Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Height Education and Scientific Research

University of Kirkuk
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

STRENGTHENING METHODS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
A graduation project submitted to the Civil Engineering Department –
University of Kirkuk, in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

BY

Bashdar Azad Abdulrahman Layan nazwad kakakhan

Bakhan Nashad Zamn Muhamad Araz Fazl

SUPERVISED BY

Dr.Hammad Dhari

2020 - 2021
SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION

I certify that the preparation of the project entitled:

"STRENGTHENING METHODS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

COLUMNS"

Prepared by: Bashdar Azad Abdulrahman

Layan nazwad kakakhan

Bakhan Nashad Zamn

Muhamad Araz Fazl

Was made under my supervision at Civil Engineering Department – University

of Kirkuk, in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering

Signature:

Supervisor Name:

Date:

I
Abstract:

In our project, we are talking about strengthening the columns in general. First,
we began to search for the types of columns and all their general information and
types of column failures such as (the increase in the number of floors and errors
during design and implementation, as well as the poor quality of the materials
used) and we also searched for the types of cracks that occur in the columns
After that, we started looking for techniques that help to strengthen the columns
and increase their bearing loads such as (concrete jacket, steel jacket and CFRP),
then we talked about the working mechanism and the advantages and
disadvantages of each. Finally, we took a design for a column and made the
necessary calculations, then we increased the number of floors using the concrete
jacket and the steel jacket, and then we made the calculations whether it could
bear the extra weight or not.

II
List of Contents

Subject Page number

SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION I
Abstract II
List of Contents III
List of Figures V
List of Table VI
Chapter one
1-1 Introduction 1
1-2 Types of Concert Column 3
1-3 Failure of Column 8
Chapter Two
2-1 Strengthen of column 13
2-1-1 Why strengthen necessary 13
2-1-2 Type strengthen column 14
2-2 Concrete jacketing 14
2-2-1 Purpose concrete jacketing 15
2-2-2 Concrete jacketing process 15
2-2-3 Advantage of concrete jacketing 17
2-2-4 Disadvantage concrete jacketing 17
2-3 Steel jacketing 18
2-3-1 Purpose Steel jacketing 19
2-3-2 Steel jacketing process 19
2-3-3 Advantage Steel jacketing 20
2-3-4 Disadvantage Steel jacketing 20
2-3-5 Define jacketing: 20
2-4 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP) 21
2-4-1 How is CFRP produced 22
2-4-2 Properties CFRP 23
2-4-3 Purpose CFRP 23
2-4-4 CFRP process 23
2-4-5 Advantage of CFRP 24
2-4-6 Disadvantage of CFRP 24
2-4-7 Define FRP 25
2-4-8 Compare between CFRP & FRP? 25
Chapter Three
3-1 Procure of calculation 26

III
Subject Page number
SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION I
Abstract II
List of Contents III
List of Figures V
List of Table VI
3-1-1 How do you know strengthen necessary 26
3-1-2 Strengthen by concrete jacketing 27
3.1.3 Strengthen by steel jacketing 29
3-2 Calculation strengthen 32
Chapter four
4-1 Discussion 41
References 43

List of Figures

Figures Page number

(1-1) Column 1
(1–2) Composite column 2
(1–3) Concrete column 2
(1–4) Steel column 3
(1-5) Tied column 4
(1-6) Spiral column 4
(1-7) Long column 5
(1–8) Short column 5
(1–9) Axially Loaded 6
(1–10) Biaxial Load 6
(1–11) Uniaxial Load 7
(1–12) Compression failure 8
(1–13) Buckling failure 8
(1–14) Shear failure 9
(1–15) stress failure 9
(1–16) Torsion failure 10
(1–17) lack of confinement failure 10
(2-1) concrete jacketing 14
(2-2) concrete jacketing process 16
(2-3) Steel Jacketing 18

IV
(2-4) Steel Jacketing process 19
(2-5) CFRP 21
(2-6) component CFRP 22
(2-7) FRP 25
(3-1) Building design 31
(3-2)Angle section 38

List of Tables

Tables Page number

(3-1) Manual steel 30
(3-2) Unit weight 32

V
 Chapter One

1-1 Introduction:

Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures is an important task in the field

of structural maintenance. The aim of strengthening is to increase the capacity of
an existing structural element. Strengthening or retrofitting of existing reinforced
concrete (RC) structures is required for a variety of reasons. Sometimes it may
be change in use causing higher loads, or deterioration due to factors like
environmental factors, or for withstanding lateral loads. Column is an important
component of any structure. The strengthening is carried out to increase
compressive strength and ductility of the column. The confinement due to FRP
enhances both the ultimate compressive strength and the ultimate compressive
strain of the concrete. The three most commonly used materials for column
jacketing are concrete (with reinforcing bars or fiber-reinforced), steel, or fiber-
reinforced polymers.

