SCIE 4001:

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Science III - Earth & Life Science 2
Lecture 06 Week 6

Heat & Light

Imran Khan – Lecturer– The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Objectives
Lecture 06 Week 6

 Explain the concept of heat transfer

 Define Heat and Define Temperature

 Units of temperature measurement

 The Thermometer – a temperature measuring device

 Explanation of how a mercury-in-glass thermometer works

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Objectives
Lecture 06 Week 6

 Heat Transfer processes – conduction, convection & radiation

 Practical examples involving heat transfer processes

 Explain the purpose of a fuse

 Explain some of the safety rules when working or around electricity

 Describe some methods of conserving electricity in the home

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Objectives
Lecture 06 Week 6

 Name the primary colours and the secondary colours of light

 Illustrate how the secondary colours of light can be obtained from

the primary colours of light

 Describe the effects of mixing colours of light

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Objectives
Lecture 06 Week 6

 Demonstrate that light travels in straight lines

 Explain the law of reflection

 Describe the phenomenon of refraction

 Provide examples of how the phenomenon of reflection and refraction is

encountered in our lives

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Heat & Temperature
Lecture 06 Week 6

Electromagnetic energy is one form of energy; however, there is a very broad range of energies which belong
to electromagnetic energies.

This broad range of energies can be grouped and classified according to either how we use them or they
interact with matter.

The range of energies can be arranged according to a given criteria to from what we call the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago
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Heat & Temperature
Lecture 06 Week 6

The electromagnetic energy which the human body perceives as heat belongs the infrared region of the
em-spectrum.

HEAT is really a process of thermal energy transfer.

In other words, when thermal energy is being transferred from one object to another, we can perceive this heat.

Thermal energy just refers to the infrared region of the em-spectrum.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Heat & Temperature
Lecture 06 Week 6

Our perception of heat (thermal energy transfer) can be in the form of two (2) basic sensations:

• Hot
• Cold …

… and any where in between.

Temperature tells us how hot or how cold an object feels.

When we measure the length of a plank of wood, we may say that person is 174 centimetres or 14 cm.
Centimetres or cm is called the unit of length. Similarly, when we measure the temperature of an object, we
need to state its units as well.
The unit of temperature is the Kelvin [K] and a more commonly used unit is degrees Celsius [°C].
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago
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Some important temperatures to remember
Lecture 06 Week 6

On the Celsius temperature scale, there are two (2) fixed points on this scale:

• The melting point of water (taken as 0 °C)

• The boiling point of water (taken as 100 °C)

These two (2) fixed points are important to note. Regardless of the temperature measuring device being
used, each device will read the same value at each of these fixed points; however, these same devices
may give different values of temperature at other points!

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Temperature Measurement
Lecture 06 Week 6

A thermometer is an instrument that measures temperature.

Any substance that possesses one or more properties that vary with temperature can be used to
measure temperature.

Consequently, there a various types of thermometers which operates on the changes of various properties.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Temperature Measurement
Lecture 06 Week 6

Some examples of thermometers are:

• Liquid-in-glass thermometers
• Thermocouples
• Resistance Thermometers
• Pyrometers (infrared thermometers)

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer Thermocouple Resistance Thermometer Pyrometers

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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How Liquid-In-Glass Themometers Work?
Lecture 06 Week 6

Liquid-in-glass thermometers operate on the principle of the expansion of a liquid which

increases in temperature.

The liquids primarily used in these thermometers are either mercury (Hg) or alcohol. Each
liquid has their advantages and disadvantages.

As the temperature rises, the liquids expands and, as the temperature drops, the liquid
contracts.

Therefore, the surface of the column of liquid either rises or falls according to the rise or fall in
temperature.

The temperature is read off by looking at where the surface of the column of liquid is located
against the graduated scale of the thermometer.
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago
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States of Matter
Lecture 06 Week 6
Matter can be classified based on certain characteristics it displays.

One such characteristic has Almost independent of each other

to do with how closely
packed the atoms and/or
molecules are w.r.t. each Tightly Packed
Loosely Bound
other.

