STRAND1

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCOMPUTI
NG
COMPONENTSOFCOMPUTERSANDCOMPUTERSYSTEMS

Acomput sanel
eri ect
roni
cdev i
cet hataccept
sdat
aasinputandprocessesi
tint
o
meaningf
uli
nfor
mati
oncall
edout [Link]
nfor
mati
onmaybest or
edorusedinstant
ly.
Thecomponentsofacomputersystem are:

 Har
dwar
e

 Sof
twar
e

 Li
vewar
e(user
)

Hardwarerefer
st othephysi
calcomponentsofthecomputer.I
tisthepart
soft he
computerthatyoucanseeandt [Link],keyboard,
system unitand
monitor
.Thereareadditi
onalhardwar
edev i
cescall
edper
ipher [Link]
al i
pheral
sar e
devi
cesli
kepr i
nterorscannert
hatextendthei
rser
v i
cest
oenhancet hefunct
ionoft he
computer.

Themai
nhardwar
ecomponent
soft
hecomput
erar
esy
stem uni
t,moni
tor
,key
boar
d
andmouse.

Sof
twarei
sasetofinst
ruct
ionsthattel
lsthecomputerhowtoperf
orm at
[Link]
ike
har
dware,sof
twar
eisnotphysi
[Link]
war eprov
idesi
nstr
uct
ionsf
orthehar
dwareto
dowork.I
tissometi
mesrefer
redtoaspr ogram.

Li
vewar
eref
erstotheuserofacomput
ersy
[Link]
eedst
hecomput
ersy
stem
wi
thdat
aforprocessi
ng.
SECONDANDTHI
RDGENERATI
ONCOMPUTERS

Secondgener ati
oncomput ersar ethecomput er swhichuse
transist
orsast heirmajorprocessi [Link] ealso
calledtransistorcomput [Link] emorer el
iableand
compactt hant hef i
rstgenerationcomput [Link]
gener at
ioncomput erscamedur i
ngt he1950sand1960s.
Exampl esar et heIBM 1620, IBM 7000, I
BM 650, Har
well [Link]
l
CADETwast hef i
rstful
lytr
ansi st
or i
zedcomput eri
nEur ope,andmayhavebeenthef
ir
st
full
ytransistorizedcomput eri nthewor l
d
TheHar
wel
lCADET Secondgener
ati
onmot
her
boar
d

Thir
dgenerati
oncomput susei
er ntegrat
edci r
cuits(I
C’s).Theintr
oduct i
onoft heIC
madethem smal l
er,
faster,r
eli
abl
eandef fi
cientthanthesecondgener at i
oncomput er
s.
Asingl
eIChasmanyt r
ansistors,
r esi
stor
s,andcapaci torsalongwiththeassoci ated
ci
rcui
tr
[Link] nventedbyJackKi l
[Link] ati
oncomput erscamear ound
[Link] ethefi
r stcomput er
swher euser sint
eract
edusi ngkey boards
andmonitor
swhi chint
erfacedwithanoper ati
ngsy st
[Link] ealsocheapert han
secondgener
ationcomput [Link] hethir
dgener at
ioncomput ersincl
ude I
BM-
360seri
esandHoney well
-6000series.

Thi
rdgener
ati
onmot
her
boar
d

Secondgener at
ioncomputer
s Thir
dgener at
ioncomput ers
Usedtransistors Usedintegrat
edcircuit
s
Small
erandf astert
hanf
ir
stgener
ati
on Smallerandfasterthansecond
comput ers generati
oncomput ers
Generateslotsofheat Moreener gyeff
ici
ent
Rel
ati
v elyexpensive Cheaperthansecondgener ati
on
comput er
s

COMPONENTSOFTHEMOTHERBOARD
Themot
her
boar
dist
hemai
nci
rcui
tboar
dint
hesy
stem uni
tthatal
lot
heri
nter
nal
[Link]
ocessingunit(
CPU)andmemor yareusuall
yon
themother
[Link]
emscanbeconnect eddirect
lyt
othemot her
boardor
thr
[Link],asoundcardcanbebuilti
ntothe
mother
boardorconnectedthroughthePeripheral
ComponentInt
erconnect(PCI
)Bus.