Column: Generally, a column is something which carries load from beam and
slab. In other words, columns are defined as the members that carries load
mainly in compression. columns carry bending moment as well,

about one or both axes of the cross section.

Figure (1-1) Column

1
1-2 Types of column:

1-By material:

•Composite Column: A composite column is a column made of structural steel

shapes or pipes surrounded by or filled by concrete with or without longitudinal
reinforcement, shown in Figure below.

Figure (1 – 2) Composite column

•Concrete Column: A structural member subjected principally to compressive 

stresses. Concrete columns may be unreinforced, or they may be reinforced with 
longitudinal bars and ties (tied columns) or with longitudinal bars and spiral steel 
(spiralreinforced columns). Sometimes the columns may be a composite of struct
ural steel of cast iron and concrete.

Figure (1 – 3) concrete column

2
• Steel Columns: have good compressive strength, but have a tendency to
buckle or bend under extreme loading. This can be due to their: Length. Cross-
sectional area.

Figure (1 – 4) steel column

2-By shape:
3
• Tied Column. A tied column shown in Figure below, is a column in which the
longitudinal reinforcement bars are tied together with separate smaller diameter
transverse bars (ties) spaced at some interval along the column height. These
ties help to hold the longitudinal reinforcement bars in place during
construction and ensure stability of these bars against local buckling. The cross
sections of such columns are usually square, rectangular, or circular in shape. A
minimum of four bars is used in rectangular and circular cross sections.

Figure (1 – 5) Tied Column

• Spiral Column: They are columns in which the longitudinal bars are arranged
in a circle surrounded by a closely spaced continuous spiral, shown in Figure
below. These columns are usually circular or square in shape. A minimum of
six bars is used for longitudinal reinforcement.

Figure (1 – 6) Spiral Column

3-By Cylinder his ratio:

4
• Short Column: A short column is the one whose ratio of effective length to its
least lateral dimension is less than or equal to 12. Then it is termed as a short
column.

Figure (1-7) Short Column

• Long Column: a column so slender that it will fail under longitudinal load by
bending rather than by crushing and typically having a length of 20 to 30 times
the diameter.

Figure (1-8) long Column

4-Type Column Loading:

a-Axial Load:
5
• Axially Loaded Column: An axial loaded column transmits the compressive
force without an explicit design requirement to carry lateral loads or end
moments.

Figure (1 – 9) Axially Load

• Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading: The column having axial load
acting in such a way that the load is eccentric about both the axes in the plane of
the column then it is ca0lled biaxial loaded column.

Figure (1 – 10) Biaxial load

b-Uniaxial Load:

6
• Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading: A column with Uniaxial Eccentric
Loading in a uniaxial eccentric loading column, the vertical loads do not coincide
with the center of gravity of column cross-section. The behavior and design of
beam-columns are presented within the context of members subjected to
uniaxial bending.

Figure (1 – 11) uniaxial Load

1-3 Failure of Column:

7
• Pure Compression Failure: The column can fail in compress due to the
increase of the axial stress than its capacity. ... When the axial stress exceeds a
certain amount resulting in concrete strain greater than 0.0035 concrete will fail
suddenly.

Figure (1 – 12) Compression failure

• Buckling Failure: The buckling mode of deflection is considered a failure

mode, and it generally occurs before the axial compression stresses (direct
compression) can cause failure of the material by yielding or fracture of that
compression member.

Figure (1 – 13) Buckling failure

• Shear Failure: shear strength is the strength of a material or component

against the type of yield or structural failure where the material or component

8
fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a
material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force.

Figure (1 – 14) Shear failure

• Combine stress failure: Any state of stress that cannot be represented by a

single component of stress; i.e., one that is more complicated than simple
tension, compression, or shear.

