The microstuctural, Mössbauer and magnetic properties of ferrite

processed by solid state reaction technique

Jagdish Chandjagdishlect@gmail.comSatish VermaPooja, Sarveena, and M. Singh

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1591, 1518 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4873017

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873017
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1591/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics
The Microstuctural, Mössbauer and Magnetic Properties of
MgGd0.1Fe1.9O4 Ferrite Processed by Solid State Reaction
Technique
Jagdish Chand1,*, Satish Verma2, Pooja3, Sarveena3 and M. Singh3
1
Department of Physics, Govt. College, Sanjauli-171006, H.P., India
2
Department of Physics, Govt. P. G. College, Solan, India
3
Department of Physics, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla- 171005, India
*E-mail: jagdishlect@gmail.com

Abstract. The excellent combination of magnetic, electric and dielectric properties of Gd-Mg ferrites can be used to
fulfill the future demand for high-frequency applications. MgGdxFe2-xO4 (x=0.0 and x=0.1) ferrites, with improved
initial permeability and extremely low relative loss factor (RLF), are prepared by solid state reaction technique. The
structural studies were made by using XRD which confirm the single-phase spinel structure. The magnetic properties
such as initial permeability and relative loss factor with frequency, in the range 0.075-30 MHz, at room temperature
have been investigated. Mössbauer spectra of all the samples exhibit normal Zeeman split sextets due to the
ferromagnetic behavior of the ferrites. The values of RLF in the presently studied ferrites at room temperature are of the
order of 10-4 - 10-5. Low values of RLF exhibited by these ferrites suggest its utility in inductor and transformer
applications. The mechanisms responsible to these results have been discussed in detail in this paper.
Keywords: Ferrite; Initial permeability; Relative loss factor; Mössbauer spectra.
PACS: 75.60.Ch; 75.50.Ss; 75.50.Cc; 76.30.Kg.

INTRODUCTION
Mg ferrite may be used in lower requirement
television yokes and flyback transformers because of
the lower cost over Mn and because its higher
resistivity eliminates the need for taped insulation
between yoke and winding. Mg-Gd ferrites have
emerged as one of the most important materials
finding applications in various electrical and magnetic
devices because of their high dc resistivity, improved
dielectric properties and low losses [1]. The initial
permeability of Gd-Mg ferrite has been increased by 8-
10 times and the value of RLF has been reduced by
10-100 times as compared to mixed Mg-Mn ferrites
prepared by conventional ceramic method [2]. The
values of RLF in the presently studied ferrites at room
temperature are of the order of 10-4-10-5. Low values
of RLF exhibited by these ferrites suggest its utility in
inductor and transformer applications. FIGURE 1. XRD patterns of MgGd xFe2-xO4 (x=0.0 & 0.1)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the single-phase spinel structure and are shown in
Fig.1. The diffraction peaks are quite sharp because of
The X-ray diffraction patterns for the ferrites powder the micrometer size of the crystallite. The variation of
obtained on sintering at 10000C correspond to that of initial permeability with frequency is shown in Fig. 2.

Solid State Physics

AIP Conf. Proc. 1591, 1518-1520 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4873017
© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC 978-0-7354-1225-5/$30.00

