Explanatory Notes for VAHO1002104
Solutions for questions 1 to 10:
1. The passage brings out the difference between precision
and accuracy and goes on to state that we sometimes end
up giving more importance to precision at the expense of
accuracy. This meaning is brought in option 1.
Option 1: CORRECT due to the explanation given above.
Option 2: It cannot be understood from the passage that
precision and accuracy are radically different. Therefore, this
option is a distortion of the original text.
Option 3: It cannot be inferred from the passage that we have
a strong obsession with precision.
Option 4: It cannot be understood from the passage that we
value precision at the expense of accuracy because we are
unable to discern the difference between the two.
Ans : (1)
2. The passage states that it is more rewarding to seek
intellectual experiences as they are intellectually stimulating
when compared to pleasurable experiences and the former
can be acquired with a sense of curiosity. This sense is
conveyed only by option 3.
Option 1: It is not stated in the passage that we assume that
intellectual experiences are difficult to come by. In fact, the
converse of it is stated in the passage.
Option 2: This is also a distortion of the original text.
Option 3: CORRECT due to the explanation given above.
Option 4: This captures only a part of the main idea which
the author is trying to convey. Ans : (3)
3. The passage explains how disagreements can be resolved
between individuals through a conciliatory response which is
often desired as it symbolizes intellectual humility.
Choice 1 : This option is rather extreme because it is not
implied in the passage that you must allow your opponent to
get the better of you.
Choice 2 : This option is also a distortion of what is stated in
the paragraph.
Choice 3: CORRECT due to the explanation given above.
Choice 4 : The expression “in some situations” makes this
option incorrect as it is not stated in the paragraph that this
method must be employed only in certain situations.
Ans : (3)
4. The paragraph states that the minimalist account considers
application of laws for the duty of the judiciary, but the
judiciary has also to do with upholding fundamental
principles and democratic ethos of the state. This sense is
given by Option 4, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the minimalist account actually
does not consider the fundamental principles.
Option 2: incorrect because this is the attribute of operative
theory of constitutionalism, not of the judiciary.
Option 3: incorrect because as per the paragraph, the
judiciary and the executive share the same mandate.
Option 4: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Thus, the best option is Option (4)
Ans : (4)
5. The paragraph says that we do not frequently form opinions
because we do not try to do so intentionally because it
requires rigor and fairness to form a rational opinion. This
sense is given by Option 3, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because, based on the given information
that belief with evidence is rational, we cannot infer this.
Option 2: incorrect because it is not the lack of evidence, but
the lack of intention, that prevents us from forming an
opinion.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
 Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.), 95-B, Siddamsetty Complex, Park Lane, Secunderabad – 500 003.
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing.
This course material is only for the use of bonafide students of Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. and its
licensees/franchisees and is not for sale. (4 pages) (agcu/agcv)
Option 4: incorrect because the paragraph does not
distinguish opinion from belief.
Thus, the best option is Option (3) Ans : (3)
6. Overall, the author states that the recent decade is not with
major security innovations, but minor ones. But these minor
innovations remove small vulnerabilities that might result in
major threats. Thus, Option 3, which captures this essence,
is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the author's tone towards the
security innovations is not negative. Moreover, the author
does not attribute the hampering to 'simplistic' views.
Option 2: incorrect because we cannot infer that all simple
vulnerabilities will result in major threats.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because the passage does not
distinguish between simple and simplistic security
innovations.
Thus, the best option is Option (3) Ans : (3)
7. The paragraph posits that sports persons are associated
with a nation and they are considered 'proxy warriors'
representing their respective nations. Their success in
international sports seems to underlie national identity
and nationality. This sense is given by Option 4, which is the
best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the concept of promotion of
national interests is not hinted at.
Option 2: incorrect because following one's proxy warriors is
a way of emphasizing one's nationalistic feeling, not a
representation of the capability of the country.
Option 3: incorrect because of the word 'best' in the option.
Option 4: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Thus, the best option is Option (4) Ans : (4)
8. The paragraph states that violent conflicts result in suffering
and that appealing to philosophy in such cases is tantamount
to escapism, as the moral injunctions achieve nothing. This
sense is given by Option 2, which best reflects the author's
position.
Option 1: incorrect because, in this option, philosophical
differences are stated as the reason for violent conflict and
this is not the case as per the paragraph.
Option 2: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 3: incorrect because this states that philosophical
bent can prevent violent conflict, and this is not the case as
per the paragraph.
Option 4: incorrect because violence and philosophy being
mutually exclusive is not the point of interest in the
paragraph.
Thus, the best option is Option (2)
Ans : (2)
9. The author says that a lower genetic diversity is predicted in
urban black widow spiders because of the obstacles present
in cities, but more genetic diversity is found in them (implying
that there is better gene flow in urban black widow spiders
despite obstacles). This possibility of gene flow is talked
about in Option 3, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the degree of adaptation is not
mentioned in the paragraph.