Figure (1 – 15) Stress failure

• Torsional Failures: A member subjected to torsion moments would twist

about a longitudinal axis through the shear center of the cross section. It was also
9
pointed out that when the resultant of applied forces passed through the
longitudinal shear center axis no torsion would occur. In general, torsion
moments would cause twisting and warping.

Figure (1-16) Torsion failure

• Failure due to Lack of Confinement Reinforcement:

Vertical element subjected to cyclic loadings subjected to failure of this nature.

Failure causes mainly due to the lack of links in the area where there are higher
shear forces. In structural elements such as beams and columns, higher stresses
are generated near the connections. Lack of links in these areas causes structural
failures when cyclic loadings are applied. The article published as Seismic
Detailing of Beams and Columns provides a clear guide as to how we should
detail the reinforcement to withstand for cyclic loadings.

Figure (1 – 17) Lack of Confinement

• Failures due to errors by designer:

10
In most cases, the cracking of concrete columns is the result of engineering
errors in the design:

1- Neglecting the connection point with the beam: One of the most
important mistakes of concrete columns, which may affect them in the
long run and lead to the appearance of cracks in them, is to neglect the
contact area between the column and the upper beams, and the correct
method is that the canes are condensed and extend into the beams at an
appropriate distance.

2- Canes installments: Also, one of the factors that cause damage to

concrete columns is the increase in the installments of the canes, that is,
the distances between them are spaced or wider than what is required in
the columns in general, and in particular the columns of the lower floors,
specifically the ground floor.

3- Not taking the necessary precautions: Also, one of the reasons for the
cracking and collapse of concrete columns is that the designer did not take
into account all the possibilities when developing the engineering design
of the facility. For example, the vast majority of engineers are interested in
erecting strong columns to withstand vertical pressure and live pressure
loads on them, while they often overlook horizontal pressures such as
collision or wind and other natural factors, so the columns are therefore
weak in the face of these factors, which affects them negatively, as well as
some do not take the necessary precautions to protect buildings from and
earthquakes, especially in areas where earthquakes are not widespread,
which increases the chances of the columns being cracked in the event of
any shaking.

11
• Failures due to errors in the Construction:

There may be many errors that could happen in construction and they also can
categorize under types of column failure. Employing qualified engineer to the
project and close supervision of construction work will minimize these types of
column failure.

-Mistakenly reduce the bar diameter.

-Construct an incorrect column in the location.

-Changes in the grade of concrete.

-Lack of strength in the concrete due to the failure of the concrete supplier.

12
 Chapter Two

2 – 1 Strengthen of column:

Strengthen column: Column strengthening is a process used to add or restore

ultimate load capacity of reinforced concrete columns.

2-1-1 Why strengthening (jacketing) is necessary:

This work is very significant since many civil structures are no longer considered
safe which can be due to increased load specifications in the design codes,
overloading, under-design of existing structures or to the lack of quality control.
In order to maintain efficient serviceability, older structures must be repaired or
strengthened so that they can meet the same requirements demanded of
structures built today and in the future. It is also becoming both environmentally
and economically preferable to repair or strengthen the structures rather than to
replace them totally, particularly if rapid, effective and simple strengthening
methods are available. Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns is needed
when:

1) The load carried by the column is increased due to either increasing the
number of floors or due to mistakes in the design.
2) The compressive strength of the concrete or the percent and type of
reinforcement are not according to the codes’ requirements.
3) The inclination of the column is more than the allowable.

13
2-1-2 Type Strengthen Column:

1-Concrete Jacketing

2-Steel Jacketing

3- CFRP

2-2 concrete jacketing:

Concrete Jacketing: It is one of the techniques used to improve or restore the

bearing capacity of a reinforced concrete column. The size of the shirt and the
number and diameter of the iron bars used in the stiffening process depend on
the structural analysis performed on the shaft. You may need to punch in the
tiles and beams to keep the iron on the shirt inside them or not depending on the
design need and the purpose of the reinforcement, which are matters Determined
by the designer.

Figure (2-1) concrete jacket

14
2-2-1 Purpose of Concrete Jacketing:
Concrete jacketing is needed to increase bearing load capacity following a
modification of the structural design or to restore structural design integrity due
to a failure in the structural member. This technique is used on vertical surfaces
such as walls, columns and other combinations such as beam sides and bottoms.

2-2-2 Concrete Jacketing Process:

1. Initially, reduce or eliminate loads on columns temporarily if it is required.

This is done by putting mechanical jacks and additional props between
floors.

