CHAPTERONE

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1BACKGROUNDOFTHEPROJECT

Cloningofacomput ersy stem referst otheassembl i

ngofcomput ercomponentsand
coll
ectionofComput erhardwar esr e,whichisthecol l
ect
ionofphy si
calcomponentsthat
constitutesacomputersy stem.Comput erhardwar eist
hephy si
calpart
sorcomponent sofa
comput er,
suchasthemoni t
or ,
key board,comput erdatastor
age,harddiskdri
ve(HDD) ,graphi
c
cards,soundcards,memor y( RAM) ,mot herboard,andsoon, al
lofwhicharetangi
blephy si
cal
objects.Bycontrast
,softwar eisinstructi
onst hatcanbest or
edandr unbyhardware.

Hardwar
eisdi
rect
edbyt
hesoft
waretoexecut
eanycommandori
nst
ruct
ion.Acombi
nat
ionof
har
dwareandsoft
war
eformsausabl
ecomputingsy
stem.

Thefi
rststept
obuil
dingacomputeri
sacqui
ri
ngthepart
s.Thi
sgui
dewi
l
lst
artwi
thaqui
ck
expl
anati
onofessent
ialpar
tsandel
abor
ateonthem f
urt
heron.

Acomput eri
smadeupofacase(orchassi
s)whi
chhousessev
erali
mport
antint
ernal
components,andpr
ovi
despl
acest
oconnecttheext
ernal
component
s,i
ncl
udingnon-
per
ipher
als

I
nsi
det
hecasegot
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nter
nal
par
ts:

PowerSupply/PSU–powersuppl yunit
, conver
tsout
letpower,
whichi
salt
ernat
ingcurrent(
AC),
todir
ectcur
rent(DC)whichisrequir
edbyi nt
ernal
components,aswel
lasprovi
dingappropr
iat
e
vol
tagesandcurrent
sfortheseinter
nalcomponents.

Mother
board/mainboar
d–Ast henameindi
cates,thi
sistheel
ect
roni
ccent
erpi
eceoft
he
computer
:ever
ythi
ngelseconnect
stot
hemot herboard.

Processor/CPU–cent
ral
processi
nguni
t,t
he"
brai
n"oft
hecomput
er,
mostact
ual
comput
ati
on
takesplaceher
e.

RAM –random accessmemor y,

the"short
-t
erm memory"ofacomput er,usedbytheCPUto
st
oreprogr
am i
nstruct
ionsanddatauponwhichiti
scurrent
lyoperat
ing.DatainRAM i
slost
whenthecomputerispoweredoff
,thusnecessi
tat
ingaharddri
ve.Wewi llbeusi
ng8GBRAM

Storage-eitherHDD( Harddiskdr i
ve-sl oweroft het wobutlessexpensi
ve)and/ orSSD( sol
i
d
statedri
ve.Veryfastbutnotascheap)–t he"long-ter
m memor y
"ofthecomput er,usedfor
persist
entstorage–i.e.t
hethingsst oredoni tremai nevenwhent hecomput erispowered
down.Theoper at
ingsyst
em, andally ourprogramsanddat aarestoredhere.OSescanbe
bootedandusest or
agefrom inexpensiveUSBDr ives,al
thoughthisi
sonlywi thextremel
y
l
ightweightsystems.wewill
beusi ng1TBst orage
Opt
ionalcomponent
sfol
l
ow:
(Component
sthatdependont
hef
unct
iont
hatwi
l
lbegi
vent
othe
machine)

OpticalDr i
ve–dev i
ceforreadi
ng/writ
ingopt
icaldisks.MayreadCDs, DVDs, orotheropt
ical
medi a,dependi ngonthetype.I
tisessenti
alf
orinstall
ingmanyoper at
ingsystemsand
programs, althoughthevastmajori
tycanber unfrom USB.Itmaybeabl et
owr it
esomeof
thesedi scs,aswell.Somepeopleliketohavetwosuchdr iv
esf orcopyingdisks.

