VERBAL ABILITY HANDOUT
(Para Summary and Idea Rephrase)
Ref: VAHO1002104
Directions for questions 1 to 10: The passages given
below are followed by four summaries. Choose the
option that best captures the author’s position and mark
the number corresponding with it in the box provided
below the question.
1. Scientists and engineers recognize an elusive but
profound difference between precision and accuracy.
The two qualities often go hand in hand, of course,
but precision involves an ideal of meticulousness
and consistency, while accuracy implies real-world
truth. When a sharpshooter fires at a target, if the
bullets strike close together—clustered, rather than
spread out—that is precise shooting. But the shots
are only accurate if they hit the bull’s eye. A clock is
precise when it marks the seconds exactly and
unvaryingly but may still be inaccurate if it shows the
wrong time. Perversely, we sometimes value precision
at the expense of accuracy.
(1) Despite the fact that accuracy is desirable in
accomplishing our goals, it is rather strange that
we sometimes tend to attach more importance
to precision at the cost of accuracy.
(2) Precision and accuracy are radically different
in the sense that precision is merely cosmetic
while accuracy is about achieving the desired
result.
(3) Our obsession with perfection is so strong that
we unconsciously end up giving more importance
to perfection at the expense of accuracy.
(4) The difference between precision and accuracy
is so subtle and difficult to discern that we
sometimes tend to value precision at the
expense of accuracy.
2. Most of us know there is more to life than pleasure, yet
it is all too easy to choose our experiences for the
sake of pleasure. For many of us, though, interesting
experiences are more rewarding than pleasurable
experiences, insofar as their intrinsic value is a product
of multifaceted aspects of our engagement. Interesting
experiences spark the mind in a way that stimulates
and lingers. They can also be easy to come by –
sometimes just a sense of curiosity is needed to
make an activity interesting. Look around, feel the pull,
and cherish the interesting.
(1) Although interesting experiences are
intellectually stimulating, we tend to seek out
pleasurable experiences as we assume that
the former are difficult to come by.
(2) Much that we desire intellectual experiences
over the more mundane pleasurable
experiences, we are mistaken in thinking
that the former are difficult to garner.
(3) Although pleasurable experiences are easier
to seek, interesting experiences, which are
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more intellectually stimulating, can be acquired
provided one has a sense of curiosity.
(4) Although we prefer pleasurable experiences
over intellectual ones, the latter are more
rewarding when compared to the former.
3. Consider how one should respond to a simple case
of disagreement. Frank sees a bird in the garden and
believes it’s a finch. Standing beside him, Gita sees
the same bird, but she’s confident it’s a sparrow.
What response should we expect from Frank and
Gita? If Frank’s response were: ‘Well, I saw it was a
finch,
so you must be wrong,’ then that would be irrationally
stubborn – and annoying – of him. (The same goes
for Gita, of course.) Instead, both should become
lessconfident in their judgment. The reason such
a conciliatory response to a disagreement is often
desired is reflected in ideals about open-mindedness
and intellectual humility: when learning of our
differences with fellow citizens, the open-minded and
intellectually humble person is willing to consider
changing his or her mind.
(1) One can resolve disagreements at an individual
level by allowing your opponent to get the better
of you.
(2) Conceding defeat even though one is not wrong
is the best way to avoid conflicts.
(3) Resolving disagreements through a conciliatory
response is a desideratum as it symbolizes open-
mindedness and intellectual humility.
(4) The best way to avoid conflict, in some
situations, is to practise intellectual humility by
gracefully accepting that you are wrong
although you are not.
4. A minimalist account for existence of courts is, of
course, adjudication of disputes through proper
application of laws. This account, however, falls long
way short of a proper and inclusive functional definition
of the judiciary, which should necessarily
accommodate the 'special' role of superior courts
which the constitution assigns to such courts.
