FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENT 2 LMD 10602

Fluid Flow

1. Liquid with relative density 0.8 flows at a rate of 1.2 kg/s through the pipe as shown in
figure below. The pressure at point 1 is 110 kilopascals absolute measured from the
centre of the pipe. Determine:

a) the velocity at point 1

(8 marks)
b) the velocity at point 2
(8 marks)
c) the height in mm shown by the piezometer at point 1 to the centre of the pipe
(8 marks)
d) the time in hours for 6 cubic meters of liquid to flow into the tank
(10 marks)
3
e) the height of the liquid in the tank when it contains 6 m of liquid
(6 marks)
f) the pressure (gauge and absolute) at the base of the tank when it contains 6 m 3 of
liquid
(10 marks)
Liquid Measuring System

Piezometer Ф 20 mm

1 .2 kg/s 1
2

Ф 25 mm Ф 1500 mm

2. Explain the concept of fluid flow with the aid of suitable diagram and compare
between types of flow and their distinctions.
(50 marks)

(Total mark: 100 marks)

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FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENT 2 LMD 10602

Answer Scheme Assignment 2

1.
a) Mass flow rate = density x area x velocity (2 marks)
(4 marks)
1.2 kg/s = 0.8 x 1000 x (π/4) x (0.025)2 x v1
(2 marks)
v1 = 3.06 m/s
b) Using continuity equation:
(2 marks)
Mass flow rate in = Mass flow rate out
(4 marks)
2
1.2 kg/s = 0.8 x 1000 x (π/4) x (0.02) x v2
(2 marks)
v2 = 4.775 m/s
c) Pressure = density x gravitational force x height (2 marks)
(4 marks)
(110 – 101.3) x 103 = 800 x 9.81 x h
(2 marks)
h = 1.109 m

d) Volume flow rate = mass flow rate / density (2 marks)

= 1.2 / 800

= 0.0015 m3/s
(4 marks)
For 6 m3/s, the time t = 6/0.0015
(4 marks)
= 4000 s = 1.11 hours
e) Volume = Area x height (2 marks)
(2 marks)
6 = (π/4) x (1.5)2 x h
(2 marks)
h = 3.395 m
f) Pressure = density x gravitational force x height
(4 marks)
= 800 x 9.81 x 3.395 = 26.6 kPa (gauge)

P absolute = P atmospheric + P gauge

(4 marks)
= 101.3 + 26.6 = 128 kPa (2 marks)

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FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENT 2 LMD 10602

2.

A flowing fluid is unable to change direction suddenly and, if there are abrupt changes in
section in the flow path such as sharp corners, the average direction of the fluid may be
represented by a series of continuous lines as streamlines with eddies occurring in the
region of voids.

Streamlines for Flow through a Shaped Nozzle

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FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENT 2 LMD 10602

If the flow conditions do not change appreciably with time, the flow is steady and, under
steady state conditions, the mass of fluid entering and leaving the system must be the
same.

Steady and Unsteady Flow of a Liquid

All molecules of a flowing fluid seldom have the same velocity magnitude or direction
and the velocity at any point is known as the local velocity.

Actual (Local) and Average Velocity

(30 marks)

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FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENT 2 LMD 10602

The mathematical expression of steady flow condition is known as the equation of

continuity.
The volume-flow rate of the fluid entering and leaving the system must be the same. The
mass flow rate of the fluid entering and leaving the system must also be the same.

Relationship between Flow and Velocity

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FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENT 2 LMD 10602

Under some circumstances the flow will not be as changeable as this. The following
terms describe the states which are used to classify fluid flow:
uniform flow: If the flow velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point in
the fluid it is said to be uniform.
non-uniform: If at a given instant, the velocity is not the same at every point the flow is
non-uniform. (In practice, by this definition, every fluid that flows near a solid boundary
will be non-uniform – as the fluid at the boundary must take the speed of the boundary,
usually zero. However if the size and shape of the cross-section of the stream of fluid is
constant the flow is considered uniform.)
steady: A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-
section) may differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time.
unsteady: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time, the flow is
described as unsteady. (In practice there is always slight variation in velocity and
pressure, but if the average values are constant, the flow is considered steady.

Combining the above it can be classified any flow in to one of four types:
1. Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with
time. An example is the flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity.
2. Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do
not change with time. An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant velocity at the
inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the pipe toward the exit.
3. Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the
same, but will change with time. An example is a pipe of constant diameter connected to
a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off.
4. Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may change from point to
point and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.

(20 marks)

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