I
dent
if
ythecomponentsoft
hemot
her
boar
dlabel
l
edAt
[Link]
eyouranswer
sto
t
heonesprovi
dedbel
ow:

[Link]
ots [Link]
ysl
ot

[Link]
stem bat
ter
y [Link]
cropr
ocessor

[Link]
ot

PCI-Per
ipher
alComponentI
nter
connect
 AGP–Accel
erat
edGr
aphi
csPor
t

I
NPUTANDOUTPUTDEVI
CES

I
nputdevi
cesar
edev
icesusedt
oent
erdat
aint
othecomput
[Link]
esar
e:

Keyboard:I
tisaninputde vi
cethatisuse dt
okeyina l
phanumeri
csymbolsand
i
ssuec omma ndsint
ot hecompu ter
.Therearevari
ousty
pesofkeyboar
[Link]
i
ncludes tandardwiredkeyboards,
wirel
esskeyboards,[Link]
d
l
ayoutsalso
i
ncludeQWERTYandDaVi nciConcept,eachofwhichsuit
sdif
fer
entenvi
ronme nt
s.

Mouse:Iti
saninputdevi
cethatisu sedt
odir
ectthecursoront
hemoni t
orand
cont
roli
consonth emonitor
.Themou secome sindi
ffer
entvar
iet
iessuchas
me chani
cal,
optical
,opt
o-me chani
calandwi
reless.

Barcoder
eader
:Iti
saninputdevi
cec apabl
eofr
eadi
n gabar
codeandpr
int
ing
outt
hedetai
lsofap r
oductorl
oginf
ormati
onaboutt
hatpr
oducti
ntoa
database.
I
nputdevi
cesar
eei
thermanual
orautomati
[Link]
nputdevi
cesrequi
rehumansto
domostofthewor
kneededtogetdatai
ntothecomputer
.Examplesofmanuali
nput
dev
icesar
eshownbelow:

Automat i
cinputdevicesdonotrequi
remuchhumani nter
acti
ont
ogetdataintothe
comput [Link],al
lahumanhast odotouseabarcodereaderi
spoint
thereaderatthebarcodeandpul l
thetr
igger
.Thereaderwil
ldot
herest
.Iti
sdone
automat i
cal
[Link]
cinputdev
icesareshownbel
ow:
ACTI
VITY

i
.Ident
if
ytheabov
einputdev
icesl
abel
l
edAt
oJ

i
i
.St
ateonef
unct
ionofeachoft
hei
nputdev
icesl
abel
l
edAt
oJ

Out
putdevicesaredevi
cesthatdi
spl
ayprocesseddataori
nformati
[Link]
esare
moni
tor
,plott
er,
project
or,
speaker
,synt
hesi
[Link]
nformati
oncanbedispl
ayed
i
neiherhar
t dcopyf ormatsuchasaprint
edinformati
ononapaper dorsof
/car tcopy
f
ormatsuchasinfor
mat i
[Link]
cesarecomputer
moni
tor
,TV,speaker,
plott
er,
proj
ect
or,headphone,pr
int
eretc.

CATHODERAYTUBEANDFLATPANELMONI
TORS

Themoni t
orisalsoknownasVisualDispl
ayUni t.I
tconvert
scomput erout
puti nt
o
displ
[Link]
sanout putdev i
[Link]
onofthemoni t
ort hat
displ
aystheinfor
mationi
scaledscr
l [Link]
aysinfor
mat i
oni
nt heform oftextor
graphi
[Link] t
orworksli
keatelevi
[Link] nt y
pesarethecat hoderay
tubeandflatpanelmonit
ors