GPU/GraphicsCar d/GPU–doespr ocessi

ngrel
ati
ngtovi
deooutput.Somemot herboardshave
an"onboar
d"GPUbui lti
nsoy oudon’tneed(butmayadd)aseparat
ev i
deocard.Otherwise,
you
wil
lneedav ideocard.Theseplugintoaslotonthemother
boardandpr ov
ideaplacetoconnect
amonitortoy ourcomputer.

Soundcar
d-Comeswi
thmot
her
boar
dbutmaywantt
obeupgr
aded

Ont
opoft
hei
nter
nal
component
sli
stedabov
e,y
ouwi
l
lal
soneedt
heseext
ernal
component
s:

Key
boar
d–f
ort
ypi
ngon.Manymot
her
boar
dswon'
tev
enbootwi
thoutakey
boar
dat
tached.

Mouse–forpoint
ingandcl
i
cki
ng.Unl
essy
ouchoseat
ext
-basedoper
ati
ngsy
stem,
youwi
l
l
l
ikel
ywantoneofthese.

Monit
or–Thi
siswher
ethepr
ett
ypi
ctur
esgo.Theycomei
nmanyf
orms,
themostcommon
bei
ngCRTandLCD.

Assembli
ngt
hesecomponent
sabov
eiswhati
ttakest
ohav
eacompl
etesy
stem whi
chi
sthe
ai
m ofthi
swork.

FEATURESOFTHEPROJECT

Themai
nfeat
uresoft
hepr
ojecti
sasf
oll
ows:

(
1)wi
ndowsst
eady
stat
e

(
2)8GBRAM

(
3)Rewr
it
abl
ehar
ddi
sk

(
4)Mot
her
boar
d

(
5)powersuppl
yuni
t

(
6)Moni
tor

(
7)key
boar
d
(
8)wi
rel
essmouse

(
9)Mot
her
boar
d

THEHI
STORYOFCOMPUTERS

Si
ncet heevolut
ionofhumans, dev i
ceshavebeenusedf orcalcul
ationsf
orthousandsof
years.Oneoft heearli
estandwel l
-knowndeviceswasanabacus.Theni n1822,thefatherof
comput ers,
Char l
esBabbagebegandev el
opi
ngwhatwoul dbet hef
irstmechanicalcomput er.
Andt henit1833heact uall
ydesignedanAnaly t
ical
Enginewhi chwasagener alpurpose
comput er.I
tcontainedanALU, somebasi cf
lowchar tpr
inci
plesandt heconceptofintegrated
memor y
.

Thenmor et hanacenturyl
ateri
nthehi
storyofcomputer
s,wegotourfi
rstel
ectroniccomputer
forgeneralpurpose.I
twastheENIAC,whichstandsf
orElect
roni
cNumer i
calI
ntegratorand
Comput er.Theinvent
orsofthi
scomputerwereJohnW.Mauchl yandJ.
PresperEcker t
.

Andwi t
hti
mesthetechnol
ogydevel
opedandthecomputersgotsmal
lerandthepr
ocessi
nggot
fast
er.Wegotourf
irstl
apt
opin1981anditwasint
roducedbyAdam OsborneandEPSON.

GENERATI
ONSOFCOMPUTERS

I
nt hehist
oryofcomputers,
weof t
enr ef
ertot
headvancementsofmoderncomputersast
he
generat
ionofcomputers.Wearecurrentl
yonthefi
ft
hgenerati
onofcomputer
s.Soletusl
ook
attheimportantf
eat
uresofthesefi
vegenerat
ionsofcomputers.

FIRSTGenerati
on:Thiswasfr
om theperi
odof1940to1955.Thi
swaswhenmachinelanguage
wasdev el
opedfortheuseofcomputer
s.Theyusedv
acuum tubesf
ort
heci
rcui
tr
y.Forthe
purposeofmemor y,t
heyusedmagneti
cdrums.

