Lec 7: Power Transmission & Hydraulic System

Tractor Power Transmission & Hydraulic System

Engine Motor as Prime mover Pneumatics

Hydraulic
(pressurised air) • Air brakes
• Dental drill
Mechanical Electric Computer Hydraulic
POWER TRAIN

• Impact wrenches
(management & control) (pressurised liquid)

Manual Auto Combi-Mech+Hydraulic Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic

gear gear (liquid-moving) (liquid-not moving)

High Pressure Atmospheric

wheels PTO • Lifting pressure
• Digging
• Pulling
• Pushing
 POWER TRAINS TRANSMISSION - Conversion
The chemical energy combustion in the engine will been converted & transmitted to the drive wheels
& outlets, manage by computer in order to be operational.
Axle (Mechanical Energy)
Fuel Combustion– Engine
Gear Box – Power Transmission
(Chemical Energy) Crankshaft
(Mechanical Energy)
(Kinetic Energy)

ELECTRICAL
OUTLET

HYDRAULIC
OUTLET

PTO
OUTLET
Wheels Rotation
(Kinetic Energy)
POWER TRAINS TRANSMISSION - Basic Principle
2WD REAR

Mechanical (Power & Energy)

Force(F) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s²),
in Newton (N)
ELECTRICAL
Energy or Work, (E or W) = Force (N)x OUTLET
distance (m), in Joule (J)

Power(P) = Work (Joule)/time(t),

in Watt (W) HYDRAULIC
OUTLET

that is 1 Watt = 1 J/sec

1 Horsepower(HP) = 745.7W

PROPELLER/ AXLE
DRIVE SHAFT
POWER TRAINS TRANSMISSION - Basic Principle

Modern Power Transmission system will transmit the energy from the engine to the drive
wheels & powered the implements. It is used to transmit engine torque and power to the
driving wheels and convert to different energy conversion to power the implements

All working together in perfect coordination until breakdown or problems.

1) A Mechanical system to supply power with gears transmissions to the tyres and Power
Take Off (PTO), Hydraulic systems & Electrical to auxiliary power the implements outside of
the tractor. All are monitored by Computer Control.
2) A Hydraulic systems to lift, lower and hold implements mounted to the 3 point linkage at
the back of the tractor.
3) An Electrical power systems to supply supplementary to the implement/attachment and
operate the accessories equipment.
4) Computer Control systems which will coordinate all the 1), 2) & 3), manage, maintain &
give the information.
MECHANICAL SYSTEM - Supply Power With Gears Transmissions To The Tyres And Power
Take Off (PTO)

Basic Functions - The Need For Speed Reduction And Torque Multiplication for:
Deliver the power to the drive wheel gradually, connect and disconnect
Stop the transmission during gear changes or idling
Reduce the rotational speed
Increase the torque
Allow different gear/speed ratios to be selected
Allow the tractor to be driven round a corner
Allow the tractor to be reversed
Allow the tractor to remain stationary while the engine is running (neutral gear)
Equalises power to the drive wheels for turning
MECHANICAL SYSTEM - Layout Of Transmission System

Speed Change Gearbox

Differential
Gearbox input/

Final gear
reduction

Clutch Half shaft

Drive wheel

Layout Of Transmission System 1

 DRIVE TRAIN

Clutch
(Manual Transmission)
Clutch + Torque
Converter
(Auto Transmission) Layout Of Transmission System 2
LAYOUT OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM - Functions

The main components of a power transmission system and their functions are for a
2WD rear are:
1. ENGINE (referred previous lectured slides)
2. FLYWHEEL
3. CLUTCH (manual gearbox transmission) & torque converter (auto gearbox)
4. GEAR BOX (or) TRANSMISSION BOX (manual or automatic)
5. UNIVERSAL JOINT
6. PROPELLER SHAFT OR DRIVE SHAFT
7. DIFFERENTIAL
8. FINAL DRIVES/FINAL GEAR REDUCTION & REAR WHEEL AXLE
9. REAR WHEELS
 2. FLYWHEEL
• is connected to the crankshaft of the
engine which is a rotating device.
• is a body having large mass and it act
as a reservoir for energy store coming
from the engine.
• stores energy from engine when it is crankshaft
more and releases the energy when it is
more than requirement.
• in IC engines power produced in one
stroke and the remaining three strokes
are idle. So in that case a Flywheel
supplies energy to all the rotating parts
and makes the crankshaft.
• will crank the crankshaft during starting
using the starting motor and then
ignition & charging
3. CLUTCH
Clutch is located between engine and gear box.

The clutch principle is based on friction . When two friction surface are brought in contact with each
other and pressed they are united due to friction between them. If one is revolved the other will also
revolve .

When the clutch is engaged, the power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the
transmission system and the vehicle moves . When the clutch is disengaged ,the power is not
transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running.

Function Of a Clutch :-
a) To permit engagement or disengagement of a gear when the vehicle is stationary and the engine
is running
b) To transmit the engine power to the road wheels smoothly without shock to the transmission
system while setting the wheel in motion. C
c) To permit the engaging of gears when the vehicle is in motion without damaging the gear wheels.
Clutch is disengaged when
a) Starting the engine,
b) Shifting the gears,
c) Idling the engine

Clutch is engaged only when the vehicle is to move and is kept engaged when the vehicle is
moving.

•Clutch transmits power from the engine to the transmission and provides a means of
stopping and starting the power flow to the transmission.
•The transmission consists of a series of gears. The individual forward or reverse speeds of
the tractor are determined by combinations of these gears.