2. After that, if it is found out that reinforcements are corroded, the remove
the concrete cover and clean the steel bars using a wire brush or sand
compressor.

3. Then, coat the steel bars with an epoxy material that would prevent
corrosion.

4. If reducing loads and cleaning reinforcement is not needed, the jacketing

process begin by adding steel connectors into the existing column.

5. The steel connectors are added into the column by making holes 3-4mm
larger than the diameter of the used steel connectors and 10-15cm depth.

6. The spacing of new stirrups of the jacket in both the vertical and
horizontal directions should not be more than 80cm.

7. Filling the holes with an appropriate epoxy material then inserting the
connectors into the holes.

15
8. Adding vertical steel connectors to fasten the vertical steel bars of the
jacket following the same procedure in step 5 and 6.

9. Installing the new vertical steel bars and stirrups of the jacket according to
the designed dimensions and diameters.

10.Coating the existing column with an appropriate epoxy material that

would guarantee the bond between the old and new concrete.

11.Pouring the concrete of the jacket before the epoxy material dries. The
concrete used should be of low shrinkage and consists of small aggregates,
sand, cement and additional materials to prevent shrinkage. Steps of
reinforced concrete jacketing are illustrated in Fig below.

Figure (2-2) Process concrete jacket

16
2-2-3 Advantage OF Concrete Jacketing:

1. To increase the shear & flexural capacity of Beam.

2. To improve the compressive strength & Moment caring capacity of column.

3. Ease in construction.

4. Easily available material.

2-2-4 Disadvantage of Jacketing:

1.The sizes of the sections are increased and the free available usable space
becomes less.

2. Huge dead mass is added.

3. Requires adequate dowelling to the existing column.

4. Longitudinal bars need to be anchored to the foundation and should be

continuous through the slab. 5. Requires drilling of holes in existing column,
slab, beams and footings.

6. Placement of ties in beam column joints is not practically feasible.

7. The speed of implementation is slow.

17
2-3 Steel Jacketing:

Steel Jacketing: This technology is chosen when the loads applied to the shaft
are increased, and at the same time, it is not allowed to increase the cross-
sectional area of the column. It has many different applications such as separate
annular reinforcement over the entire height of the column and the use of steel
corners in the corners and other applications specified by the designer where the
most important goal is to obtain a strong bond with the old shaft under the
influence of all the conditions of its loading and the direction of forces and its
transmission. The roof, beams or not depends on the purpose of the
reinforcement.

18
 Figure (2-4) Steel Jacketing

2-3-1 Purpose of steel jacketing:

Confining RC columns in steel jackets is also an effective method to increase

basic strength capacity.

2-3-2 Steel Jacketing Process:

1.Coating the steel bars with an epoxy material that would prevent corrosion.

19
2.Installing the steel jacket with the required size and thickness, according to the
design, and making openings to pour through them the epoxy material that
would guarantee the needed bond between the concrete column and the steel
jacket.

3.Filling the space between the concrete column and the steel jacket with an
appropriate epoxy material.

Figure (2-4) Steel Jacketing Process

2-3-3 Advantage of Steel Jacketing:

1) to easily provide a large amount of transverse steel, hence strong confinement

to the compressed concrete.

2) to prevent spalling off of the shell concrete

3.The advantages of this system is that it does not enlarge the area of RC
column. Also, it has adequate durability and ease of application.

20
2-3-4 Disadvantages OF steel Jacketing:

The main disadvantage of this type are linked to construction issues steel can be
labor intensive and it require heavy equipment's to handle thousands of tons and
as well as having a more difficult maintenance.

2–3-5 Define jacketing:

Jacketing: is a technique used to increase the strength of existing structural
members (e.g. Columns, Beams etc.) by providing a “Jacket” of additional
material around the existing member. This additional material can be of several
types e.g. concrete, steel or FRP etc. In this article we will discuss methodology
for Jacketing of RCC Column using concrete. The purpose of this article is to
highlight step by step construction procedure for Jacketing so that it can be
implemented at site.

2-4 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP):

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP): Carbon fiber reinforced polymer

(CFRP) is a type of composite materials consist of carbon fiber and polymer.
Using CFRP reinforcing bars in new concrete can eliminate potential corrosion
problems and substantially increase a member's structural strength.

21
 Figure (2-5) CFRP

2-4-1 How is CFRP produced?