Ac at
h ode-r
aytubeisadevi
cethatusesab eam ofelect
ronsi
nordert
o
produc eanimageonascr
[Link] t
hode-rayt
u bes,al
soknowncommonlyas
CRTs,arewi
delyusedi
nanumberofelect
ri
calde v
icessuchascomputer
screensandt el
evi
si
onset
s.
CRTmoni
tor
saregraduall
ybeenreplacedbyt
hefl
atpanel
sbecause:
 Theyareheavyandbulky
 Theyarepowerhungry
 Thei
rx-r
ayradiat
ionhasproventobeharmf
ult
ohumans
 Theyfl
i
ckeralotcausingeyestrai
n

Flatpanel susedi splaytechnol

ogi
essuchasLightEmit
ti
ngDiode(LED)orLiqui
d
CrystalDisplay(LCD) .TheLCDandLEDt echnol
ogieshavebecomethestandardi
n
screent echnologyt odayandarewidel
yusedinTVs,monitor
sandsmar t
[Link]
ght
-
Emi t
tingDi ode(LED)moni t
orisafl
atscreen,f
lat-
panelcompute rmon i
toror
televi
s i
on. Iti
sr elativ
e l
ylight
eri
nwe i
ght.

STORAGEDEVI
CES

Devicesusedforstor
inginf
ormationarecal
ledstor
[Link]
ncl
udeflashdr
ive,
harddiskdri
ve(HDD),fl
oppydisk,CD/DVD,soli
dstatedr
ive(SSD)[Link]
oragedevi
ces
couldbemagnet i
c,opti
calorsol
id-st
atest
orage.

.
MAGNETI
CSTORAGEDEVI
CES
Ma gnet
icst
orag ede v
icesa recommonl yusedforlargevol
umesofdata(e.
g.,
vi
deoorimage)[Link] i
ves,
magne t
ictape,fl
oppydi
sk,zi
pdri
ve,
cart
ri
[Link]
cal st
orageusesli
ghttechnology
,magneti
cst
orage
usesmagneti
ct echnol
ogyf orreadi
ngandwr i
ti
ngdat a.

MAGNETI
CTAPE
Magnet
ictapeisamedium wit
hat hi
nmagnet i
zablecoat
ingonalong,nar
row
st
ri
pforreadi
ngandwrit
[Link]
ctapes t
oragedevi
cesi
ncludeVideo
HomeSys t
em( VHS)
,audiocasset
teetc.

VHS Audi
ocasset
te

FLOPPYDI
SK
Adiskett
eorfloppydi
skisaremov ablefl
atpieceoffl
exi
blepl
asti
cfi
l
m
thatst
oredataasmagnet i
[Link]
y1.44Mband
3.5i
[Link]
rcapacit
iesar
esmallerandar eusedtostoresmal
ler
amountofdata.

HARDDI
SK
Harddriveshaveahardpl at
tert
hatholdsthemagneticmedi um.
Itusesitsti
nyread/
writeheadstoreadandwr it
einf
ormat ion
from i
tsspinni
ngplatt
ersquotedwithmagnet i
cmateri
[Link]
comput ersuseoneormor eharddiskdriv
[Link] elarge
capacit
iesrangingf
rom Gigabyt
[Link]
ddr i
v escan
behousedinsepar
ateunitsthatcanstor
einf
ormati
onindependentofthesyst
em uni
t.
Theyarecal
ledext
ernalharddri
[Link]
ngtheUSBt echnology
.

FEATURESOFTHEHARDDI
SKDRI
VES(
HDD)
 Theyhav
eread/
wri
teheadsf
orr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ingdat
a

 Theyhav
espi
nni
ngpl
att
ersquot
edwi
thmagnet
icmedi
um

 Theyhav
elar
gecapaci
ti
esr
angi
ngf
rom Gi
gaby
test
oTer
aby
tes

 Theyar
enon-
vol
ati
l
e(Thust
heydonotl
oset
hei
rdat
awhenpower
edof
f).

 Theyhav
efast
eraccessspeedst
hanf
loppydi
sks

 TheHDDi
sthepr
imar
y(mai
n)st
oragedev
iceoft
hecomput
er.

