CHAPTER 8

FLUID
 OUTLINE
The effects of pressure, its relationship to depth of liquid and force:

Define a fluid, volume, mass, density

Measures density of liquid using a hydrometer’
Define pressure, unit, atmospheric pressure (i.e Force/Area)
Explain in simple terms what is meant by:
-Atmospheric pressure
-Vacuum
-Partial vacuum
-Absolute zero pressure
-Gauge pressure
Draw a simple diagram of a:
-Piezometer
-Manometer
-Simple barometer
-Bourdon pressure gauge
 Define a fluid, volume, mass, density
FLUID
In physics , a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, no matter how small.
Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids.

VOLUME
Volume is how much three-dimensional space a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or
contains, often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is
generally understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. The amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container
could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces.

Unit:

Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume, namely the volume of a cube whose side has the given length.
For example, a cubic centimetre (cm3) would be the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimetre (1 cm) in length.

In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The metric system also
includes the litre (L) as a unit of volume, where one litre is the volume of a 10-centimetre cube. Thus

1 litre = (10 cm)3 = 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metres,

So,
1 cubic metre = 1000 litres.

Small amounts of liquid are often measured in millilitres, where

1 millilitre = 0.001 litres = 1 cubic centimetre.

 MASS

In physics, mass commonly refers to any of three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally
to be equivalent:
-inertial mass,
-active gravitational mass, and
-passive gravitational mass.

In the International System of Units (SI), mass is measured in kilograms (kg). The gram (g) is 1⁄1000 of a kilogram.

DENSITY

Regardless of form (solid, liquid, gas) we can define how much mass is squeezed into a particular space.

mass
density 
volume
The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m³) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm³) are
probably the most common used units for density.
 Measures density of liquid using a hydrometer

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density

) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water.

A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb

weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright.

The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and
the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely.

The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is
noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity
can be read directly. A variety of scales exist, and are used depending on the context.
Pressure = Force/Area

- Depends on the height of the fluid.

- Same in all directions.

- Units are:

Force/Area = N/m2.
Pascals  1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
Atmosphere  1 atm = 1.013 X 105 N/m2.
Pressure = Force/Area.

P = F/A.
-Depends on the height of the fluid.

F = Mg = (V)g = (  (A*h) )g
F/A = (  (A*h) )g / A =
gh
P = gh
Pressure in Fluids and
Atmospheric Pressure
The pressure is just the weight of all the fluid above you.

Atmospheric pressure is just the weight of all the air above

on area on the surface of the earth.

In a swimming pool the pressure on your body surface is just

the weight of the water above you (plus the air pressure above
the water)
Pressure in a Fluids
Pressure in Fluids
So, the only thing that counts in fluid pressure is the
gravitational force acting on the mass ABOVE you.

The deeper you go, the more weight above you and the more
pressure.

Go to a mountaintop and the air pressure is lower

Atmospheric Pressure and the
Manometer
 The pressures of gases not
open to the atmosphere are
measured in manometers.
 A manometer consists of a
bulb of gas attached to a U-
tube containing Hg.

If Pgas < Patm then Pgas= Patm- Ph

If Pgas > Patm then Pgas = Patm + Ph

 Example:
Hydraulic lifts

A piston with a small area A1 exerts a force F1 on a fluid, which

connects a larger piston of
area A2, A2 >> A1.
The pressure is the same in both cylinders, so
Small piston moves a distance d1

Then large piston moves d2 with ∆V = d2A2

so

i.e. small force + large distance →large

lifting force over small distance
Archimedes’ Principle:

When a body is completely or partially immersed in a fluid, the

fluid exerts an upward force on the body equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body.

When a body is completely or partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an

upward force on the body equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
 Fb is called the buoyancy force.

P increases with depth → force is always upwards.

Fb depends only on the fluid, not the body.

 Simple Terms
Atmospheric pressure
Vacuum
Partial vacuum
Absolute zero pressure
Gauge pressure
Atmospheric pressure
The gravity pulling down on a 1m2 column of the
atmosphere causes a force of 105 N. This is air
pressure.

SI Units for Pressure: 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2.

Common Standard Pressure Units

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.3 kPa
Vacuum and Partial Vacuum
Vacuum is measured in inHg or inches of mercury and a true vacuum is anything below zero
on this scale...

For reference normal atmospheric pressure or air pressure is about 14.7 inHg so anything less
than that could be expressed as a vacuum or less than atmospheric pressure if above zero but
less than 14.7 inHg...

You can measure this with a vacuum gauge that you can get at any autoparts store but you can
feel a vacuum as a suction just like your vacuum cleaner....So a vacuum is anyththing zero inHg
or below and a partial vacuum is anything between zero and 14.7 inHg.
Absolute Zero Pressure
- zero pressure occurs only in a perfect vacuum (a perfect vacuum is a region
of space containing absolutely nothing... not even the tiniest trace of gas)

Gauge Pressure
Many techniques have been developed for the
measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments
used to measure pressure are called pressure
gauges or vacuum gauges.
Simple diagram of a:

Piezometer
Manometer
Simple barometer
Bourdon pressure gauge
Piezometer
Manometer
Simple barometer
Bourdon pressure gauge
Example
What is the absolute pressure on the bottom of a
swimming pool 20.0 m by 11.60 m whose uniform depth is
1.92 m?
Pw = gh = (1.0x103 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(1.92m)
= 1.89x104 N/m2
But, we need absolute pressure…
P = Pw + Patm
P = 1.89x104 N/m2 + 1.013x105 N/m2
= 1.20x105 N/m2