22
There are various ways of producing CFRP, which offer different advantages in
terms of production costs and/or range of properties, depending on the
application. At the beginning of the CFRP manufacturing process, however, is
always the carbon fiber. It is woven or laid into a carbon fiber textile or even
braided or wound using processes known the textile industry.

We manufacture our CFRP components from prototype to series production. The

following production technologies are used:

-Prepare compressing molding

-Autoclave technology

-Winding methods

-Blowing methods

-RTM process (Resin Transfer Molding)

-Wet pressing

-Braiding

-Tape laying Figure (3-6) components CFRP

-Fiber placement

The diagram on the right-hand side illustrates the different ways of

manufacturing a CFRP component.

2-4-2 Properties CFRP:

 composite materials, which are advanced composite materials, like high load-
bearing capacity, low density, high toughness, low damage tolerance, high

23
strength, high hardness, lightness, low friction coefficient and good wear
resistance, chemical and dimensional stability, corrosion resistance.

2-4-3 Purpose of CFRP:

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is one of the composite materials which
is used in both repairing and strengthening of reinforced concrete structures.

2-4-4 CFRP Process:

Surface treatment

• Applying HM-180 primer

• Repairing and leveling with HM-180CE leveling adhesive

• Applying HM-180C3P carbon fiber adhesive

• Externally bonded Horse unidirectional carbon fiber wrap

• Applying HM-180C3P carbon fiber adhesive again

• Curing and protection

2-4-5 Advantages of CFRP:

1-Increases the ultimate load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete member

2-Improves shear capacity of reinforced concrete element

24
3-Reinforcement bar lap splice capacity of the member is improved due to FRP
axial strengthening system application

4-The ductility of reinforced concrete column is improved considerably.

2-4-6 Disadvantage of CFRP:

1.lower potential quality of products, especially smaller objects. Extremely

difficult, if not virtually impossible, to judge or predict its nature (high quality or
mediocre or low quality) from its outside appearance.

2. High cost

Despite the excellent performance of CFRP composites, why are carbon fibers
not widely used in product production?

At present, the production cost of CFRP composite materials is too high.

According to the current market conditions (supply and demand), the type of
carbon fiber (aerospace vs commercial grade), the size of the fiber bundle is
different, and the price of the fiber is also judged.

2-4-7 Define FRP

Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP):is a composite material made up of polymer

that is supported with fibers for added strength. It is commonly used in industries
such as aerospace, construction and marine to build structures that require added

25
resistance to force in order to prevent deformation. Fiber-reinforced plastic is
useful in terms of corrosion protection because it helps in preventing corrosion
due to force application and deformation such as stress corrosion cracking.

Figure (2-7) FRP

2-4-8 Compare between CFRP & FRP?

Composite materials, reinforced with carbon fiber, are different than other FRP
composites using traditional materials such as fiberglass or aramid fiber. ...
Increased Strength: Not only are carbon fiber composites lighter weight, but
CFRP composites are much stronger and stiffer per unit of weight.

Chapter Three

3-1 Procure of calculation:

26
At first we need to get a design and then define the columns from them and make
the calculations for the applied loads.

3-1-1 How do you know strengthen is necessary?

1-First select column

2-Find the largest applied load to column

3-calculate the column bearing strength according to equation

Pu=0.8Ø[0.85*fc(Ag-As) +As*fy]

4.calculate load according to equation [Load=1.2 *D.L+1.6*L.L]

5-Then we compare the load with bearing strengthen of column

if applied load < column bearing strength __ ok

if applied Load > column bearing strength __ Not ok (need Strengthening)

3-1-2 strengthen by concrete jacketing:

1-Calculte load (live load & dead load)

2-Cutting the concrete cover & calculate b` & t`

27
3-We calculate Area core

4- Calculate column core bearing strength according to equation

Pu(core)=0.8Ø[0.85*fc(Ag-As) + As*fy]

5.That must be bearing strength increased

(Pu) jacketing= load applied to columns – (Pu) core

6- Assume (A steel) jacketing=0.01Ajacketing, calculate A jacketing according

to equation {Pu(core)=0.8Ø[0.85*fc(Aj-Astj)+Astj*fy ]}

7-We calculate (tj) equation Aj=[ (b`+2tj)+( t`+2tj)]-( t` *b`) ,but according to