1518
The variation of μi with frequency can be understood
on the basis of Globus model [3-4].
According to this model, the relaxation character is:
(μi –1)2 fr = constant (1)
where μi is static initial permeability and fr is the
relaxation frequency.
It follows from the above mentioned equation that the
dispersion frequency is expected to be lower for
specimen of higher permeability. The initial
permeability in ferrites is due to domain wall
displacement and remains constant as long as there is
no phase lag between the applied field and domain
wall displacement. The fairly constant values of μi over
a wide frequency range implying compositional
stability and quality of ferrites. The increase in μ i
above 15 MHz may indicate the beginning of a
resonance with peaks occurring at higher frequencies.
The resonance occurs due to the matching of applied
field frequency with the precessing frequency of
magnetic spins in ferrites. This matching leads to
energy transfer from the field to the ferrite system in
orienting the magnetic dipoles.
380
x = 0.0
x = 0.1
360
340
320
PL
300
280
260
0.1 1 10
log frequency (MHz)
FIGURE 2. Variation of initial permeability with frequency
measured at room temperature.
The variations of relative loss factor with
frequency are shown in Fig. 3. Relative loss factor
(RLF) is expressed as the ratio of magnetic loss to the
initial permeability. The loss is due to the lag of
domain walls with respect to the applied alternating
field and is attributed to imperfections in the lattice.
The values of RLF are observed to decrease initially
with frequency, reaching a minimum value, and then
become almost constant up to 20MHz. The decrease in
relative loss factor with increasing frequency is due to
1519
the fact that beyond certain frequency of the applied
field, the domain wall motion cannot follow the
applied field. The increase in relative loss factor above
20 MHz may indicate the beginning of a possible
presence of resonance with peaks occurring at higher
frequencies. At resonance, maximum energy is
transferred from the applied field to the lattice
resulting in the rapid increase in relative loss factor. It
is clear from the Fig.3 that the relative loss factor is
decreasing with an increase in Gd3+ ions content. As
the RLF is inversely proportional to initial
permeability and from the Fig.2 the initial permeability
is increasing with an increase in Gd3+ ions content, so
the RLF is found to be decreasing with increasing Gd 3+
ions concentration.
70
60
x = 0.0
x = 0.1
50
40
-5
RLF X 10
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (MHz)
FIGURE 3. Variation of relative loss factor with frequency
measured at room temperature.
Variation of Mössbauer Parameters with
Gd3+ Ions Content
Isomer Shift (I.S)
It is observed from the Mössbauer spectra taken at
room temperature, that there is no systematic and
significant change in the values of isomer shift
corresponding to Fe3+ ions at (A) as well as [B] sites,
with an increase in the content of rare earths in the
system. This indicates that substitution of rare earths in
the present ferrite system results in negligible/
infinitesimal influence on the s-electron density around
Fe3+ nuclei at both the sites.
 recording. Low values of RLF are required for high
frequency magnetic applications. The Mössbauer
1.000 spectra of all the samples show the long range
ferromagnetic ordering.
0.995
Relative Transmission (%)

REFERENCES
0.990
1. Jagdish Chand, M. Singh, J. Alloys Compd. 486,
0.985 376-379 (2009).
2. Gagan Kumar, Jagdish Chand, Satish Verma, M.
0.980 Singh, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 42, 155001-155006
(2009).
3. J. Gieraltowski, A. Globus, IEEE Trans. Magn.
0.975
13, 1359 (1977).
4. A. Globus, J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. 38, 1 (1977).
0.970 x=0.1

-5 0 5
Velocity (mm/s)

FIGURE 4 Mössbauer spectra of MgGd0.1Fe1.9O4 ferrite.

The values of isomer shift corresponding to (A) and

[B] sites are consistent with high spin Fe3+ charge
state.

Quadrupole Splitting (Q.S)

The values of quadrupole splitting obtained for the

present ferrites system also confirms the presence of
only Fe3+ charge state and not Fe2+charge state in the
system. The values of Q.S. for all the ferrite samples
are almost zero within the experimental error. These
values do not necessarily signify the absence or very
small values of electric field gradient (E.F.G.) at Fe3+
nuclei.

Magnetic Hyperfine Field

All the spectra of bulk samples at room temperature

have been resolved into sextets belonging to (A) and
[B] sites respectively. The sextets are labeled as (A)
and [B] sites on the basis of the values of magnetic
hyperfine fields. Since Fe3+ ions present at [B] site
experience larger hyperfine fields, the outer sextets
have been assigned as [B] site in this Mössbauer
spectrum.

CONCLUSIONS
The fairly constant values of μi over a wide
frequency range implying compositional stability and
quality of ferrites. This is a desirable characteristic for
various applications such as broadband pulse
transformers and wide band read-write heads for video

1520