Moreover, an operative theory of constitutionalism
assumes an active judicial role to ensure fairness,
checks and balances in the state machinery at the
minimum and securing respect and compliance with
the letters and innate spirit of the constitution at the
maximum. Consequently, the judiciary shares with the
executive and legislature the same broader mandate
and 'state responsibility' of implementing fundamental
aims and democratic ethos of the state.
VAHO1002104/1
 (1) The minimalist account for existence of courts is
inadequate because it lays too much emphasis
on fundamental principles.
(2) The minimalist account for existence of courts is
inadequate because it assumes an active
judiciary to ensure fairness.
(3) Besides proper application of laws, the judiciary
should have a mandate distinct from the states
to the implement fundamental principles of the
state.
(4) Besides proper application of laws, the judiciary
has a responsibility of sustaining the fundamental
principles of the state.
5. When we ask ourselves what we really think about a
particular issue, we can often find ourselves at
a loss. Often, this is not because we haven't thought
the matter through, but because we have not done
so with the clear intention of forming an opinion.
The demands of rigor and fairness can inhibit this
intention from surfacing; all beliefs should be
proportional to the evidence, and if we despair of
ever having all the relevant evidence, yet insist on
being rational, we are likely to give up on asking
ourselves what we really think.
(1) Belief without evidence is irrational.
(2) We generally don't form opinions because we
do not get relevant evidence.
(3) Opinion formation is a rational process that
needs evidence and impartiality.
(4) Opinions and beliefs are different because of
the nature of evidence they depend on.
6. There are no tanks or fire trucks or massive
surveillance initiatives among the items we've
dubbed the best security innovations of the decade.
That's because safety happens by the inch, through
a relentless effort to stop the simple vulnerabilities
that can lead to major threats – on our doorsteps,
overseas, and in our streets. Our rather simple,
if not simplistic, innovations help military vehicles
traverse through tough terrain, offer new ways for
police to capture fleeing assailants, and prevent
porch pirates from nabbing our package.
(1) Recently, security innovations are hampered
a lot because of the simplistic views entertained
by innovators.
(2) All simple vulnerabilities result in major threats if
they are not taken care of by using security
innovations.
(3) Tiny innovations can check major catastrophes
because simple flaws in systems may lead to
dangerous threats.
(4) While simple and simplistic security innovations
are pretty different, it is the former, not the
latter, that helps improve security of our lives.
7. For most sportsmen and women, even in an era
when money is a major incentive for sporting
success, representing the nation remains important.
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It is not inconceivable that they might represent
more than one nation, with neither ethnic origin nor
even
well-established civic connections being necessary
for a move from one to another. However, for the
overwhelming majority of athletes engaged in an
international sport, the matter is still relatively clear
cut. For fans, things are arguably even simpler.
In the modern era, following one's “proxy warriors”
into international competition is one of the easiest
and most passionate ways of underlining one's
sense of national identity, one's nationality or both.
(1) Sports persons are modern-day ambassadors
to promote their national interests.
(2) The victory of a 'proxy warrior' is the true
representation of the capability of that country.
(3) Nationalistic feelings are best represented by
sporting performance in an international arena.
(4) Sports are an expression that is tinged with
nationalistic feelings.
8. Violent conflicts are extreme forms of confrontation,
where latent antagonisms become explicit and
apparently irresolvable except by the use of force –
sometimes not even by the use of force. For those
of us whose life is marked by the daily suffering
imposed by this conflict, this apparent lack of any
prospect of solution is unbearable. Appealing
to philosophy in such dire circumstances may
seem to be nothing but a form of escapism.
What could philosophy offer us, except perhaps
a stoic acceptance of a destiny we cannot change?
Or – worse – injunctions to be moral and just, kind
and loving, truthful and reasonable, and, above all,
not to give up hope, in circumstances where none of
what these injunctions aim at seem even to be
possible to achieve?
(1) Violent conflicts result when philosophical
differences reach to a stage where the use of
force has become unavoidable.
(2) Antagonistic interactions that have reached
extreme stages are hard to alleviate through
philosophical considerations.
(3) Our philosophical bent gives us a stoical nature
that can effectively preclude violent conflicts
that are pervasively found.