DI
SKCACHE
Diskcacheisac achememor ythati
su sedtos peeduptheprocessofstor
ing
a ndacce ssi
ngd at
afr
om thehostharddisk.I
tenablesf
asterpr
oc essi
ngof
readi
ng/ wri
ti
ng,comma ndsa ndotheri
nputandou t
putprocessesbetwee n
theharddisk,t
heme moryandc ompu t
ingc omponents.

FEATURESOFTHEWI
NDOWSDESKTOP
16

PROCESSI
NGSTAGE
Atthisstageofthecycl
e,thedatai
sorgani
zedandmanipul
atedi
ntomeaningf
ulfact
s
orinfor
mat i
[Link]
aint
oinf
ormati
onisthesyst
em uni
[Link]
System unitcont
ainst
heCent r
alPr
ocessi
ngUnit(
CPU),whi
chisthebr
ainofthe
comput er.

OUTPUTSTAGE
Atthi
sst age,t
hepr ocesseddatai
sdispl
ayedorpr oducedinafor
mt hatcanbeusedby
[Link]
ormationcanbedi spl
ayedastextonthemoni t
ororonapaper .I
tcanal
so
bedisplayedintheform ofsound,vi
deo,
[Link]
cesusedatthisst
age
areoutputdevicessuchaspr i
nter
,monit
or,speakeretc.

STORAGE
Att
hisst
age,
thei
nfor
mat
ioni
ssav
edorst
oredf
orf
utur
euse.

DI
STRI
BUTI
ONORCOMMUNI
CATI
ON
Att
hisst
age,
thedat
aisshar
edbet
weent
woormor
epeopl
e.

Not
e:Communicat
ionr
efer
stosendingand/orrecei
vi
ngofinfor
mat
ionbet
weent
woor
morepeopl
ethr
oughamedium suchastel
ephoneorthei
nternet
.

I
NPUTANDOUTPUTDEVI
CES
TRI
ALQUESTI
ONS

[Link]
aincommuni
cat
ionasusedi
nthecomput
eri
ndust
ry.

[Link]
sthei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ocessi
ngcy
cle?

[Link]
ethet
hreepr
imar
yst
agesoft
hei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ocessi
ngcy
cle?

[Link]
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weendat
aandi
nfor
mat
ion.
 [Link]
ibet
hest
agesdat
agoest
hrought
obecomei
nfor
mat
ion.

[Link]
aint
hemeani
ngofI
nfor
mat
ionandCommuni
cat
ionTechnol
ogy
.

[Link]
ermakeswor keasi
erandsodoesthewheel
bar
[Link]
he
wheel
bar
rowisnotconsi
deredacomputer
.Expl
ain

[Link]
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weencomput
erl
i
ter
acyandcomput
ersci
ence.

[Link]
atef
ourr
easonswhyI
CTshoul
dbeusedi
neducat
ion.

10.
Dif
fer
ent
iat
ebet
weencomput
ersci
enceandcomput
erl
i
ter
acy

11.
Ment
ionf
ourar
easofl
ear
ningwher
eICTcanbei
ntegr
ated

2
PARTSOFAPERSONALCOMPUTER
MAI
NCOMPONENTSOFAPERSONALCOMPUTER

Themai
ncomponent
sofaper
sonal
comput
erar
e:

 Har
dwar
e

 Sof
twar
e

SYSTEM UNI
T
Thesy stem uni
tisusual
lyar ectangularboxthatsit
sflatont hecomput ertable
(deskt
opsy stem uni
t)orstandsei theronorunderthet abl
e(t owercase) .Some
i
mpor tantcomponent si
nt hesyst em uniti udemot
ncl herboard, CentralProcessingUnit
(CPU),harddisk,powersupplyet [Link] herboar
dist hemai nci
rcuitr
yboar dinthe
system unit
.Harddisk(HDD)i sthemai nstor
agemedi um inthesy stem [Link]
i
st hebrainofthecomput erthatwor ksony ourdatatogiveinf ormati
[Link] herhardware
devi
cescall
edper
ipher
alsar
econnect
edt
othesy
stem uni
tthr
oughpor
tsand
connect
ors.