SECONDGener ati
on:Heret
heyadv
ancedfr
om vacuum tubest
otransi
stor
s.Thi
smadethe
computerssmal l
er,f
ast
erandmoreener
gyeff
ici
ent.Andtheyadv
ancedf r
om bi
nar
yto
assemblylanguages.

THIRDGenerati
on:Thehal
l
mar
koft
hisper
iod(
1964-
1971)wast
hedev
elopmentoft
he
i
ntegr
atedci
rcui
t.
FOURTHGener at
ion:Theinv
enti
onofthemicroprocessor
sbroughtal
ongthefour
thgener
ati
on
ofcomputer
s.Thiswaswhenwest art
edproducingcomput er
sforhomeuse.Anotheri
mport
ant
aspecti
sthedevelopmentofhi
ghercomputerl
anguageslikeC++andJava.

FI
FTHGeneration:
Thisisthepresentandthefutur
eofthecomputerworl
d.Thedefini
ngaspect
ofthi
sgener
ati
onisarti
fi
ciali
ntel
li
gence.Theuseofparal
lel
processi
ngandsuperconduct
ors
aremaki
ngthisareal
i
tyandpr ovi
deal otofscopefort
hefutur
e.

BRI
EFHI
STORYOFCOMPUTERCLONI
NG

ThePCmar ketplacechangedr adicall

yaf t
erthei ntroductionoft heI BM PCi nAugustof1981.
Ast heIBM PCwasbui l
tfr
om commer cial
l
yav ail
ableof f-t
he-shel fparts-aconceptsi mil
arto
theorigi
nalAltairmi crocomput er,compani esbegant ryi
ngt ocl onei t
.Thiscr eat
edagener at
ion
ofMS- DOScomput erswhi chcall
edt hemsel vescompat ible,butwhi chwer en'
t100%compat ibl
e.
Thiscreatednumer ousheadachesf orunsuspect ingenduser s.Somesy stemsof f
eredthe
capabili
tytorunbot hCP/ M andMS- DOS.Thef i
rstcompanyt osuccessf ul l
ybuil
da100%
compat i
bleIBM PCcl onewasCompaqcomput er,whoi ntroducedt heirf
irstsystem aswhat
theycalledapor table.Itssizeandwei ghtmadei tal uggabl ecomput er.Thenot hercompanies
foll
owedwi thtrueI BM compat i
bles,most l
ybuiltov erseasi nTai wan.Mostoft heCP/ M
comput ersquicklydi sappeared,asdi dthenott ruecompat i
bles,leavingt hei
rownersina
categorywhichi snowwel lknownandf earedint hePCwor l
d-or phanedcomput erowners.

JustasI BM appear edtoconquerthemar ketplaceby1983, AppleComput eri

ntr
oducedthe
Macintosh, whosegr aphi
caluserinterf
aceandmousepr esentedat otal
lynewapproachto
personal comput i
ng.Microsofthadtowal kacar eful
narrowl i
ne,sayingnicethi
ngsaboutthe
Macbecauset heyworkedcloselywithAppl e,whi l
enotof f
endingIBM.Att hesamet i
meBill
Gateshadpl ansforhisowngr aphicaluserinterface,whi
chhecal l
edWi ndows.Gateswas
convincedt hatagraphicaluserint
erfacebasedoper ati
ngsy stem wast hefut
ure.

