Operation
10 (IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F(13°C) 60°F(16°C) 65°F(18°C) 70°F(21°C) 75°F(24°C) 80°F(27°C) 85°F(30°C)

Number of Chillers
1 2 3 4
Chicago (Four Chiller Plant) IPLV =
1
1% 42% 45% 12%

+
C
+
D
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
8% of Operation
10 (IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F(13°C) 60°F(16°C) 65°F(18°C) 70°F(21°C) 75°F(24°C) 80°F(27°C) 85°F(30°C)

Efficiency Comparison:
Index Ratings vs. Real-World
Chicago Washington, D. C. Ottawa London Paris Rome Warsaw Moscow Beijing Seoul
Kansas City
Tokyo
Vancouver Boston
Shanghai
Atlanta
Seattle Taipei
Miami
Denver Hong Kong
Houston
Hanoi
Los Angeles
HoChiMinh
Cairo
Phoenix Singapore
Jerusalem
Bangkok
Dallas
Mumbai
Mexico City
New Delhi Sydney
Caracas Sao Paulo Cape Town Riyadh Dubai Melbourne
Perth
Note: Chicago location includes graphs for a 1, 2, 3 & 4 chiller plant

All other locations include graphs for a 2 chiller plant
Mexico City (Two Chiller Plant)
Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
14% of Operation
10
(IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F
55 (13°C) 60°F
60 (16°C) 65°F
65 (18°C) 70°F
70 (21°C) 75°F
75 (24°C) 80°F
80 (27°C) 85°F
85(30°C)

Dubai (Two Chiller Plant)
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
6% of Operation
10 (IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F
55 (13°C) 60°F
60 (16°C) 65°F
65 (18°C) 70°F
70(21°C) 75°F
75 (24°C) 80°F
80 (27°C) 85°F
85(30°C)

Hong Kong (Two Chiller Plant)
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
13% of Operation
10
(IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F
55 (13°C) 60 (16°C)
60°F 65 (18°C)
65°F 70 (21°C)
70°F 75 (24°C)
75°F 80 (27°C)
80°F 85(30°C)
85°F

Los Angeles (Two Chiller Plant)
100
90
80
70
Chiller Load (%)
60
50

(IPLV = 45%) (IPLV = 42%) (IPLV = 1%)
30
20
22% of Operation
10 (IPLV = 12%)
0
55°F
55 (13°C) 60°F
60 (16°C) 65°F
65 (18°C) 70°F
70(21°C) 75°F
75 (24°C) 80°F
80 (27°C) 85°F
85(30°C)

IPLV/NPLV Good or Bad?
Neither – It is a Rating Point

History of Chiller Performance
8.0 Centrifugal
>600 tons
Chiller efficiency, COP
Screw
6.0 150-300 tons
Scroll
<100 tons
4.0
2.0
0.0
1977 1980 1989 1999 “best”
available
ASHRAE Standard 90.1

500,000 lbs/hr
air
600,000 lbs/hr
© 2006 American Standard Inc.
water
History of Chiller Performance
8.0 Centrifugal
>600 tons
Chiller efficiency, COP
Screw
6.0 150-300 tons
Scroll
<100 tons
4.0
2.0
Chilled Water Pump/

0.0 Condenser water pump
1977 1980 1989 1999 “best”
available
ASHRAE Standard 90.1

optimized control strategies
Chiller-Tower Optimization
400
chiller + tower energy, kW
300
200
optimal total kW
set-point chiller kW
tower kW
100
72 74 76 78 80 82 84
leaving tower water temperature, °F

Real Paybacks Require Real Analysis
Always, Always Remember …

… The Meter is On The BUILDING
Building Energy
EnergyPlus
Analysis Tool
TRACE H.A.P. v4.5

700
Total System Efficiency Versus Chiller-Only Optimization

Wrap-up & Questions
“The Meter is on the building!”
ASHRAE Journal,
“A Closer Look at Chiller Ratings” December 2009
“95% the Chiller Life-cycle cost is ENERGY!”

Evaluating Chiller &
Chiller Plant Efficiency
Jonathan Spreeman LEED AP
Product Support Manager CenTraVac

Centrifugal Chillers, LaCrosse, WI

Chiller IPLV Paper (USA)

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Chiller IPLV Paper (USA)

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Evaluating Chiller &

Chiller Plant Efficiency

Jonathan Spreeman LEED AP

Product Support Manager CenTraVac

Confidential and Proprietary

Doing the Right Thing, Driving to Lower Carbon Footprints

Understanding the Requirements for Minimum Efficiency

Addendum “M” changes hit at the start of this year…

Further Changes to the Standard Coming this Year

lvg condenser water

lvg evaporator water

lift a Pcnd – Pevp

Confidential and Proprietary

Addendum “M” changes hit at the start of this year…

Further Changes to the Standard Coming this Year

Path “A” Path “B”

≥ 600 0.570 1.1% 0.539 1.9% 0.590 -2.3% 0.400 27.2%

Both full and part load efficiencies are required

Is This Moving Our Industry to Better Efficiencies?

“Where multiple rating conditions or performance

“If a frequency conversion device or motor starter is

6/16/2010 Confidential and Proprietary 8

ASHRAE 90.1 uses IPLV to define the

• What is the scope of IPLV use?

Understand the Background of Integrated Part Load Value

Temperatures: Expected Entering Tower Water

What Does this Really Mean?

1 A = kW/Ton @ 85°F(30°C) @ 100% Load

Real World Chillers Operate at Real World Conditions

Selection: 800 ton @ 42/56 ~ 85 & 2.5 gpm/ton

Selection: 800 ton @ 42/56 ~ 85 & 2.5 gpm/ton

Same Chiller… with Relief & Constant 85°F

• What is the scope of IPLV use?

Average Part-Load Efficiency for a Single Chiller ONLY

30 • IPLV assumes that 57% of operating hours of the chiller

IPLV not Accurate inThree

1% 42% 45% 12%

40 4% of Operation 33% of Operation 23% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

1% 42% 45% 12%

40 9% of Operation 29% of Operation 41% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

1% 42% 45% 12%

40 9% of Operation 26% of Operation 53% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

1% 42% 45% 12%

40 7% of Operation 24% of Operation 62% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Caracas Sao Paulo Cape Town Riyadh Dubai Melbourne

Note: Chicago location includes graphs for a 1, 2, 3 & 4 chiller plant

40 15% of Operation 48% of Operation 23% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

40 2% of Operation 27% of Operation 65% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

40 5% of Operation 18% of Operation 64% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

40 15% of Operation 43% of Operation 19% of Operation

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Neither – It is a Rating Point

Confidential and Proprietary

Chilled Water Pump/

Confidential and Proprietary

Confidential and Proprietary

Always, Always Remember …