Dielectrics:

In dielectrics there is no free movement of charges. So when electric field is applied it

induces dipole moment by stretching the molecules of the dielectric. This dipole moment
produces field that opposes the applied field.
Polar molecule have permanent dipole moment but their net dipole moment is zero.
When field is applied the dipoles get oriented in a particular direction. Thus there will be a net
dipole moment.
In a non-polar molecule the centres of positive and negative charges coincide and
therefore there will be no dipole moment. When an field is applied is applied the centers of
charges get displaced and it induces dipole moment to the molecule and it is called as induced
dipole moment. It is proportional to the field xzzapplied field and are called as linear dielectrics.
In short a polar or a non polar molecule develops a dipole moment when external
field is applied. The dipole moment per unit volume is called as polarisation (P). For linear
isotropic dielectrics
P = XeE, where Xe is called as susceptibility of dielectric material.

Capacitor:
A capacitor is a system of two conductors separated by an insulators. If 'Q' is the
charge of the capacitor and 'V' be the work done in moving the charge from one conductor to
another then V is proportional to Q,
Q∞ V
Q=CV, where C is the capacitance of the capacitor. But C is independent of Q and V.
Farad (F) is the unit of capacitance.

Parallel plate capacitor

Consider two plane parallel conducting plates separated by a distance 'd'. Let 'A' be
the area of the plates. Then field exists only between the plates and it is given by
E = Q/£0A
We know V = Ed
V = Qd/£0A
C = Q/V
= £0A/d.
When a dielectric is inserted between the plates of the capacitors, it get polarised by the
applied field. Now the potential V is given by
V= Qd/A£0K,so
C= £0KA/d,here £0K is called the permittivity of medium and
K= £/£0
K=C/C0 here K is called as the dielectric constant.
Thus dielectric constant of a substance is the factor by which the capacitance increases from its
vacuum value.
Combination of capacitors:

Capacitors in series
 Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 in series combination.In series combination the
total potential will be V1+V2 where V1 and V2 are the potential of the capacitors C1 and C2.Here
the charge on both the capacitors are Q ,so
V = V1+V2
Q/C = Q/C1+Q/C2
1/C = 1/C1+1/C2

Capacitors in parallel:
In parallel combination the potential through two capacitors will be same (V). But the
charge through 1st capacitor will be Q1 and that through 2 Nd will be Q2. So the charge of the
equivalent capacitor will be
Q=Q1+Q2
CV=C1V+C2V
C=C1+C2

Energy stored in a capacitor:

Consider two uncharged conductors 1 and 2. Suppose a charge is being transferred
from conductor 2 to 1.Let V' be the potential between the e. So the work done in moving a small
charge ∆Q' is given by
∆W= V∆Q'
= (Q'/C) ∆Q'
Total work done is given by
W = S(Q'/C)∆Q'
= Q'2/2C
= (½) CV2
= (½) QV
Above work done is stored as the potential energy of the capacitors in the electric field in
between the plates.
Suppose the plates have an area 'A' and are separated by a distance 'd'. Then the energy
stored will be
(½) Q2/2C
=(A0-)2d/2£0A
Electric field E = 0-/£0
So potential energy
U=. (½) £0E2Ad
Energy density is the energy stored per unit volume of space and is given by
u=(½)£ 0E2.

Van de graaff generator:

Van de graaff generator is a machine that can build up high voltages. The resulting
field are used to accelerate charged particles.
Principle:
Consider a sphere of radius ' R' carrying a charge 'Q'. Consider another smaller sphere
of radius 'r' carrying charge 'q'. Potential at R due to both the spheres will be
 V(R) = (1/4π£0)[Q/R + q/R)
Potential at r due to both spheres will be
V(r) = (1/4π£0)[Q/R + q/r )
So potential difference will be
V(r) -V(R) = q/4π£0 (1/r - 1/R)
So the smaller sphere will be at higher potential than larger sphere. So charges will move
from smaller to bigger sphere and thus the potential increases.
Construction:
In Van De graaff generator there is a large spherical shell supported at a height several
metres above ground. A long narrow endless belt insulating material is wound around two
pulleys-one at ground level and one at the centre of the shell.
Working:
The long insulating belt wound round the two pulleys is kept moving by a motor driving
the lower pulley. It carries positive charge sprayed on it by brush at ground level to top. There it
transfers positive charge to another conducting brush connected to large shell. Thus the
charges get transferred to the larger sphere and the voltage increases.