The degree to which

these atoms and/or
molecules are packed,
is a reflection of the
strength of the chemical
bonds between the
atoms and/or molecules,
to some extent.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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States of Matter
Lecture 06 Week 6

Loosely bound Almost independent of each other

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Tightly Packed Loosely Bound Almost independent of each other

Hold their shape Take shape of container Take shape of container

Fixed Volume Free Surface

Occupy the entire volume of container

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer
Lecture 06 Week 6

• For thermal energy to be transferred between bodies, there must first exist a temperature difference
(temperature gradient) between these bodies.

• Thermal energy always moves from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature and
until thermal equilibrium is reached between the bodies, i.e. they are all at the same temperature.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - CONDUCTION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• CONDUCTION

Conduction is the flow of thermal energy through matter from places of higher to places of lower
temperature without the movement of the matter as a whole.

A good conductor is one which allows thermal energy to travel through them quickly.
Metals such as aluminium, iron and copper are examples of good conductors.

A bad conductor is one which does not allow thermal energy to travel through them quickly.
A bad conductor is called insulators.
Wood, plastic, cork and air are examples of insulators.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - CONDUCTION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• CONDUCTION

• In conduction thermal energy travels from one

end to another
• The bodies must be in thermal contact with
each other for conduction to occur
• There is NO mass movement of the material

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - CONVECTION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• CONVECTION

Convection is the flow of thermal energy through a fluid (gas or liquid) from places of higher to
places of lower temperature by mass movement of the fluid itself.

Streams of warm moving fluids are called convection currents.

Convection is the usual method by which thermal energy moves through fluids.

Convection does not take place in solids

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - CONVECTION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• CONVECTION
Water closer to the burner is hotter and less dense than the cooler water to
the top.
As a result, the hot water rises while the cold water sinks.
As the cold water sinks it heats up and as the hot water rises it cools.
This produces convection currents within the pot.
Streams of warm moving fluids are called convection currents.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - CONVECTION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• CONVECTION
Gliders depend on thermals. Thermals are hot air-currents.
Gliders can stay airborne over long periods by flying from one thermal to
another.

Many high-flying birds also rely on thermals to stay aloft, even while they
sleep!

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - CONVECTION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• CONVECTION

The temperature of the land increases more The temperature of the land decreases more
quickly than the ocean during the day. The hot quickly than the ocean during the night. The
air above the land rises and is replaced by hot air above the sea rises and is replaced by
colder air from the sea. This results in a sea- colder air from the land. This results in a
breeze. breeze from the land.
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - RADIATION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• RADIATION

Radiation is the flow of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature via electromagnetic waves (mainly infrared).

Some surfaces absorb radiation better than others, i.e. there are good absorbers and bad absorbers.

Dull black surfaces a examples of good absorbers while …

Shiny or glossy white surfaces a examples of bad absorbers.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - RADIATION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• RADIATION

Radiation is the flow of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature via electromagnetic waves (mainly infrared).

Some surfaces emit radiation better than others when they are hot, i.e. there are good emitters and
bad emitters.

Dull black surfaces are examples of good emitters while …

Shiny or glossy black surfaces a examples of bad emitters.

Generally speaking, good absorbers of radiation are also good emitters of radiation
when hot.
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer - RADIATION
Lecture 06 Week 6

There are three modes of thermal energy transfer:

• RADIATION
Radiation does not need a medium for transfer.
Radiative transfer can occur through a vacuum.

White, shiny or smooth surfaces are poor absorbers of radiant energy. They
reflect the radiant energy.

Black or rough surfaces are good absorbers.

Rough black surfaces are better absorbers than smooth, shiny surfaces.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer – THE VACUUM FLASK
Lecture 06 Week 6
A vacuum flash keeps hot liquids hot or cold liquids cold.
It does this by making it difficult for the thermal energy to into or
out of the flask.

Transfer by conduction and convection is minimized by making

the flask a double-walled, glass vessel. The spacing between
the walls is also evacuated.