Tractor engine clutches can be operated in two ways:

Mechanically (dry or standard clutch) – operates by friction and must be dry operation
Hydraulically (wet clutch) – operates wet in transmission fluid and engaged or
disengaged hydraulically
Clutch Engaged & Disengaged
4. GEAR SYSTEM – To Control Rotational
Speed And Increase Torque
•GEAR BOX is considered as the heart of the transmission system.
• It is located between Clutch and Propeller shaft.
•Can be manual or auto gear box transmission

REFER TO LAYOUT OF
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
5. UNIVERSAL JOINT

A UNIVERSAL JOINT is used to transmit power from gear box to PROPELLER SHAFT.
And then from PROPELLER SHAFT to DIFFRENTIAL.

So to maintain uniform speed and motion, two universal joints are used, one
between gear box and drive shaft and another between drive shaft and differential
and the coupling is called universal coupling.
6. PROPELLER SHAFT OR DRIVE SHAFT

• Next to gear box in transmission

system
• Connected between Gear Box and
differential
• Universal joint at each end.
• Torque is transmitted to rear Axle to
which the rear wheels are connected.
• Transmits the drive from the output
shaft of Gear Box to the Real Axle.
• Propeller Shaft is coupled together by
Universal joint.
7. DIFFERENTIAL
• The main function of the differential is to allow
these wheels to turn at differenttorques &
RPM, while receiving power from the engine.
• To transfer the engine power to the rear
wheels equalize power for turning
• Transmit power ‘around the corner’ to the
drive axles
• Allows each drive wheels to rotate at different
speed and still propel its own load and turn
• It is provided with different gears to transmit
power to rear wheels.
8. HALF SHAFT & REAR WHEEL AXLE

• Transmits rotary motion and torque from the Engine transmission driveshaft to the
wheels.
• Finally provide power from engine to road wheels (rear wheels) through many different
steps.
9. REAR WHEEL Rear Wheel

To propel rotation motion the machine

Tyres vary in construction and tread design each
suited to a specific operation.
10. POWER TAKEOFF (PTO)

• Its is a mechanical power extension that be able to

drive auxiliary equipment and implements
• Normally gear driven through the drive shaft and a
splined shaft extruder as an PTO outlet
• delivering rotary or revolving motion such as drilling
and mower
• Taking the power train of the tractor using several
methods for taking power from a power source, such as
a running engine, and transmitting it to an application
such as an attached implement or separate machines.
• Currently, 3 standard PTO arrangements
540 rpm with a 1 3/8 inch (35 mm) shaft
1000 rpm with a 1 3/8 inch (35 mm) shaft
1000 rpm with a 1 ¾ inch (45 mm) shaft
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM – Basic Principles Hydraulics of high pressure Hydrostatic is based on a cycle of
fluid that allows you, for example, to operate the bucket on an
excavator.
Is based on the fluid under pressure in some form of
pipe or tube. By subjecting the liquid to pressure
differences in a closed system, one can get the
hydraulic power of mechanical energy.

For tractors consists of hydraulic pump, hydraulic

cylinder and ram, safety and control valves, hand
control lever, cross shaft, three pin hitch etc.

For tractor is to control the position of the

implements as to raise or to lower implements
hydraulically while transporting it from one place to
another and while operating in the field.

Usually hydraulic pump, with pressure of about 150

kg/sq.cm and other parts of the system are placed in
the rear axle housing of the tractor
Refer to previous slides
HYDRAULICS AND 3- POINT LINKAGE/HITCH

Modern tractors using a hydraulically powered

lifting system at the back, known as a hydraulic
hitch. This can raise and lower implements off
the ground with a flick of a switch. The hitch
makes it easy for a tractor to lower a plow when
it is working on a field, and then raise it up again
to drive it somewhere else.

The hitch can be ‘A-frame’ for rigidity and later,

simultaneously powered either by hydraulic or
PTO
Picture shown: PTO, 3-Point Linkage with Hydraulic Arm, Draw Bar and
‘A-Frame’ with Lift Arm
Hydraulic Arm
OPERATION OF A BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Hydraulic systems have grown to provide control of other Disadvantage

functions such as: During the operation, friction heat
Steering, braking being produced and creating very high
Shock Absorbers pressure fluid that can leak and burst
Lifting Implements for 3 point hitch and A-frame the hoses, pumps and cylinders.
Soil digging, shoveling, lifting, and levelling Hydraulic systems lose power through
heat conversion.
Advantages If fluid gets too hot, system
•Hydraulic fluid serves as power transmitting medium and performance suffers.
also the system’s lubricant and coolant. Needs maintenance
•This fluid can be routed through pipes and flexible hoses. Corrosive fluids
•This eliminate the need for universal joints and sliding
couplings to accommodate relative motion between
components or machines.
BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM - Components
• Reservoir, pumps, cylinders, hoses,
• electric motor, and valves
Both spur gears will rotate simultaneously at high
speed and push the incoming hydraulic fluid out at high
pressure
HYDRAULIC
PUMP
A hydraulic cylinder is a linear actuator used to push or
pull a load, or to selectively resist motion under load, by
means of fluid pressure. Double-acting cylinders, the
most common type, are able to push and pull (fig.
below). High pressure fluid pumped into the extend
chamber (port “A”) acts on the piston to push the piston
rod out, thereby extending the length of the cylinder.
Inversely, to retract the piston rod and reduce the length
of the assembly, high pressure fluid is pumped into the
retract chamber (port “B”) and acts on the opposite side
of the piston.
HYDRAULIC PISTON CYLINDER OR RAM CYLINDER