IBM al
sohadpl ansf ori
tsownnewoper atingsy stem, tryi
ngt obr eaki tsrelianceonMi crosof t
bydev el
opingt heirownchar acter-
basedbutwi ndowi ngoper ati
ngsy stem t heycalledTopVi ew.
Thiswentabsol utel
ynowher e.TheheraldednewI ntel 80286pr ocessoral sowasn' tf astenough
torunMi crosoft'sWindowsataccept ablespeed, andhadadesi gnf lawr elatedtomul tit
aski ng
whichcausedI ndustryAnal
y si
st oref
ert oitas" br ai
ndead" .Mi crosof tandI BM cont i
nuedt o
argueov eroper ati
ngsystems, withMicrosofttryingt oconv inceI BM t ogowi t
hWi ndows.I BM
howev eroptedt odev el
optheirownGUIoper at
ingsy stem whi cht heynamedOS/ 2, andenl isted
Microsoft'
shel pinwr i
ti
ngit.Thiscreatedy earsofdoubl espeakbyt het wocompani esast o
whereeachpr oductwasgoi ngt ofiti
ntot hemar ketplace.Meanwhi let hemi ll
i
onsofI BM PC
andcompat i
bleuser sgotalongf i
newi thplainol dDOS, andAppl e'
sMaci ntoshwi thaGUI -t
hat
workedcont inuedt ogainmar ketacceptance.

I
n1986,Compaqcomput erbeatI
BM tothepunchandint
roducedtheworl
d'
sfi
rst80386-based
PC,usi
nganIntel
processorwhichfi
nall
yhadthepoweranddesignt or
unaGUI-based
oper
ati
ngsystem.Bythistime,I
BM'sPCsalesweretakenoverbyclonePCsal
es.Infact
,the
wordclonewasami
snomer
,asthesecopy
-catcomput
ersact
ual
l
yof
fer
edbet
terper
for
mance
andfeatur
es,
andmor
ebangfort
hebuck.

Ther elati
onshipbetweenI BM andMi crosoftfinal l
yexplodedandev aporated, wit
hIBM taking
overthej oboftryi
ngt owr i
teOS/2, andwi t
hMi crosoftgoingful
lspeedaheadwi t
hamar ket
planforWi ndowst odomi natethewor ld.Thepoweroft he386processormadet hishappen,
andWi ndows3. 0actuall
ywor ked-toadegr ee.Itwasr eleasedi
nMay ,1990, andwasa
compl eteoverhauloftheWi ndowsenv ir
onment .Wi t
hthecapabil
it
yt oaddr essmemor ybey ond
640Kandamuchmor epower fuluserinter
face, independentsoft
war evendor sst ar
ted
developingWi ndowsappl i
cati
onswi t
hv i
gor.Thepower fulnewappl
icationshel pedMicrosof t
sellmor ethan10mi lli
oncopiesofWi ndows, maki ngitthebest-
sell
inggr aphicaluserint
erface
i
nt hehi st
oryofcomput i
ng.

APPLI
CATI
ONSOFCOMPUTERS

Thev
ari
ousappl
i
cat
ionsofcomput
ersi
ntoday
'sar
ena:

1.Busi
ness

2.Educat
ion

3.Mar
ket
ing

4.Banki
ng

5.I
nsur
ance

6.Communi
cat
ion

7.Heal
thCar
e

8.Mi
l
itar
y

9.Engi
neer
ingDesi
gn

Busi
ness

Acomput
erhashi
ghspeedofcalculat
ion,
dil
igence,accur
acy
,rel
i
abi
l
ity
,orv
ersat
il
it
ywhi
ch
madei
tanint
egr
atedpar
tinal
lbusinessorganisat
ions.

Computerisusedinbusi
nessorgani
sat
ionsf
or:Payr
ollcal
cul
ati
ons,Sal
esanal
ysi
s,Budget
ing,
Fi
nanci
alforecast
ing,
Managingemploy
eesdatabaseandMaintenanceofst
ockset
c.

Educat
ion
Comput er
shav eitsdominantuseintheeducat i
onf i
eldwhichcansi
gnif
icantl
yenhance
perf
ormancei nlearni
ng.Evendist
ancelearningismadepr oducti
veandeffect
ivet
hrough
i
nternetandvideo-basedcl
asses.Researchershav emassiveusageofthesecomputersint
hei
r
workfrom thestarti
ngtoti
llt
heendoft heirscholarl
ywork.