ASTM standard {tj>= 80 mm}

8-if tj was larger 80 mm Aj don’t need to change, but lower 80 mm,we calculate
Aj again &we calculate Astj according equation {Astj=0.01 Aj}

9-shear connector:

Puj=pu friction +pu connector

Assuming pu friction =0

10-we calculate the number connector according equation

pu conector∗Ɣs
Number of connectors= 0.8∗fy∗AØ

10.RFT details:

150mm =<p >=300mm

P=distance between shear key

28
11-We put 1 steel bar in each strip corner & each shear key corner, then we put a
steel bar between each 2 steel bar, after that we calculate spacing between steel
bar.

pu jacketing
12-applied load ( of one bar) = number of reinforcement

_________________________________________________________

3-1-3 strengthen by steel jacketing:

1-Applied load columns–column bearing strength= That must be bearing

strength increased

29
2-We select angle section that available hardware store

3.We Calculate the area section angle

4.Because of the knowledge of the area, we can find r according to equation r=

I
√ A

height column
5-We calculate L= thenumber of spaces between steel belt

K∗L
6-We calculate function ( r ) find Ø*fcr (stress) in manual steel

7-P=stress*Area section angle

8-If P*number of angle section< That bearing strength must be increased

9-(Not ok) try another angle section

10-If P*number of angle section> That bearing strength must be increased (ok)

11-check section according equation

Pu=0.8Ø[0.85* fć(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy]+4(AS*fy)(steel)> applied load columns

30
 Table (3-1) Manual steel

3-1-4 strengthen by CFRP:

CFRP Technique We do not have any accurate calculations for it because it is

still under investigation by master's and ph. students.

31
3.2 Calculation:

At first we need to get a design and then define the columns from them and make
the calculations for the applied loads.

3-2-1 Building Design:

Figure (3-1) Building design

Material Ɣ t(cm)
Brick 20 40
Water proof 15 2
Soil under tiles mortar 17 10
Tiles mortar 23 5
Slab 24 20

Table (3-2) Unit weight

3-2-2: calculation:

32
31- Then we compare the applied load with bearing strengthen of column

Select column (c1)

largest Area=5.75*5.25

Area pen house=3*2.8 (1kg= 0.00980665 kn)

fć=25 Mpa , fy=400Mpa, h=3.2m , nf=2

L.L(ground)=300kg/m² , L.L(1st,penhouse)= 200 kg/m²

L.L (total)=500*5.25*5.75+3*2.8*200=16773.75
kg=164.38 kn

Ag=400²=16*104 mm²

20 2∗π
Ast= *8=2513.2
4

Pu=0.8Ø [0.85* fć(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy]

Pu=0.8*0.65[0.85*25*(16*104 -2513.2)+
2513.2*400]=2262.97 kn

Thickness slab=20cm

D.L (slab)=24*5.75*5.25*0.2+3*2.8*24*0.2=330.12 kn

thickness brick=40 cm

D.L(brick)=0.4*20*3.2[(5.75+5.25) +(3+2.8)]=430.08 kn

beam=0.4*0.5=0.2m²

D.L(beam)=2(0.2*24*(5.75+5.25)) +((2.8+3)*0.2)=133.44 kn

33
column=0.4²=0.16

D.L(column)=3.2*0.16*2*24=24.576 kn

tiles mortar=5cm

D.L(tiles mortar) =0.05*23[(5.25*5.75) +(2.8+3)]=44.37 kn

water proof=2cm, soil under mortar tiles=10 cm

D.L=5.25*5.75*0.02*15+5.25*5.75*23*0.05+5.25*5.75*0.1*17=95.07 kn

summation dead load

D.L(total)=95.07+44.37+24.576+133.44+430.08+330.12=1057.656 kn

wu=1.2*d. L+1.6*L.L

wu=1.2*1057.656+1.6*164.38=1532.195 < 2262.97 kn safe side (do not need

strengthen)

2-We need change building in to 4 floors, then we compare the

load with bearing strengthen of column:

largest Area=5.75*5.25

Area pen house=3*2.8

fć=25 Mpa , fy=400Mpa, h=3.2m , nf=2

L.L(ground,1st,2nd) =300kg/m², L.L(3rd, penhouse) =200 kg/m²

34
Ag=400²=16*104 mm²

20 2∗π
Ast= *8=2513.2
4

Pu=0.8Ø[0.85* fć(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy]