(4) Violence and philosophy are different facets of
human interaction, and they are mutually
exclusive.
9. The black widow spider has recently expanded its
range from rocky outcrops scattered in desert
landscapes to crevices in modern cities. Ecologists
predicted at that time that black widow spider
population living in a city would likely have lower
genetic diversity than that living in rural areas,
because urban environments contain roads,
buildings and other physical barriers that can
fragment species' habitats and block dispersal,
reducing the circulation of new genetic variants.
A recent study, however, revealed that city black
widows had more within-population genetic diversity
than their rural counterparts.
VAHO1002104/2
 (1) Urban black widowspiders are more adapted
to their habitat than are their rural counterparts
to their habitat.
(2) Urban black widow spiders feed on foods that
are not available in desert habitats.
(3) A greater gene flow is present in urban black
widow spiders when compared to their rural
counterparts.
(4) Genetic diversity is the most important feature
for black widowspider species to survive.
10. There is an ongoing debate, stretching back to
the early 1950s, about the distinction between
a political party and an interest group. More recently,
with the major socioeconomic and political changes
in Western society, some have extended this
debate to include social movements. Some even
go so far to say that no meaningful analytical
distinction exists among parties, groups and social
movements. Although this is true in a few cases,
in most cases they also have distinct characteristics.
No one can provide watertight distinctions among
the three organizations, but we can develop
practical and meaningful operational definitions to
facilitate analysis.
(1) While political parties and interest groups have
long observed distinctions, social movements,
as per current wisdom, form a bridge between
the two.
(2) Political and interest groups have been
traditionally considered distinct, but, these two,
along with social movements, cannot be
classified into watertight compartments.
(3) Contrary to popular tendency to view them
otherwise, political parties, interest groups
and social movements are distinct, at least
in operational perspectives.
(4) Political parties, interest groups and social
movements serve quite distinct purposes,
despite their apparent similarities.
Directions for questions 11 to 20:Choose the option
that best captures the essence of the passage and
indicate the number corresponding with it in the box
provided below the question.
11. There have been delays galore for all senior
appointments over the past year, whether for
regulatory bodies and apex institutions. In this
respect, there is no difference between this
government and the previous one. The modus
operandi is the same — the new appointment is
made at the 11thhour, just when the incumbent
has to demit office. If the incumbent gets an
extension, it will be at the last minute. If they are
not that luckyto get an extension, they seldom get
the chance to hand over charge to the successor
in an orderly way. The successor doesn’t get the
benefit of being an understudy for a few weeks in
order to understand the challenges and difficulties
that await him or her.
(1) Delaying important government appointments in
the country is a costly mistake.
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(2) Successive governments sport a lackadaisical
approach to senior appointments in regulatory
bodies and apex institutions in the country.
(3) Delays in appointments in regulatory bodies and
top institutions in the country can create
a vacuum at top levels.
(4) No government is committed to the efficiency of
regulatory bodies and apex institutions.
12. The Kudremukh National Park in the Western Ghats
is a part of the world’s 38 ‘hottest hotspots’ of
biological diversity, a UNESCO world heritage site.
It is more than 630 sq.km area of montane
grasslands and tropical rainforests form the largest
protected block within the Western Ghats. The park
is home to unique, threatened and endangered
biodiversity including lion-tailed macaques, tigers,
Malabar civets and great pied hornbills. The rivers
Tunga, Bhadra and Netravati, which originate from
the heart of the park, sustain millions of rural people
in south India. The park provides invaluable
ecosystem services, such as water security, nutrient
recycling, climate regulation and carbon
sequestration — all of which are issues of global
concern.
(1) The Kudremukh National Park’s contribution
to addressing issues of global concern cannot
be underestimated.
(2) The Kudremukh National Park has the
distinction of finding a place in the world’s 38
‘hottest hotspots’ of biological diversity, a
distinction conferred on it by the UNESCO.
(3) The Kudremukh National Park is South India’s
heart and soul of rain forests.