IMPORTANTCOMPONENTSOFTHECENTRALPROCESSI
NG
UNIT
 Ar
it
hmet
icandLogi
cUni
t(ALU)
:Itper
for
msal
ll
ogi
cal
oper
ati
onsorcal
cul
ati
ons

 cont
roluni
t:I
tcont
rol
sal
lthehar
dwar
ecomponent
s

 memor
yuni
t:I
thol
dsi
nfor
mat
iont
empor
ari
l
yont
hescr
een

 Regi
ster
s:Usedt
ost
orei
nput
s,out
put
sorr
esul
tsofcomput
ati
ons.

MONI
TOR
Themoni t
ori soknownasVi
sal sualDispl
ayUni t.I
tconvert
scomput erout
putinto
di
[Link]
sanout putdev i
[Link]
onofthemoni tort
hat
di
splaysthei
nformati
oniscaledscr
l [Link]
aysinformati
oni
nt heform oft
extor
graphi
[Link]
keatelevi
[Link] ypesofmonitorsare:

 Fl
atpanel
orLi
qui
dCr
yst
alDi
spl
ay(
LCD)moni
tor

 Cat
hodeRayTube(
CRT)moni
tor

TheLCDmoni t
orissli
m andf
latandconsumeslesselectr
ici
[Link]
kyand
occupi
[Link]
saregradual
lybeingrepl
acedbythemore
moderni
zedfl
atpanels.

KEYBOARD
Iti
susedtoent erdat
aint
othecomputerbyt
ypingcharact
[Link] boar
d
l
ayoutformatistheQWERTYkey boar
dduetothearrangementofthefi
rstsi
xal
phabet
[Link]
nputdevi
ce.I
tcont
ainskeysli
kefuncti
onkeys(F1toF12),
numer i
ckeys(0-9)et
c.
MOUSE
Themousei sapoi nt
ingdev iceusedt osel ectandpoi nttoobjectsonthecomput er
[Link] nputdev [Link] ceconnectt othecomput ervi
aacable.
Othersar ewi r
elessandt hereforedonothav [Link],
ri
ghtmousebut tonandascr ollwheel f
orscr ol
li
ngupordowni nfor
mationthatappears
ont hescr [Link] spl acedonasur facecal [Link]
l sa
rectangularrubberpadcov eredwi thfabri
ct hatprov i
desmor etract
ionthanawooden,
glassort [Link] ogr ams,wheny oupoi ntatsomeobj ectsi
tprovi
dest he
userwi t
hi nformationknownasscr [Link] ipgiv
estheuserabr iefi
nfor
mat i
on
ordescript i
onaboutanobj ect.

TYPESOFMAI
NSOFTWARE

Comput
ersof
twar
ecanbegr
oupedi
ntot
wot
[Link]
e:

 Sy
stem sof
twar
e

 Appl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e

Theprocessofput
ti
ngorloadingsof
twar
eontothecomput sknownasi
eri nstal
l
ati
on.
Aft
ersoftwar
ehasbeeninstal
l
ed,anyt
imeyouuseit
,iti
sref
err
edtoasr
unni
ngthe
sof
tware.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System softwareisthesoftwareorpr ogram orsetofi
nstr
ucti
onsthati
susedtocontr
ol
theoper at
ionofthecomput [Link]
olstheoperati
onofthecomputer
’shar
dware
[Link]
lowstheinstal
lati
onandr unningofappli
cat
ionsoft
wareonthecomputer.
Exampl esofsy st
em soft
war eincludeOperatingSyst
ems( e.
[Link]
crosof
tWindows),
Devicedr i
vers,
util
it
yprograms( [Link]
-vi
rus).