Pu=0.8*0.65[0.85*25*(16*104 -2513.2)+ 2513.2*400]=2262.97 kn

L.L(ground,1st,2nd,3rd)=1100kg/m²=10.78 kn/m²*5.75*5.25=325.4 kn

Thickness slab=20cm

D.L (slab)=24*5.75*5.25*0.2*4=579.6 kn

thickness brick=40 cm

D.L(brick)=0.4*20*3.2*3(5.75+5.25)=844.8 kn

beam=0.4*0.5=0.2m²

D.L(beam)=4*0.2*24*(5.75+5.25)=211.2 kn

column=0.4²=0.16

D.L(column)=3.2*0.16*4*24=36.86 kn

D.L(tiles mortar) =0.05*23[(5.25*5.75)*3+(2.8+3)]=113.8 kn

35
Area=2.95*3+2.25*5.75=21.78 m²

water proof=2cm, soil under mortar tiles=10 cm

d.L=21.78*0.02*15+21.78*23*0.05+21.78*0.1*17=68.6 kn

L.L=1.96*3*2.8=16.46

d.L=24*3*2.8*0.2+0.4*20*3.2*5.8+0.2*24*5.8+3.2*0.16*24+

2.8*3*23*0.05+15*0.02*3*2.8+0.1*17*3*2.8 = 255.38 kn

wu=1.2*d.L+1.6*L.L

wu(pen house)=1.2*255.38+1.6*16.46=332.79 kn

summation dead load

d.L(total)=68.6+113.8+211.2+36.86+844.8+579.6=1854.86 kn

wu1=1.2*d.L+1.6*L.L

wu1=1.2*1845.86+1.6*325.4=2746.5

wu1+wu (pen house)

2746.5+332.79=3079.3 kn < 2262.97 kn not safe side (need strengthen)

3-strenthen by concrete jacketing:

t`=400-50=350

b`=b-50=350

Ag core =350²=122500 mm²

Pu=0.8Ø[0.85* fć(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy]

36
Pu core=0.8*0.65[0.85*25*(122500-2513.2)+ 2513.2*400]=1848.6 kn

Pu jacket = pu act- pu core

Pu jacket=3079.3-1848.6=1230.7 kn

Asj=0.01*Aj

Pu =0.8Ø[0.85* fć(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy]

Pu jacket(1230.7)=0.8*0.65[0.85*25*(Aj-0.01Aj)+ Aj*0.01*400]

Aj=94596 mm²

Aj=[ (b`+2tj)+( t`+2tj)]-( t` *b`)

Aj(94596)=[ (350+2tj)+( 350`+2tj)]-( 350²)

By try error: tj=58

94596=<94656

tj= 58 <80 not ok tj=80 mm minimum tj

Aj=[ (b`+2tj)+( t`+2tj)]-( t` *b`)

Aj=[ (350+2*80)+( 350`+2*80)]-( 350²)=137600 mm²

Asj=0.01*137600=1376 mm²

Shear connector:

Puj=pu friction +pu connector

Pu friction= zero

Puj =pu connector=

12Ø

37
 122∗π
AØ= =113
4

pu conector∗Ɣs
Number of connectors= 0.8∗fy∗AØ

1230.7∗1.15
Number of connectors= 0.8∗400∗113 = 39.15=40

RFT details:

150mm =< p >= 300 mm

2p=350mm

P=175 mm

L=10 Ø (tj-cover concrete)

L=120(80-25)=175mm

510−50∗2−7∗12
Spacing = 6
=54.3 mm > 25 mm

1230.7
As one bar = 24 =57.3 kn

24 Ø 10

4-strenthen by steel jacketing:

H=3.2m
L=70mm,h=70mm,t=6mm

Pu act=3079.3 kn

Pu columns= 2262.97 kn

38
Pu jacketing=3079.3-2262.97=816.33 kn

816.33
Load by one section angle= 4
=204.1 kn

3.2
L= 4 =0.8m=31.4961 in (1m=39.37in) Figure (3-2) Angle

section

K=1

A=70*6+70*6-6²=804 mm²=1.2462in²(1 mm²= 0.00155 in²)

I
r=
√ A

∑ A∗dy
y= ∑ A

assume (n.x) in bottom:

3∗70∗6+65∗6∗35
y= 804
=18.54 mm

b∗h ³
I= +A*(dy)²
12

70∗6³ 65³∗6
I= +6*70*15.54²+ +65*6*16.46²=345662.296
12 12
mm 4

345662.296
r=
√ 804
=20.73 mm=0.816 in

k∗L 1∗31.4961
= 0.816 =38.6
r

k∗L
=38 Stress(LRFD)=40.5 ksi (table below)
r

39
k∗L
=39 Stress(LRFD)=40.3 ksi (table below)
r

0.2 x
=
1 0.4

X=0.08

k∗L
=38.6 Stress(LRFD)=40.3+0.08=40.38 ksi
r

P=stress*Area

P=40.38*1.2462=50.32 kips =223.83 kn >204.1 ok (1kips= 4.4482 kn)

Checking:

Pu=0.8Ø[0.85* fć(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy]+(AS*fy)(steel)

Pu=0.8*0.65[0.85*25 (16*104 -2513.2)+ 2513.2*400]+

344.738*4*804=3372.5kn

Compare with load:

3372.5 kn > 3079.3 kn (ok safe side)

40
41
 Chapter Four

4-1 Discussion:

In our graduation research on the subject of columns in general. He has a

number of types of columns and all their information, and the structural plan of
the building is made of the same two-storied, and through work, the number of
floors of the building has been increased to four floors to know the durability of
the columns by increasing applied load of the columns. For each type of
column, we performed arithmetic operations and extracted the results of the sine
force. There are a number of types of column reinforcement:

- The first type is the concrete jacket. It is one of the techniques used to improve
or restore the bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete column. We performed
calculations for the reinforcement of the columns according to the concrete
jacket technology. And it has advantages and disadvantages.

advantages: ease of construction, easily available materials

Disadvantages: Requires sufficient support for the current shaft, slow execution
speed

- The second type of a steel jacket. This technique is chosen when the loads
applied to the column are increased, and we performed calculations for the
column strengthening according to the jacket technique, and it has advantages
and disadvantages.

advantages: To prevent the concrete crust from splintering, the column area
does not increase

Disadvantages: It is labor intensive and requires heavy equipment

42
-The third type of stiffener is CFRP is a kind of composite material composed of
carbon fiber and polymer. And it has advantages and disadvantages

advantages: Increases the maximum bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete

member, improves the shear capacity of the reinforced concrete element

disadvantages: high cost, Accurate work and scientific information

By comparing these columns in terms of strength

The first type is the most available type in the market and is easy to implement,
but it needs a mold of wood, shape and architecture, and it needs many workers.
And the second type is cheaper, and we need iron molds. And a third type is one
of the easiest types, but its price is expensive and high cost, and it needs
technology and scientific information. The type is selected according to the
geographical location of the area and according to the soil of the area, the
engineer chooses the type of column.

43
References:

1) Rodriguez M & Park R. Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete

buildings for earthquake resistance.

2) Aguilar J, Juarez H, Ortega R & Iglesias J. The Mexico earthquake of

September 19, 1985. Statistics of damage and retrofitting techniques in
reinforced concrete buildings affected by the 1985 earthquake.

3) Hellesland J & Green R. Tests of repaired reinforced concrete columns,

Journal of the American Concrete Institute.

4) Jara M, Hernandez C, Garcia R & Robles F. Mexico earthquake of

September 19, 1985. Typical cases of repair and strengthening of concrete
buildings.

5) Huang, Cheng, Tao Chen, and Xian Wang. "Compressive Characteristics

of Damaged Circular Hollow Section (CHS) Steel Columns Repaired by
CFRP or Grout Jacketing." Thin-Walled Structures 119 (2017): 635-45.
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2017.07.008.

6) Dubey, Rahul, and Pardeep Kumar. "Experimental Study of the

Effectiveness of Retrofitting RC Cylindrical Columns Using Self-
compacting Concrete Jackets." Construction and Building Materials 124
(2016): 104-17. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.079

7) Carballosa, P., L. Echevarria, J.P. Gutierrez, D. Revuelta, C. Garnica.

"Active Reinforcement of Cylindrical RC Columns with a FRP Sheet and
Expansive Micro Concrete" 15th European Conference on Composite
Materials, Venice, Italy, June (2012).

44
8) Amulya, Vijayakumar. “Behavior of RCC Column Strengthened Using
Steel Jacketing.” International Journal for Research in Applied Science
and Engineering Technology V, no. IX (2017): 1390-396. Doi:
10.22214/ijraset.2017.9200

45