(4) The Kudremukh National Park is unique in its
services to biodiversity and ecosystems.
13. Here are some glimpses of the structural unfairness
in America. A dumb rich kid in America is now more
likely to graduate from college than a smart poor kid,
according to Robert Putnam of Harvard University.
Next, the 20 wealthiest Americans, a group that
would fit comfortably inside a luxury private jet
bound for a private Caribbean island, are worth
more than the poorer half of the American
population, according to a recent reportfrom the
Institute for Policy Studies. Forbes’s wealthiest 100
are worth as much as all
42 million African-Americans, the report says.
(1) The ordinary people in America are exploited.
(2) In the American society, money exerts
tremendous influence.
(3) Of late, there has been a remarkable rise in
inequality in America.
(4) The American economy favours the rich.
14. There are people in almost every workplace who
feel the need to be constantly acknowledged and
VAHO1002104/3
 excessively flattered. And for good measure they
often have a marked lack of feelings for everyone
else. Although there is no overall agreement on
the causes of this disorder, as a child they may
have experienced excessive love and flattery or
the unpredictable experience of being smothered
with attention one moment and utterly ignored the
next by distracted and poorly regulated parents.
The psychological armour that develops as adults is
built to shore up a fragile sense of self by insisting
on the flattering attention of everyone else.
(1) It is not advisable to show excessive love
towards children as they may become psychic
cases in their adulthood.
(2) Narcissistic personality, which is ubiquitous
today, is in all probability, caused by childhood
experience of excessive attention followed
by neglect, by unregulated parents.
(3) Even among the ordinary people, psychological
disorders are prevalent.
(4) Narcissists struggle in their personal
relationships.
15. Modern humans spend a lot more time sitting down
than any previous generation. Manual labour jobs
have largely been replaced by office jobs; cars and
other means of transport allow us to travel while
sitting down. This has its downsides. Obscene sums
are spent on ergonomically designed office chairs to
ensure people don’t get damaged or injured due to
excessive sitting. Sitting too long on an aeroplane
can even be fatal, due to deep vein thrombosis. It
seems odd, but staying very still is bad for us.
(1) Though unhealthy, sedentary life is the hallmark
of the present generation.
(2) Moving is very important today, though it is risky
at times.
(3) Human body is ideally suited to regular
ambulation.
(4) Movement, though fatal at times, is integral to
human survival.
16. Once photography was considered the profession of
photographers. With cameras becoming affordable
and mobile phones coming equipped with two
cameras, one for taking selfies, everybody has
become a photographer. While most such
photographers are easily excited by their potential
to become great photographers, they do not realise
the dangers of photography. The problem is not
confined to India, as reports come even from
developed countries of selfie-takers getting involved
in accidents.
(1) Taking selfies is quite dangerous today.
(2) People are so fascinated by photography today
that accidents involving photographers are
on the rise.
(3) With the advent of mobile phones fitted with
cameras, and people’s craze for selfies,
accidents involving photographers are rampant.
(4) There are many dangers lurking in photography.
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17. Previous research suggested that random cell
mutations played a significant role in the
development of tumours, a finding dubbed the "bad
luck hypothesis". However, a recent study suggests
that cancer incidence is far too high to be explained
away by simple mutations in cell division. It says that
nearly 75 per cent of the risk of colorectal cancer is
now believed to be due to diet. Likewise, 86 per cent
of the risk of skin cancer is down to sun exposure
while 75 per cent of the chance of developing head
and neck cancers is due to tobacco and alcohol.
(1) Even if someone is exposed to important
external risk factors, it isn't certain that they will
develop a cancer - chance is always involved.
(2) Although some rare cancers can be driven by
genetic mutations, the most prevalent diseases
are down to extrinsic factors.
(3) Cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk
factors.
(4) Random cell mutations are not responsible for
cancer.
