Aisha Arabo Sheikh

A00019777

BIO 104

Prof. Jennifer Tyndall

30th March 2021

Study guide

 Two Categories of disease; Communicable and non-communicable.

 A communicable disease such as a cold is a disease that spreads from person to person.
Communicable diseases are diseases that you can "catch" from someone or something
else. Some people may use the words contagious or infectious when talking about
communicable diseases.
 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not passed
from person to person by means of a pathogen. They are of long duration and generally
slow progression.
These diseases are due to the malfunction of the body or innate disorders including
genetic diseases.
 List of cardiovascular diseases:
I. Heart Attack=Myocardial infarction
II. Hypertension=High blood pressure
III. Angina=Chest pain
IV. Hypercholesterolemia=High cholesterol
V. Arrhythmia =Irregular heart beat or heart rhythm
VI. Congenital Heart defects e.g. Hole in heart/Foramen Ovale
VII. Coronary Heart Disease =Ischaemic Heart disease
VIII. Stroke
 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections [RTI]
I. TB
II. Pneumonia
III. Bronchitis
 IV. Asthma
V. Emphysema
 Common types of cancer:
I. Cervical,
II. ovarian,
III. breast,
IV. lung,
V. cancer of the blood (leukemias),
VI. prostrate cancers,
VII. Colon cancer
VIII. Rectal cancer

 Onchocerciasis (River blindness): River blindness, also known as onchocerciasis, is a
parasitic tropical disease that affects the skin and eyes. It's most common in African
villages in rural areas. It is transmitted by repeated bites from an infected female black fly
vector. Infected people live in 31 African countries, including Nigeria, where more than
99 percent of the population is infected.
o Its vector is a female black fly that has been poisoned. Extreme swelling,
disfiguring skin infections, and vision impairments, including permanent
blindness, are all symptoms.
o Prevention and Control: There is no vaccine to combat infection, but ivermectin, a
disease-controlling medication, has been in use since 1989.
o Ivermectin has the following side effects: Swelling of the arms, vomiting,
dizziness, postural hypotension, fatigue, diarrhoea, itchiness, and other symptoms
can occur.

 Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is

a parasitic disease that affects the lymph nodes and lymph vessels. Infected mosquito
bites spread the disease. When asked where lymphatic nodes are found, Mr Peter
mentioned that they are found under our armpits, groin, stomach, and between our lungs.
 o Infected mosquitoes act as a vector. It has a lump as a symptom (swelling). Mr.
Peter demonstrated that the medications used to treat lymphatic filariasis are
mectizan and albendazole.

 Taeniasis (Tapeworm infection): The tapeworm infection taeniasis affects the digestive
system. Taeniasis is caused by eating tapeworm eggs in undercooked beef or pork. When
the tapeworm segments migrate across the anus and through the faeces, they can be seen.
It's caused about by consuming raw or undercooked beef or pork that includes tapeworm eggs.

Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Teania

saginata (beef tapeworm, taenia solium (pork tapeworm).
Taeniasis is typically characterized by non-specific and minor symptoms. When the
tapeworm has completely grown in the intestine, the following signs appear: weight loss,
stomach pain, fatigue, diarrhoea, or constipation. These symptoms can last until the
tapeworm dies as a result of treatment; otherwise, the tapeworm will survive for years.
Prevention and include proper hygiene and heating meat to healthy temperatures.
Taeniasis is treated with drugs.

 Mental health disorders:

I. Depression
II. Schzophrenia
III. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
 Cooperate social responsibility (CSR): means company given back to the society. For
example, Microsoft.
 Schistosomiasis is also known as snail fever.
 Types of typeworms:
I. fish tapeworm
II. Pork tapeworm
III. Dog tapeworm
IV. Beef tapeworm.
 Trachoma bacteria affects mostly the children’s eyes.
 Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhe. Typhoid bacteria get into lymphoid tissue
known as the peyers partches.
 Soil transmitted helminths include the hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm.
 An example of tapeworm infections are Taebiasis and Schistosomiasis.

 One child died every 45 seconds from malaria in Africa. Worldwide: 219 million cases of
malaria reported in 2010 with 660 000 deaths. Africa is the most affected continent:
about 90% of all malaria deaths
 The 17 neglected tropical diseases (according to the WHO):
I. Buruli Ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)
II. Chagas disease
III. Dengue/Severe dengue
IV. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
V. Echinococcosis
VI. Foodborne trematodiases
VII. Human African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)
VIII. Leishmaniasis
IX. Leprosy
X. Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis)
XI. Onchocerciasis (River blindness)
XII. Rabies
XIII. Schistosomiasis
XIV. Soil transmitted helminthiases
XV. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
XVI. Trachoma
XVII. 17. Yaws (Endemic syphilis, also known as bejel, caused by T. pallidum)
 Promotion of good health:
I. Physical Activities: exercise in gym, long walks around campus, take part in sport
activities on campus
II. Nutrition: balanced diet
III. Pay attention to Sexual Health, abstain and avoid promiscuous behavior and wait
until you are married
IV. Unintentional Injuries, work safely at home, especially in the kitchen
V. Avoid Tobacco
VI. Avoid Substance Abuse