Devicedr
iver
sref
ert
osyst
em soft
war
ethatcont
rol
sandcommuni
cat
eswi
thhar
dwar
e
dev
icesat
tachedtot
hecomputer
.
Ut
il
itysoft
warei
sasystem sof
twar
ethathel
pstoconf
igur
e,anal
y ze,
opti
mizeor
maintai
nthecomput
[Link]
li
tysof
twar
eisanti
-vi
rusprogr
am.

Oftheexamplesofsy stem software,

theOperat
ingSy stem(OS)isthemostimportant
.
Tobootacomput ersy stem,theuserneedsanOper ati
ngSy [Link]
ng
System i
sresponsi
blef oral
lthebasicoper
ati
onsoft hecomput erandcoordi
natesall
thehardwarecomponent soft hecomputer
.Insi
mpl et erms,t
heOper at
ingSy
stem isa
setofinst
ruct
ionsusedt ocont r
olandcoordi
nat
et heoper at
ionofthecomputer.

EXAMPLESOFOPERATI
NGSYSTEM
 Wi
[Link],ME,Wi
ndows95,Wi
ndows98,Wi
ndows2000,
Wi
ndowsVist
a,Windows7,Wi
ndows8,Wi
ndows10,Wi
ndowsServ
er2008,
Wi
ndowsServer2012et
c.

 MSDOS(
Micr
osof
tDi
skOper
ati
ngSy
stem)

 MacOS

 Sol
ari
s

 Uni
x

 Li
nux

 Nov
ell
Net
War
e

USESOFSYSTEM SOFTWARE/OPERATI
NGSYSTEM
 I
tcoor
dinat
esal
lthehar
dwar
ecomponent
s.

 I
tcont
rol
sal
ltheoper
ati
onsoft
hecomput
er.

 I
tenabl
est
heusert
orunappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e.

 I
tal
l
owst
heusert
obootacomput
ersy
stem.

 I
tprovi
desaninter
face,suchasGraphi
cal
UserI
nter
face(
GUI
),t
hatenabl
est
he
usert
oint
eractwit
ht hecomputer
.

APPLI
CATI
ONSOFTWARE
 I
tisaprogr
am orsetofi
nst
ruct
ionsthatal
lowstheusert
operfor
m aspeci
fi
ctask.
I
tissometi
mesreferr
edtoasend-usersof
twar
[Link]
cat
ionsoft
warecanbe
gr
oupedint
o

 Custom-madesof t
war e:Thi
sisanappli
cat
ionsoftwar
edesignedfora
parti
cul
arusertosatisfyaspeci
fi
[Link]
peisnotboughtbutmadeto
suitapart
icul
[Link]
culatepayr
oll
ofcompaniesor
keeptrackofgoodsar ecustom-madesoft
ware

 Packagedsoft
war e:Thi
stypeofsoftwar
eisdesi
gnedforthegeneralpubl
i
c
andproducedinlargequanti
ti
[Link]
esincl
udeMicrosof
tWor d,
Corel
Draw,Photoshopetc.

EXAMPLESOFAPPLI
CATI
ONSOFTWARE
 Wor dprocessor
s:Microsof
tWord,Wor
dPerfect,
Notepad, WordPad,
KingsoftWrit
er,
AEdit,
ApacheOpenOff
iceWr i
ter
,IBM LotusWor dPro,
Jarte,
NisusWr i
ter
,KWor d,
Atl
anti
sWordprocessor,
LibreOff
iceWr i
ter
,
GNUTeXmacs, WordGraphetc.

 Spr
eadsheetpr
ogr
ams:Mi
crosof
tExcel
,Lot
us1-
2-3,
Quat
troPr
o

 Pr
esent
ati
onsof
twar
e:Mi
crosof
tPower
Poi
nt

 Dat
abasepr
ogr
ams:Mi
crosof
tAccess

 Gr
aphi
csof
twar
e:Cor
elDr
aw,
AdobePhot
oshop,
InDesi
gn

 Educati
onalsof
tware(asoft
waret
hatenhancest
eachi
ngandl
ear
ning)
:
Microsof
tEncart
a,Encycl
opedi
aBri
tanni
ca.