18. India is one of the few countries where the sale of
mobile phones has been galloping ahead with states
such as Delhi and Kerala having more mobile
phones than population. In other words, many now
have more than one phone. However, there has not
been a corresponding increase in the awareness
about telephone use. From shouting into the phone
in public places to texting, making and receiving
calls while driving to using phones and thereby
wasting office hours are menaces that need to be
tackled. There is a need for a massive awareness
campaign to prevent misuse of phones.
(1) Indians do not know how to use mobile phones
without causing inconvenience to the public.
(2) India is the only country in the world where
people are grossly ignorant about the judicious
use of mobile phones.
(3) With the phenomenal increase in the sale of
mobile phones in India, people are to be
educated about its use in public.
(4) People in India will continue to misuse mobile
phones in the absence of a massive awareness
campaign about their use.
19. Zika is the kind of thing biologists have been ranting
about for 20 years. We should have anticipated it.
Whenever the planet has faced a major climate
change event, man-made or not, species have
moved around and their pathogens have come into
contact with species with no resistance. It is still not
clear what role rising temperatures and altered
rainfall patterns have had on the spread of Zika,
which is mainly spread by mosquitos; the increased
global movement of people is probably as great an
influence as climate change for the spread of
infectious diseases.
(1) Though biologists have been talking about
Zika for 20 years, no initiative has been taken
by scientists to avoid the spread of Zika.
VAHO1002104/4
 (2) Climate change, together with increased human
movement across the globe, caused the spread
of Zika.
(3) Scientists have no idea what triggered the
spread of Zika.
(4) Global warming has had tremendous influence
on the spread of pathogens.
20. Perhaps the Syrian implosion may have been
avoided. There was a time when there was no
foreign meddling and a Syrian political solution could
have been found. Hell broke loose after the
government decided to steamroll popular political
demands;
all of them the democratic world would not hesitate
to consider legitimate. This was about the time
when India too was experiencing street protests.
How absurd it would have been if the government
had sent in military aircraft, tanks and missiles,
and called in foreign advisers to bomb Bengaluru
and Chennai in reaction to crowds supporting
Anna Hazare.
(1) The Syrian government’s use of force to
suppress legitimate public demands led to the
Syrian collapse.
(2) If the Syrian government had acceded to the
popular political demands, Syria today would
have been a peaceful country like India.
(3) The Syrian crisis started with popular demands
and ended in bloodshed.
(4) A political solution to the Syrian crisis can be
achieved only if foreign powers stop meddling
in the affairs of Syria.
Directions for questions 21 to 30: Each question
below has a sentence. From the choices provided,
identify the one which best restates the given sentence
and mark its corresponding letter as the answer.
21. Around 270m people have left China's countryside
to work in urban areas, many of them entrusting
their children to the care of a lone parent,
grandparents, relatives or other guardians.
(A) People in China have left homes to work in
urban areas and have entrusted their children's
care
to a lone parent, grandparents, relatives or
guardians.
(B) About 270m people in China have left homes to
join the urban areas in search of work, leaving
their children in the care of lone parents,
grandparents or guardians.
(C) About 270m people in China have left the
country side homes and moved to urban areas
in search of work, assigning their children under
the care of a lone parent, grandparents,
relatives or other guardians.
(D) Leaving their children under the care of a lone
parent, grandparents, relatives or other
guardians, about 270m Chinese people have
moved from the countryside to urban areas
in search of work.
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22. To see George W. Bush on stage in Charleston,
telling corny jokes and wisecracking about his
supposed lack of intelligence, was to recall the
presidential standup act that disappeared so
suddenly, almost as if his eight years in the White
House had never happened.
(A) George W. Bush's corny jokes and wisecracking
of his supposed lack of intelligence, was
a remembrance of the eight years which went
unnoticed while he was at the White House.
(B) Seeing George W. Bush crack jokes and be
witty about his lack of intelligence, was a
reminiscence of the presidential standup act
that disappeared so suddenly, as if he were
never at the White House for all his eight years
of presidency.
(C) George W. Bush's corny jokes and wisecracking
of his supposed lack of intelligence, was an
insight into his absence for all those eight years
for which he was supposedly the President.