Mar
ket
ing

I
nmar
ket
ing,
usesofcomput
erar
e:

Adver
tisi
ng-Withcomputer
s,adv
ert
isi
ngprof
essi
onal
screat
eartandgraphi
cs,
wri
teandr
evi
se
copy,
andprintanddi
sseminat
eadswitht
hegoalofsel
li
ngmoreproducts.

HomeShopping-Homeshoppi nghasbeenmadepossibl
ethr
oughuseofcomputeri
sed
catal
oguest
hatprov
ideaccesstoproducti
nfor
mat
ionandpermi
tdi
rectent
ryoforder
stobe
fi
ll
edbythecust
omers.

Banki
ng

Todaybanki
ngi
sal
mostt
otal
l
ydependentoncomput
er.Bankspr
ovi
det
hef
aci
l
iti
esof
:

Bankspr ov
ideonli
neaccount
ingfaci
l
ity,
whi chi
ncl
udescur
rentbal
ances,
deposi
ts,
over
draf
ts,
i
nterestcharges,
shar
es,andtrust
eerecords.

ATM machi
nesar
emaki
ngi
tev
eneasi
erf
orcust
omer
stodeal
wit
hbanks.

I
nsur
ance

I
nsurancecompani
esarekeepingall
recor
dsup-t
o-datewi
tht
hehel
pofcomput
ers.The
i
nsurancecompani
es,
financehousesandstockbroki
ngfi
rmsar
ewidel
yusi
ngcomputer
sfor
t
heirconcer
ns.

Communi
cat
ion

Communi cati
onmeanst oconveyamessage, anidea,
apictureorspeechthati
srecei
vedand
under
stoodclearl
yandcorrectl
ybythepersonforwhom itismeantfor.Somemainareasin
thi
scategoryare:
Chatt
ing,E-mail
,Usenet
,FTP,Video-
conferenci
ngandTelnet.

Heal
thCar
e

Mostofthemedi
cali
nformati
oncannowbedi giti
zedfrom t
heprescri
pti
ontorepor
ts.
Computati
oni
nthef
ieldofmedici
neall
owsust ooffervar
iedmir
aculousther
apiest
othe
pat
ient
s.ECG’
s,r
adi
otherapywasn’
tpossi
blewithoutcomputer
s.

Mi
li
tar
y

Comput
ersar
ethemai
ntool
swhi
chhel
pindev
elopi
ngmi
ssi
l
esandot
herequi
pmenti
nthe
deferencesystem.Designi
ngandthemai ntenancearepossi
bleonlythr
oughcomput ers.
Comput erbuil
dsthelinksbet
weent hesoldi
ersandcommander sthrought hesatell
it
e.
Const r
ucti
onofweaponsandcont roll
ingthei
rfuncti
onisnotpossi
blewi t
houtt heaidof
comput er
s.Thelistofthecri
minal
sandt herecordsofthecopsaremai ntainedregul
arl
yint
he
system.

Engi
neer
ingDesi
gn

Aspert
hetitl
e,
computer
saidindesi
gni
ngbui
ldings,
magazines,
pri
nts,newspaper
s,booksand
manyother
s.Theconstr
uct
ionlay
outsar
edesignedbeaut
if
ull
yonsystem usingdi
ff
erentt
ools
andsof
tware’
s.

ROLEOFCOMPUTERSI
NELECTRI
CAL/
ELECTRONI
CENGI
NEERI
NG

Inreal
i
ty,
therear
everyfewt asksthatEE’sperfor
m whichdonoti
nvolvecomputer
satleastt
o
faci
l
itat
edesignandtestoftheproducttheEEi sworki
ngon.Computers,commonlyas
embeddedsy st
ems,arealsorouti
nelypartoftheproductsEE’
scr
eate.Someoftheappli
cati
ons
ofcomputersareasfoll
ows:

1.
CAD(
mul
ti
plet
ypes)

2.
Mechani
cal
-desi
gni
ngpowerl
i
nes,
bui
l
dingwi
ri
ng,
etc.

3.
Elect
ri
cal
-model
i
ngt
ransmi
ssi
onl
i
nes

4.
Elect
roni
c-PCBschemat
iccapt
ureandboar
dlay
out

5.VLSI-desi
gn,
model
i
ngandsi
mul
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedci
rcui
ts

6.Cont
rol
ofpowergr
ids

7.I
ntegr
atedci
rcui
tmanuf
act
uri
ngmachi
nes

8.Medi
cal
devi
ces-pacemaker
s,hear
tmoni
tor
s,di
aly
sismachi
nes,
x-r
aymachi
nes,
MRI
machi
nes,
etc.