Option 2: incorrect because the type of food fed on is not
related to genetic diversity. Thus, this information goes
beyond the scope of the information given.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because, while genetic diversity is an
important survival factor, we cannot say that it is the most
important feature.
Thus, the best option is Option (3) Ans : (3)
VAHO1002104.Exp/1
10. The paragraph posits that political parties and interests
groups have been traditionally considered distinct. Even
after the inclusion of social movements to the group, they are
distinct at least to some extent. This sense is given by Option
3, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the passage does not support
the idea that social movements form the bridge.
Option 2: incorrect because it is political parties, not political
groups.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because their purposes are not hinted at
in the paragraph.
Thus, the best option is Option (3) Ans : (3)
Explanatory Notes for questions 11 to 20:
11. The paragraph is about the negligent attitude of various
governments in senior appointments for regulatory bodies
and apex institutions. It goes on to tell the demerits of this
problem both for present incumbents and the future
incumbents. This causes inconvenience to the appointee
and can affect the functioning of the body. This sense is
given by Option 2, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because this is too general as it mentions
appointments, not the senior appointment being described in
the paragraph.
Option 2: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 3: incorrect because the expression 'creating a
vacuum' in the option is not justified in the given paragraph.
Option 4: incorrect because this info is not related to the
senior appointments described in the paragraph.
Thus, the best option is Option (2). Ans : (2)
12. The information given in the paragraph is about the
significance of the National Park. It describes the biodiversity
present in the part and also its importance to the ecosystem. All
this essence is captured in Option 4, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the statement that its
significance is underestimated is not justified.
Option 2: incorrect because it gives just its significance in the
world, not in relation to ecosystems and biodiversity.
Option 3: incorrect because it brings out only a minor
concept in the paragraph.
Option 4: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Thus, the best option is Option (4). Ans : (4)
13. The paragraph talks about the imperfect nature of American
society in which the rich are at an advantage and the poor at
a disadvantage. Very few rich people have more wealth than
the combined wealth of most Americans. This sense is given
by Option 4, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the question of exploitation is
not mentioned in the paragraph.
Option 2: incorrect because the paragraph does not talk
about the clout or influence exerted by the rich.
Option 3: incorrect because no info about the past has been
given in the paragraph.
Option 4: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Thus, the best option is Option (4) Ans : (4)
14. The paragraph discusses a 'disorder' because of which
people seek attention and flattery in the work place from the
other people. Though the passage gives various reasons for
this attention seeking nature, it does give any reason
decisively. It might have been because of the excessive
attention and subsequent gross neglect as well. This sense
is given by Option 2, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the advisory nature of the option
does not suit the analytical nature of the paragraph.
Option 2: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 3: incorrect because the primary focus of the passage
is not 'ordinary' people.
Option 4: incorrect because the passage is not about the
struggle in personal relations.
Thus, the best option is Option (2) Ans : (2)
15. The paragraph talks about the sedentary life style of people
in modern times and its bad effects. People spend huge
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com VAHO1002104.Exp/2
sums to ensure that they don't get damaged due to
excessive sitting. Even death can be a possible outcome.
Option 1, which gives this gist, is the best option.
Option 1: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 2: incorrect because the focus of the paragraph is on
'excessive sitting', not on 'moving and related risks'.
Option 3: incorrect because human body's suitability to
walking (ambulation) is not the focus of the paragraph.
Option 4: incorrect because the focus of the paragraph is not
on moving.
Thus, the best option is Option (1). Ans : (1)
16. The paragraph focuses on accidents involving selfie-takers.
The reason for this the people's craze for photography,
which is triggered by the easy access to cameras, which is
further resulted from the proliferation of mobiles. This sense
is given by Option 3, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the statement is too generic.
Option 2: incorrect because the paragraph is not about
photographers, but about selfie-takers.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because the focus of the paragraph is not
photography.
Thus, the best option is Option (3). Ans : (3)
17. The paragraph focuses on the potential reasons for cancer.
While in the past, scientists believed that random mutations
were the reason, now people believe that mutations are
responsible for only a small fraction of cancer incidences and
that there are factors, such as diet, that result in cancer. This
sense is given by Option 2, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the paragraph does blame
'chance' for the incidence of cancer.
Option 2: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 3: incorrect because the prevention of cancer is not
the focus of the paragraph.
Option 4: incorrect because the paragraph does not rule out
mutations as a factor; it rejects the idea that it is a major factor.
Thus, the best option is Option (2). Ans : (2)
18. The paragraph talks about the phenomenal increase in
mobile phones in India and talks about the lack of awareness
about the correct use of mobiles. This sense is given by
Option 3, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because this option ignores the increase
in sales of mobile phones.