(D) A stark reminder about George W. Bush's
inefficiency as a President for the eight years
at the White House came from his standup act
on stage.
23. Top bankers recently met at a luxury hotel in
Bengaluru to discuss how to innovate startups,
from sourcing ideas to influencing direction of
new product development. The theme of the event
revolved around how to combine the spirit of
traditional business powerhouses with startups.
(A) With the idea to combine the spirit of traditional
business powerhouses with startups, a meeting
was held in Bengaluru.
(B) With the intention of innovating startups,
a meeting was held in Bengaluru in which
ideas on combining the spirit of traditional
business powerhouses with startups were
discussed. The meeting also found new ways to
influence product development.
(C) Innovative ways to develop products with the
help of traditional companies and startups
was discussed in Bengaluru.
(D) With the intention of innovating startups,
a meeting was held in Bengaluru in which
ideas on influencing direction of new product
development were discussed and the meeting
also revolved around combining the spirit of
traditional business powerhouses with startups.
24. By imposing President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh
even before a mandatory floor test could establish
conclusively that the Congress Government of
NabamTuki had lost its majority, the Central
government acted prematurely.
(A) The Central Government acted prematurely
when it imposed President's rule in Arunachal
Pradesh before doing a mandatory floor test
to conclude that the Congress Government of
NabamTuki had lost its majority.
(B) The Central Government was inconclusive in
establishing whether or not the Arunachal
VAHO1002104/5
 Pradesh's Congress party NabamTuki had
lost its majority and imposed a President's rule
without verification of the same.
(C) The Central Government acted prematurely
when it imposed President's rule in Arunachal
Pradesh before conducting a mandatory floor
test to establish that the Congress Government
of NabamTuki had lost.
(D) The Central Government was hasty in
establishing the President's rule in Arunachal
Pradesh as it did not verify whether or not
NabamTuki had lost its majority.
25. Sri Lanka is eager to share the opportunities created
by major government plans such as Make in India
andDigital India as it would give Sri Lanka an
opportunity to provide a lot of manpower for
the required research and development work, and
many other job types.
(A) Major government projects like Make in India
and Digital India are a golden opportunity for
Sri Lanka which can invest its manpower for
the required research and development work,
along with providing manpower for various
other jobs.
(B) Major government projects like Make in India
and Digital India are a very good opportunity
for Sri Lanka to invest its manpower for the
required jobs, which may vary.
(C) With manpower required for various jobs and
projects that may come under the purview
of projects like Make in India and Digital
India, Sri Lanka has a golden opportunity to
earn money.
(D) Sri Lanka can provide all the manpower
required for research and any other job type,
which is a major part of Make in India and
Digital India.
26. BlackBerry's pivot to software began to show
traction after the company reported a smaller
quarterly
loss and its first quarter-to-quarter revenue increase
in over two years, sending its stocks soaring by
13 percent.
(A) BlackBerry's switch to software began to bear
fruit when the company reported smaller
quarterly loss and its stocks went soaring by
13 percent.
(B) BlackBerry's stock soared by 13 percent when it
reported a smaller quarterly loss and its first
quarter-to-quarter revenue increased in over
two years.
(C) BlackBerry's switch to software showed good
results, after the company reported its first
quarter-to-quarter revenue increase in over
two years and a smaller quarterly loss, which
raised its stocks by13 percent.
(D) BlackBerry's move to software showed results
when the company reported a smaller quarterly
loss and its first quarter-to-quarter revenue
which was due to higher stocks.
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27. Arguing that privacy was not a fundamental right,
the Finance Minister told the Lok Sabha that
the legislature’s primary objective was delivery of
benefits, subsidies and services to the people and
reassured the House that any gaps in the law could
be improved with the passage of time.
(A) Reassuring the House that faults in laws can
be improved at any time, the Union Finance
Minister told the Lok Sabha that privacy was
not a fundamental right and the legislature has
many primary objectives.
(B) The Union Finance Minister argued that privacy
is not a fundamental right and that faults in laws
can always be improved and the legislature’s
primary objective was delivery of benefits,
subsidies and services to the people.