9.Net
wor
king-r
out
ers,
manageabl
eswi
tches,
etc.

10.I
nter
netofThi
ngs(
IoT)nodes-homeaut
omat
ion,
appl
i
ances,
secur
it
yandsaf
ety
monit
ori
ngsystem

11.I
ntegr
atedci
rcui
tmanuf
act
uri
ngpl
ant
s/f
aci
l
iti
es

12.Aut
omat
edassembl
yli
nes-i
Phones,
comput
ers,
sodabot
tl
ingpl
ant
s,et
c.
AI
M

Tosuccessf
ull
ycl
oneawor
kingcomput
ersy
stem

OBJECTI
VESOFTHEPROJECT

Themai
nobj
ect
ivesar
easf
oll
ows:

i
.Ident
if
yingcomput
ercomponent
sandhowt
heyf
itandwor
ktoget
her
.

i
i
.Under
standi
ngt
hei
nter
nal
andhar
dwar
ewor
kingsofacomput
er.

i
i
i.Lear
ningcomput
erhar
dwar
eter
minol
ogyandgeek-
speak

i
v.Abi
l
ityt
ocust
omi
zeacomput
eraccor
dingt
ospeci
ali
zedspeci
fi
cat
ions.

v
.Cl
oni
ngofa8GBRam comput
erwi
th1TBst
orage

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFTHEPROJECT

Thei
mpor
tanceofcar
ryi
ngoutt
hispar
ti
cul
arpr
ojectasst
udent
sist
hat
:

i
.Thi
spr
ojecthasexposedust
othef
unct
ionsofacomput
ersy
stem

i
i
.Ithasexposedustothehi
stor
yandful
lmeani
ngofacl
onedcomput
erandi
t'
scapaci
tyand
t
heuniquenessofacl
onedcomputer
.

SCOPEOFTHEPROJECT

Thisworkwi l
lcovertheassemblyofaper sonalcomput er
.TheorderIusedtoassembl eincan
bechangeddependingont hecir
cumst anceofy ourbui
ld,i
e.Case,CPUcooler,speci
al
components,dimensionrest
ri
cti
ons,newert echnol
ogy.Theprocessofassembl i
ngyourown
PCisactuall
yverysimpleincont
rasttomostpeopl e’sexpect
ati
ons.Compar edtoresearchi
ng
par
tselect
ion,act
ualassemblyisamuchsi mplertask.

Manypr ospecti
vebuildersareoft
enov erwhelmedattheideaofassembli
ngthei
rownPCf r
om
scrat
ch.Howev er,overtheyears,thedesktopPCindustr
yhasbecomequi t
estandardized.I
t’
s
almostimpossibletheseday st
oi nstal
ltheindi
vi
dualpi
eces,cabl
esandconnector
si nthe
wronglocati
on.Manybui l
derswil
l oft
enr el
atet
heprocessofassembli
ngaPCt obuildingLego
whichcanonl yfi
ttogetherinasingleway .
LI
MITATI
ONSOFTHEPROJECT

1.St
ati
celectr
ici
tyi
sthemaj
orprobl
em bui
lder
susedtoface,
aft
eral
l,ani
nvi
sibl
ethreatwhi
ch
hasthepotent
ialt
ododamagetodeli
cateandexpensi
vecomponent
sisascarythought.

2.Unav
ail
abi
l
ityofmat
eri
als