 Ty
pingsof
twar
e:Ty
pingMast
er,
Mav
isBeaconTeachesTy
ping

 Entert
ainmentsof
twar
e:medi
aplayer
slikeCy
berl
i
nkPower
DVD,VLC
pl
ay er
,WindowsMediaPl
ayer
,JetAudioandgamesl
i
keProEv
olut
ion
Soccer(PES),

EASpor
tsFI
FA2019,
Needf
orSpeed,
AgeofEmpi
res,
Sol
i
tai
reet
c.
USESOFAPPLI
CATI
ONSOFTWARE
 Forwor
dpr
ocessi
nge.
[Link]
crosof
tWor
d

 Usedt
opr
epar
epr
esent
ati
one.
[Link]
crosof
tPower
Poi
nt

 Usedf
orwor
kingongr
aphi
cse.
[Link]
elDr
aw

 Forcommuni
cat
ione.
[Link]
mai
lMSNmessenger
,Yahoomessenger

 Foreducat
ion(
teachi
ngandl
ear
ning)e.
[Link]
crosof
tEncar
ta

 Usedf
orent
ert
ainmente.
[Link]
FA2019.

SOMETERMSUSEDWHENRUNNI
NGAPPLI
CATI
ONS
 Li
vewar
e(user
):Thi
sref
erst
otheper
sonoruserwhooper
atest
hecomput
er.

 I
nst
all
ati
oni
sthepr
ocessofput
ti
ngorl
oadi
ngsof
twar
eont
othecomput
er.

 Mul
ti
taski
ngi
stheabi
l
ityt
orunmor
ethanoneappl
i
cat
ionatat
ime.

TRI
ALQUESTI
ONS

[Link]
iont
het
womai
ncomponent
soft
hecomput
er.

[Link]
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngbr
ief
ly:

I
. Sy
stem sof
twar
e

I
I. Appl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e

[Link]
iont
hreei
mpor
tantcomponent
sint
hesy
stem uni
t

[Link]
st:

a.t
woi
mpor
tantcomponent
soft
hecent
ral
processi
nguni
t

b.t
wooper
ati
ngsy
stem sof
twar
e

c.t
woappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e
 d.t
womai
nhar
dwar
ecomponent
soft
hecomput
er

[Link]
atet
hef
unct
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcomponent
s

I
. Moni
tor

I
I. Sy
stem uni
t

I
II
. Key
boar
d

I
V. Mouse

[Link]
iont
hreeexampl
esofsy
stem sof
twar
e

[Link]
it
eshor
tnot
esont
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ypesofmoni
tor
s

i
. LCD

i
i
. CRT

[Link]
sascr
eent
ip?

[Link]
samousepad?

10.
Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsasusedi
nacomput
ersof
twar
eenv
ironment

i
. I
nst
all
ati
on

i
i
. Mul
ti
taski
ng

i
i
i. Li
vewar
e

[Link]
saneducat
ional
sof
twar
e?

ANSWERSTOTRI
ALQUESTI
ONS

[Link]
dwar
eandsof
twar
e

2.(i
)Sy
stem sof
twar
eisasetofi
nst
ruct
ionst
hatcont
rol
stheoper
ati
onoft
he
computer
.

(
ii
)Appl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
eisasetofi
nst
ruct
ionsusedt
oper
f m aspeci
or fi
ctask
 byt
heuser
.

[Link]
her
boar
d,CPU,
powersuppl
y,Har
ddi
sk

[Link]
it
hmet
icandLogi
cUni
t,Memor
yUni
t,Cont
rol
Uni
t,Regi
ster
s

[Link]
crosof
tWi
ndows,
Uni
x,MacOS,
Sol
ari
s,Ubunt
u

[Link]
elDr
aw,
Micr
osof
tWor
d,AdobePhot
oshop

[Link]
tor
,sy
stem uni
t

5.i
.Moni
tordi
spl
ayst
her
esul
tsofacomput
erwor
kont
hescr
eenf
orhumanuse.

i
i
.TheSystem uni
tcont
ainst
heCPUandot
hercomponent
sforpr
ocessi
ngdat
a
i
ntoi
nfor
mation.

i
i
[Link]
boar
disusedf
ort
ypi
ngdat
aint
othecomput
er.

i
vMousei
susedf
orsel
ect
ing,
poi
nti
ng,
draggi
ngandopeni
ngpr
ogr
ams.