(C) The Union Finance Minister argued that
privacy is not a fundamental right and told the
Lok Sabha that faults in laws can always be
improved and the legislature’s primary objective
was delivery of benefits, subsidies and services
to the people.
(D) Reassuring the Lok Sabha that faults in laws
can be improved at any time, the Union Finance
Minister told the Lok Sabha that privacy was not
a fundamental right and the legislature has
primary objectives towards people.
28. Many animal species hate the cold, which is why
when winter comes around they burrow
underground to hibernate or migrate to lower
latitudes where conditions are warmer; however
some embrace
the cold.
(A) While some animals embrace the cold, most
others hibernate or migrate to lower altitudes
which are warmer.
(B) While most animal species do not like the
cold and they burrow underground, hibernate
or migrate to lower altitudes, some embrace
the cold.
(C) While some animals embrace the cold, most
others find ways to keep them from freezing.
(D) While some animal species do not like the cold
and find ways to keep themselves from
freezing, most other animals embrace the cold.
29. One of the objectives of the “Make in India”
programme is to improve and protect the Indian
Intellectual Property (IP) regime and the steps
envisaged to achieve this objective include
increased posts in IP offices, e-filing facilities, major
fee reduction for Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises, etc.
(A) Protecting the Indian Intellectual Property (IP)
regime is one of the objectives of the “Make in
India” programme and it could be achieved by
increasing posts in IP offices, e-filling facilities,
major fee reduction for Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises, etc.
(B) The major objective of the “Make in India”
VAHO1002104/6
 programme is to protect and improve the
Indian intellectual property (IP) regime and
for doing this an increase in posts in IP offices,
e-filing facilities, major fee reduction for
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, etc., will
be done.
(C) A major increase in the posts in IP offices, e-
filing facilities, major fee reduction for Micro,
Small
and Medium Enterprises, etc., will lead to an
improvement and protection of the Indian
Intellectual Property (IP) regime.
(D) The improvement and protection of the Indian
Intellectual Property (IP) regime can only be
done by increasing the posts in a few sectors.
30. As across the globe, countries and ethnic groups
ask for indigenous artworks housed in the West to
be returned, there is a sense of urgency around the
topic, with a larger diversity of voices which question
cultural patrimony and wish to find ways to “share” a
global heritage more widely and fairly.
(A) Larger groups of people want their indigenous
artworks returned to their homelands while
considering sharing them widely and fairly.
(B) While countries and ethnic groups the world
over want their indigenous artworks returned by
the West, there is an urgent consensus by
a large diversity of people who wish to find ways
to be able to “share” a global heritage more
widely and fairly.
(C) While countries the world over are wanting
their indigenous artworks back from the West,
the rest of the people want to “share” these
indigenous artworks and more.
(D) While countries and ethnic groups the world
over want their indigenous artworks returned
to the West, there is an urgent consensus by
a large variety of people who wish to find ways
to “share” a global heritage in an expansive
manner.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR PRACTISE

Directions for questions 1 and 2:The passages given check on tyranny of all kinds: political, moral,
below are followed by four summaries. Choose the linguistic. They speak truth to power, and speak
option that best captures the author’s position and mark truth to the easy dogmas that fix themselves inside
the number corresponding with it in the box provided us like bumper stickers on our souls. Its therapeutic
below the question. cackling softens ossified beliefs that for too long
have gone unquestioned and unmocked.
1. Ethics are external standards that are provided by (1) Despite their light-hearted nature, jokes rightly
institutions, groups, or culture to which an individual question long held beliefs to refine them.
belongs. For example, lawyers, policemen, and (2) Despite their light-hearted nature, jokes make
doctors all have to follow an ethical code laid down
us ignore dogmas that have been long-
by their profession, regardless of their own feelings
cherished.
or preferences. Ethics can also be considered a
(3) Jokes serve many purposes, though some of
social system of a framework for acceptable
behaviour. Morals are also influenced by culture or them might have become unquestionable.
society, but they are personal principles created and (4) Jokes serve many purposes, because they are
upheld by individuals themselves. economical with truth, rightfully so.