Both walls on the vacuum side are silvered to reduce thermal

energy exchange via radiation. The silvered wall reflects any
radiant energy back into the fluid or back out of the flask.

Any energy loss which occurs is by conduction up the walls and

through the stopper.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Thermal Energy Transfer – IN THE KITCHEN
Lecture 06 Week 6

[OpenStax – Heat Transfer: Physics Concept Trailer]

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Visible Light
Lecture 06 Week 6

The electromagnetic energy which the human body perceives as heat belongs the infrared region of the
em-spectrum.

Visible Light is really a narrow band of within the electromagnetic spectrum.

In other words, most of the energies in the electromagnetic spectrum are invisible to the human eyes.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Visible Light
Lecture 06 Week 6

The visible band of electromagnetic energies are detected by the …

• Rods
• Cones …

… which are located within our eyes.

The human brain perceives the differences in this visible band of em-energies as colour.

The colours we see perceive can be classified into two group:

• Primary colours
• Secondary colours

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Visible Light
Lecture 06 Week 6
The colours we see perceive can be classified into two groups:

• Primary colours
• Secondary colours

Primary colours:
These are colours that cannot be created through the mixing of other colours.

Secondary colours:
These are colours that can be created through the mixing of the primary colours.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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The Primary Colours
Lecture 06 Week 6
All the colours of light sources which we perceive are made of three primary colours of light.

• RED
• GREEN
• BLUE

All the colours of pigments which we perceive are made of a different set of three primary colours.

• CYAN
• MAGENTA
• YELLOW

For mixing paints, there are yet another set of three primary colours.

• RED
• BLUE
• YELLOW
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago
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The Secondary Colours
Lecture 06 Week 6
For light sources the secondary colours are:
GREEN BLUE
• CYAN
RED BLUE
• MAGENTA
GREEN RED
• YELLOW

For pigments the secondary colours are:

• RED / ORANGE YELLOW MAGENTA

• GREEN YELLOW CYAN
• BLUE / PURPLE MAGENTA CYAN

For mixing paints the secondary colours are:

• GREEN YELLOW BLUE

• PURPLE RED BLUE

• ORANGE RED YELLOW
Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Light Travels in Straight Lines
Lecture 06 Week 6

[Click To View Video Demonstration of How Light Travels in Straight Lines]

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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The Law of Reflection
Lecture 06 Week 6
When a beam of light is incident on a surface, that beam of light may reflected, i.e. some or all of the beam of
light may bounce off the surface it was incident upon.

If we investigate this further, we will find that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This is
further explained and illustrated in the diagram to the right.

Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of reflection
Angle of incidence

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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The Law of Reflection
Lecture 06 Week 6
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

[Access the PhET Reflection Simulation via CANVAS]

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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The Refraction of Light
Lecture 06 Week 6
When a beam of light is travels from one medium, e.g. air through another medium, e.g. glass or water, the
direction of the path the light takes, changes at the interface between the media.
Normal
The direction of the path taken by the light appears bent.

Note that there are actually two refracted rays in the diagram.
One is labelled for you.
Can you identify the other refracted ray?

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Refraction – the bending of light
Lecture 06 Week 6

[Access the PhET Refraction Simulation via CANVAS]

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Reflection & Refraction Summary Diagram
Lecture 06 Week 6

True Apparent
location location

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Applications of Reflection & Refraction
Lecture 06 Week 6
Reflection and refraction are not just some natural phenomenon observed in nature but there are many
practical applications in our technological world. Some examples are:

• Optics
• Refraction is made use of in designing lenses for:
• Spectacles,
• Contact Lenses,
• Binoculars and
• Telescopes to name a few.

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Applications of Reflection & Refraction
Lecture 06 Week 6
Reflection and refraction are not just some natural phenomenon observed in nature but there are many
practical applications in our technological world. Some examples are:

• Optics
• Reflection is made use of in designing mirrors for:
• Some telescopes,
• Face mirrors
• Rear View and Side View mirrors in vehicles

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago

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Lecture 06 Week 6

End

Imran Khan – Lecturer – The University of Trinidad and Tobago