[Link]
icedr
iver
s,Mi
crosof
tWi
ndows,
MacOS,
Linux,
Uti
l
itypr
ogr
amsl
i
keant
i-
vir
us

7.i
.LCD(Liqui
dCryst
alDi
splay
)monit
orsar
ealsocal
l
edfl
atpanel
[Link]
m
andf
latandconsumelessel
ect
ri
cit
yaswell
asprovi
debet
tervi
ewingexper
ience.

Ii
CRT(CathodeRayTube)moni
tor
sar
ebul
kyandchunki
erandconsumemor
e
el
ect
ri
cit
ythanfl
atpanel
s.

[Link]
eent
ipgi
vest
heuserabr
iefi
nfor
mat
ionordescr
ipt
ionaboutanobj
ect
.

[Link]
ect
angul
arrubberpadcov
eredwi
thf
abr
ict
hatpr
ovi
des
moret
ract
iont
hanawooden,
glassortabl
etop

10.
iInst
all
ati
oni
sthepr
ocessofl
oadi
ngsof
twar
eont
othecomput
er

i
iMul
ti
taski
ngi
stheabi
l
ityt
orunmor
ethanoneappl
i
cat
ionatat
ime

i
i
iLi
vewar
eref
erst
otheper
sonoruserwhooper
atest
hecomput
er.
 [Link]
ional
sof
twar
eisani
nter
act
ivesof
twar
eusedf
ort
eachi
ngandl
ear
ning.

3
KEYBOARDI
NGANDMOUSESKI
LS
I
MPROVI
NGTYPI
NGSPEED

I
tisagoodpr acticetosetgoalstomeasurey ourprogr essint y
[Link] ogr
essis
measuredinwor dspermi nut
e( wpm)
.Wor dspermi nute(wpm)r eferstotheamountof
wordstypedinsixtyseconds(oneminute).SoftwarelikeTy pingTut orandMav i
s
Beaconusegamesanddr i
ll
stohelpt
heusert opr acti
cet [Link]
sv eryi
mpor t
antt
o
resty
ourfinger
sont hehomer owkeysfi
rstwheny oust ar
tt ypi
ng.

HOMEROW KEYS
Thehomekeyr
owsar
eA,
S,D,
F,J,
K,Land ;

Theyarecal
l
edhomekey
sbecausey
our
esty
ourf
inger
sont
hem f
ir
stbef
orey
oust
art
ty
ping.

MOUSESKI
LLS
Mouseski
l
lsi
ncl
udepoi
nti
ng,
cli
cki
ng,
doubl
ecl
i
cki
ng,
rightcl
i
cki
nganddr
aganddr
op.
POI
NTI
NG
Thi
sref
erst
omov
ingt
hemousepoi
ntert
oal
ocat
ionont
hescr
een.

CLI
CKI
NG
Thi
sreferst
opressi
ngandrel
easi
ngt
hel
eftmousebut
tononce.I
tisusedt
osel
ectan
i
tem onthecomputerscr
een.

DOUBLECLI
CKI
NG
Thi
srefer
stopressingt
heleftmousebut
tont
wicei
nqui
cksuccessi
on.I
tisusedt
o
openappl
icat
ions,
fil
esandfolder
s.

RI
GHTCLI
CKI
NG
Thisr
efer
stopr
essi
ngtherightmousebuttononcetoshowacont
[Link]
ovi
des
ali
[Link],r
ightcl
i
cki
ngont
hedesktopmay
showthecommandsasshowi nthediagr
am below.

DRAGANDDROP