(1) The basic difference between ethics and morals
is their optional nature.
(2) The fundamental difference between ethics and
Directions for questions 3 and 4:Choose the option
morals is the origin of their principles.
that best captures the essence of the passage and
(3) The basic difference between morals and ethics
indicate
lies in the social good which is the aim of either.
the number corresponding with it in the box provided
(4) The fundamental purpose of ethics and morals
below the question.
is to serve the society in a better way.
3. Scientists from the Hyderabad-based Centre for
Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) and the
2. Just because it is a joke, it does not make it Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad,
frivolous. On the contrary, a jester's job is to improve analysed various genes linked to pancreatitis. While
his audience – or better to benefit them. Despite one of the mutated genes (SPINK1) was earlier
their apparent frivolity, they are essential to the linked to the disease, the second mutated gene
society. In addition to providing entertainment, they PRSS1 (cationic trypsinogen), which plays a key
have the license to violate norms, providing a unique role in digestion of proteins, was for the first time
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
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 shown to be playing (2) Major businesses in India are disillusioned with
a role in disease pathogenesis in Indians. It was the available workforce.
also found that the onset of the disease was earlier (3) The root of the problem the Indian industry
in individuals having only SPINK1 gene as faces today is the unavailability of ideal
workforce suited for its needs due to our out-
compared to those having only PRSS1.
dated engineering curriculum.
(1) PRSS1 gene mutation is the major cause of (4) The education sector in India needs revamping.
pancreatitis disease in Indians.
(2) Pancreatitis disease sets in when mutated
genes SPINK1 and PRSS1 are present in
a person. Directions for question 5: The following question below
(3) SPINK1 gene mutation is the predominant has a sentence. From the choices provided, identify the
one which best restates the given sentence and mark its
cause of pancreatitis disease in Indians.
corresponding letter as the answer.
(4) SPINK1 gene mutation affects digestion of
proteins, thereby causing pancreatitis disease in 5. Sending out a dual message to Pakistan, the Indian
Indians. government said that it would continue to engage
with Pakistan to ensure it makes progress on the
Pathankot investigation, but it also made it clear that
the Pakistan government would have to show
4. Even though the economy is on a roll and major
sincerity, as it is from their territory that the
businesses are expected to go on a hiring spree,
maximum attacks come.
there are definitely hushed murmurs in the
(A) The Indian government is ready to engage with
corporate corridors regarding a phenomenon that
Pakistan to make progress on the Pathankot
is troubling the Indian business scenario. A majority
issue but it is also cautious of the attacks that
of business leaders are concerned about the
come from Pakistan.
unavailability of a skilled workforce. Most industry
(B) The Indian government is back to being
experts would agree that the education sector needs
engaged with Pakistan to make progress on the
major reforms to ensure the creation of a workforce
Pathankot investigation and is making it clear to
that has expertise and can innovate. While
the Pakistan government that they have to be
academic debate revolves around the number of
sincere as the maximum attacks come from
years for
Pakistan.
the ideal engineering curriculum, industry experts
(C) The Indian government is continuing to engage
insist on the necessity for it to be fast and fit to
with Pakistan on the Pathankot investigation,
purpose. To this end, leading players from the
but it is also emphasizing on the Pakistan
industry have started to collaborate with industry
government's sincerity for tackling the issue
associations to offer solutions through initiatives and
as it is from their territory that the maximum
ventures like skill-based training programmes,
attacks happen.
finishing school sessions and joint workshops held
(D) The government is continuing to engage with
by experts in the industry and academia.
Pakistan on the Pathankot investigation, but it is
Which of the following is a summary of the
also emphasizing on the fact that the Pakistan
paragraph?
government has to show sincerity as it is from
(1) Without collaborating with the industry, the
their territory that the maximum attacks come.
engineering colleges cannot improve their
curriculum.

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