MAT1512/201/1/2017

Tutorial letter 201/1/2017

Calculus A
MAT1512

Semester 1

Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains solutions for assignment 01.

BARCODE

university
Define tomorrow. of south africa
Question 1

1.1 lim− f (x) = lim− (3x − 1) = 3 (1) − 1 = 2

x→1 x→1

 
3 2 3 3
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x = (1)2 =
x→1 x→1 2 2 2

We note that lim− f (x) 6= lim+ f (x) therefore the answer is (d).
x→1 x→1

sin π
 
sin x 1 2
1.2 limπ = π2 = π =
x→ x 2 2
π
2
So the correct answer is (b).

1.3 Rationalize the numerator and simplify as follows:

"p √ # p √ p √
(x + h) − 8 − x − 8 (x + h) − 8 − x − 8 (x + h) − 8 + x − 8
lim = lim ×p √
h→0 h h→0 h (x + h) − 8 + x − 8

[(x + h) − 8] − (x − 8)
= lim hp √ i
h→0
h (x + h) − 8 + x − 8

x+h−8−x+8
= lim hp √ i
h→0
h (x + h) − 8 + x − 8

h
= lim hp √ i
h→0
h (x + h) − 8 + x − 8

1
= lim p √
h→0 (x + h) − 8 + x − 8

1 1 1
=p √ =√ √ = √
(x + 0) − 8 + x − 8 x−8+ x−8 2 x−8

The correct answer is (a).

x+3
1.4 y =
x+1

dy 1 (x + 1) − 1 (x + 3) −2
= 2 =
dx (x + 1) (x + 1)2

d2 y 0 · (x + 1)2 + 2 × 2 (x + 1)
 
d −2 4 (x + 1) 4
= 2 = 4 = 4 =
dx 2 dx (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)3

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 MAT1512/201/1/2017

So the correct answer is (d).

R √
1.5 Evaluate x 1 − xdx.

Integration by part.

Put u = 1 − x

∴ x = 1 − u and du = −dx

R √ R 1
∴ x 1 − xdx = (1 − u) u 2 · (−du)

R 1
= u 2 (u − 1) du

R 3 1
= u 2 − u 2 du

2 5 2 3
= u2 − u2 + C
5 3
6 3 10 3
= u2 u − u2 + C
15 15
−2 3
= u 2 [5 − 3u] + C
15
−2 3
= (1 − x) 2 [5 − 3 (1 − x)] + C
15
−2 3
= (1 − x) 2 [2 + 3x] + C
15

So the correct answer is (d).

Question 2
√ 2 
4x − 1
2.1 lim
x→∞ x2 + x + 1

1
Multiplying numerator and denominator by . So
x2

√ √ 4
q
1

√
−
" #
1
4x2 − 1

4x2
−1 x2 x 2 x 4 0−0 0
lim = lim 1 = lim  1 1
= = = 0.
x→∞ x2 +x+1 x→∞
x2
2
(x + x + 1) x→∞ 1 + x + x2 1+0+0 1

3
 2.2 Factorize the denominator


− (x − 3)

− (x − 3)  x−3 if x > 3
lim = lim− ; |x − 3| =
x→3− x2 − 9 x→3 (x − 3) (x + 3)
− (x − 3) if x ≤ 3


−1
= lim−
x→3 x+3
1
=−
6
 
x−3 (x − 3)
lim+ = lim+
x→3 x2 − 9 x→3 (x − 3) (x + 3)

1
= lim+
x→3 x+3
1
=
6
   
|x − 3| |x − 3| |x − 3|
Hence lim− 2
6 lim+ 2
= therefore lim 2 doesn’t exist.
x→3 x −9 x→3 x −9 x→3 x − 9

  sin 8t
tan 8t
2.3 lim = lim cos 8t
sin 5t
t→0 tan 5t t→0
cos 5t

sin 8t cos 5t
= lim ·
t→0 cos 8t sin 5t

sin 8t cos 5t 5t 8t
= lim · · ·
t→0 sin 5t cos 8t 5t 8t
8t sin 8t 5t cos 5t
= lim · · ·
t→0 5t 8t sin 5t cos 8t
8 cos 5t 8 cos 5 × 0
= · 1 · 1lim = ·
5 t→0 cos 8t 5 cos 8 × 0
8 1 8
= × =
5 1 5

2.4 lim− g (x) = lim− |x + 1| − 1 = |0 + 1| − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

x→0 x→0

lim g (x) = lim+ x2 + x = 0 + 0 = 0

x→0+ x→0

So lim+ g (x) = lim− g (x) = 0 Hence, lim g (x) = 0.

x→0 x→0 x→0

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 MAT1512/201/1/2017

lim− g (x) = lim− x2 + x = 1 + 1 = 2

x→1 x→1

lim g (x) = lim+ 3 − x = 3 − 1 = 2

x→1+ x→1

So lim− g (x) = lim+ g (x) = 2. Hence, lim g (x) = 2.

x→1 x→1 x→1

Question 3
 x + 2 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 if − 1 ≤ x < 1
3 − x if x ≥ 1