Option 2: incorrect because we cannot infer that India is the only
country with people ignorant of the proper use of mobiles.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because this can be an inference, not a
summary.
Thus, the best option is Option (3). Ans : (3)
19. The paragraph states that biologists have been warning
about diseases like Zika for years. Because of the climate
change, species move to new areas where people have no
resistance to the pathogens. The movement of people has
worsened the situation. This sense is given by option 2,
which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the statement that scientists
have undertaken no initiative to prevent Zika is not supported
by the paragraph.
Option 2: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 3: incorrect because the passage explicitly states the
factors that aided the spread of the disease.
Option 4: incorrect because this statement is too generic to
be an apt summary. Basing on incidence of one disease, we
cannot arrive at a general conclusion like this.
Thus, the best option is Option (2). Ans : (2)
20. The passage starts with the idea that the Syrian implosion
could have been avoided if the government had not used to
suppress popular political demands, which are, in the
author's opinion, legitimate. This sense is given by option 1,
which is the best option.
Option 1: CORRECT as per the reasons given.
Option 2: incorrect because this conditional sentence, which
implies a hypothetical situation, cannot be considered true.
 Option 3: incorrect because this is factually incorrect; the
Syrian crisis start not with popular demand, but with rejection
of legitimate popular demand.
Option 4: incorrect because of the use of the word only in
this option.
Thus, the best option is Option (1) Ans : (1)
Explanatory Notes for questions 21 to 30:
21. The sentence essentially says that 270m people moved from
rural areas to urban areas, after leaving their kids in the care
of others. Option C, which brings out all these points
accurately, is the best option.
Option A: incorrect because this does not mention the
movement of people from rural areas.
Option B: incorrect because the entire list of guardians is not
given.
Option C: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option D: incorrect because the use of Chinese people is
incorrect because even people other than Chinese might
have moved.
Thus, the best option is Option C. Choice (C)
22. The paragraph essentially implies that Bush's cracking jokes
and being witty about his lack of intelligence reminded
people about his presidential stand-up act. This imposes a
question of his not being fruitful during that tenure. Option B,
which brings out all of these points clearly, is the best option
as a paraphrase.
Option A: incorrect because the sentence does not imply that
the years did not go unnoticed.
Option B: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option C: incorrect because this sentence mentions his
absence, and no where is it mentioned that he was absent
from his duties.
Option D: incorrect because the passage does not support
the idea that he was inefficient as a President.
Thus, the best option is Option B. Choice (B)
23. The sentence talks about a meeting held in Bengaluru, in
which innovative ways of developing new products was
discussed. In addition, ways and methods to combine the
traditional business with start-ups was also the theme.
These two main points are mentioned without any distortion
in Option D, which is the best option.
Option A: incorrect because this sentence ignores the idea
of innovative ways of developing new products.
Option B: incorrect because this sentence incorrectly
mentions 'influencing product development'.
Option C: incorrect because this does not mention the
meeting, which is the central point in the given sentence.
Option D: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Thus, the best option is Option D. Choice (D)
24. The sentence primarily says that the Central government's
action to impose President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh is
premature. Option A, which states the significant points of
the original sentence, is the best option.
Option A: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option B: incorrect because it is the mandatory floor test that
is to establish this, not the Central government.
Option C: incorrect because this sentence gives the sense
that it is the Central government that conducts the floor test.
This sense is not conveyed by the original sentence.
Option D: incorrect because it does not indicate who or what
Nabam Tuki is or on what grounds the President's rule was
imposed.
Thus, the best option is Option A. Choice (A)
25. The major idea of the passage is that programs such as
Make in India and Digital India may require manpower for
research or any other job type. Sri Lanka would benefit from
this opportunity as it can provide the man power, but it may
not be only monetary benefit. Option A is correct as it is the
only option that highlights these points.
Option A: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option B: incorrect because the expression 'which may vary'
makes this option incorrect.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com VAHO1002104.Exp/3
Option C: incorrect because only monetary benefits are
highlighted in this option.
Option D: incorrect because, basing on the information
given, we cannot infer 'all the manpower'.
Thus, the best option is Option A. Choice (A)
26. The passage mentions that BlackBerry's move to software
has borne fruit as the Company has given some positive
pointers indicating growth. Option C, which mentions all
these points, is the best option.
Option A: incorrect because the option uses when the
company reported, an expression that makes the option
incorrect.
Option B: incorrect because the switching to software is not
mentioned.
Option C: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option D: incorrect because the expression that its first
quarter-to-quarter revenue which was due to higher stocks'
is incorrect.
Thus, the best option is Option C. Choice (C)
27. The passage mentions that the Finance Minister argued that
privacy is not a fundamental right and that the Lok Sabha
legislature's primary objective was the delivery of benefits,
subsidies and services. He also told that the flaws in law can
be improved at any time. Only Option C highlights all these
points effectively and hence the correct option.
Option A: incorrect because it does not mention any of the
primary objectives.
Option B: incorrect because Lok Sabha is not mentioned.
Option C: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option D: incorrect because the use of 'primary objectives
towards people' is incorrect as per the given sentence.
Thus, the best option is Option C. Choice (C)
28. The passage states that while most animals hate cold and
find ways to escape from it, some animals can tolerate the
cold. Option B, which mentions all these points, is the best
option.
Option A: incorrect because it does not mention the methods
and ways in which some animals escape the cold.
Option B: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option C: incorrect because the context requires
'themselves', not 'them', because this illogically implies that
the second group of animals protect the first group of animals
from freezing.
Option D: incorrect because the noun phrases 'some
animals' and 'most animals' are interchanged, making the
sentence convey a different meaning.
Thus, the best option is Option B. Choice (B)
29. The paragraph talks about one of the objectives of Make in
India and the steps that could be taken to realize that
objective. Option A, which mentions all the points, is the best
option.
Option A: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option B: incorrect because it uses the expression 'major
objective' and not 'one of the objectives'.
Option C: incorrect because the use of 'major improvement'
is incorrect as per the paragraph.
Option D: incorrect because the option uses 'only' making it
a far-fetched conclusion.
Thus, the best option is Option A. Choice (A)
30. The passage mentions that there is a requirement to return
indigenous artworks by ethnic groups and cultures to their
home countries by the West and that there is also a growing
consensus from different people to 'share' global heritage
more fairly. Option B, which mentions this effectively, is the
best option.
Option A: incorrect because this does not mention the ethnic
groups and cultures.
Option B: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option C: incorrect because this mentions 'countries world
over' and 'rest of the people', both of which are incorrect.
Option D: incorrect because it mentions the artworks to be
returned to the West, not by West.
Thus, the best option is Option B. Choice (B)
 Explanatory Notes for Additional questions for Practise
Explanatory Notes for questions 1 and 2:
1. The paragraph posits that ethical principles are laid from
outside while the moral principles are laid from within. This
sense is given by Option 2, which is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because the optional nature of both is not
implied.
Option 2: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 3: incorrect because the social good is the common
objective of both.
Option 4: incorrect because the paragraph does not talk
about the purpose of morality and ethics.
Thus, the best option is Option (2) Ans : (2)
2. The author comments on the apparent frivolity of jokes, and
concludes by saying that jokers violate norms and question
old and hardened beliefs. The overall tone implies that this
questioning is likely to be beneficial. This sense is given by
Option 1, which is the right option.
Option 1: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 2: incorrect because the paragraph explicitly states
that jokes question dogmas.
Option 3: incorrect because the idea that jokes have become
unquestionable is not supported.
Option 4: incorrect because jokes are not economical with
truth, (an idiom which implies lies).
Thus, the best option is Option (1) Ans : (1)
Explanatory Notes for questions 3 and 4:
3. The passage is about the role played by SPINK1 and PRSS1
gene mutation in the development of pancreatitis. While the
PRSS1 gene mutation has something to do with digestion of
proteins, SPINK1 gene mutation is connected to the onset of
the disease. This implies that SPINK1 gene mutation plays
a crucial role in disease pathogenesis in Indians. Option 3,
which summarizes this idea, is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect because this information is not consistent
with that in the paragraph.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com VAHO1002104.Exp/4
Option 2: incorrect because incorrect because SPINK1 gene
mutation does not cause the disease.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because SPINK1 gene is not related to
digestion of proteins.
Thus, the best option is Option (3). Ans : (3)
4. The passage states that even though the Indian economy is
growing, businesses are worried about the unavailability of
skilled workforce as our engineering curriculum does not suit
our needs. Option 3, which summarizes all the major
concepts, is the best option.
Option 1: incorrect as a summary because the focus of the
passage is on unskilled workforce, and not on improving
engineering curriculum.
Option 2: incorrect because the passage does not talk about
'disillusionment of Indian businesses'.
Option 3: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Option 4: incorrect because this is a general statement about
education, which is not relevant to the paragraph.
Thus, the best option is Option (3). Ans : (3)
Explanatory Notes for question 5:
5. The passage states that the Indian government will continue
to pursue the Pathankot investigation, but it will also make it
clear to the pakistan government that they would have to
show sincerity as the maximum attacks come from Pakistan.
This sense is given by Option D, which is the best option.
Option A: incorrect because the paragraph does not say
about 'India being cautious'.
Option B: incorrect because the expression 'back to being
engaged' goes against the spirit of the paragraph.
Option C: incorrect because the expression 'continuing to
engage' goes against the idea of the paragraph.
Option D: CORRECT as per the reasons given above.
Thus, the best option is Option D.
Choice (D)