3.1


 lim f (x) = lim− (x + 2) = −1 + 2 = 1
x→−1− x→1


3.2 Yes, since
 lim + f (x) = lim + x2 = (−1)2 = 1


x→−1 x→1−1

Hence lim − f (x) = lim + f (x) = 1

x→−1 x→−1

lim f (x) = lim− x2 = 12 = 1


x→−1−

 x→1
3.3 No, since
 lim f (x) = lim 3 − x = 3 − 1 = 2

+
x→−1 x→1−1+

5
 Hence lim − f (x) 6= lim + f (x)
x→−1 x→−1

f (−1 + h) − f (−1) (−1 + h)2 − (−1 + 2) (h − 1)2 − 1

3.4 lim+ = lim+ = lim+
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

(h − 1)2 − 1 h2 − 2h + 1 − 1 h2 − 2h h (h − 2)
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ h − 2 = −2
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0

f (−1 + h) − f (−1) (−1 + h)2 − (−1 + 2) (h − 1)2 − 1 h2 − 2h + 1 − 1

lim− = lim− = lim+ = lim−
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
2
h − 2h h (h − 2)
= lim− = lim− = lim− h − 2 = −2
h→0 h h→0 h h→0

f (−1 + h) − f (−1) f (−1 + h) − f (−1)

We show that lim− = lim+ = −2
h→0 h h→0 h

Therefore f is differentiable at x = −1.

Question 4
√ √
   
2 2π 2 2π
We know that for x > 0, 0 ≤ sin ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ 1 + sin ≤2⇒ x≤ x
x x
√
  
2π
1 + sin2 ≤ 2 x.
x
√ √ √
  
2 2π
So lim+ x ≤ lim+ x 1 + sin ≤ lim+ 2 x
x→0 x→0 x x→0

√
  
2 2π
⇔ 0 ≤ lim+ x 1 + sin ≤0
x→0 x
√
  
2 2π
by the squeeze theorem lim+ x 1 + sin =0
x→0 x
Question 5
Suppose that y + xy + x − 1 = 0
5.1 (a) Implicit differentiation
dy dy
+y+x +1=0
dx dx
dy
(x + 1) + y + 1 = 0
dx
dy
(x + 1) = − (y + 1)
dx
dy y+1
=−
dx x+1

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 MAT1512/201/1/2017

(b) Rewriting y explicitly as function of x and then using Quotient rule

y + xy + x − 1 = 0 ⇔ y (1 + x) + x − 1 = 0

1−x
y=
1+x

dy − (1 + x) − (1 − x) −2
= 2 =
dx (1 + x) (1 + x)2

dy −2
=
dx (1 + x)2

(c) Letting F (x, y) = y + xy + x − 1 = 0

∂F ∂F
Fy = = 1 + x, Fx = =y+1
∂y ∂x

dy Fx − (y + 1)
=− =
dx Fy 1+x

dy y+1
So =−
dx 1+x

5.2 Find equation of the tangent at x = −2.

Substitution: y − 2y − 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ −y − 3 = 0
⇒ y = −3

dy −3 + 1
The slope of the line is =− = −2.
dx 1−2

(y − (−3)) = −2 [x − (−2)]

The equation is y + 3 = −2 (x + 2) then y = −2x − 7.

7
Question 6
ln y = ln (x1−x )
= (1 − x) ln x

d d y0 (ln x)0 1−x

So (ln y) = (1 − x) ln x ⇔ = − ln x + (1 − x) = − ln x +
dx dx y x x
 
0 1−x
⇒y =y − ln x
x
 
dy 1 − x
Substitution = x1−x − ln x
dx x

Question 7

√
 

2 3
7.1 y = x + 3x 5x −
x

d √ √
   
0 2 3 d 2 3
y = [ x + 3x] · 5x − + ( x + 3x) 5x − (product rule)
dx x dx x

√
    
1 3 3
= + √ +3 5x2 − + ( x + 3x) 10x + 2
2 x x x
√
5x3 − 3 √ 10x3 + 3
   
x + 6x
Hence y = + ( x + 3x)
2x x x2

Alternatively: You could multiply out the product and then differentiate.

7.2 g (x) = sin [ln (cos x)]

g 0 (x) = (ln [cos x])0 · cos [ln (cos x)] (Chain rule)

(cos x)0
= · cos [ln (cos x)]
cos x
− sin x
= · cos [ln (cos x)]
cos x

= − tan x · cos [ln (cos x)]

g 0 (x) = − tan x · cos [ln (cos x)]

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 MAT1512/201/1/2017

R √x
7.3 y = 0
(t4 + 20) dt

Use Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part II:

d R √x 4
y0 = t + 20dt
dx 0
√  d√
4
= ( x) + 20 x
dx

(x2 + 20)
= √
2 x

Question 8
Prove by mathematical induction that for each integer n ≥ 1.
n n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
j2 =
P
j=1 6

For n = 1 :
n 1 1 (1 + 1) (2 + 1) 6
j2 = j 2 = 12 = 1 =
P P
= =1
j=1 j=1 6 6

k k (k + 1) (2k + 1)
j2 =
P
Suppose that for n = k, we have
j=1 6

Prove for n = k + 1 :
k+1 k
j 2 + (k + 1)2
P 2 P
j =
j=1 j=1

k (k + 1) (2k + 1)
= + (k + 1)2
6
 
k (2k + 1)
= (k + 1) +k+1
6

2k 2 + k + 6k + 6
 
= (k + 1)
6

2k 2 + 7k + 6
 
= (k + 1)
6
 
(k + 2) (2k + 3)
= (k + 1)
6

(k + 1) [(k + 1) + 1] [2 (k + 1) + 1]
=
6

9
 k+1 (k + 1) [(k + 1) + 1] [2 (k + 1) + 1]
j2 =
P
hence where k + 1 = n
j=1 6
n n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
j2 =
P
therefore for each integer n ≥ 1
j=1 6

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